1. 如何激发中学生英语写作的兴趣和动机
如何激发中学生的英语写作兴趣和动机
【摘 要】动机是英语学习成败的关键,作为英语教师了解和激发学生的英语学习动机对指导英语教学具有十分重要的意义。本文是笔者通过现代教育理论的学习和英语教学实践,针对在英语教学中如何激发学生写作动机所作的粗浅的论述。
【关键词】动机 新课标英语写作
英语写作在英语教学中起着举足轻重的作用。但在英语教学过程中,写作通常被学生们所忽略,他们把英语写作看成是一种“折磨”,甚至害怕写作,究其主要原因,是因为他们缺乏英语写作兴趣和动机,因此,我认为如何增进中学生的英语写作积极性即英语写作动机就成了目前值得我们探讨的问题。中外语言教育学家们都认为动机是影响外语学习成功与否的主要因素之一。他们经过调查发现,影响外语学习的几个因素中,动机占33%、才能占33%、其它占14 %。在英语教学中,动机一直被认为是教学的关键,不仅是听说读写还是语法教学,如果不能激发学生的动机,教学则不可能达到预期的效果。
那么什么是“动机”呢?根据牛津辞典修订本的解释,动机是激励人行动的强大内驱力量,是人体发动和维持行动的一种心理活动。人的任何一种有意识的活动都具有一定的活动动机。学生的学习活动也不例外,它总是在一定的学习动机支配下进行的,学习动机强烈,学习行为就积极,学习效果就好。学习动机缺失,学习行为消极,学习效果就不好。
我国著名教育家叶圣陶曾说;“写作的根源是发表的欲望,正同说话一样,胸中有所积蓄,不吐不快。”教师应在教学中充分挖掘学生的写作动力。如果英语作文教学在缺少内动力的情况下进行,学生采取消极、被动、应付的态度是必然的。而真正的写作动力来自于学生主体——真情实感的抒发、表达与交流的欲望,这是生命的本能冲动,是生命活力的释放。《新课标》也明确指出,“英语课程要面向全体中、小学生,注重素质教育。课程特别强调要关注每个学生的情感,激发他们学习英语的兴趣和动机,帮助他们建立学习的成就感和自信心。”激发学生写作的积极性,笔者从以下几个方面进行写作教学的尝试:
一、明确写作动机,调动学生积极性
积极的学习态度是英语学习成功的关键。笔者今年担任高三年级的英语教学工作。对于高三学生,除了写作兴趣外,为高考作准备是一个相当清楚的目的。因此大部分学生目标明确、学习自觉、作文练习主动。
二、选择学生感兴趣的话题,抒发学生心声
学生感兴趣的往往是贴近他们生活的,如熟悉的人物、喜欢的明星、宠物、家庭生活、学校生活、理想等。选题越是贴近他们的个人需要和兴趣,他们就越觉得有东西可写。写出来的文章内容充实,情感丰富。如有位同学在My Mother中写道:“I think she is the best mother. She takes care of me. She washesclothes for my father and me. She makes our house clean and tidy. When I failin the exam, she never gets angry with me. She likes laughing. She likes doingsports to keep healthy. She has many beautiful clothes and shoes….”文章中,学生对母亲的尊敬、感激与欣赏,已跃然纸上、不言而喻。又如有篇作文题为:假设现在是2015年的春节,你们正在开同学会,每个同学都有了不同的工作和生活,为了大家更好地交流,请想象一下你的情况,向大家介绍自己。同学们有的写自己是教师,有的是医生,有的是作家,有的是旅行家,有的是警察,……有的是NBA的player,还有的是cleaner。有的到了香港,有的住在美国。有的“is the richest inthe world”,也有的“live a hard life and only make800 yuan a month.” 有位同学这样写:“…I have a computer company in Shanghai. I work hard every day and Ihave made a lot of money. I have two sons. I have a beautiful and clever wife.She helps me a lot with my business. I love her and she loves me…”
