⑴ 电脑对人思维方式的影响，电脑对生活方式的影响英语作文！！！！急
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nobody can tell what would be the life like after one hundred years or, at least the ordinary people like us can not do that. however from level of development of today's technology and science, one thing that everyone can be sure about is that life of future will definitely be much more easy and convenient than the life of today(provided only if the environmental issues do not get worse). moreover, many new stuff will be created or rather i should use the word invented in order to satisfy the needs of people of our future generations. with these new creations ,inventions and technologies, things like travelling on the moon or some other planets for vacation with our families, which would only happen in our dreams at present age will possibly become true in one hundred years time. what is more, those new creations may also allow the scientist of that time to not only carry out their researches on land but in the deep blue occean as well, what i mean is that they could live under the sea and do their study just like how they did it on the land for as long as they want. people could almost do anything they like without leaving their houses, they could just simply make some click on the keyboard to satisify their every needs like shopping and body check-up. and parents of the time do not need to worry about the ecation problems of their children because internet could provide everything they need and want to learn about. by that time, maids or servants will no longer be needed as robot would have replaced them to be the 'mechanical housework expert' of the new era.
⑵ 如何有效地提高英语写作的逻辑思维
我们先来看看文章的评判标准。一般情况下，我们可以通过这几个标准来衡量一篇文章的优劣：词汇的丰富与准确性，语法的准确性，文章的连贯与流畅度，观点是否清晰扣题，论证是否严谨有力。对大部分人来说，词汇和语法并不是最大的问题，多阅读多练习，假以时日，总可以慢慢掌握。实际上，在英文写作中最让人头疼的往往是后面几项：观点的提出以及论证，文字的衔接和耦合。
文章要做到连贯流畅，观点清晰，论证有力，仅仅靠背单词和学语法是不够的，因为它还涉及到一个更深层次的问题：逻辑思维能力。写作活动是一种严密而有序的逻辑思维过程。很多作文中出现的表达混乱，层次不清等问题，往往是写作时逻辑思维混乱导致的。还没想清楚就下笔，写出来的东西自然不会清晰到哪里去。
那我们应该要怎样做，才能提高逻辑思维能力，写出清晰严谨的文章呢？ 可以从以下几点入手：
1.注意句子以及段落的逻辑关系
之前一直有这样的说法“英语是一门逻辑性很强的语言”，为什么这么说呢？因为仔细观察你会发现，英语在遣词造句上是遵循严密的的逻辑形式的：用词上要求人称、数、格的一致；句子有严谨的主谓结构，多用关联词语，重视形式的对应和显性衔接。而在语篇中多突出主题句，直线式地展开段落。
对于写作来说，一篇好的文章要遵循句子和句子之间，段落和段落之间的衔
接和连贯。一篇好文章并不是句子的机械堆砌，而是一个有机整体，句子和句子之间是存在严谨的逻辑关系的。举个例子，下面是一篇常见的说明文段落：
AIDS seems to follow a pattern of recognizable being exposed to the virus, the AIDS patients tends to complain of a fever, sore throat, sore muscles,and seems to be a dormant period ,which can last for three years or after this period, more serious symptoms begin to emerge.
仔细阅读之后会发现，文章中的句子之间在逻辑上环环相扣，每一个都不可或缺。如果句子之间的衔接没做好，写出来的文章可能会是这样的：
Every summer, I go to traveling with my family or my best friends. When the new term comes, I will surprisingly find my oral English is much improved. So I firmly believe book is not only the source of knowledge.
上面的句子虽然没有语法问题，但读起来感觉却很奇怪，为什么？因为句子与句子之间并没有一个很好的逻辑关系："go to traveling with my family" 与后面的"my oral English is much improved" 并没有必然联系，逻辑上讲不通。
除了句子的衔接外，段落与段落之间的衔接也非常重要。这一点在经济学人等外刊文章上体现得很好，比如这篇文章The weaker sex , 段落的结构非常清晰，开头都有主题句来引领全段，而且段落与段落之间是层层递进的关系。 What can be done? Part of the solution lies in a change in cultural attitudes.
Policymakers also need to lend a hand, because foolish laws are making the problem worse.
Even more important than scrapping foolish policies is retooling the ecational system, which was designed in an age when most men worked with their muscles.
More generally, schools need to become more boy-friendly.
从上面可以看到，要写出逻辑清晰的文章，我们要特别注意句子以及段落的衔接和连贯。这就要求我们要用好连接词以及语义承接。
