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研究母语对英语写作的影响目的

发布时间:2021-02-05 04:00:18

① 母语负迁移对初中生英语写作的影响的开题报告的创新之处怎么填

收集学生作文, 批改作文,详细修改, 判断错误源自汉语, 则推断为受母语负迁移。 这是思路0280

② 英语写作在英语学习中的重要性

别急 会把英语写作能力提高的
谈谈如何提高英语写作能力

关键词:英语写作能力 原则 方法
引言:英语写作能力是英语听、说、读、写四种基本能力之一,英语写作能有效地促进语言知识的内化。Swain(1985)提出“可理解输出”假设,认为包括写在内的语言产生性运用有助于学习者检验目的语句法结构和词语的使用,促进语言运用的自动化,有效地达到了语言习得的目的。通过写作,英语知识不断得到巩固并内在化,有利于英语技能的全面发展。但是,英语写作又是广大英语学习者最感头痛的问题之一,且容易被教师忽视,笔者以为如何提高英语写作能力值得我们认真研究。本文就此谈谈初浅的看法。
一、提高英语写作能力的原则
(一)渐进性原则。要坚持“句—段—篇”的训练程序,由易到难,循序渐进。在英语写作的初始阶段,要始终注意培养学生良好的写作习惯,狠抓基本功训练。在学生掌握了基本句型并能写出简单句子后,再要求学生根据一些体例写出小段的文章。在段落写作中要引导学生分析段落的结构、段落的中心句、句与句之间的逻辑关系、写作手法等,这样有利于下一步一篇文章的写作。在文章写作中要教会学生如何构思文章、如何运用正确的写作技巧等。
(二)多样性原则。要坚持训练形式的多样化及写作文体的多样性。从形式上而言,可以用回答提问的口头作文,也可以用续写故事;可以改写课文,也可以仿写课文;可以写提纲训练谋篇布局,也可以写拓展段训练发散思维……。从文体上而言,可以写说明文、议论文、记叙文,也可以写书信、便条、通知等实用文体。
(三)结合性原则。要坚持听说读训练和写训练相结合。根据语言习得理论,学习者在学习时常先通过听和读吸取语言知识,从而了解别人的思想,再通过说和写来表达自己的思想,让别人了解自己。大量的听说训练能促进读写能力的提高。因此,写与听说读紧密结合,进行多元化的能力训练,可使学生的各项能力互相影响、互相渗透、互相促进。
(四)控制性原则。要坚持写作前的指导,控制学生的汉语语言思维,发展英语语言思维。语言学习在很大程度上主要是模仿,而非随心所欲地自由表达。教师要加强写作前的指导,可给出范文让学生模仿,以熟悉其语篇结构。同时要控制其汉语语言思维,尽可能让学生习惯英语语言思维,以便于学生学习和掌握地道、正确的英语。
(五)持久性原则。要坚持长期、正确的写作训练。英语写作能力的提高并非一朝一夕之事,而是一个长期的、艰巨的、渐进的过程。这就要求教师、学生都要有充分的思想准备,要有坚韧不拔的意志和必胜的信心。
二、提高英语写作能力的方法。
(一)通过积累词汇量,提高英语写作能力。犹如土木砖石是建筑的材料一样,词汇是说话写作的必需材料,也是制约写作能力提高的瓶颈。可以想象,如果要写一个句子,10个单词有8个单词拼写错误或拼写不出,有2
个单词用法不当,又怎么能清楚地表达自己的思想呢?因此,在平时的教学中要强调学生记忆单词,记住单词的拼读、用法、意思等。记忆单词的方法有很多,各人有各人的记忆方法和习惯,可因人而异。教师可通过要求学生朗读单词、听写单词、默写单词、遣词造句、词汇竞赛等多种方法促进学生记单词。记忆单词是一个长期的反复的过程,要长期地坚持下去,才能不断积累大量的词汇,为英语写作打下坚实的基础。
(二)通过扩大阅读量,提高英语写作能力。古人云“熟读唐诗三百首,不会作诗也会吟”,这是汉语的一种学习方法,同样可借鉴于英语写作。多阅读是学生增加接触英语语言材料、接受信息、活跃思维、增长智力的一种途径,同时也是培养学生英语思维能力、提高理解力、增强语感、巩固和扩大词汇量的一种好方法,有利于促进英语写作能力的提高。在阅读训练中,教师要注意以下问题:一是指导阅读方法,分析文章结构、中心思想、段落中心句、写作方法等,帮助学生掌握各类文章的结构及写作方法。二要精读与泛读相结合,通过推敲优秀的文章来学会写作方法和选词用词;通过大量的泛读来吸取信息量,扩大词汇量。三要扩大阅读量。提供阅读的材料涉及面要广,才能不断扩大学生的知识面,使学生适应各种题材的写作。
(三)通过提高听说能力,提高英语写作能力。英语听说读写四种能力是相互影响、相互促进的,提高听说能力必定会促进写作能力的提高。要提高听说能力关键在于创设一个良好的英语环境。教师要尽可能地用英语授课,多开展专门的听说训练,同时开展丰富多彩的课外英语活动,让学生沉浸在英语海洋中去领略、去体会、去使用英语,久而久之,学生自然能使用正确的、地道的英语进行交谈与写作。
(四)通过重视写作过程,提高英语写作能力。长期以来,英语写作成果教学法(THE PRODUCT
APPROACH)在我国居于主导地位,教师根据写作的终成品来判断写作的成败,重视写作的技术性细节(如格式、拼写、语法等),忽视写作过程的指导。根据D.Rumechart和J.McClelland提出的连通论(Connectionism)理论,写作包括写前阶段、具体写作、文章修改三个基本过程,这三个过程并非是线性排列,而是循环往复,穿插进行的。教师只有重视加强对写作三个过程的指导,才能更好地提高英语写作能力。在写作前阶段,教师重在指导学生如何挖掘题材,训练发散性思维,以及如何选择材料、谋篇布局等。在具体写作中,教师重在指导学生如何紧扣主题、运用正确的写作方法等。在文章修改中,教师重在指导学生如何修改语法及用词的错误。
(五)通过多写英语摘要,提高英语写作能力。英语摘要是把一篇文章的要点摘录出来,用自己的语言使之独立成一篇短文,这不是简单的摘录,而是忠于原文意思的再创作。写英语摘要有利于学生了解原文的文化背景、理解原文的中心意思、弄清原文的篇章结构,从而提高学生的逻辑思维能力和谋篇布局能力。
(六)通过发展英语语言思维能力,提高英语写作能力。英语写作是运用已掌握的内在化语言知识和表达方法,通过思维进行外在化输出的创作,因此英语语言思维能力在英语写作中作用非凡。对于我国学生而言,在英语写作中易受汉语语言思维的影响,难以直接用英语语言进行思维,不利于英语写作能力的提高,因此发展其英语语言思维能力尤为重要。教师要注意对学生的英语语言思维进行多方位、多角度的训练:要采取各种方法训练学生英语语言思维的广阔性、深刻性、发散性和创造性;要教会学生用英语思考问题、回答问题;要从训练形象思维开始,逐步过渡到抽象思维训练;在课文讲解中要尽可能不用汉语翻译而用英语解释,消除汉语思维的影响;要努力创设良好的英语环境,在英语交际中发展英语思维能力。

