A. 怎样才能提升英语写作能力
要坚持听说读训练和写训练相结合。学习者在学习时常先通过听和版读吸取语言知识,权从而了解别人的思想,再通过说和写来表达自己的思想,大量的听说训练能促进读写能力的提高。因此,写与听说读紧密结合,进行多元化的能力训练。要坚持长期、正确的写作训练。英语写作能力的提高并非一朝一夕之事,而是一个长期的、艰巨的、渐进的过程。
B. 如何快速提高英语写作能力
疯狂英语
放开嗓子响亮诵读
我们班每天早读多会这样
很有帮助
考试中就算遇到不懂的单词也会凭借语感轻松通过
C. 如何快速提高英语写作能力
(一)掌握技巧:
(1)注意篇章结构,合理布局
开始部分(opening
paragraph)——说出文中的要点、核心问题。
正文部分(Body
paragraphs)——围绕主题开展叙述、讨论。
结尾部分(concluding
paragraphs)——对全文的总结和概括。
要做到全文中心突出、段落之间必须是有机地联系,内容完整、连贯。前后呼应,祛除与主题无关的内容.
(2)确定主题句
主题句是对全文的概括,是文章的主旨。它能在文章中起到“画龙点睛”的作用。通常主题句出现在一篇文章的开头,而后,全文对主题句所提出的内容进行解释,扩展。
写主题句应注意以下几点:
①归纳出你要写的文章的几个要点
②提炼出一句具有概括性的话
③主题句应具有可读性,抓住、吸引读者。
(二)巧用连接词
要想使文章有整体性、连贯性,就要学会正确使用连接词
三)掌握常用句型
……引自威尼英文口语培训网
D. 怎样快速提高英语写作能力
没有别的办法就是多写多练,最好每天一篇,之后再看范文,看看自己和范文有什么区别予以改进
E. 如何快速提升学生的英语写作能力
第一,背诵范文。英语写作一般包括记叙文,说明文,议论文和公文写作。老师经过筛选,找出每种文体、题材各两三篇文章(同时给学生提供中文说明或图表),要求学生背诵,并限时检查。俗话说得好,“熟读唐诗三百首,不会作诗也会吟”。熟读课文,熟背精彩段落,使学生逐步掌握英语基本的表达方法,增强英语语感,有助于学生模仿范文,再用自己的语言表达出来。而且,通过这些范文,学生熟练各种题材和体裁的写作技巧,这是学生高考获取高分的一条捷径。经过一段时间的训练,学生们就会有语言材料可写,也能写得出来,否则,只有“咬笔头”了。这一点是写作的基础。
第二,听写练习。听写练习,一般可在每一单元教完之后进行。听写的内容包括单词、固定词组以及含有本单元重点语法的句子。单词、词组书写正确是句子正确的前提和保证。听写课文上的句子,要体现各种时态、语态以及句型,这有助于学生仿照句型,编出自己的语句。这是英语写作的基石。
第三,默写练习。这一练习有助于学生整体把握段落篇章,然后转化为学生自己的能力。课文上的英语语言,都是经过专家审订的,具有权威性,精确性,有利于学生模仿写作,也有助于学生深层次理解课文。每周在教学完一课或一单元之后,留出一点时间,限时让学生默写一段或几段不等。当然,默写前要要求学生提前准备,这样,学生就必须先把这部份背诵,然后才会默写。这也有利于学生听说能力的培养。默写完后,可让学生相互参照范文评改,也可以老师抽改,再根据学生默写情况进行点评。这样不断练习,学生们就会取得较快进步。
第四,单词、词组及固定句型造句。这一练习是写的一种有效的好方法。一般讲到重点单词、词组或句型,老师们也喜欢采用这种形式,让学生在课堂或课后造句。对于在Checkpoint里面的Useful expressions,让学生采用造句形式,效果更佳。这不仅能增强学生运用英语的能力,而且也有利于老师检查学生对本单元重点单词、词组及句型的掌握程度。这是一条行之有效的方法,必须长期坚持。
第五,英汉互译。这是一种传统练习。采用汉英互译练习形式,对练习写作也有很大的帮助,它具有方法灵活,操作简便的特点。学生可以在不经意间学习英语表达的方法。
第六,句型转换,变通表达。在练习题中一般没有这样单纯的句型转换、同近义或反意词转换练习,但我们通过这样的练习,使学生思路更活,不至于 “把自己绑在一棵树上”。也就是说,当这种方式表达不出来或不完整,可用另一种方式来表达。如我们忘了句型“I went to school on foot this morning”,可用“I walked to school this morning”这一表达方式,这就使学生写作时能够更多地变通表达,以利于写作水平的提高。这是写作能力提高的“变通器”。
第七,短文改错,使语言更加精当。这种题型本身就是高考写的一种形式。这类题型,可以考察出学生综合运用语言的能力。如时态一致、主谓一致、单复数一致、词语搭配等等。通过这一练习,可使学生养成一种 “瞻前顾后,顾全大局”的良好思维方式,是向写作进军的前奏曲。
第八,改缩写课文,渐离“本本”。这也是进一步学习课文的又一手段,可充分利用刚学过的英语语言,来表达学生要表达的类似语言。一般可以在教完一课,学生熟练掌握课文之后, 才做这一步,让学生尽量使用本课的语言,同时,又要有自己的语言。可以在课堂上进行,也可作家庭作业,但一定要杜绝照抄书本。
第九,限时作文,当场批改。这种练习一般在课堂上进行效果较好。老师给一个写作题目,让学生当场作文。开始时,如时间不够,可让学生少写,但一定要用正确的英语语言表达方式。老师当面批改,当面点评,学生当场订正。这样学生既感兴趣,又能感受到进步的喜悦。以后每次写作都可加几句,看进展如何,然后决定增加字数的多少。这是一种效率高,见效快,学生乐于接受的好方式。如果学校有多媒体设备,那么,操作起来更加方便,既能加大容量,又能节省时间,达到事半功倍的效果。