在写作中常见的连接词有"because, as, while, if, however, therefore, although, similarly, consequently, nevertheless "等，它们属于“明连接”。 语义承接则是通过上下文之间的承接关系来自然行文，比如通过指示代词、人称代词等对前一句中出现过的内容进行指代，或者对前一句话中出现的关键词进行转述，解释，从而形成自然的承接关系。语义承接属于“暗承接”。
下面这篇雅思 9 分作文片段就很好地体现了连接词以及语义承接的效果（仔细体会加黑以及带下划线的单词，感受一下连接词的效果）。
I tend to agree that young children can be negatively affected by too much time spent on the computer partly because sitting in front of a screen for too long can be damaging to both the eyes and the physical posture The main concern is about the type of computer activities that attract
often electronic games that tend to be very intense and rather usually the "hero" too much exposure can encourage children to be self-centred and insensitive to others. 上面的作文片段中，"This" 用来指代"I tend to agree..." 一整句的内容，连接词"because"用来连接从句说明原因，"regardless of" 后面连接名词性从句做进一步说明。"These"用来指代上一句中出现的 "computer activities"，用定冠词"the"修饰的"player" 和 "game" 则与上一句呼应，指代游戏中的玩家和游戏。
由此可以看出，通过用好连接词以及语义承接的方式，我们可以将句子甚至段落有机联系起来，使之符合逻辑。
事实上，衔接和连贯性(Coherence and Cohesion)一直是雅思写作中的一个重要评分标准，雅思官方也给出了一个指导视频：
IELTS Writing 雅思写作连贯性
⑶ 英语写作文的时候，怎么规避东方式思维
中式英语表现为文章主题不清、欠粘着性(即逻辑性差)等问题。其原因就是汉语思维根深蒂同的影响。思维依靠语言表达，语占是思维的载体。东西方思维的差异导致英汉在词法、句法、篇章等方面的不同。
一、汉语的“螺旋式”
思维与英语的“直线式”思维这导致了两个后果：一是英汉句子逻辑重心的差异，即“英前汉后”。汉语句呈“狮子型”向前扩展，句子重心在后。英语句以主谓结构为主干。通过大量的关系词、连词、介词把句子各个成分展开。由主到次．句子呈“孔雀型”向后扩展。。所以在英文写作中应运用各种手段，避免句子头重脚轻。避免一个句子出现多个动词．还要尽量少用“冈为.所以”模式。二是汉语文章一般都是先分后总。议论文往往采用归纳式的说理方式．即从原因谈到结果．再表明自L三的观点：记叙文往往采用逐步达到高潮的叙述方式。即作者一开始并不提出自己的主题。最后自然地引出主题。达到高潮。主题句常出现在段末、文章末尾。甚至没有主题句。英语文章总是先总后分。如果是议论文则往往采用演绎的说理方法，即先说明自己的论点，再提出论据；如果是记叙文则往往采用逆推式的叙述方法，即先叙述作者想要表达的主题，再叙述事件的背景，原因和过程。一般文章开头和段首会有题句。
二、汉语的感性综合思维与英语的理性分析思维
汉语的连词成句和连句成章往往借助于作者的形象思维和感性思维，不靠严谨的逻辑形式．以凌虚传神、模糊隐约、“形散神不散”为特征。而西方人讲究理性和秩序．习惯严密的逻辑推理，注重运用各种有形的连接手段达到语言形式的完整。由于汉语注重“意合”，只要在语境范围内能够理解．任何成分就郁可以省略，如主语、连词等，所以汉语句子结构松散，不管句子是否完整，短语之间、分句之问也不一定采用连接标记或衔接手段．只要能表达意思就可以了．内在的主从或并列等关系由读者自己去体会。由于汉语注重“意合”．句子常常以意义的完整为目的．按时间先后顺序和事理推移的方法，呈“狮子型”向前扩展。由于汉语注重“意合”．分段任意性较大，一个意思可以分几段来写或者一段话有两个或多个中心意思。而英语重“形合”。其句子结构严密。主谓语必不可少．短语之间、分句之间、段落之问多采用连接标记或关系词．强调篇章结构的严谨和语篇的粘着性。其段落是一个独立的逻辑单位．一段只讲一层意思。比如中国人会写出“枯藤老树昏鸦。小桥流水人家。古道西风瘦马。”这样的诗句。对汉语诗歌的理解一般要靠语占环境、作者的情绪心态及文化背景等多方面因素进行整体把．握。，而英美人写的诗。其句法结构一定是完整的。又如不少学生习惯将主题句和论据分两段来写．这就不符合英语写作惯例。
三、汉语的形象思维与英语的抽象思维
首先．中国学生多采用比喻、类比等手法来表达抽象、深奥的道理。比如用松、竹、梅岁寒友来象征刚正坚毅的思想品格。而英语文章多采用平实质朴的语言和冷静的逻辑论证来阐述题。所以当中困学牛写出一篇充满比喻、象征，神采飞扬的文章时．中国老师可能会给出很高的评价．而英美人却会闪文中的比喻、象征而被弄得满头雾水，不知所云。其次，中国学牛常借助于大量色彩浓重的形容词和副渊来修饰自己的作品。对于外国读者．华丽的词藻往往显得华而不实，反而减弱文章的效果。
四、汉语的主体意识与英语的客体意识
中国人认为任何行为都是人这个行为主体完成的：而西方人坚持主客体分离，注重事物对人的作用和影响。表现在语占上．汉语中有灵主语绝对优势，多用主动语态。这在正式的英文下了作中使表达缺乏客观性和说服力：英语物称倾向比较普遍．即无灵主语。使用被动语态比汉语多。
五、汉语强调已知英语突出未知汉语句的顺序一般足从已知到未知
英语句则常常是从未知到已知。在一般句子中．主语代表已知部分。谓语是对主语的说明或描述．是未知部分。汉语句主语部分可以较长．英语句主语部分则要求尽蜃简短。汉语中有大量的霞复现象以起到反复强调的作用。
六、汉语的逆向思维与英语的顺向思维
这决定了中文叙述和说明事物时．习惯从大到小。从一般到特殊．从整体到个体，从已知到未知；而英语则恰恰相反。冈此．我们在教学过程中要充分重视语言的思维阕素．有意识地对英汉文章在从宏观的结构布局到微观的遗词造句方面做一定的对比，使学生r解二者的差异．培养学生的英语思维能力．写出更加符合英美文化和思维习惯的文章．避免中式英语的出现。由于大学英语没有JF设々门的写作课．所以教师要克分利用精读教学。通过细致的课文分析，向学生教授各种体裁文章的写作方法和技巧，分析句于问、段落问的衔接方式以及文章组织的逻辑性、意义表达的连贯性等。另外，教师可选择表述形式鲜明独特的文章段落．要求学生将其译为中文．然后指导学生对比原文与译文．找出英汉语表达方式的差异。将此材料搁置几天后，再要求学生对译文进行回译。之后，要求学生逐句对比原文．找出表述的差异，评判各自表达方式的优劣。经过几次这样的回译．学生不但町以牢记原文．而且还对英文段落的展开方式、组织结构有r深刻的了解。此外．教师还可选取某些精彩段落，要求学生背诵。背诵是一种有意谚l的语言输入活动．它有利于克服汉语的影响．培养和增强学生语感．从而提高学生的英语写作能力。光靠知识输入是不够的，还要加强知识输出．多写勤练。学生完成初稿后．教师向学生提供批改标准：
1．主题突出．内容切题、充实，思路清晰。逻辑严谨；
2．语篇衔接自然紧密；
3．表达清楚，句式灵活多变．用词得体丰富；
4．拼写正确，语法错误较少。字迹清晰，卷面整洁。同时向学生提供范文，带领他们根据批改标准评议范文。然后要求学生以小组讨论的方式根据批改标准为各自的作文写出评语并打分。之后，教师收同作文进行批改，但应只标出错误而不帮学生修改。最后发还作文，要求学生重写。教师的正确指导加学生的不懈努力一定会带来一篇篇越来越地道的英语文章。
⑷ （急）帮忙写一篇英文文章，关于中西方文化和思维方式不同对英语翻译的影响，要原创，不少于1500字。。
Nowadays,high school students hold different opinions about after-class activities.there are two quite different phenomenonena.