写好英语段落的三个标准

首先,一个段落必须有一个中心即主题思想,该中心由主题句特别是其中的题旨来表达。整个段落必须紧扣这个主题(stick or hold to the topic),这就是段落的统一性(unity)。其次,一个段落必须有若干推展句,使主题思想得到充分展开,从而给读者一个完整的感觉,这就是完整性(completeness or adequateness)。再者,一个段落不是杂乱无章的,而是有机的组合,句子的排列顺序必须合乎逻辑,从一个句子到另一个句子的过渡必须流畅(smooth),这就是连贯性(coherence)。下面我们就对这三个标准分别加以说明。
1、统一性
一个段落内的各个句子必须从属于一个中心,任何游离于中心思想之外的句子都是不可取的。请看下例:
Joe and I decided to take the long trip we'd always wanted across the country. We were like young kids buying our camper and stocking it with all the necessities of life. Bella bakes the best rhubarb pie. We started out in early spring from Minneapolis and headed west across the northern part of the country. We both enjoyed those people we met at the trailer park. Joe received a watch at his retirement dinner. To our surprise, we found that we liked the warm southern regions very much, and so we decided to stay here in New Mexico.
本段的主题句是段首句,controlling idea(中心思想)是take the long trip across the country.文中出现两个irrelevant sentences,一个是Bella bakes the best rhubarb pie,这一段是讲的是Joe and I ,中间出现一个Bella是不合适的。还有,Joe received a watch at his retirement dinner这一句更是与主题句不相关。考生在四级统考的作文卷上常常因为造出irrelevant sentences(不相关语句)而丢分,值得引起注意。再看一个例子:
My name is Roseanna, and I like to keep physically fit. I used to weigh two hundred pounds, but I joined the YMCA for an exercise class and diet program. In one year I lost eighty pounds. I feel much better and never want to have that much weight on my five-feet frame again. I bought two new suitcases last week. Everyday I practice jogging three miles, swimming fifteen laps, lifting twenty-pound weights and playing tennis for one hour. My mother was a premature baby.
本段的controlling idea 是like to deep physically fit,但段中有两个irrelevant sentences,一个是I bought two new suitcases last week,另一个是My mother was a premature baby.
从上面两个例子可以看出,native speakers同样会造出来irrelevant sentences.卷面上如果这种句子多了,造成偏题或离题,那问题就更严重了。
2、完整性
正象我们前面说得那样,一个段落的主题思想靠推展句来实现,如果只有主题句而没有推展句来进一步交待和充实,就不能构成一个完整的段落。同样,虽然有推展句,但主题思想没有得到相对圆满的交待,给读者一种意犹未尽的感觉。这样的段落也不能完成其交际功能。例如:
Physical work can be a useful form of therapy for a mind in turmoil. Work concentrates your thoughts on a concrete task. Besides, it is more useful to work —— you proce something rather than more anxiety or depression.
本段的主题句是段首句。本段的两个推展句均不能回答主题句中提出的问题。什么是“a mind in turmoil”(心境不平静)Physical work又如何能改变这种情况?为什么它能起therapy的作用?读者得不到明确的答案。由于四级统考的作文部分只要求写一篇100~120个词的三段式短文,每一段只有大约40个词左右,因此,要达到完整就必须尽可能地简明。例如:
It is not always true that a good picture is worth a thousand words. Often writing is much clearer than a picture. It is sometimes difficult to figure out what a picture means, but a careful writer can almost always explain it.
段首句所表达的主题思想是一种看法,必须有具体事例加以验证。上述两个推展句只是在文字上对主题作些解释,整个段落内容空洞,简而不明。如果用一两个具体的例子的话,就可以把主题解释清楚了。比如下段:
It is not always true that a picture is worth a thousand words. Sometimes, pictures are pretty useless things. If you can't swim and fall in the river and start gulping water, will you be better off to hold up a picture of yourself drowning, or start screaming “Help”?
3、连贯性(coherence)
连贯性包括意连和形连两个方面,前者指的是内在的逻辑性,后者指的是使用转换词语。当然这两者常常是不可分割的。只有形连而没有意连,句子之间就没有内在的有机的联系;反之,只有意连而没有形连,有时行文就不够流畅。
1)、意连
段落中句子的排列应遵循一定的次序,不能想到什么就写什么。如果在下笔之前没有构思,边写边想,写写停停,那就写不出一气呵成的好文章来。下面介绍几种常见的排列方式。
A.按时间先后排列(chronological arrangement)
We had a number of close calls that day. When we rose, it was obviously late and we had to hurry so as not to miss breakfast; we knew the dining room staff was strict about closing at nine o'clock. Then, when we had been driving in the desert for nearly two hours —— it must have been close to noon —— the heat nearly hid us in; the radiator boiled over and we had to use most of our drinking water to cool it down. By the time we reached the mountain, it was our o'clock and we were exhausted. Here, judgement ran out of us and we started the tough climb to the summit, not realizing that darkness came suddenly in the desert. Sure enough, by six we were struggling and Andrew very nearly went down a steep cliff, dragging Mohammed and me along with him. By nine, when the wind howled across the flat ledge of the summit, we knew as we shivered together for warmth that it had not been our lucky day.
本段从“rose”(起床)写起,然后是吃早餐(“not to miss breakfast”, “closing at nine o'clock”),然后是“close to noon”,一直写到这一天结束(“By nine——”)。
B. 按位置远近排列(spatial arrangement)。例如:
From a distance, it looked like a skinny tube, but as we got closer, we could see it flesh out before our eyes. It was tubular, all right, but fatter than we could see from far away. Furthermore, we were also astonished to notice that the building was really in two parts: a pagoda sitting on top of a tubular one-story structure. Standing ten feet away, we could marvel at how much of the pagoda was made up of glass windows. Almost everything under the wonderful Chinese roof was made of glass, unlike the tube that it was sitting on, which only had four. Inside, the tube was gloomy, because of the lack of light. Then a steep, narrow staircase took us up inside the pagoda and the light changed dramatically. All those windows let in a flood of sunshine and we could see out for miles across the flat land.
本段的写法是由远及近,从远处(“from a distance”)写起,然后“get closer”,再到(“ten feet away”),最后是“inside the pagoda”……当然,按位置远近来写不等于都是由远及近。根据需要,也可以由近及远,由表及里等等。
C. 按逻辑关系排列(logical arrangement)
a. 按重要性顺序排列(arrangement in order of importance)
If you work as a soda jerker, you will, of course, not need much skill in expressing yourself to be effective. If you work on a machine, your ability to express yourself will be of little importance. But as soon as you move one step up from the bottom, your effectiveness depends on your ability to reach others through the spoken or the written word. And the further away your job is from manual work, the larger the organization of which you are an employee, the more important it will be that you know how to convey your thoughts in writing or speaking. In the very large business organization, whether it is the government, the large corporation, or the Army, this ability to express oneself is perhaps the most important of all the skills a man can possess.