第十,坚持写日记,增强英语思维能力。天天记日记,无形中增加了学生接触英语的机会。刚开始可少写几句,以后逐渐增加字数。内容要灵活多样,只要学生乐意,什么都可写,关键是要求语言的正确与流畅。当然,老师在改作文时不能全部改掉学生错漏的地方,以免打击学生的自信心。不管怎样,老师应该多给学生以鼓励表扬为主。
第十一,教授学生一定的写作技巧,如不同文体,不同文风,时态和语法的前后照应等。要使习作成为一篇结构严谨,行文流畅的文章,一些连词的使用非常必要。如after that , then , a few days/ years later, at last,therefore, luckily, unfortunately, on the contrary, in all等等的合理应用。这些语言应用得好,都会大大增强文章的说服力、整体感、流畅感和美感。因此,老师一定要求学生背诵一些连接词。
诚然,写作能力的提高不是一蹴而就的,而是一个长期的过程。教师指导写作必须坚持从易到难,从少到多,从课本到课外,从慢到快的循序渐进的原则。更重要的是,要激发学生学习写作的兴趣和积极性,并持之以恒,否则一切都是空谈。当然,在实施过程中,老师要根据班上的实情,适时适量,选取一种或几种方法,灵活运用。相信,你的学生也会从中得到不小的收获。
F. 怎样才能在短时间内提升英文写作水平
短时间内想要提升英文写作水平的话,就只能是背模板,背句型,背段落了。多准内备几个常用模容板,以备不时之需。
不管是英文写作还是中文写作都是一个日积月累的过程,不是一朝一夕能够实现的,写作的资源来源于日常生活,只有真情实感才能写出深入人心的作品。
建议平时多看一些英文名著,多积累一些地道的英文谚语俚语,这样可以为文章增色不少。增加阅读量,读的多了头脑中的知识自然也就多了,写作能力会随之提高。提升词汇量,丰富的词汇会让文章显得比较高档。
G. 怎样提升自己英语写作水平
怎样提升自己英语写作水平:
加强基础知识的记忆学习。
一般我们最开始回学习英语的时答候,就开始学习英语单词,学习语法,在学习这些基础的时候一定要打牢,并且要能够灵活的应用。在日常生活中,要积累大量的词汇量作用是非常大的,这会对自己的英语写作打下坚实的基础。在写文章的时候能够灵活的应用是最好的。
养成阅读的好习惯。
通过阅读,可以不断扩大和积累词汇、素材和增强语感、活跃思维、增长智力,从而提高英语写作能力。在阅读训练中,要经常背诵文词优美的语句和段落,做好知识储备,在写作时,才会信手粘来,会让自己的文章大放光彩,给自己的文章增添不一样的色彩。
多加练习写作
可以用雅思或者托福写作的话题来练习,特别是雅思话题,它比较社会化,会涉及到"Environment","Ecation"以及"Culture"等跟生活息息相关的主题,非常适合用来练笔。养成每周写上一两篇文章的习惯,写完后一定要尝试着自己去修改,修改时重点关注句子间的逻辑性,用词的准确性,得体性以及丰富度。写完了以后,放个一两天在拿起来修改一下,经过反复的练习,就会,发现自己的文章会有问题,经过多次的修改,就会有明显的进步。
H. 如何提高英语写作能力
谈谈如何提高英语写作能力
关键词:英语写作能力 原则 方法
引言:英语写作能力是英语听、说、读、写四种基本能力之一,英语写作能有效地促进语言知识的内化。Swain(1985)提出“可理解输出”假设,认为包括写在内的语言产生性运用有助于学习者检验目的语句法结构和词语的使用,促进语言运用的自动化,有效地达到了语言习得的目的。通过写作,英语知识不断得到巩固并内在化,有利于英语技能的全面发展。但是,英语写作又是广大英语学习者最感头痛的问题之一,且容易被教师忽视,笔者以为如何提高英语写作能力值得我们认真研究。本文就此谈谈初浅的看法。
一、提高英语写作能力的原则
(一)渐进性原则。要坚持“句—段—篇”的训练程序,由易到难,循序渐进。在英语写作的初始阶段,要始终注意培养学生良好的写作习惯,狠抓基本功训练。在学生掌握了基本句型并能写出简单句子后,再要求学生根据一些体例写出小段的文章。在段落写作中要引导学生分析段落的结构、段落的中心句、句与句之间的逻辑关系、写作手法等,这样有利于下一步一篇文章的写作。在文章写作中要教会学生如何构思文章、如何运用正确的写作技巧等。
(二)多样性原则。要坚持训练形式的多样化及写作文体的多样性。从形式上而言,可以用回答提问的口头作文,也可以用续写故事;可以改写课文,也可以仿写课文;可以写提纲训练谋篇布局,也可以写拓展段训练发散思维……。从文体上而言,可以写说明文、议论文、记叙文,也可以写书信、便条、通知等实用文体。
(三)结合性原则。要坚持听说读训练和写训练相结合。根据语言习得理论,学习者在学习时常先通过听和读吸取语言知识,从而了解别人的思想,再通过说和写来表达自己的思想,让别人了解自己。大量的听说训练能促进读写能力的提高。因此,写与听说读紧密结合,进行多元化的能力训练,可使学生的各项能力互相影响、互相渗透、互相促进。
(四)控制性原则。要坚持写作前的指导,控制学生的汉语语言思维,发展英语语言思维。语言学习在很大程度上主要是模仿,而非随心所欲地自由表达。教师要加强写作前的指导,可给出范文让学生模仿,以熟悉其语篇结构。同时要控制其汉语语言思维,尽可能让学生习惯英语语言思维,以便于学生学习和掌握地道、正确的英语。
(五)持久性原则。要坚持长期、正确的写作训练。英语写作能力的提高并非一朝一夕之事,而是一个长期的、艰巨的、渐进的过程。这就要求教师、学生都要有充分的思想准备,要有坚韧不拔的意志和必胜的信心。