阅读着这一篇篇饱含同学们理想与憧憬的文章,我为他们的大胆、好奇、浪漫、幻想喝彩。我们的教学不正是要引导他们热爱生活吗?作文教学可以引领他们进入他们想要的那种生活情境,帮助他们进行对未来美好人生的种种设计,使他们在人生未来的大海里高悬起明灯,使之成为自己航行的目标和动力。
三、注意作文批改方式,保护学生写作积极性
在传统的英语写作评价中,比较注重对英语语法知识、句法结构、表达逻辑等方面的评估。书面表达部分的考查目标在于测试考生的写作能力、语法知识、词汇知识、造句能力以及用英语进行思维的能力。因此,许多批改后的作文布满了圈圈点点。看到自己辛苦努力的作文不仅没有得到老师的肯定,还被老师改得面目全非,学生写作的积极性受到极大的伤害。试想,一个在写作上屡写屡败的学生,哪还有写作的积极性可言?为此,在作文评改中我尝试以下做法:
1、同伴批改。同伴批改指的是学生通过互相阅读同伴的作文,对同伴作文提出修改建议的过程。在教学中,我把学生分成2人一组,让他们在作文初稿完成后先互评修改,共同讨论,然后再把作文抄到要上交的本子上。同伴批改以检查语言知识,语言技能为主。如何对学生进行分组呢?我有时按就近座位把学生分组,有时按号次分,有时按对应组分,有时按男女分,有时让他们自由组合,上交作文时同组的两位同学本子夹在一起上交。这样做的目的是保持新鲜感,让他们对分组充满期待。而不时变换组合对象,还能促进学生的交际能力。尽管同伴批改还存在着不少缺点,如提出的建议不够全面等,但同伴批改让学习的主体——学生走入了作文评改这一教学过程,每个学生都成了老师,这有助于他们发现自己写作中存在的问题。而且,学生之间面对面的讨论、互相修改通常比教师批改给学生留下的印象要深。这样犯重复错误的概率就会减少。同伴批改可以帮助学生内化英语写作要求,提高他们独立评判他人和自己作文的能力。同伴批改使学生形成了一种互相合作的氛围,学生互相合作、互相探讨,取人之长、补己之短。同伴批改还能减轻老师的工作量。
2、教师评价。学生的写作应该是认知活动和情感活动相互协助,相互作用的过程。作文评价不仅仅是教与学之间的信息传递和反馈的过程,也是教师与学生情感交流的过程。作文评价要着眼于学生的进步与发展的理念,从有利于学生发展的角度来评价学生,把评价定位在激励学生的进步上。如果教师的评价给学生以理解和激励,学生的作文就成为一种真实的写作,使学生处于觉醒之中的自我意识得到体现;教师也会在学生积极而真实的写作中体悟到教育的生命性价值。所以评价学生作文时,不应把重点放在拼写和语法结构上,而应放在它所表达的思想及表达方式上。
在写作教学中,我把评价语言知识的任务交给了学生的同伴评价。在教师评价时,尽量少触及语法知识,每次语法错误只挑两到三处(有时面对学生作文中的许多错误,要做到这一点很难!)。这样做既节约了教师的批改时间,又使学生有订正的重点(如果学生真把这两三处错误都解决了,长此以往,该是多大的收获啊!),同时还保护了学生的写作积极性,让他们觉得自己写得不错,没什么毛病!
在评价学生作文时,笔者努力做到透过作文内容,真正地关注学生日常行为中的情感态度,让学生觉得写作是有价值的交流活动。对每篇作文都尽量找出它的闪光点,给予恰当的表扬并提出中肯的意见,并表达对学生的期望,希望以后的写作精确与流畅兼具。每一次肯定、欣赏的评价,都是帮助学生挖掘其内动力的最好催化剂。在批改学生作文时,我还注意使用评语。作文评语是师生情感交流的重要途径,恰当的评语能培养学生的积极情感,消除消极情感。评语主要有以下几种:
(1)表扬式评语,即教师用赞美和鼓励的语言表扬学生不断努力的评语。例如:
Excellent /Great /You did a good job. /Veryimpressive
You’ve made great progress! I’m proud ofyou.
Congratulations! You’ve got it right.
That’s amazing. / I enjoy this sentence./Good description .
(2) 委婉式评语,即教师用委婉的语言指出学生存在的问题,努力保护学生的自尊。例如:
Would you please pay attention to yourhandwriting ?