这一段谈的是表达能力,它的重要性与职业,身份有关,从“not need much skill”或“of little importance”到“more important”,最后是“most important”。
b.由一般到特殊排列(general-to-specific arrangement)
If a reader is lost, it is generally because the writer has not been careful enough to keep him on the path. This carelessness can take any number of forms. Perhaps a sentence is so excessively cluttered that the reader, hacking his way through the verbiage, simply doesn't know what it means. Perhaps a sentence has been so shoddily constructed that the reader could read it in any of several ways. Perhaps the writer has switched tenses, or has switched pronouns in mid-sentence, so the reader loses track of when the action took place or who is talking. Perhaps sentence B is not logical sequel to sentence A —— the writer, in whose head the connection is clear, has not bothered to provide the missing link. Perhaps the writer has used an important word incorrectly by not taking the trouble to look it up. He may think that “sanguine” and “sanguinary” mean the same thing, but the difference is a bloody big one. The reader can only infer what the writer is trying to imply.
这一段谈的是a writer's carelessness,先给出一个general statement作为主题句,然后通过5个 ”perhaps”加以例证。
c. 由特殊到一般排列(specific-to-general arrangement)
I do not understand why people confuse my Siamese cat, Prissy, with the one I had several years ago, Henry. The two cats are only alike in breed. Prissy, a quiet, feminine feline, loves me dearly but not possessively. She likes to keep her distance from people, exert her independence and is never so rude as to beg, lick, or sniff unceremoniously. Her usual posture is sitting upright, eyes closed, perfectly still. Prissy is a very proper cat. Henry, on the other hand, loved me dearly but possessively. He was my shadow from morning till night. He expected me to constantly entertain him. Henry never cared who saw him do anything, whether it was decorous or not, and he usually offended my friends in some way. The cat made himself quite comfortable, on the top of the television, across stranger's feet or laps, in beds, drawers, sacks, closets, or nooks. The difference between them is imperceptible to strangers.
本段的主题句是段首句,它仅提出一个问题:为什么两只猫会被搞混。然后对两者进行比较,末句才下结论。
2)、形连
行文的逻辑性常常要靠适当的转换词语及其他手段来实现。请读下面这一段文字并找出文中用以承上启下的词语:
Walter's goal in life was to become a successful surgeon. First, though, he had to get through high school, so he concentrated all his efforts on his studies —— in particular, biology, chemistry, and math. Because he worked constantly on these subjects, Walter became proficient in them; however, Walter forgot that he needed to master other subjects besides those he had chosen. As a result, ring his junior year of high school, Walter failed both English and Latin. Consequently, he had to repeat these subjects and he was almost unable to graate on schele. Finally, on June 6, Walter achieved the first step toward realizing his goal.
本文中起承上启下的词语有两种,一种是转换词语(transitional words or phrases),另一种是起转换作用的其他连接手段(linking devices)。前者依次有:first, though, so, in particular, and, because, however, besides, as a result, both…and, consequently, and, finally.后者依次是:he, he, his, his, he, these, them, he, those, his, he, these, his. 本段中共有词汇105个,所使用的转换词语及其他连接用语共26个词,约占该段总词汇量的四分之一。由此可见,掌握好transitions不仅对行文的流(smoothness)有益,而且对于学生在半个小时内写足四级短文所要求的120个词也是不无好处的。
一个段落里如果没有transitions也就很难有coherence了。我们看下面一个例子:Speaking and writing are different in many ways. Speech depends on sounds. Writing uses written symbols. Speech developed about 500 000 years ago. Written language is a recent development. It was invented only about six thousand years ago. Speech is usually informal. The word choice of writing is often relatively formal. Pronunciation and accent often tell where the speaker is from. Pronunciation and accent are ignored in writing. A standard diction and spelling system prevails in the written language of most countries. Speech relies on gesture, loudness, and rise and fall of the voice. Writing lacks gesture, loudness and the rise and fall of the voice. Careful speakers and writers are aware of the differences.
本段中除了第6句开头出现一个起过渡作用的”it”之外,没有使用其他的过渡词语。这样,文中出现许多重复的词语,全段读起来也显得生硬而不自然。如果加上必要的过渡词语来修饰的话,这一段就成了下面一个流畅连贯的段落:
Speaking and writing are different in many ways. Speech depends on sounds; writing, on the other hand, uses written symbols. Speech was developed about 500 000 years ago, but written language is a recent development, invented only about six thousand years ago. Speech is usually informal, while the word choice of writing, by contrast, is often relatively formal. Although pronunciation and accent often tell where the speaker is from, they are ignored in wiring because a standard diction and spelling system prevails in most countries. Speech relies on gesture, loudness, and the rise and fall of the voice, but writing lacks these features. Careful speakers and writers are aware of the differences.
4、有损连贯性的几种情况:
考生在写作中经常出现下面几种错误:
1、不必要的改变时态,比如:
In the movie, Robert Redford was a spy. He goes to his office where he found everybody dead. Other spies wanted to kill him, so he takes refuge with Julie Christie. At her house, he had waited for the heat to die down, but they come after him anyway.
2、不必要的改变单复数,比如:
Everybody looks for satisfaction in his life. They want to be happy. But if he seeks only pleasure in the short run, the person will soon run out of pleasure and life will catch up to him. They need to pursue the deeper pleasure of satisfaction in work and in relationships.
3、不必要的改变人称,比如:
Now more than ever, parents need to be in touch with their children's activities because modern life has the tendency to cause cleavages in the family. You need to arrange family like it so that family members will do things together and know one another. You need to give up isolated pleasures of your own and realize that parents have a set of obligations to sponsor togetherness and therefore sponsor knowledge.
因此写作中,一定要注意时态,人称以及数的变化是否正确,要注意保持一致。