Some students are crazy about sports and some other activities.they spend much time in joining the outdoor activities and varies of groups , and also,making new friends.However,they pay a little attention to their studies.
On the contrary, some students spend almost of their time in studies and don't enjoy attending other activities.
In my opinion,I think neither of them is correct.I think we should study hard,but we also need time to relax ourselves,because if a one in a good state,he can do better.
⑸ 英语写作思维方式有几个重要特征
英语写作思维方式有几个重要特征
:
1
、“我”字当头
英美文化强调个人。而儒家文化强调他人。“我”字当头就是以我、我们、你、你们、他、
他们，
这些行为的执行者为重心和中心展开表达。
强调主语，
强调动作的执行者。
英语强调
动作。
汉语强调状态。
英语常把行为者和动作放在句首。
汉语常把状语放在重要地方。
例如：
I found my bike lost when I walked out of the Shengli wovie theater after watching
Crouching
Tiger,
Hidden
Dragon
yes-terday
afternoon.(
昨天下午在胜利电影院看完《卧
虎藏龙》出来时，我发现我的自行车不见了。
)
当然用另一种方法表达也可以。
Yesterday
afternoon when I walked out of the Shengli movie theater after watching Crouching
Tiger, Hidden Dragon, I found my bike lost.
但是比起前者来略显头重脚轻。又例如：
Many
recently
opened
summer
resorts
around
Beijing
are
filled
with
pleasure-seeking
natives
of
Beijing.(
北京附近新开放的夏季旅游点到处都是北京人。
)
比较
Many
natives
of
Beijing
are
enjoying
themselves
in
the
recently
opened
summer
resorts
around
the
city.
这一句将动作执行者置于句首，这种表达方式更符合英语习惯。
2
、直截了当
英美文化突出坦率，
特别是在英语中更是这样。
中国文化推崇含蓄。
英语句子和英语修辞倾
向直截了当的表达。
汉语句子和汉语修倾向含蓄婉转的表达。
例如：
If
you
want
to
get
more
help from me, I would be glad to do my best for you.(
如果你希望从我这儿获得更多
的帮助，我将愿意帮忙。
) If you need more help, just let me know.
这二句话反映了
英语思维的简练和直截了当。
另外，
大部分英语句子使用动作的主动时态。
中国学生喜欢作
动作的被动时态。例如：
The sone of Youth was written by her.(
《青春之歌》是她写
的。
)
比较
She wrote The Song of Youth.
当然如果是属于交际场合中的礼节，英美人在
用词上比中国人更显含蓄。例如，如果要表达“你要买点儿什么？”(What do you want
to
buy?)
这样的中文思想，英美人会说：
What can I do for you?
或者
Can I help you?
又
例如，用中式思维表达下面的思想：
A: Do you think I should buy a car?(
你认为我该
买辆汽车吗？) B: You’d better not buy it now.(你现好现在别买。
)
比较英美人飞惯
用的表达方汉表示同样的思想：
A:
Do
you
think
I
should
buy
a
car?
B:
I
would
not
buy
it at this moment.(
目前你最好别买。直译是：如果我是你，我就不买。
)
3
、事件表达的具体性
本文中“事件”这个词泛指所有实在的物体，通俗一点儿可以理解为“内容”。它与“过
程”相辅相成并紧密相连。
“过程”也就是事物发展的方法，
也可能理解为“形式”。
事件
表达的具体性是指句子中的句词，或者句子要表达的事物具体、准确，
不能含糊其辞，
让读
者去猜。例如：
The good painting competition drew crowds of students.
这里的
good
和
students
就属于用词不准确，不具体。“好”和“坏”也非常笼统和抽象，在英语句子
中应尽量少使用。如果你
the threedays well-organized painting compertition
就很具
体，
给读者一个清晰具体的信息。
同样，
student
可分为
elementary
school
students(first
to
fifth
graderw),
the
middle
school
students(sixth
to
eighth
graders),
high
school
students(ninth to twelfth graders), college students(freshman, sophomore, junior
and
senior),
graate
students(master
students,
Ph.
D.
students,
or
first-year/second-year graate students, etc.)
。除非在前面已经提到，否则第一次
出现应该具体表达所指的人。
同样，
“a
good
wife”就远不如“a
diligent
and
considerate
⑹ 英汉思维差异对写作的影响论文属不属于文学的范畴
An Analysis of English Humor from the Perspective of Pragmatics 从语用学的角度分析英语幽默
Dark and Melancholy in The Scarlet Letter—The Interation Between Nathaniel Hawthorne and The Scartlet Letter沉郁的《红字》——论纳塞尼尔?霍桑和《红字》之间的相互影响
Symbolism Enbodied in the Heroes of Lord of the Flies 人物象征在《蝇王》中的体现
On the Comparison of the Marriage Between the Tujia and Englang 小议土家族与英格兰婚俗之差异
On the Means of Second Language Acquisition浅谈第二语言习得的方法
On the Emotional Variation of the Ghost in the Phantom of the Opera《歌剧魅影》中鬼魅的情感变化
Problems Existing in Bilingual Ecation in University双语教学在大学教育中存在的问题
On the Character of Blifil in The History of Tom Jones, a Founding 浅析《汤姆?琼斯》中布力菲尔的人物性格
On the Differences in Ecational Reform Between China and America浅析中美教育改革的差异
On Translation of English Prepositions试译介词的翻译
The Study of Culture on Dining-table in English-
A Comparative Study of Body Language in English-speaking Countries and China 中国与英语国家的肢体语言的对比研究
On the Ideals of Modern Women from the Scarlet Letter 从《红字》中看现代女性意识
On Strategies of English Vocabulary Learning for College Students 浅谈大学生英语词汇的学习策略
The Study of the Realistic Significance of Robinson Crusoe《鲁滨逊漂流记》的现实意义研究
021021016 杜 娟 Translation of Culture and Facsimile of Culture文化翻译与文化“传真”