How I wish you could spend more time onEnglish!
More details are needed here? An examplewould have made this clearer.
(3)劝勉式评语 指教师用委婉的劝语,劝勉学生努力学习,使学生树立信心,不断进步。例如:
Never lose heart! Failure is the mother ofsuccess!
Where there is a will, there is a way.
四、重视作文讲评,提高写作能力
教师在批改学生作文时,可以忽视一些语法错误,但这并不等于教师可以不重视英语语言知识。为此,教师应充分利用作文讲评时间,对普遍的语言知识错误进行集体分析订正,以提高学生的实际写作水平。同时,选读一些优秀作品,点评好词好句、好见解,与全班同学一起分享。这样,既表扬了优秀作者,又对其他学生进行了一次情感教化。
作文批改时,我会认真地记下习作较好的学生名单,对于基础较差,而本次作文有进步的同学,也详细记录,在讲评课上,一并在全班面前予以表扬。每次我都会表扬至少三分之一左右的同学,并且特别注意表扬基础弱的同学。常有学生会问:“老师,今天(表扬)有我的名字吗?”这看似简单的一次举动,却能让学生充满期待。为了这一刻,需要他们事先的刻苦努力,精心准备。我认为:表扬比纠错重要,过分的纠错有伤学生自尊,而表扬却能换来他们无穷的写作动力。表扬极大地调动学生的写作积极性,教师又何乐而不为呢?
五、适当地开展竞赛,诱发写作动机
竞赛是激发学习动机,调动自身学习积极性的有效手段,因为竞赛能呼唤起优越感和满足学生受他人承认、赞扬等心理需求,国内外许多心理学家的实验研究证明,在竞赛过程中,威信性动机或获得自尊和自我求成的需要更强烈,由于在竞赛中学习兴趣和克服困难的毅力增大,因而多数人在比赛的情况下,学习和工作一般比没有比赛的情况下要好得多。竞赛的形式要注意采取自己与过去的竞赛、个人之间的竞赛和集体之间的竞赛相结合。例如,学生每次月考成绩超过上一次的,要给予表扬并根据进步的程度分别进行奖励;每次月考后要求学生自己寻找一个略高于自己的竞争对手,并将对手的名字秘密交给老师,以便到时进行鼓励和指导积极归因;在日常课堂教学活动中,在小组之间或个人之间进行限时的竞赛,当场公布名次。在班里造成你追我赶,以赶上或超过对手为最大满足,激起强烈的学习动机。此外,要多开展小组或班级等集体之间的竞赛或自我竞赛,以促使其互相帮助,为达到共同目标而共同努力,有助于培养学生的合作精神。少开展个人之间的竞赛,引导学生正确对待“优秀”与“落后”,让“落后者”避免产生焦虑或者过重的心理负担,使其在过去与现在的进步中看到希望、获得动力。然而过于频繁的竞赛或统测,不仅会失去激励作用,反而会制造紧张气氛,使学生产生怯场的心理状态,从而加重学习负担,有损学生身心健康。故采用竞赛必须慎重、适量,注意方式,以强化其正确的学习动机,纠正错误的学习动机。
六、采取灵活多样的形式,激发学生的写作积极性
实践表明,通过各种各样的活动也能激发学生的写作动机。例如在班级墙报上开设 “Excellent Writing”专栏。每次选出一些优秀文章,让学生抄写到统一的作文纸上,再由教师写上点评,张贴到专栏里,供全班欣赏。等到下一期作文贴上去时,学生把换下来的作品存放到自己的成长档案袋里。对此,学生积极性很高,许多同学希望老师每次都选他的作品张贴。这样“Excellent Writing”专栏再次激发了学生的写作积极性。
以上是笔者通过学习现代教育理论和英语教学实践,对英语学习与动机的激发作了初浅的论述,但是影响学生英语学习动机的因素是很复杂的,涉及到学生的年龄特征、个别差异、家庭背景、成长环境、社会背景和课堂教学艺术等。因此,激发学生英语学习动机的途径也不尽相同,但笔者认为只要能满足学生的需求,就能激发学习的动机。
参考文献:
1、《教育心理学》潘菽主编 人民教育出版社1993
2、《英语课程标准(实验稿)》北京师范大学出版社,2001年
3、张冬玉“外语学习motivation刍议” 《外语与外语教学》 1998年第期10
4、徐倩“关于外语学习中动机因素作用的调查”《中小学英语教学与研究》 2003年第8期
5、华惠芳“试论英语学习动机与策略研究” 《外语界》1998年第3期
2. 中学生上网利弊的英语作文!