③ 最近国内外有哪些人已经研究母语负迁移对写作的影响及对策

稻田旁边有个池塘。池塘的边上有棵梧桐树。一片一片的黄叶从树上落下来。有的落到水里,小鱼游过去,藏在底下,把它当作伞。有的落在岸边,蚂蚁爬上去,来回跑着,把它当作运动场。

④ 急急急急 !!!英语毕业论文:母语对中学生学习英语的影响 可以从哪几个方面来写 求高手!!

1.引言:英语学习的重要意义,目前我国中学生学习英语的一些误区,由此引出母语的版影响
2.母语影响的权表现
2.1对口语的影响
2.2对写作的影响
2.3对语感的影响
这个内容需要你自己研究,看别人资料来写,加上你的理解
3.克服母语影响的方法
这部分也是你的研究内容,我不是这专业,写不了
4.结束语
克服母语影响,人人学好英语

⑤ 母语对英语学习有哪些影响

影响是多方面的:
首先,影响你的发音。这个不用解释,很好理解。
其次版,影响你对语法的掌握权。在学习之初,很容易受到母语语法的影响,在英语的语序、时态、语态等问题上容易混淆。
再次,影响你的表达方式。由于文化差异,中国人表达都比较含蓄,喜欢绕着弯说,特别是写文章,铺垫一大通,然后才进入主题。英文写作(指一般考试的时候)更希望你能够开门见山,然后层次很分明地把文章完成。
不过,马克思曾经说过:学外语最好的方法是,在学的时候忘记你的母语——不是原话,但是这个意思,好像是当年高中英语某年级课本的第一课呢。

⑥ 母语对学生英语口语和写作的影响有哪些

影响是多方面的:复
首先制,影响你的发音。这个不用解释,很好理解。
其次,影响你对语法的掌握。在学习之初,很容易受到母语语法的影响,在英语的语序、时态、语态等问题上容易混淆。
再次,影响你的表达方式。由于文化差异,中国人表达都比较含蓄,喜欢绕着弯说,特别是写文章,铺垫一大通,然后才进入主题。英文写作(指一般考试的时候)更希望你能够开门见山,然后层次很分明地把文章完成。
不过,马克思曾经说过:学外语最好的方法是,在学的时候忘记你的母语——不是原话,但是这个意思,好像是当年高中英语某年级课本的第一课呢。

⑦ 母语对英语学习的影响

The language border migrates mainly has two kinds, is migrating and negative migration. Every mother tongue has the promoter action to the foreign language study, we said that it for is migrating, every mother tongue has the interference effect to the foreign language study, for negative migration. But a person, once has had a good command of the first language, the mother tongue, this language will certainly to become the tool which he lifelong cannot leave, therefore, a person studies the foreign language, particularly studies the foreign language the initial stage, namely, in the student is familiar before the foreign language language system, the mother tongue is may absorb experience's only language system, as the matter stands, very easy utilizes mother tongue's language rule and the structure in the foreign language study, i.e., inevitable…** the language migration is the second language custom results in the process one kind of common phenomenon. The student when uses the goal language carries on the human relations, attempts with the aid in mother tongue's pronunciation, the structure, semantic and the culture express thoughts, will have the language transport phenomena. The language migration divides into two kinds: Is migrating (posi tivetransfer) and negative migrates (negativetransfer). When mother tongue's certain characteristic same goal language similar or is completely consistent, often proces is migrating. For example, English and the Chinese basic word order is S+V+O (subject + predicate + object), “I spoke Chinese” in (IspeakChinese) this sentence, the Chinese, the British two word orders are completely consistent. In this case, the Chinese students draw support in mother tongue's word order constitute a correct English sentence with English glossary.

⑧ 焦虑对英语写作影响研究的选题依据和研究意义

Test Anxiety proce and inner expectations, self attitude, nervous type, past exam experience, examination skills closely related to anxiety itself is not terrible, the most frightening thing is that the anxiety necessarily hinder our learning, so eager to rule out the tension, and stubbornly believe that as long as the exclusion of tension, in order to concentrate on the study and examination. Have some relaxation training methods to deal with anxiety adjustment (1) deep breathing mood: After eyes sitting in a chair, slow rhythmic breathing, stop for a few seconds, then slowly exhale rhythmically. You should do the inhale light and long, breath naturally go; (2) relaxation training method: Candidates sitting in a chair, relax, feet shoulder width apart, eyes Weibi. Hearts of meditation: head loose, loose face, neck pine, pine chest, back and loose, loose abdomen, waist loose, loose front thigh, back thigh loose, loose front leg after leg loose, loose feet, foot loose. Thus, in accordance with the order repeated meditation, the body can relax, relax mentally; (3) Music relax, exercise, communicate with their families, to communicate with teachers and students also can help relieve stress.

⑨ 母语对英语学习的负迁移 近5年国内外的研究成果!!