The Revelation of Second Language Learning Theory to Foreign Language Teaching 二语学得理论对外语教学的启示
The Change of Sino-American Relations after September 11th 9.11 之后中美关系的变化
Culture Difference in Pragmatics从语用看中西语言文化差异
Analysis on Football and the Competitive Spirits Embodied in the Games 解析足球及比赛中体现的竞技精神
On the Influence of Language Situation on English Teaching试论语言环境对英语教学中的影响
The Translation of Automobile Trademarks and Advertising Slogans汽车商标及其广告主题句的翻译
On the Characteristics of English Animal Idioms浅谈英语动物习语的特征
The Building of Poe’s Horror爱.伦坡的恐怖营造手法
Radical Henry in The Picture of Dorain Gray《道林?格雷的肖像画》中极端的亨利
Exploration of the Theme in Sons and Lovers《儿子与情人》的主题探讨
The Translation of Expressions with Chinese Characteristics 有中国特色词汇的英译
On the Theme of King Lear论《李尔王》的主题思想
On the Changes of Marner’s Characters论织工马南的性格变化
The Comparison of Several Negative Forms in English 英语中若干否定形式的比较
Culture Difference and Dfferent Business Etiquette between China and Western Countries中西方文化差异及商务礼仪的不同
On the Characteristic of American Legal Culture论美国法律文化的特点
Isolationism Tradition in American Diplomatic History美国外交史上的孤立主义传统
The Study of Culture of Flowers in Western Countries 浅谈西方国家花的文化
On the Language Characteristics of UCP500浅议《UCP500》的语言特点
Differences of American Dream in Benjamin Franklin’s Autobiography and in Reality 论”美国梦”在本杰明.富兰克林《自传》中和现实中的差异性
On Feminists in Uncle Tom’s Cabin《汤姆叔叔的小屋》中女性人物研究
On Women Characters in Sons and Lovers 论《儿子与情人》中的女性形象
On Language Features and Translation of Bussiness Contract 论商务合同的语言特点和翻译
The Arts of Body Languege in Intercultural Communication跨文化交际中身势语的艺术
The English Classroom Interaction Under the New Curreculum新课标背景下的英语课堂互动
On the Writing and Translation of Foreign Trade Contracts论涉外经济合同写作与翻译
On Eternal Life of Helen Burns in Jane Eyre论《简?爱》中海伦?彭斯生命的永恒性
The Effect of Chinese Action Film to the Film Inrstry of Hollywood 中国动作片对好莱坞电影业的影响
On the Comparison of Classroom Question Raising of Chinese and American Teachers中美教师课堂提问方法比较
The Connection Between Rock Music and American Culture摇滚乐与美国文化的联系
On the Application of Quality Ecation in English Teaching浅谈素质教育在英语教学中的运用
On the Application of Multimedia in English Teaching浅谈多媒体及其在英语教学中的运用
On the Symbolic and Realistic Significance of Le Petit Prince 浅析《小王子》中的象征意义与现实意义
On the Translation of Comparative Sentence Patterns浅谈比较句式翻译中的几个问题
On the Culture Differences from the Realistic Films of China and the Western从中西现实主义电影看文化差异
The Common Features of American Favorite Chinese Movies美国人喜爱的中国电影的共性
Skopostheory and Chinese-English Translation of Tourist Materials翻译目的论与旅游资料的汉英翻译
An Analysis of Three Women’s Tragedies on Sons and Loves浅析《儿子与情人》中三个女人的悲剧
On Pound and the Contingency of Language 浅谈庞德与语言的偶然性
The Comparision of Pearl in The Scarlet Letter and Eva in Uncle Tom’s Cabin《红字》中珠儿与《汤姆叔叔的小屋》中伊娃的对比
The Comparision of Character Between Beeky Sharp and Scarleet O’Hara in Vanity Fair and Gone With the Wind《名利场》中蓓基?夏泼与《飘》中思嘉?奥哈拉的人物性格
On the Gothic Features in Short Stories by Edgar Allan Poe浅谈爱伦?坡小说中的哥特式特点
On Dreiser’s Realism in Jennie Gerhardt德莱塞《珍妮姑娘》的现实主义研究
The Comparison of Characteristics Between Jane Eyre and Qing Wen简爱和晴雯人物性格比较
The Love Concept of William Butler Yeats from His Early Poetry从叶芝的早期诗歌看他的爱情观
On Transfer of English Learning 英语学习迁移问题研究
Knowing About the American Culture from Jazz Music从爵士乐看美国文化
The Comparative Study of the Ceremonial Speech in English and Chinese 礼仪用语的英汉对比
Potia and Ophelia－Two Kinds of Women Character in Shakespeare’s Work鲍西娅与奥菲利娅——莎士比亚笔下两类不同性格的女性角色
The Development of the Diplomatic Relations Between Taiwan and America in 1949—1979 浅析1949年至1979年台美外交关系的发展
Mother Tongue Influences on Learning English母语对英语学习的影响
Effect on Advertisement Originality from Different Chinese-Western Modes of Culture中西文化差异对广告创意的影响
On the English Abbreviations of International Organization浅谈国际组织名的英语缩略方式
The Use of Innovative Ecation in English Teaching创新教育在英语教学中的运用
On the Politeness Strategies of Business Letter商务信函的礼貌策略
The Development of Country Music under the Influence of American Culture 美国乡村音乐在其文化影响下的发展