二、提高英语写作能力的方法。
(一)通过积累词汇量,提高英语写作能力。犹如土木砖石是建筑的材料一样,词汇是说话写作的必需材料,也是制约写作能力提高的瓶颈。可以想象,如果要写一个句子,10个单词有8个单词拼写错误或拼写不出,有2
个单词用法不当,又怎么能清楚地表达自己的思想呢?因此,在平时的教学中要强调学生记忆单词,记住单词的拼读、用法、意思等。记忆单词的方法有很多,各人有各人的记忆方法和习惯,可因人而异。教师可通过要求学生朗读单词、听写单词、默写单词、遣词造句、词汇竞赛等多种方法促进学生记单词。记忆单词是一个长期的反复的过程,要长期地坚持下去,才能不断积累大量的词汇,为英语写作打下坚实的基础。
(二)通过扩大阅读量,提高英语写作能力。古人云“熟读唐诗三百首,不会作诗也会吟”,这是汉语的一种学习方法,同样可借鉴于英语写作。多阅读是学生增加接触英语语言材料、接受信息、活跃思维、增长智力的一种途径,同时也是培养学生英语思维能力、提高理解力、增强语感、巩固和扩大词汇量的一种好方法,有利于促进英语写作能力的提高。在阅读训练中,教师要注意以下问题:一是指导阅读方法,分析文章结构、中心思想、段落中心句、写作方法等,帮助学生掌握各类文章的结构及写作方法。二要精读与泛读相结合,通过推敲优秀的文章来学会写作方法和选词用词;通过大量的泛读来吸取信息量,扩大词汇量。三要扩大阅读量。提供阅读的材料涉及面要广,才能不断扩大学生的知识面,使学生适应各种题材的写作。
(三)通过提高听说能力,提高英语写作能力。英语听说读写四种能力是相互影响、相互促进的,提高听说能力必定会促进写作能力的提高。要提高听说能力关键在于创设一个良好的英语环境。教师要尽可能地用英语授课,多开展专门的听说训练,同时开展丰富多彩的课外英语活动,让学生沉浸在英语海洋中去领略、去体会、去使用英语,久而久之,学生自然能使用正确的、地道的英语进行交谈与写作。
(四)通过重视写作过程,提高英语写作能力。长期以来,英语写作成果教学法(THE PRODUCT
APPROACH)在我国居于主导地位,教师根据写作的终成品来判断写作的成败,重视写作的技术性细节(如格式、拼写、语法等),忽视写作过程的指导。根据D.Rumechart和J.McClelland提出的连通论(Connectionism)理论,写作包括写前阶段、具体写作、文章修改三个基本过程,这三个过程并非是线性排列,而是循环往复,穿插进行的。教师只有重视加强对写作三个过程的指导,才能更好地提高英语写作能力。在写作前阶段,教师重在指导学生如何挖掘题材,训练发散性思维,以及如何选择材料、谋篇布局等。在具体写作中,教师重在指导学生如何紧扣主题、运用正确的写作方法等。在文章修改中,教师重在指导学生如何修改语法及用词的错误。
(五)通过多写英语摘要,提高英语写作能力。英语摘要是把一篇文章的要点摘录出来,用自己的语言使之独立成一篇短文,这不是简单的摘录,而是忠于原文意思的再创作。写英语摘要有利于学生了解原文的文化背景、理解原文的中心意思、弄清原文的篇章结构,从而提高学生的逻辑思维能力和谋篇布局能力。
(六)通过发展英语语言思维能力,提高英语写作能力。英语写作是运用已掌握的内在化语言知识和表达方法,通过思维进行外在化输出的创作,因此英语语言思维能力在英语写作中作用非凡。对于我国学生而言,在英语写作中易受汉语语言思维的影响,难以直接用英语语言进行思维,不利于英语写作能力的提高,因此发展其英语语言思维能力尤为重要。教师要注意对学生的英语语言思维进行多方位、多角度的训练:要采取各种方法训练学生英语语言思维的广阔性、深刻性、发散性和创造性;要教会学生用英语思考问题、回答问题;要从训练形象思维开始,逐步过渡到抽象思维训练;在课文讲解中要尽可能不用汉语翻译而用英语解释,消除汉语思维的影响;要努力创设良好的英语环境,在英语交际中发展英语思维能力。
写好英语段落的三个标准
首先,一个段落必须有一个中心即主题思想,该中心由主题句特别是其中的题旨来表达。整个段落必须紧扣这个主题(stick or hold to the topic),这就是段落的统一性(unity)。其次,一个段落必须有若干推展句,使主题思想得到充分展开,从而给读者一个完整的感觉,这就是完整性(completeness or adequateness)。再者,一个段落不是杂乱无章的,而是有机的组合,句子的排列顺序必须合乎逻辑,从一个句子到另一个句子的过渡必须流畅(smooth),这就是连贯性(coherence)。下面我们就对这三个标准分别加以说明。
1、统一性
一个段落内的各个句子必须从属于一个中心,任何游离于中心思想之外的句子都是不可取的。请看下例:
Joe and I decided to take the long trip we'd always wanted across the country. We were like young kids buying our camper and stocking it with all the necessities of life. Bella bakes the best rhubarb pie. We started out in early spring from Minneapolis and headed west across the northern part of the country. We both enjoyed those people we met at the trailer park. Joe received a watch at his retirement dinner. To our surprise, we found that we liked the warm southern regions very much, and so we decided to stay here in New Mexico.