语际迁移主要有两种,正迁移和负迁移。凡是母语对外语学习有促进作用的,我们称其为正迁移,凡是母语对外语学习产生干扰作用的,为负迁移。而一个人,一旦掌握了第一种语言,母语,这种语言就必将成为他终身离不开的工具,所以,一个人学习外语,尤其是学习外语的初级阶段,即在学生对外语语言体系熟悉之前,母语是可以吸取经验的唯一语言体系,这样一来,很容易就把母语的语言规则和结构运用于外语学习,也就是说,不可避免的…
语言迁移是第二语言习得过程中的一种常见现象。学生在用目的语进行交际时,试图借助于母语的语音、结构、语义和文化来表达思想,就会产生语言迁移现象。语言迁移分为两种:正迁移(posi tivetransfer)和负迁移(negativetransfer)。当母语的某些特征同目的语相似或完全一致时,往往产生正迁移。例如,英语和汉语的基本语序均为S+V+O(主语+谓语+宾语),“我说汉语”(IspeakChinese)这个句子中,汉、英两句语序完全一致。在这种情况下,中国学生就借助于母语的语序用英语词汇构成一句正确的英语句子。
论母语迁移对中国学生英语学习的影响(1)
Abstract] Language transfer is a universal phenomenon in second language acquisition. Before language learners learn a foreign language, they have been using their mother language to communicate with each other for a long time, so that they have been very familiar with the rules of mother language. In addition, there are similarities in language learning. Therefore, when they learn a new language, they transfer those rules into the second language unconsciously, and then transfers appear. However, there are similarities and differences between two languages in their usages, rules and so on. For that reason, two kinds of transfers form. They are positive transfer and negative transfer. This essay firstly illustrates the definition of transfer and the importance of mother language for second language acquisition. Then it discusses the reason that causes transfer. Next, it illustrates the manifestation of transfer in language knowledge and culture separately in detail. In language knowledge, transfer will appear in English letter’s learning, phonetic, lexical, grammar and discourse. In culture, transfer will appear in two areas: lexical meaning and pragmatics. Finally, this easy will give some practical suggestions of the right treatment to the mother language transfer in language teaching.
[Key Words] mother language; negative transfer; positive transfer; language knowledge; English teaching

【摘 要】 语言迁移是二语习得中的一种普遍现象。因为在语言学习者学习语言之前,他们就一直使用母语与他人进行交流。因而,他们对于母语的规则已经非常熟悉。又由于语言学习之间存在着共性,所以,在学习者学习外语时,他们就会不自觉地将母语的一些习惯迁移到他们所学的外语中去。而后,迁移就发生了。然而,两种语言之间在使用习惯,规则等众多方面存在着异同。这就使语言在迁移过程中发生了两种变化:正迁移和负迁移。本文首先对迁移的定义以及母语在第二语言习得中的重要性进行阐述。然后讨论了迁移产生的原因。接下来,分别就迁移可能出现的两大方面(语言知识方面和文化方面)进行详细的描述。在语言知识方面,从五个方面描写母语的迁移的表现:英语字母的学习,语音方面,词汇方面,语法方面和语篇方面。在文化方面,则从两个方面来描写:词汇文化方面和语用方面。最后,本文提出一些认为在教学中可以采取的正确对待母语迁移的方法。

摘 要 本文依据长期的教学和大量的观察,从迁移的角度出发,探讨分析了福建方言对方言区大学生英语语音学习的影响,发现方言语音与英语语音存在着很大差异,构成了方言区大学生英语语音学习中的负迁移因素。加强对这一问题的研究,对福建方言区的英语教师的教学和大学生的英语学习将有所裨益。
关键词 福建方言,英语语音,负迁移,语言学习焦虑