The Reflection of Realism in Dickens’A Tale of Two Cities现实主义在《双城记》中的体现
The Psychological Variation of Mr. Dimmesdale in The Scarlet Letter论《红字》中狄梅斯迪尔的心理变化历程
On the Religion Belief of Silas in The DA VINCI Code浅谈《达芬奇密码》中塞拉斯的宗教信仰
The Impact of Slavery on American Black People in 》看奴隶制对美国黑人的影响
021021076 夏 静 The Application of Dynamic Equivalence to Chinese-English Translation of Scenic Spot Introction Materials动态等值论在旅游景点材料翻译中的应用
A Study of Emerson’s Views on Nature爱默生的自然观研究
Comments on Hemingway’s The Snow of Kilimanjaro海明威《乞力马扎罗山的雪》中的评述
Pragematic Strategies in International Business Negotiation 国际商务谈判中的语用策略
On Female Struggle in Marriage from Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice论简?奥斯丁《傲慢与偏见》中的女性在婚姻中的挣扎
On the Origins of Pecola’s Tragedy佩科拉悲剧的起源
The Stylistic Study of The Old Man and the Sea 《老人与海》的风格研究
On the Relationship Between Metaphor and Style浅谈隐喻与文体的关系
Glance the Reform and Development of CET-4 and CET-6 from the Development of the Language Testing 从语言测试的发展看大学英语四六级的改革与发展
A Research on Foreign Automobile Trademarks 外国汽车标志探源
On the Two Generation’s Views of Love in All’s Well That Ends Well论《终成眷属》中两代人的爱情观
Meaning of Foreign National Flags浅谈外国国旗的喻意
A Tentative Discussion on How Pre-school English Teaching is Facilitated Second Language Acquisition浅谈第二语言习得如何促进英语学前教学
On Love Concepts Between Scarlett and Lady White Snake论郝思嘉与白素贞的爱情观
Symbolism in Virginia Woolf’s To the Lighthouse 论《到灯塔去》的象征意义
Self-assess Learning in Language Teaching 语言教学中的自主学习
A Stylistic Approach to the Study of Advertising English广告英语的文体学研究
Cultural Differences between China and the United States Embodied in Diplomacy 中美文化差异在外交上的具体体现
On the Interactive English Teaching in Middle School浅谈中学英语的互动教学
The Biblical and Symbols in The Grapes of the Wrath浅谈《愤怒的葡萄》中的圣经典故及其象征意义
Task-based Teaching and Task-based Testing基于任务的教学与基于任务的测试
The Racial Problem in Light in August论《八月之关》的种族问题
Interactive Teaching Methologies讨论中美互动教学差异
A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man :Struggle and Growth Under the Stream of Consciousness《一个青年艺术家的画像》：意识流下的抗争与成长
⑺ 如何解决中西思维差异对写作的影响
修辞方式与表达方式.修辞方式与表达方式在初中语文中是经常提及的两个名词专术语：它们之间区别很大属.修辞方式是指修饰文字词句,运用各种方法,使语言表达得准确、鲜明而生动有力,情感真挚、强烈而又引人入胜.初中课文常见的修辞方式有比喻、拟人、夸张、对偶、排比、反问、设问、对比、借代、反复、反语等.表达方式也叫表达方法,其内涵包括记叙、描写、说明、议论、抒情五个方面.
⑻ 思维差异对英语阅读有什么影响
所谓“思维差异”,是指以英语为母语的人在思维方式上与我们中国人的差异。比如说,许多同学在读《中国日报》(China Daily)和《21世纪报》(The 21st Century)的时候感觉很轻松,而在看外刊的时候,即使是对中文报刊里也有的同一件事的报道,读起来都会觉得很吃力,这是由思维方式的不同所造成的。我们中国人的思维习惯是由浅入深,到最后再说重点。有一位美国汉学家把中国人的这种思维方式称为“画龙点睛”。而外国尤其是美国人的思维方式一般是比较直接的。这就是中国学生在读《中国日报》和《21世纪报》时感到很轻松的原因:尽管它们也是用英文写的,但是阅读时经常能让人感觉到思维方式是中国式的,用林语堂先生的话来说,就是“血和肉是英语,但是骨架子是中文。”这种“思维差异”需要在平时的阅读中不断地感受、体会,积累英语中对各类事件的描绘和阐述方式,才能在自己的表达中运用自如。
心理语言学家认为，阅读理解是在已知和未知之间建立联系的过程，是在一定的社会环境中，阅读者通过自身已有知识体系与阅读材料提供的信息发生作用从而实现知识建构的过程，那么，中学生已有的汉语知识体系与英语阅读材料提供的信息之间难免会产生多种矛盾，故而使阅读者在实现知识建构的过程中遇到各种障碍，下面我们分析在阅读过程中，读者所遇到的障碍。
1、东西方思维差异是导致英语阅读理解障碍的原因之一，东方人偏重综合思维，写作方式是迂回曲折型，文章开头往往与主题关系不大，随后再渐次过渡到主题，而西方人则偏重分析思维，写作方式呈直线型，即直截了当，开门见山论述问题。西方人的思维推理相对简单而严谨，推理仅局限于一个逻辑层面。如果推理涉及两个逻辑层面，转了两个弯，美国人就认为上升到了哲学的高度，而不再是逻辑推理了.
2、传统阅读心理与现代阅读心理的差异阻碍了阅读活动的顺利进行、传统阅读理论认为，读者只要按照单词——句子——篇章的顺序，逐词逐句地理解文章就能弄懂全文。换言之，阅读是“自下而上”（buttom-up）的被动解码过程，而现代心理语言学家认为，阅读的心理过程是“自上而下”(up-down)的主动“猜测——证实”的过程，读者对文章的理解是他们的语言知识和背景知识相互作用的结果。
⑼ 以改变思维为话题的英文作文范文
To begin with,I 'd admit that I have heard too much about "Never Give Up" and I am strongly opposed to this idea.
People like to take these 3 words as their motto when they are determined to do sth.As a metter of fect,nobody knows how long and how much should the aim cost you.If you insisted in one aim,your should find your energy being drained.Yet your success not come.What's more,things are always changing faster than you expect,consequently,your aim should be fixed accordingly.Give up one thing could benifit you more at another points.In addition,one's aim could be easily set far beyond one's ability,especially when he thinks "Never give up" means success.
To sum up,holding the idea "Never Give Up" is really unwise.Not only can it drain your energy,but make you miss other benifits as well.Therefore,my suggestion is you give up sometimes.