本段的主题句是段首句,controlling idea(中心思想)是take the long trip across the country.文中出现两个irrelevant sentences,一个是Bella bakes the best rhubarb pie,这一段是讲的是Joe and I ,中间出现一个Bella是不合适的。还有,Joe received a watch at his retirement dinner这一句更是与主题句不相关。考生在四级统考的作文卷上常常因为造出irrelevant sentences(不相关语句)而丢分,值得引起注意。再看一个例子:
My name is Roseanna, and I like to keep physically fit. I used to weigh two hundred pounds, but I joined the YMCA for an exercise class and diet program. In one year I lost eighty pounds. I feel much better and never want to have that much weight on my five-feet frame again. I bought two new suitcases last week. Everyday I practice jogging three miles, swimming fifteen laps, lifting twenty-pound weights and playing tennis for one hour. My mother was a premature baby.
本段的controlling idea 是like to deep physically fit,但段中有两个irrelevant sentences,一个是I bought two new suitcases last week,另一个是My mother was a premature baby.
从上面两个例子可以看出,native speakers同样会造出来irrelevant sentences.卷面上如果这种句子多了,造成偏题或离题,那问题就更严重了。
2、完整性
正象我们前面说得那样,一个段落的主题思想靠推展句来实现,如果只有主题句而没有推展句来进一步交待和充实,就不能构成一个完整的段落。同样,虽然有推展句,但主题思想没有得到相对圆满的交待,给读者一种意犹未尽的感觉。这样的段落也不能完成其交际功能。例如:
Physical work can be a useful form of therapy for a mind in turmoil. Work concentrates your thoughts on a concrete task. Besides, it is more useful to work —— you proce something rather than more anxiety or depression.
本段的主题句是段首句。本段的两个推展句均不能回答主题句中提出的问题。什么是“a mind in turmoil”(心境不平静)Physical work又如何能改变这种情况?为什么它能起therapy的作用?读者得不到明确的答案。由于四级统考的作文部分只要求写一篇100~120个词的三段式短文,每一段只有大约40个词左右,因此,要达到完整就必须尽可能地简明。例如:
It is not always true that a good picture is worth a thousand words. Often writing is much clearer than a picture. It is sometimes difficult to figure out what a picture means, but a careful writer can almost always explain it.
段首句所表达的主题思想是一种看法,必须有具体事例加以验证。上述两个推展句只是在文字上对主题作些解释,整个段落内容空洞,简而不明。如果用一两个具体的例子的话,就可以把主题解释清楚了。比如下段:
It is not always true that a picture is worth a thousand words. Sometimes, pictures are pretty useless things. If you can't swim and fall in the river and start gulping water, will you be better off to hold up a picture of yourself drowning, or start screaming “Help”?