In modern times,the Internet is becoming more and more
在摩登时代,上网正变得越来越流行,
popular,especially,for the middle school students.Some students think it is good
特别是对于中学生而言。一些同学认为网络对他们很有帮助。
for them to get the useful imformation and study on the Internet.Besides(另外),
他们可以上网查有关学习的有用的资料,在网上学习。另外
they can know about the latest news,widen their field of vision,and gain their
他们还可以了解最新消息、开阔视野,扩大知识面
knowledge.
On the other hand,some students chat, paly computer games even scan the bad network raher than study.
但是,有的同学却不是用来学习的,而是用来聊天、玩游戏,甚至是浏览不良网页。
Meanwhile,a long-time searching on the internet makes their health badly.
而且,长时间的上网会对他们的身心健康造成严重伤害。
In my opinion,every coin has two sides,that is to say ,one is bad ,the other one is good.
在我看来,上网没有好坏之分,每一个事物都有两面,一面是好的,另一面就是不好的。
So I think combining the entertainment with the study is the best. 因此我认为把娱乐与学习结合起来是最好的。
3. 中学生上网的利弊的初中英语作文
e。。。语法错误什么的不少,我也只是初四的,望见谅啊。。。议论文第一段Nowadays,more and more students like Internet .They play computer games day and night even stay up all night .Then,we as a middle school student should on the network or not?现在越来越多的学生喜欢网络。他们日日夜夜在网上玩游戏甚至彻夜不眠。那么,我们作为一个中学生是否应该上网呢? 第二段I think we shouldn't.(听老师说第二段先把自己的观点讲明)我认为我们不应该。Because the Internet can make our mark below soon .因为网络会使我们的成绩下降很快。And it can bring some bad information to us .还有它可以给我们带来负面的消息。It can give effect to our body and mind.这会给我们的身心带来影响。On the other hand,some students chat on the QQ and meet some e-pals.另一方面,一些学生在球球上面聊天见网友。It makes people worried very much.这非常令人担忧。Some students are so lazy that look for the homework answer on the network.一些学生很懒以至于到网上去找作业答案。It can make them become lazier,lose the ability to think and study worse.这会让他们变得更懒丧失思考的能力然后学习变更糟。 第三段 (总结说的话)So,I think we shouldn't always on the Internet.At least now. 所以,我认为我们不应该总是上网。至少现在。 俄。。。听老师讲呢,说要说利就说利,要说弊就说弊,不要利也有弊也有,会让人觉得方向很乱,利就利到底。赫赫。。。写得错误百出,望您见谅
4. 写一封英语作文说明网络对中学生英语学习带来的负面危害
With the development of the computer technology,the internet is becoming more and more popular.You can find computers and the internet nearly everywhere in our life,work and study.Even,the internet is becoming one of the most important parts in our social life.But, some young people,especially some of the students, are too addicted to the net surfing.They spend too much time on the games, chatting,movie seeing and even shopping online.That will not be good, even harmful for their hearts,health and their attitude towards the world,only because the internet is so complicated that it is not easy for the young people to control themselves.
5. 英语作文,中学生上网的利与弊
聊天的:
I like chatting on the internet.chatting on the internet can help people make friends from all the world as many as they can .also,it can save people’s time and money.And it can pratice people’s comuniting skill..but it also has its disadvantages.when people sit in the front of the computer ,they can not help to opening their QQ.some even chat many hours on the internet.what is more,friends on the internet often like to chet and bring unhealthy news to you.and it can hanve an effect on your study and work.
The majority of students are in favor of the idea of surfing the internet.They believe it convenient to communicate with others on it and they can use their time as they wish. What's more, by surfing the internet, students can aquire the latest news from home as well as abroad. Besides, their spare time activities can be widely enriched.