⑽ 英语写作在英语学习中的重要性
别急 会把英语写作能力提高的
谈谈如何提高英语写作能力
关键词：英语写作能力 原则 方法
引言：英语写作能力是英语听、说、读、写四种基本能力之一，英语写作能有效地促进语言知识的内化。Swain（1985）提出“可理解输出”假设，认为包括写在内的语言产生性运用有助于学习者检验目的语句法结构和词语的使用，促进语言运用的自动化，有效地达到了语言习得的目的。通过写作，英语知识不断得到巩固并内在化，有利于英语技能的全面发展。但是，英语写作又是广大英语学习者最感头痛的问题之一，且容易被教师忽视，笔者以为如何提高英语写作能力值得我们认真研究。本文就此谈谈初浅的看法。
一、提高英语写作能力的原则
（一）渐进性原则。要坚持“句—段—篇”的训练程序，由易到难，循序渐进。在英语写作的初始阶段，要始终注意培养学生良好的写作习惯，狠抓基本功训练。在学生掌握了基本句型并能写出简单句子后，再要求学生根据一些体例写出小段的文章。在段落写作中要引导学生分析段落的结构、段落的中心句、句与句之间的逻辑关系、写作手法等，这样有利于下一步一篇文章的写作。在文章写作中要教会学生如何构思文章、如何运用正确的写作技巧等。
（二）多样性原则。要坚持训练形式的多样化及写作文体的多样性。从形式上而言，可以用回答提问的口头作文，也可以用续写故事；可以改写课文，也可以仿写课文；可以写提纲训练谋篇布局，也可以写拓展段训练发散思维……。从文体上而言，可以写说明文、议论文、记叙文，也可以写书信、便条、通知等实用文体。
(三)结合性原则。要坚持听说读训练和写训练相结合。根据语言习得理论，学习者在学习时常先通过听和读吸取语言知识，从而了解别人的思想，再通过说和写来表达自己的思想，让别人了解自己。大量的听说训练能促进读写能力的提高。因此，写与听说读紧密结合，进行多元化的能力训练，可使学生的各项能力互相影响、互相渗透、互相促进。
（四）控制性原则。要坚持写作前的指导，控制学生的汉语语言思维，发展英语语言思维。语言学习在很大程度上主要是模仿，而非随心所欲地自由表达。教师要加强写作前的指导，可给出范文让学生模仿，以熟悉其语篇结构。同时要控制其汉语语言思维，尽可能让学生习惯英语语言思维，以便于学生学习和掌握地道、正确的英语。
（五）持久性原则。要坚持长期、正确的写作训练。英语写作能力的提高并非一朝一夕之事，而是一个长期的、艰巨的、渐进的过程。这就要求教师、学生都要有充分的思想准备，要有坚韧不拔的意志和必胜的信心。
二、提高英语写作能力的方法。
（一）通过积累词汇量，提高英语写作能力。犹如土木砖石是建筑的材料一样，词汇是说话写作的必需材料，也是制约写作能力提高的瓶颈。可以想象，如果要写一个句子，10个单词有8个单词拼写错误或拼写不出，有2
个单词用法不当，又怎么能清楚地表达自己的思想呢？因此，在平时的教学中要强调学生记忆单词，记住单词的拼读、用法、意思等。记忆单词的方法有很多，各人有各人的记忆方法和习惯，可因人而异。教师可通过要求学生朗读单词、听写单词、默写单词、遣词造句、词汇竞赛等多种方法促进学生记单词。记忆单词是一个长期的反复的过程，要长期地坚持下去，才能不断积累大量的词汇，为英语写作打下坚实的基础。
（二）通过扩大阅读量，提高英语写作能力。古人云“熟读唐诗三百首，不会作诗也会吟”，这是汉语的一种学习方法，同样可借鉴于英语写作。多阅读是学生增加接触英语语言材料、接受信息、活跃思维、增长智力的一种途径，同时也是培养学生英语思维能力、提高理解力、增强语感、巩固和扩大词汇量的一种好方法，有利于促进英语写作能力的提高。在阅读训练中，教师要注意以下问题：一是指导阅读方法，分析文章结构、中心思想、段落中心句、写作方法等，帮助学生掌握各类文章的结构及写作方法。二要精读与泛读相结合，通过推敲优秀的文章来学会写作方法和选词用词；通过大量的泛读来吸取信息量，扩大词汇量。三要扩大阅读量。提供阅读的材料涉及面要广，才能不断扩大学生的知识面，使学生适应各种题材的写作。
（三）通过提高听说能力，提高英语写作能力。英语听说读写四种能力是相互影响、相互促进的，提高听说能力必定会促进写作能力的提高。要提高听说能力关键在于创设一个良好的英语环境。教师要尽可能地用英语授课，多开展专门的听说训练，同时开展丰富多彩的课外英语活动，让学生沉浸在英语海洋中去领略、去体会、去使用英语，久而久之，学生自然能使用正确的、地道的英语进行交谈与写作。
（四）通过重视写作过程，提高英语写作能力。长期以来，英语写作成果教学法（THE PRODUCT
APPROACH）在我国居于主导地位，教师根据写作的终成品来判断写作的成败，重视写作的技术性细节（如格式、拼写、语法等），忽视写作过程的指导。根据D.Rumechart和J.McClelland提出的连通论（Connectionism)理论，写作包括写前阶段、具体写作、文章修改三个基本过程，这三个过程并非是线性排列，而是循环往复，穿插进行的。教师只有重视加强对写作三个过程的指导，才能更好地提高英语写作能力。在写作前阶段，教师重在指导学生如何挖掘题材，训练发散性思维，以及如何选择材料、谋篇布局等。在具体写作中，教师重在指导学生如何紧扣主题、运用正确的写作方法等。在文章修改中，教师重在指导学生如何修改语法及用词的错误。
（五）通过多写英语摘要，提高英语写作能力。英语摘要是把一篇文章的要点摘录出来，用自己的语言使之独立成一篇短文，这不是简单的摘录，而是忠于原文意思的再创作。写英语摘要有利于学生了解原文的文化背景、理解原文的中心意思、弄清原文的篇章结构，从而提高学生的逻辑思维能力和谋篇布局能力。
（六）通过发展英语语言思维能力，提高英语写作能力。英语写作是运用已掌握的内在化语言知识和表达方法，通过思维进行外在化输出的创作，因此英语语言思维能力在英语写作中作用非凡。对于我国学生而言，在英语写作中易受汉语语言思维的影响，难以直接用英语语言进行思维，不利于英语写作能力的提高，因此发展其英语语言思维能力尤为重要。教师要注意对学生的英语语言思维进行多方位、多角度的训练：要采取各种方法训练学生英语语言思维的广阔性、深刻性、发散性和创造性；要教会学生用英语思考问题、回答问题；要从训练形象思维开始，逐步过渡到抽象思维训练；在课文讲解中要尽可能不用汉语翻译而用英语解释，消除汉语思维的影响；要努力创设良好的英语环境，在英语交际中发展英语思维能力。
写好英语段落的三个标准
首先，一个段落必须有一个中心即主题思想，该中心由主题句特别是其中的题旨来表达。整个段落必须紧扣这个主题（stick or hold to the topic），这就是段落的统一性（unity）。其次，一个段落必须有若干推展句，使主题思想得到充分展开，从而给读者一个完整的感觉，这就是完整性（completeness or adequateness）。再者，一个段落不是杂乱无章的，而是有机的组合，句子的排列顺序必须合乎逻辑，从一个句子到另一个句子的过渡必须流畅（smooth），这就是连贯性（coherence）。下面我们就对这三个标准分别加以说明。
1、统一性
一个段落内的各个句子必须从属于一个中心，任何游离于中心思想之外的句子都是不可取的。请看下例：
Joe and I decided to take the long trip we'd always wanted across the country. We were like young kids buying our camper and stocking it with all the necessities of life. Bella bakes the best rhubarb pie. We started out in early spring from Minneapolis and headed west across the northern part of the country. We both enjoyed those people we met at the trailer park. Joe received a watch at his retirement dinner. To our surprise， we found that we liked the warm southern regions very much， and so we decided to stay here in New Mexico.