3、连贯性(coherence)
连贯性包括意连和形连两个方面,前者指的是内在的逻辑性,后者指的是使用转换词语。当然这两者常常是不可分割的。只有形连而没有意连,句子之间就没有内在的有机的联系;反之,只有意连而没有形连,有时行文就不够流畅。
1)、意连
段落中句子的排列应遵循一定的次序,不能想到什么就写什么。如果在下笔之前没有构思,边写边想,写写停停,那就写不出一气呵成的好文章来。下面介绍几种常见的排列方式。
A.按时间先后排列(chronological arrangement)
We had a number of close calls that day. When we rose, it was obviously late and we had to hurry so as not to miss breakfast; we knew the dining room staff was strict about closing at nine o'clock. Then, when we had been driving in the desert for nearly two hours —— it must have been close to noon —— the heat nearly hid us in; the radiator boiled over and we had to use most of our drinking water to cool it down. By the time we reached the mountain, it was our o'clock and we were exhausted. Here, judgement ran out of us and we started the tough climb to the summit, not realizing that darkness came suddenly in the desert. Sure enough, by six we were struggling and Andrew very nearly went down a steep cliff, dragging Mohammed and me along with him. By nine, when the wind howled across the flat ledge of the summit, we knew as we shivered together for warmth that it had not been our lucky day.
本段从“rose”(起床)写起,然后是吃早餐(“not to miss breakfast”, “closing at nine o'clock”),然后是“close to noon”,一直写到这一天结束(“By nine——”)。
B. 按位置远近排列(spatial arrangement)。例如:
From a distance, it looked like a skinny tube, but as we got closer, we could see it flesh out before our eyes. It was tubular, all right, but fatter than we could see from far away. Furthermore, we were also astonished to notice that the building was really in two parts: a pagoda sitting on top of a tubular one-story structure. Standing ten feet away, we could marvel at how much of the pagoda was made up of glass windows. Almost everything under the wonderful Chinese roof was made of glass, unlike the tube that it was sitting on, which only had four. Inside, the tube was gloomy, because of the lack of light. Then a steep, narrow staircase took us up inside the pagoda and the light changed dramatically. All those windows let in a flood of sunshine and we could see out for miles across the flat land.
本段的写法是由远及近,从远处(“from a distance”)写起,然后“get closer”,再到(“ten feet away”),最后是“inside the pagoda”……当然,按位置远近来写不等于都是由远及近。根据需要,也可以由近及远,由表及里等等。
C. 按逻辑关系排列(logical arrangement)
a. 按重要性顺序排列(arrangement in order of importance)
If you work as a soda jerker, you will, of course, not need much skill in expressing yourself to be effective. If you work on a machine, your ability to express yourself will be of little importance. But as soon as you move one step up from the bottom, your effectiveness depends on your ability to reach others through the spoken or the written word. And the further away your job is from manual work, the larger the organization of which you are an employee, the more important it will be that you know how to convey your thoughts in writing or speaking. In the very large business organization, whether it is the government, the large corporation, or the Army, this ability to express oneself is perhaps the most important of all the skills a man can possess.
这一段谈的是表达能力,它的重要性与职业,身份有关,从“not need much skill”或“of little importance”到“more important”,最后是“most important”。
b.由一般到特殊排列(general-to-specific arrangement)
If a reader is lost, it is generally because the writer has not been careful enough to keep him on the path. This carelessness can take any number of forms. Perhaps a sentence is so excessively cluttered that the reader, hacking his way through the verbiage, simply doesn't know what it means. Perhaps a sentence has been so shoddily constructed that the reader could read it in any of several ways. Perhaps the writer has switched tenses, or has switched pronouns in mid-sentence, so the reader loses track of when the action took place or who is talking. Perhaps sentence B is not logical sequel to sentence A —— the writer, in whose head the connection is clear, has not bothered to provide the missing link. Perhaps the writer has used an important word incorrectly by not taking the trouble to look it up. He may think that “sanguine” and “sanguinary” mean the same thing, but the difference is a bloody big one. The reader can only infer what the writer is trying to imply.
这一段谈的是a writer's carelessness,先给出一个general statement作为主题句,然后通过5个 ”perhaps”加以例证。
c. 由特殊到一般排列(specific-to-general arrangement)
I do not understand why people confuse my Siamese cat, Prissy, with the one I had several years ago, Henry. The two cats are only alike in breed. Prissy, a quiet, feminine feline, loves me dearly but not possessively. She likes to keep her distance from people, exert her independence and is never so rude as to beg, lick, or sniff unceremoniously. Her usual posture is sitting upright, eyes closed, perfectly still. Prissy is a very proper cat. Henry, on the other hand, loved me dearly but possessively. He was my shadow from morning till night. He expected me to constantly entertain him. Henry never cared who saw him do anything, whether it was decorous or not, and he usually offended my friends in some way. The cat made himself quite comfortable, on the top of the television, across stranger's feet or laps, in beds, drawers, sacks, closets, or nooks. The difference between them is imperceptible to strangers.