一、迁移理论
在心理学中,迁移指的是人们已经掌握的知识在新的学习环境中发挥作用的心理过程。[1]在外语学习研究领域中,迁移是指母语知识对外语学习的影响,这种影响是许多语言学家和心理语言学家所探讨的重要问题之一。
1957年美国语言学家Lado在《跨文化语言学》中认为:在外语学习环境中,学习者广泛依赖已经掌握的母语,倾向于将母语的语言形式、意义和与母语相联系的文化迁移到外语学习中来。奥得林(Odlin)[2]把迁移定义为:迁移是一种影响,它来自于已习得语言(可能是错误习得)与目的语之间的共性与差别。1994年,埃利斯(Rod Ellis)在他的《第二语言习得研究中》将母语迁移归纳为如下四个方面:正迁移、负迁移、回避和过度使用。由于本文主要讨论负迁移现象,所以这里介绍一下此理论中的正负迁移两个方面。
1、正迁移(positive transfer) :当母语规则与外语规则相同时,学习者把母语规则迁移到外语中去,这时母语规则能够减轻外语学习的负担,减少外语学习中的错误,促进外语的学习。这时母语对外语学习的影响是积极的,这种影响叫正迁移。
2、负迁移(negative transfer):当母语规则与外语规则有差异时,学习者把母语规则迁移到外语中去,母语便会干扰外语的学习,此时母语对外语的影响是消极的。这种影响称为负迁移。
由于英语和汉语分属不同的语系,在语音方面存在着许多差异,因此,在中国学习者的发音中普遍存在着汉语发音的负迁移现象;由于地区差异,又存在着方言语音对英语语音的负迁移现象。依据上述迁移理论,本文将具体探讨一下福建方言在方言区大学生的英语语音学习中的负迁移现象。
二、福建方言与英语语音
“语言从本质上来说,就是‘声音符号的习惯系统’……只有人发出的有意义的成系统的声音才是语言”[3]。可见语音在语言中的重要地位。“……由此可见,语音、词汇、语法在区分汉语方言中所起的作用是不相等的。相对来说,语音应该是区分汉语方言的主要标准”[4]。可见方言是按照语音来划分的。
1、福建方言
“方言是民族语言的地方分支,是局部地区的人们使用的语言。”[5]方言可以从两个不同的角度去看待:一个是从结构去看,一个是从功能去看。社会语言学侧重从功能方面去给方言下定义,“认为它是一种交际功能受到地区限制,其发展未达到标准化的语言变体。”[6]方言形成的原因又是多方面的,有政治、经济、文化、民族、宗教、历史、地理等各个方面的影响。
福建省是汉语方言最复杂的省份之一。全国各大方言区中,福建占着5种。分布最广的是闽方言。闽方言分为邵将、闽北、闽中、闽东、莆仙、闽南、琼文7个次方言,之间互不通行,可能是秦汉时代汉人南侵时与当地的闽越语言不同支系交互的结果。除分布最广的闽方言之外,闽西有大片客家方言,闽西北有赣方言,浦城县有吴方言,还有一些地方有官话方言岛。福建省境内的方言不但品种多,而且内部差异很大。像连城、尤溪、顺昌等地,一个县内就有几种、十几种不能相通的话。福建方言区的学生,由于福建方言的影响,英语发音会遇到一些特殊困难,因此也可以从母语方面探究原因,寻求解决方法。
本文针对在校福建籍大学生方言的语音特点,做一个浅显的分析、总结,结合大学英语教学中存在的问题,论述了方言的语音对大学生英语学习的影响,并提出一些改进的建议,以资参考。
2、英语语音
语言首先是由语音组成的,语言的作用首先是交际,交际的首要形式是口语交际,口语交际离不开语言的发音。英语语音是英语使用者所必须遵守的约定俗成的东西,个别语音可以有变化,但是变化不能超出该音音位变化所允许的范围,否则就会引起发音错误。方言区的学生由于受方言影响根深蒂固,在大学阶段的学习中又以应试为主要目的,大多没有受过系统的语音训练,因此把方言中的语音迁移到英语语音中来,由此造成的语音方面的错误是非常突出的,下面具体讨论福建方言在英语语音中的负迁移现象。
三、福建方言在大学生英语语音学习中的负迁移
英语学习中,本族语语音对外语学习的影响,早已有人论及。“从语音上看,一般来说,每个人都是通过自己语言中的音去感知不熟悉的语音”[7]。学习一种外国语的人,尤其是成年人,必然会在某种程度上,受他本族语发音习惯的影响,他往往会不自觉地把本族语的一套发音习惯搬到外国语中去。
这种影响对于那些普通话不标准的学生而言,是十分明显的。如福建各地对/n/,/l/,/r/基本不分,在上大学英语Focus Listening的第一册第一课中,对于平行的两个班,我们在上课时先给一个班讲述这三个音的发音特点、舌位,然后做辨音练习,而另一个班我们先不做区分,直接听音,结果发现第一个班的效果要比第二个班好得多,而第二个班中,城市学生比地县学生区分得清楚。这就充分说明了受方言语音影响较小、普通话水平较好的学生,其本族语对英语语音的影响就小,而那些方言很重,普通话很不标准的学生,本人方言语音对英语语音的影响就大。