本段的主题句是段首句，controlling idea（中心思想）是take the long trip across the country.文中出现两个irrelevant sentences，一个是Bella bakes the best rhubarb pie，这一段是讲的是Joe and I ，中间出现一个Bella是不合适的。还有，Joe received a watch at his retirement dinner这一句更是与主题句不相关。考生在四级统考的作文卷上常常因为造出irrelevant sentences（不相关语句）而丢分，值得引起注意。再看一个例子：
My name is Roseanna， and I like to keep physically fit. I used to weigh two hundred pounds， but I joined the YMCA for an exercise class and diet program. In one year I lost eighty pounds. I feel much better and never want to have that much weight on my five-feet frame again. I bought two new suitcases last week. Everyday I practice jogging three miles， swimming fifteen laps， lifting twenty-pound weights and playing tennis for one hour. My mother was a premature baby.
本段的controlling idea 是like to deep physically fit，但段中有两个irrelevant sentences，一个是I bought two new suitcases last week，另一个是My mother was a premature baby.
从上面两个例子可以看出，native speakers同样会造出来irrelevant sentences.卷面上如果这种句子多了，造成偏题或离题，那问题就更严重了。
2、完整性
正象我们前面说得那样，一个段落的主题思想靠推展句来实现，如果只有主题句而没有推展句来进一步交待和充实，就不能构成一个完整的段落。同样，虽然有推展句，但主题思想没有得到相对圆满的交待，给读者一种意犹未尽的感觉。这样的段落也不能完成其交际功能。例如：
Physical work can be a useful form of therapy for a mind in turmoil. Work concentrates your thoughts on a concrete task. Besides， it is more useful to work —— you proce something rather than more anxiety or depression.
本段的主题句是段首句。本段的两个推展句均不能回答主题句中提出的问题。什么是“a mind in turmoil”（心境不平静）Physical work又如何能改变这种情况？为什么它能起therapy的作用？读者得不到明确的答案。由于四级统考的作文部分只要求写一篇100～120个词的三段式短文，每一段只有大约40个词左右，因此，要达到完整就必须尽可能地简明。例如：
It is not always true that a good picture is worth a thousand words. Often writing is much clearer than a picture. It is sometimes difficult to figure out what a picture means， but a careful writer can almost always explain it.
段首句所表达的主题思想是一种看法，必须有具体事例加以验证。上述两个推展句只是在文字上对主题作些解释，整个段落内容空洞，简而不明。如果用一两个具体的例子的话，就可以把主题解释清楚了。比如下段：
It is not always true that a picture is worth a thousand words. Sometimes， pictures are pretty useless things. If you can't swim and fall in the river and start gulping water， will you be better off to hold up a picture of yourself drowning， or start screaming “Help”？
3、连贯性（coherence）
连贯性包括意连和形连两个方面，前者指的是内在的逻辑性，后者指的是使用转换词语。当然这两者常常是不可分割的。只有形连而没有意连，句子之间就没有内在的有机的联系；反之，只有意连而没有形连，有时行文就不够流畅。
1）、意连
段落中句子的排列应遵循一定的次序，不能想到什么就写什么。如果在下笔之前没有构思，边写边想，写写停停，那就写不出一气呵成的好文章来。下面介绍几种常见的排列方式。
A.按时间先后排列（chronological arrangement）
We had a number of close calls that day. When we rose， it was obviously late and we had to hurry so as not to miss breakfast； we knew the dining room staff was strict about closing at nine o'clock. Then， when we had been driving in the desert for nearly two hours —— it must have been close to noon —— the heat nearly hid us in； the radiator boiled over and we had to use most of our drinking water to cool it down. By the time we reached the mountain， it was our o'clock and we were exhausted. Here， judgement ran out of us and we started the tough climb to the summit， not realizing that darkness came suddenly in the desert. Sure enough， by six we were struggling and Andrew very nearly went down a steep cliff， dragging Mohammed and me along with him. By nine， when the wind howled across the flat ledge of the summit， we knew as we shivered together for warmth that it had not been our lucky day.
本段从“rose”（起床）写起，然后是吃早餐（“not to miss breakfast”， “closing at nine o'clock”），然后是“close to noon”，一直写到这一天结束（“By nine——”）。
B. 按位置远近排列（spatial arrangement）。例如：
From a distance， it looked like a skinny tube， but as we got closer， we could see it flesh out before our eyes. It was tubular， all right， but fatter than we could see from far away. Furthermore， we were also astonished to notice that the building was really in two parts： a pagoda sitting on top of a tubular one-story structure. Standing ten feet away， we could marvel at how much of the pagoda was made up of glass windows. Almost everything under the wonderful Chinese roof was made of glass， unlike the tube that it was sitting on， which only had four. Inside， the tube was gloomy， because of the lack of light. Then a steep， narrow staircase took us up inside the pagoda and the light changed dramatically. All those windows let in a flood of sunshine and we could see out for miles across the flat land.