本段的主题句是段首句,它仅提出一个问题:为什么两只猫会被搞混。然后对两者进行比较,末句才下结论。
2)、形连
行文的逻辑性常常要靠适当的转换词语及其他手段来实现。请读下面这一段文字并找出文中用以承上启下的词语:
Walter's goal in life was to become a successful surgeon. First, though, he had to get through high school, so he concentrated all his efforts on his studies —— in particular, biology, chemistry, and math. Because he worked constantly on these subjects, Walter became proficient in them; however, Walter forgot that he needed to master other subjects besides those he had chosen. As a result, ring his junior year of high school, Walter failed both English and Latin. Consequently, he had to repeat these subjects and he was almost unable to graate on schele. Finally, on June 6, Walter achieved the first step toward realizing his goal.
本文中起承上启下的词语有两种,一种是转换词语(transitional words or phrases),另一种是起转换作用的其他连接手段(linking devices)。前者依次有:first, though, so, in particular, and, because, however, besides, as a result, both…and, consequently, and, finally.后者依次是:he, he, his, his, he, these, them, he, those, his, he, these, his. 本段中共有词汇105个,所使用的转换词语及其他连接用语共26个词,约占该段总词汇量的四分之一。由此可见,掌握好transitions不仅对行文的流(smoothness)有益,而且对于学生在半个小时内写足四级短文所要求的120个词也是不无好处的。
一个段落里如果没有transitions也就很难有coherence了。我们看下面一个例子:Speaking and writing are different in many ways. Speech depends on sounds. Writing uses written symbols. Speech developed about 500 000 years ago. Written language is a recent development. It was invented only about six thousand years ago. Speech is usually informal. The word choice of writing is often relatively formal. Pronunciation and accent often tell where the speaker is from. Pronunciation and accent are ignored in writing. A standard diction and spelling system prevails in the written language of most countries. Speech relies on gesture, loudness, and rise and fall of the voice. Writing lacks gesture, loudness and the rise and fall of the voice. Careful speakers and writers are aware of the differences.
本段中除了第6句开头出现一个起过渡作用的”it”之外,没有使用其他的过渡词语。这样,文中出现许多重复的词语,全段读起来也显得生硬而不自然。如果加上必要的过渡词语来修饰的话,这一段就成了下面一个流畅连贯的段落:
Speaking and writing are different in many ways. Speech depends on sounds; writing, on the other hand, uses written symbols. Speech was developed about 500 000 years ago, but written language is a recent development, invented only about six thousand years ago. Speech is usually informal, while the word choice of writing, by contrast, is often relatively formal. Although pronunciation and accent often tell where the speaker is from, they are ignored in wiring because a standard diction and spelling system prevails in most countries. Speech relies on gesture, loudness, and the rise and fall of the voice, but writing lacks these features. Careful speakers and writers are aware of the differences.
4、有损连贯性的几种情况:
考生在写作中经常出现下面几种错误:
1、不必要的改变时态,比如:
In the movie, Robert Redford was a spy. He goes to his office where he found everybody dead. Other spies wanted to kill him, so he takes refuge with Julie Christie. At her house, he had waited for the heat to die down, but they come after him anyway.
2、不必要的改变单复数,比如:
Everybody looks for satisfaction in his life. They want to be happy. But if he seeks only pleasure in the short run, the person will soon run out of pleasure and life will catch up to him. They need to pursue the deeper pleasure of satisfaction in work and in relationships.
3、不必要的改变人称,比如:
Now more than ever, parents need to be in touch with their children's activities because modern life has the tendency to cause cleavages in the family. You need to arrange family like it so that family members will do things together and know one another. You need to give up isolated pleasures of your own and realize that parents have a set of obligations to sponsor togetherness and therefore sponsor knowledge.
因此写作中,一定要注意时态,人称以及数的变化是否正确,要注意保持一致。
I. 怎样提高自己的英语写作能力
想想以前小学的时候写作文,我们是怎么提高写作能力的?