However, a few students are against such things. In their opinion, rather than trying to learn knowledge,most of the internet goers are playing computer games on it,which is a waste of time and money.Some students they even drop off from classes to go to internet bars.So they argue that the time spent on the internet should be strictly limitted.
With the development of the science and technology,the computer has been becoing the necessity for people in the 21st Century.Following,network is of close link with our life,bringing us incomparable convenience on our life and work.
Through the network,we can search for useful datas and get to know the current events.When you play computer games after a long-time work,it can relieve your pressure and make you feel relaxed.Besides,playing online games is not all bad,for it can fulfil students' entertaining requests as well as practise their response ability.
However,there still exists some disadvantages in the network.The radiation from the computer will do harm to people's health if you keep on watching the computer for a long time.And short sight may caused by it for your eyes stay tense.At present,there are too many games on the Internet,but some of them are not of good quality even contain some unhealthy content like violence and so on.Duo to the lack of recognizing society and self-protection awareness,some students get addicted in the games and online dating.
In fact,network is not that horrible,as long as we know more about it,it will become our right hand on our studies.Let's build a clean network world together
The Advantages and Disadvantages of Internet(看看吧)
The following aspects could best illustrate the advantages of Internet. Netsurfers (网上冲浪者) in different countries can share interesting knowledge and the latest information. Besides, Internet has provided a major opportunity to buy and sell merchandise (商品). What is more, people may get medical help or even vote on Internet. Its advantages seem countless.
Behind all this glowing talk, however, are some problems. Internet makes people passive by stopping them making their own entertainment. So much so that when there is a breakdown or jam, people may find that World Wide Web turns into World Wide Wait. What is worse, some children have access to the scenes of violence and sex. Apart from these, it can be affected by viruses(病毒) and hackers (黑客).
We should handle its problems, meanwhile we should exploit its potential as well. With proper management of Internet people ought to experience more fruits of the information revolution. All the wisdom of the ages, all the information that has enlightened mankind for centuries, should be available to us with the healthy development of Internet.
你可以结合这几篇写
6. 以“中学生上网的利弊”为话题写一篇英语作文 80字左右
望采纳,谢谢。
Nowadays, the Internet has become very common in our daily life, in that we can surf the Internet everywhere anywhere by computer or mobile.However, the debate on the pros and cons of the network has never stopped.Some people say that the network is a platform for information sharing. Due to it, we have a convenient channel for the dissemination of information and access to information.But some others argue that some people commit a crime by the Internet, so we should stay away from the Internet.From my point of view, I prefer to agree to the former view.
现在,网络在我们的生活中已经很普通了,我们可以随时随地地利用电脑和手机上网。但是,关于网络的利弊的争论从来没有停止过。有的人说网络是分享信息的平台,有了网络,我们就有了传播信息和获取信息的渠道。但是,另外一部分人却说有的人会通过网络犯罪,我们应该远离网络。至于我个人的意见,我同意前者的观点。
There are some reasons accounting for my point.Firstly, with network, we can exchange information frequently and conveniently.In the information area, information is wealth.In many cases, whether we can succeed in something, it depends on how much information we get.In addition, except for its serious functions, network is a good tool to entertain.Preciously, we only have TV or game machines to have fun, but now we have a functional platform for fun.On the Internet, we can watch TV programs and movies, or we can play online games as well as chat with friends freely, which is a good way to relax.
以下的原因可以支撑我的观点。首先,有了网络,人们可以频繁、便利地交换信息。在信息时代,信息就是财富。在很多时候,我们是否能做成一件事,很大程度上取决于我们获取的信息的多少。此外,除了这样稍显严肃的功能之外,网络也是娱乐的好方式。以前,我们只有电视或游戏机可以娱乐,但有了网络,就有了一个多功能的娱乐平台。我们可以再网上看电视节目、电影,或者玩网络游戏,也可以自由地和朋友聊天,这是一种很好的放松的方式。
In short, there is no denying that the Internet has its own disadvantage, but I think its advantages far overweight its disadvantages that we can make good use of those good but avoid those bad.
简单来说,无可否认地,网络有它的缺点,但我认为网络的优点远远大于其缺点,我们应该利用好网络好的方面而避免其带来的负面影响。