综上所述,语言具有表意性,“语言的表意性就是语音传递说话者用词汇概念表达的一系列思想”。[8]当语音无法正确地传递说话者的思想,或听者无法用已有的语音知识去感知说话者的词汇概念时,这种语音肯定会对说话者或听者带来一定的影响。从长期的教学实践中观察到,方言太重的学生在英语学习中普遍存在着焦虑情绪。根据心理学家的解释,“焦虑是个体由于预期不能达到目标或者不能克服障碍的威胁,使得其自尊心受挫,或使失败感和内疚感增加而形成的紧张不安,带有恐惧感的情绪状态”[9]。这种语言学习焦虑对英语学习产生影响如下:
1、英语学习焦虑
福建籍学生由于很多人方言重,无法准确地拼读单词、朗读句子课文,往往面临一种尴尬的局面:自己读的材料别人听不懂,别人读的东西自己不明白,写出来大家都明白。产生这种状况的原因很多,但语音问题是毋庸置疑的。如a moon-lit night,福建籍学生由于n、1不分,是不太可能听明白什么意思的。大学英语教学过程中教师以英语为工作语言,学生以英语为学习目的语,很多新生刚入大学很难适应课堂活动,逐渐产生焦虑心理,进而影响学习动机、学习兴趣,对他们的学习产生直接影响。这种影响可从他们在课堂上的表现观察到。有这种学习焦虑的学生,常表现为“语音变调,不能正常地发出语言的语音和节奏,站起来回答问题有冻僵的感觉,忘掉才学过不久的词汇,甚至根本不说话,只是保持沉默不语”[9]等。他们回答问题以及参与课堂活动的自觉性很小,倾向于回避比较复杂的句子,或者经常抱怨课程进度太快,学习太难,需要更多时间去学习。
2、交际畏惧
根据McCroskey(1978)的解释,交际畏惧指的是个人对于与他人的真实或者预期交际产生的恐惧或者焦虑程度。语音、语调太差的学生由于担心无法感知他人话语,或者别人不能听懂自己传递的信息,往往不愿在课堂上与老师、同学交流,在课堂上经常有压力和焦虑,不愿坐前排,上课低着头,回避与老师的目光相遇,即使被迫进行交际,也是寥寥几句,不愿深入,或是说声“sorry”结束。这些都是典型的交际畏惧表现行为。他们的交际经常是被迫的、很勉强的。他们对自己的英语能力的自我评估很低,有些学生甚至不认为英语学习是有价值、有意义的,不愿为此花费更多的时间、精力,因而学习效果很差,效价不高。
3、负评价恐惧
实践证明,受方言影响大、语音差的学生往往很在意老师、同学对自己语言水平的评价,过于关注他人对自己的看法,其行为方式倾向于使可能出现的不利评价因素降到最低程度,经常有意识地回避或尽早结束交际。对自己今后的英语成就期望不高,在学习和交际过程中常有“自己不如别人”的感觉。这种经常性的提醒会威胁学生自尊需要的满足,挫伤其自尊心和自信心,进而增强焦虑倾向。
四、对英语教学的启示
以上论述证明,福建籍学生,很多人由于受方言影响,英语语音掌握较差,英语学习存在一定障碍,产生语言焦虑。根据有些学者的研究,语言焦虑可能对动作行为产生两种完全相反的影响:一是“促进性焦虑”(Facilitating anxiety);二是“抑制性焦虑”(debilitating anxiety)。[10]前者有利于外语学习,而后者则相反,而完全缺少焦虑感与焦虑感过强都不利于学生学习动机的提高。为此,在英语教学中,对于由于受方言影响而产生的语言焦虑可采取一些措施予以有效控制。
1、英汉语音分析对比
成人学习英语和儿童学习话语的心理基础是不一样的。儿童在客观环境作用下,通过同化和适应来习得语言,其语言习得的过程和智力成长的过程是一致的。成人学外语时其智力已发展成熟,因此他是从已知的事实出发,采用相应的方法去学习。要克服其本族语的干扰,最好的办法是进行两种语言的对比分析,这在语音上已证明有较明显的进展。[11]因此,对于刚入校的大学生,在语音方面,教师在教学中可以参照普通话语音特点,指出学生方言中的语音失误并与英语语音进行比较,有目的、有意识地强化训练,逐渐减少其方言的干扰,提高他们正确发音、拼读的语言能力。
2、创造轻松、惬意的课堂语言学习环境
福建籍学生语音基础普遍差,学习中存在语言焦虑,如何将这种焦虑控制在适当的范围内,轻松、惬意的课堂语言学习环境十分重要。在英语学习过程中。学生的情感因素和认知因素一样重要。轻松、惬意的课堂气氛可以拉近教师和学生之间的距离,提高学生学习的自信心、自尊心,使其对英语学习持一种积极态度,从而促进学生学习动机的提高,促使他们积极参与课堂活动,从而提高学习效率、教学质量,增强课堂信息反馈,更好地为教学服务。
3、鼓励学生朗读、背诵英语材料
语言学习离不开语言材料的积累,朗读、背诵英语材料一方面可以帮助学生记忆单词、理解内容,另一方面可使学生充分感知语音特征。提高对语言形式的敏感可以帮助学生注意所输入语言的特征,并且注意所输入语言和输出语言间的差距,从而更好地掌握语音知识。正确的发音不仅有助于学生听力、口语的提高,而且也可帮助他们正确拼写单词,使其终生受益。

