① 高考英语作文技巧
一、名人名言必背部分。
在英语作文中，我们经常会引用一些名人名言。这里就向大家介绍一些，务必要全部脱口而出，
Culture 文化篇
1.A great poem is a fountain forever overflowing with the waters of wisdom and delight.(P. B. Shelley ， British poet )伟大的诗篇即是永远喷出智慧和欢欣之水的喷泉。(英国诗人 雪莱. P. B)
2.Art is a lie that tells the truth .( Picasso ， Spanish painter )美术是揭示真理的谎言。 (西班牙画家 毕加索)3.Humor has been well defined as thinking in fun while feeling in earnest. (Mark Twain ， American novelist )幽默被人正确地解释为"以诚挚表达感受，寓深思于嬉笑"。(美国小说家 马克吐温)4.The decline of literature indicates the decline of a nation； the two keep in their downward tendency.( Johan Wolfgang von Goethe ， German poet )文学的衰落表明一个民族的衰落。这两者走下坡路的时间是齐头并进的。(德国诗人 歌德 . J . W .)5.When one loves one's art no service seems too hard .(O. Henry， American novelist)一旦热爱艺术，什么奉献也不难。 (美国小说家 欧亨利)Ecation 教育篇6.And gladly would learn ， and gladly teach .( Chaucer ， British poet)勤于学习的人才能乐意施教。(英国诗人， 乔叟)7.Better be unborn than untaught ， for ignorance is the root of misfortune.(Plato ， Ancient Greek philosopher)与其不受教育，不如不生，因为无知是不幸的根源.(古希腊哲学家 柏拉图)Friendship 友谊篇8. Some friends come and go like a season. Others are arranged in our lives for good reason.(Sharita Gadison)一些朋友随季节离去，而另外一些则伴我们度过美好的季节。9.A true friend is someone you can disagree with and still remain friends. For if not， they weren't true friends in the first place.(Sandy Ratliff)真朋友是可以与你有不同见解的，如果不是，首先就不是真朋友。10.True friendship is felt， not said.(Mariecris Madayag)朋友是说不出的感觉。11.Friends are like stars,you don't always see them， but you know they're always there.(Hulali Luta)朋友是感觉不到的存在。12.Memories last forever， never do they die. Friends stay together， never say goodbye.(Melina Campos)记忆永不死，朋友永不说再见。
Health 健康篇
13.light heart lives long.( William Shakespeare ， British dramatist )豁达者长寿(英国剧作家 莎士比亚. W.)
14.Early to bed and early to rise ， makes a man healthy ， wealthy and wise.(Benjamin Franklin ， American president )早睡早起会使人健康、富有和聪明。 (美国总统 富兰克林. B.)
15.The first wealth is health .( Ralph Waldo Emerson ， American thinker )健康是人生第一财富。 (美国思想家 爱默生. R. W.)Happiness 幸福篇
16.A lifetime of happiness， No man alive could bear it； it would be hell on earth. (G. Bernard Shaw， British dramatist)终身幸福，这是任何活着的人都无法忍受的，那将是人间地狱。(英国剧作家肖伯纳. G.)
17.Happiness is form courage .(H. Jackson， British writer)幸福是勇气的一种形式。 (英国作家 杰克逊. H.)
18.Happiness lies not in the mere possession of money ； it lies in the joy of achievement ， in the thrill of creative effort .(Franklin Roosevelt ，American president )幸福不在于拥有金钱，而在于获得成就时的喜悦以及产生创造力的激情。(美国总统 罗斯福. F.)
19.Most folks are about as happy as they make up their minds to be .(Abraham Lincoln ，American president )对于大多数人来说，他们认定自己有多幸福，就有多幸福。(美国总统 林肯. A.)
20.The supreme happiness of life is the conviction that we are loved .(Victor Hugo ， French novelist )生活中最大的幸福是坚信有人爱我们。( 法国小说家 雨果. V .)
21.We have no more right to consume happiness without procing it than to consume wealth without procing it . (George Bernard Shaw ， British dramatist)正像我们无权只享受财富而不创造财富一样，我们也无权只享受幸福而不创造幸福.(英国剧作家 肖伯纳. G. )
Ideal 理想篇
22.Do not， for one repulse， give up the purpose that you resolved to effect. (William Shakespeare ， British dramatist)不要只因一次失败，就放弃你原来决心想达到的目的。(英国剧作家莎士比亚.W.)