首先是老师教你怎么分自然段,专怎么表达主题,有了基本属的骨架以后,我们再来用优美的句子填充内容,这个时候就会去买很多满分作文,优秀作文来看,背诵一些优美段落。
英语写作也是一样的,把基本架了解以后,就要多看别人写的优美文章,那些漂亮的从句,漂亮的用法,都可以跟着学,并且在自己写的时候,要把它用进去。
J. 怎样快速提高英语写作水平
写作指导
书面表达是综合性强、难度大的题目。但是,当我们深入研究后就不难发现,书面表达实质上就是组词成句、连句成篇的一项系统工程。只要我们抓好词、句、段这三个环节,加强缩写、改写、仿写等练习,由简到繁、由易到难,一环扣一环地进行训练,由模仿到活用,由操练到交际,就能使语言知识逐步转化成言语交际能力。
(一)选词
词是语言的最小组成单位,不同词性的词组合在一起构成句子。因此,要充分利用课文中出现的重点单词、词组、句型,培养学生学习和识记单词的能力。
1. 注意一词多义的应用。如time一词,在Times have changed中指“时代”;在six times the size of mine中指“倍数”;在in slow time中指“拍子”。切忌在写文章下笔时,一词滥用,似是而非。
2. 结合英语构词法,同义反义比较,名词的可数与不可数词义的区别,加强对英语词形变化的理解,扩充词汇量。
3. 巧用过渡词,增强文章逻辑性。为了使所写短文通顺,连贯得体,句子与句子之间过渡自然,提高所写短文的质量,适当加上一些表示时间顺序、递进、因果、条件、让步等关系的过渡词是很有必要的。常见的过渡词有:
(1)表时间顺序的过渡词:first,second,third,and then,finally,before,after a few days,at last,at that time,later,in the past,immediately,in the meanwhile等等。
(2)表空间顺序的过渡词:near(to),far(from),in the front of,beside,behind,beyond,above,below,to the right,to the left,on one side,on the other side of,outside等等。
(3)表并列的过渡词:also,and,then,too,as well(as)等等。
(4)表转折的过渡词:but,yet,however,in spite of,otherwise等等。
(5)表递进的过渡词:what' s more,besides,what' s worse,in addition,furthermore,moreover,again等等。
(6)表目的的过渡词:for this reason,for this purpose,so that;in order that,so as to,in order to等等。
(7)表因果的过渡词:because,since,so,as a result,therefore,thus,as等等。
(8)表解释说明的过渡词:for example,in fact,in this case,for,actually等等。
(9)表条件的过渡词:as long as,so long a5,on condition that,if,unless等等。
(10)表让步的过渡词:though,as,even if/though,who(what,when,where)ever等等。
(11)表总结的过渡词:in brief,as has been stated,in a word等等。
(12)过渡性插入语:I think,I' m afraid,you know,as we all know等等。
(二)造句
句子是表达一个较完整意思的最小单位,所以遣词造句的能力在英语写作中是非常重要的,是书面表达成败的关键。因此,加强造句训练就显得尤其重要。
1. 连词成句:这是最基本的一种训练形式。
如:
(1)father,for you,new,will buy,says,a bike可连成Father says,“I will buy a new bike for you. ”
(2)me,all right,write and tell,this will be,please,whether可连成Please write and tell me whether this will be all right.
2. 充分利用教材中特有的句型、句式、语法造句。
(1)句型、句式可使句子表达简洁、准确,提高文章档次。
It' s+ adj. +for sb. to do sth. “对某人来讲,做某事是……”。如:
It' s difficult for a child to do the job without help.
It' s no good/use…doing sth. 做某事没好处/用处
It' s no use giving him any more money.
It is(has been)+时间+since…自从……好长时间了
It is(has been)5 years since he joined the army.
It' s not long before…不久……
It will not be long before be comes back.
It is/was…who/that…强调句型
It was yesterday that we visited the factory.
It seems that…好像……
It seems that she is happy. /She seems happy.
I don't think/believe/expect(that)…我认为……不
I don't think I know you.
Will you please…?请……好吗?
Will you please help me?
Would you like sth. /to do sth. ?做……好吗?
Would you like to have a cup of tea?
(2)用主从复合句、分词作状语、with复合结构等用法,可使语言描绘更加生动,增强文章的情感性和感召力。如:
What is more,it will become necessary to build gates and walls,which will do harm to the appearance of a city. (NMET 2002书面表达参考答案片段)
I don' t know about others,but l used to work even at weekends,doing endless homework and at tending Classes as well. (NMET 2001书面表达参考答案片段)
It' s a small flat of 25 square meters,with a bedroom,a bathroom and a kitchen. (NMET 2003书面表达参考答案片段)
How glad we were to see the crops and vegetables growing well. (NMET 1998书面表达参考答案片段)
(3)用句型替换练习增强语言的灵活性,拓宽表达空间。如:
这孩子太小,还不到上学的年龄。
The boy is too young to go to school.
The boy is so young that he can't go to school.
The boy is not old enough to go to school.
我花了5元钱买这本书。
I spent five yuan on the book.
I spent five yuan(in)buying the book.
I paid five yuan for the book.
I bought the book for five yuan.
The book cost me five yuan.