本段的写法是由远及近，从远处（“from a distance”）写起，然后“get closer”，再到（“ten feet away”），最后是“inside the pagoda”……当然，按位置远近来写不等于都是由远及近。根据需要，也可以由近及远，由表及里等等。
C. 按逻辑关系排列（logical arrangement）
a. 按重要性顺序排列（arrangement in order of importance）
If you work as a soda jerker， you will， of course， not need much skill in expressing yourself to be effective. If you work on a machine， your ability to express yourself will be of little importance. But as soon as you move one step up from the bottom， your effectiveness depends on your ability to reach others through the spoken or the written word. And the further away your job is from manual work， the larger the organization of which you are an employee， the more important it will be that you know how to convey your thoughts in writing or speaking. In the very large business organization， whether it is the government， the large corporation， or the Army， this ability to express oneself is perhaps the most important of all the skills a man can possess.
这一段谈的是表达能力，它的重要性与职业，身份有关，从“not need much skill”或“of little importance”到“more important”，最后是“most important”。
b.由一般到特殊排列（general-to-specific arrangement）
If a reader is lost， it is generally because the writer has not been careful enough to keep him on the path. This carelessness can take any number of forms. Perhaps a sentence is so excessively cluttered that the reader， hacking his way through the verbiage， simply doesn't know what it means. Perhaps a sentence has been so shoddily constructed that the reader could read it in any of several ways. Perhaps the writer has switched tenses， or has switched pronouns in mid-sentence， so the reader loses track of when the action took place or who is talking. Perhaps sentence B is not logical sequel to sentence A —— the writer， in whose head the connection is clear， has not bothered to provide the missing link. Perhaps the writer has used an important word incorrectly by not taking the trouble to look it up. He may think that “sanguine” and “sanguinary” mean the same thing， but the difference is a bloody big one. The reader can only infer what the writer is trying to imply.
这一段谈的是a writer's carelessness，先给出一个general statement作为主题句，然后通过5个 ”perhaps”加以例证。
c. 由特殊到一般排列（specific-to-general arrangement）
I do not understand why people confuse my Siamese cat， Prissy， with the one I had several years ago， Henry. The two cats are only alike in breed. Prissy， a quiet， feminine feline， loves me dearly but not possessively. She likes to keep her distance from people， exert her independence and is never so rude as to beg， lick， or sniff unceremoniously. Her usual posture is sitting upright， eyes closed， perfectly still. Prissy is a very proper cat. Henry， on the other hand， loved me dearly but possessively. He was my shadow from morning till night. He expected me to constantly entertain him. Henry never cared who saw him do anything， whether it was decorous or not， and he usually offended my friends in some way. The cat made himself quite comfortable， on the top of the television， across stranger's feet or laps， in beds， drawers， sacks， closets， or nooks. The difference between them is imperceptible to strangers.
本段的主题句是段首句，它仅提出一个问题：为什么两只猫会被搞混。然后对两者进行比较，末句才下结论。
2）、形连
行文的逻辑性常常要靠适当的转换词语及其他手段来实现。请读下面这一段文字并找出文中用以承上启下的词语：
Walter's goal in life was to become a successful surgeon. First， though， he had to get through high school， so he concentrated all his efforts on his studies —— in particular， biology， chemistry， and math. Because he worked constantly on these subjects， Walter became proficient in them； however， Walter forgot that he needed to master other subjects besides those he had chosen. As a result， ring his junior year of high school， Walter failed both English and Latin. Consequently， he had to repeat these subjects and he was almost unable to graate on schele. Finally， on June 6， Walter achieved the first step toward realizing his goal.
本文中起承上启下的词语有两种，一种是转换词语（transitional words or phrases），另一种是起转换作用的其他连接手段（linking devices）。前者依次有：first， though， so， in particular， and， because， however， besides， as a result， both…and， consequently， and， finally.后者依次是：he， he， his， his， he， these， them， he， those， his， he， these， his. 本段中共有词汇105个，所使用的转换词语及其他连接用语共26个词，约占该段总词汇量的四分之一。由此可见，掌握好transitions不仅对行文的流（smoothness）有益，而且对于学生在半个小时内写足四级短文所要求的120个词也是不无好处的。
一个段落里如果没有transitions也就很难有coherence了。我们看下面一个例子：Speaking and writing are different in many ways. Speech depends on sounds. Writing uses written symbols. Speech developed about 500 000 years ago. Written language is a recent development. It was invented only about six thousand years ago. Speech is usually informal. The word choice of writing is often relatively formal. Pronunciation and accent often tell where the speaker is from. Pronunciation and accent are ignored in writing. A standard diction and spelling system prevails in the written language of most countries. Speech relies on gesture， loudness， and rise and fall of the voice. Writing lacks gesture， loudness and the rise and fall of the voice. Careful speakers and writers are aware of the differences.
本段中除了第6句开头出现一个起过渡作用的”it”之外，没有使用其他的过渡词语。这样，文中出现许多重复的词语，全段读起来也显得生硬而不自然。如果加上必要的过渡词语来修饰的话，这一段就成了下面一个流畅连贯的段落：
Speaking and writing are different in many ways. Speech depends on sounds； writing， on the other hand， uses written symbols. Speech was developed about 500 000 years ago， but written language is a recent development， invented only about six thousand years ago. Speech is usually informal， while the word choice of writing， by contrast， is often relatively formal. Although pronunciation and accent often tell where the speaker is from， they are ignored in wiring because a standard diction and spelling system prevails in most countries. Speech relies on gesture， loudness， and the rise and fall of the voice， but writing lacks these features. Careful speakers and writers are aware of the differences.
4、有损连贯性的几种情况：
考生在写作中经常出现下面几种错误：
1、不必要的改变时态，比如：
In the movie， Robert Redford was a spy. He goes to his office where he found everybody dead. Other spies wanted to kill him， so he takes refuge with Julie Christie. At her house， he had waited for the heat to die down， but they come after him anyway.
2、不必要的改变单复数，比如：
Everybody looks for satisfaction in his life. They want to be happy. But if he seeks only pleasure in the short run， the person will soon run out of pleasure and life will catch up to him. They need to pursue the deeper pleasure of satisfaction in work and in relationships.
3、不必要的改变人称，比如：
Now more than ever， parents need to be in touch with their children's activities because modern life has the tendency to cause cleavages in the family. You need to arrange family like it so that family members will do things together and know one another. You need to give up isolated pleasures of your own and realize that parents have a set of obligations to sponsor togetherness and therefore sponsor knowledge.
因此写作中，一定要注意时态，人称以及数的变化是否正确，要注意保持一致。