参考文献
[1]皮连生.教育心理学[M].上海:上海教育出版社,2002.
[2]Odlin, T.. Language Transfer [M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989. 27.
[3]潘文国. 汉英语对比纲要[M] . 北京: 北京语言文化大学出版社, 2002. 145.
[4]王福堂. 汉语方言语音的演变和层次[M] . 北京: 语文出版社, 1999. 46.
[5]黄伯荣、廖序东.现代汉语[M].兰州:甘肃人民出版社,1988.
[6]陈松岑.社会语言学导论[M].北京:北京大学出版社,1985.
[7]申小龙.社区文化与语言变异:社会语言学纵横谈[M].长春:吉林教育出版社,1997.
[8]潘诺夫、王仲宣.信号、符号、语言[M].何纯良译.北京:三联书店,1991.
[9]王银泉、万玉书.外语学习焦虑及其对外语学习的影响[J].外语教学与研究,2001,(2).
[10]秦晓晴、文秋芳.非英语专业大学生学习动机的内在结构[J].外语教学与研究,2002,(1).
[11]桂诗春.心理语言学[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社,1985.

The Negative Transfer of the Fujian Dialects in College Students’ English Pronunciation and Its Revelation to English Teachers’ Teaching Method

Zhang Shu
(a 2004 graate student in College of Ecational Science and Technology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350007)

Abstract
This paper, in the view of transfer, discusses the effect of the Fujian dialects on college students’ English pronunciation, which, according to large amount of observation and years of teaching experiences, makes a point that great differences exist between the pronunciation of the dialect and that of English, and hence, the factor of the negative transfer of the dialect speaking college students in their English pronunciation is formed. It will be of extraordinary value not only to English teachers’ teaching method but also to English learners’ study method to explore the problems on it in Fujian.
Key Words: Fujian dialects, English pronunciation, negative transfer, language learning anxiety

⑩ “母语习得”与“学习外语”之间有相似之处么为什么举例说明

有啊,鄙人拙见啊,都是语言的学习,只不过符号不同罢了。
学习的方法,都是先学习发音,后认识成语,然后分析句子结构,最后写出文章来。

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