例文赏析
下面是一些常用的精美句子,请注意它们在表达方面的特点。
1. You go down the street,turn to the right,and then you' ll see the post office on your right.
析:几个动词的并列。
你顺着这条街,向右拐,右边就是邮局。
2. We arrived at the gate of the school,where we were warmly welcomed.
析:关系副词where引导的定语从句。
我们来到了校门口,受到了热烈欢迎。
3. Although we were a little tired,we were excited.
析:although引导的让步状语从句。
尽管我们有点累,我们仍然很高兴。
4. The old lady was crossing the streets when a young man riding a bicycle rushed up and knocked her down.
析:when表“此刻、那时”。
老妇人正穿过马路,这时突然一个年轻人骑着自行车冲过来,把她撞倒了。
5. She is a friend to her students as well as a teacher.
析:as well as表“不但……而且……”。
她不但是学生的老师,而且是他们的朋友。
6. The library is quiet and there are a lot of books for us to refer to,which is helpful to our study.
析:which引导的非限制性定语从句。
图书馆里很安静,有很多书供我们参考,这些书对我们的学习很有帮助。
7. The living conditions have been improved greatly and the town is no longer what it used to be.
析:现在完成时的被动语态。
生活条件大大提高,城镇不再是原来的样子。
8. Every time I think of what happened to me a year ago,I feel I was to blame.
析:every time引导的时间状语从句。
每次我想到一年前发生的事,我就感到我应受到责备。
9. They were not only strict in our studies but also strict with us.
析:not only…but also…表“不但……而且……”。
他们不但对我们的学习严格要求,而且对我们也很严格。
10. Great changes have taken place in Qing in the recent years.
析:现在完成时的被动语态。
在最近的几年中,青岛发生了巨大的变化。
11. Only when we know well both scientific knowledge and practical skills can we live happily and work wonderfully in the society in the coming future.
析:only引导的倒装结构。
只有我们掌握了更多的科学知识和实际技能,我们才能在未来的社会中生活幸福,工作顺利。
12. The more I earned,the more difficulties I met with.
析:the more…the more…表“越多……越……”。
我学的越多,遇到的困难也越多。
13. But the burden of work in class is so heavy that we have little time to do sports,which has left many of us in poor health.
析:so…that引导的结果状语从句。
但是,课业负担太重以至于我们几乎没有时间进行体育锻炼,这使我们中很多人身体状况不佳。
14. The day we were looking forward to came at last—a week's military training began.
析:定语从句的用法。
一周的军训最终到来了,我们一直盼望着这一天。
15. One day on my way home from school,I saw an old woman standing by the roadside,with a heavy bag on her back.
析:with复合结构的用法。
一天,我在放学回家的路上,看见一位老太太站在路边,背上挂着一个沉重的包裹。
16. On the blackboard were large Chinese characters and English,saying "Welcome to our school!”
析:倒装结构。
在黑板上,用很大的汉语和英语写着:“欢迎来我们的学校!”
17. With great curiosity and excitement,we students of Senior 2 began our learning-from-peasant activities in Jiangjia Village,Bin Cheng Township,not far from Beijing.
析:with复合结构的用法。
带着兴奋与好奇,我们高二学生去了离北京不远的滨城镇姜家村开展向农民学习的活动。
18. She is such an excellent teacher that we got so much from her,not only the knowledge but also kindness,diligence and appreciation for beauty.
析:so…that及not only…but also…的用法。
她是一位优秀的教师,我们从她身上不仅学到了知识还学到了善良、勤奋和对美的鉴赏力。 19. Our English teacher Mrs. Zhang is an ordinary-looking,grey haired woman wearing a pair of glasses.
析:wearing现在分词作定语。
我们的英语老师张老师相貌平常,灰白头发,戴着一副眼镜。
20. I am living with my parents at No. 68 Jingqi Road and I am a student of Senior 2 at Jinan No. 1 middle school.
析:家庭住址的表示方法。
我同我的父母住在经七路68号,是济南市一中高二年级的学生。
21. Dong Hai is a newly-built city with a population of about three million,which covers an area of about 20 000 square kilometers facing the Yellow Sea in the east.
析:which引导的非限制性定语从句。
东海市是一座新建城市,有人口近300万,面积2万余平方公里,东部面向黄海。
22. After he graated from Beijing Engineering College in 1986,he was sent to Massachusetts Institute of Technology in the USA to study chemistry.
析:after引导的时间状语从句。
他1986年毕业于北京工学院,后来到美国麻省理工学院深造,攻读化学。
23. The team members are required to get ready and others are required to watch and cheer for them. All the football lovers are welcome to watch and coach.
析:welcome的用法。
足球队员作好准备,其他同学前往助战,欢迎足球爱好者参观指导。
24. Those who would like to go are requested to put down their names on this sheet of paper and give eight yuan for the bus fare.
析:who引导的限制性定语从句。
参加者需要登记,并交车费8元。
25. If you continue along Huangpu Road,you'll find on your right the highest building in Binhai,the Friendship Hotel,which has 12 floors.
析:if 引导的条件状语从句。
如果你继续沿着黄埔路向前,你会发现右边是滨海市最高的12层建筑——友谊大厦。
26. Pollution if becoming more and more serious all over the world.
析:注意比较级的用法。
全世界污染越来越严重。
27. As everyone knows,smoking is harmful to our health.
析:as引导的定语从句。
每个人都知道,吸烟有害健康。
28. It is well-known that a teacher,as an engineer of human soul,plays a very important role in society.
析:注意it作形式主语的用法。
众所周知,教师作为人类灵魂的工程师,在社会中起着非常重要的作用。
29. Young as he is,he has been honoured as an advanced worker many times,for having got great achievements in his teaching.
析:as引导的让步状语从句。
虽然他年轻,但由于他工作成绩卓著,多次被评为先进工作者。
30. On hearing that I failed in the contest,I could hardly hold back my tears.
析:on与带有动词性意义的名词或动名词连用,表“一……就……”。
一听到在竞赛中失败了,我就禁不住流下了眼泪。
组段