23.Don't part with your illusions . When they are gone you may still exist,but you have ceased to live. (Mark Twain ， American writer)不要放弃你的幻想。当幻想没有了以后，你还可以生存，但是你虽生犹死.(美国作家 马克吐温)
24.Ideal is the beacon. Without ideal， there is no secure direction;without direction， there is no life. ( Leo Tolstoy ， Russian writer)理想是指路明灯。没有理想，就没有坚定的方向；没有方向，就没有生活。(俄国作家 托尔斯泰. L .)
25.If winter comes ， can spring be far behind ？(P. B. Shelley， British poet)冬天来了，春天还会远吗？ ( 英国诗人， 雪莱. P. B.)
26.Living without an aim is like sailing without a compass.Alexander Dumas (Davy de La Pailleterie， French Writer)生活没有目标就像航海没有指南针。 (法国作家 大仲马. A.)
27.The only limit to our realization of tomorrow will be our doubts of today.(Franklin Roosevelt ， American president)实现明天理想的唯一障碍是今天的疑虑。 (美国总统 罗斯福. F .)
Knowledge 知识篇
28.Activity is the only road to knowledge.(George Bernard Shaw ， British dramatist)行动是通往知识的唯一道路 。 (英国剧作家 肖伯纳. G.)
29.Imagination is more important than knowledge .(Albert Einstein ， American scientist )想象力比知识更为重要。 (美国科学家 爱因斯坦. A. )
30.Knowledge is power . (Francis Bacon ， British philosopher )知识就是力量。 (英国哲学家 培根. F.)
Knowledge 知识篇
28.Activity is the only road to knowledge.(George Bernard Shaw ， British dramatist)行动是通往知识的唯一道路 。 (英国剧作家 肖伯纳. G.)
29.Imagination is more important than knowledge .(Albert Einstein ， American scientist )想象力比知识更为重要。 (美国科学家 爱因斯坦. A. )
30.Knowledge is power . (Francis Bacon ， British philosopher )知识就是力量。 (英国哲学家 培根. F.)
Knowledge 知识篇
28.Activity is the only road to knowledge.(George Bernard Shaw ， British dramatist)行动是通往知识的唯一道路 。 (英国剧作家 肖伯纳. G.)
29.Imagination is more important than knowledge .(Albert Einstein ， American scientist )想象力比知识更为重要。 (美国科学家 爱因斯坦. A. )
30.Knowledge is power . (Francis Bacon ， British philosopher )知识就是力量。 (英国哲学家 培根. F.)
Struggle 奋斗篇
31.Genius only means hard-working all one's life. ( Mendeleyev ， Russian Chemist)天才只意味着终身不懈的努力。 (俄国化学家门捷列耶夫)32.I have nothing to offer but blood ， toil tears and sweat . (Winston Churchill， British Politician)我所能奉献的没有其它，只有热血、辛劳、眼泪与汗水。(英国政治家 丘吉尔 . W.)
33.Patience is bitter， but its fruit is sweet . (Jean Jacques Rousseau ， French thinker)忍耐是痛苦的，但它的果实是甜蜜的。 (法国思想家 卢梭. J. J.)
34.There is no royal road to science ，and only those who do not dread the fatiguing climb of gaining its numinous summits . (Karl Marx， German revolutionary )在科学上没有平坦的大道，只有不畏劳苦沿着其崎岖之路攀登的人，才有希望达到它光辉的顶点。( 德国革命家马克思. K .)
35.Where there is a will ， there is a way .( Thomas Edison ， American inventor )有志者，事竟成。 (美国发明家 爱迪生. T.)
二、精彩必背部分。
在作文中经常有一些好句子可以借鉴，为此，特总结如下，务必全部脱口而出。
1.According to a recent survey， four million people die each year from diseases linked to smoking. 依照最近的一项调查，每年有4，000，000人死于与吸烟有关的疾病。
2. The latest surveys show that quite a few children have unpleasant associations with homework.最近的调查显示相当多的孩子对家庭作业没什么好感。
3. No invention has received more praise and abuse than Internet. 没有一项发明像互联网一样同时受到如此多的赞扬和批评。
4. Many experts point out that physical exercise contributes directly to a persons physical fitness. 许多专家指出体育锻炼直接有助于身体健康。
5.写信的开头:Very glad to receive your letter of July 13.
6.One day after school,XiaoMing passed a Caf on his way home.
7.The boss had no choice but to let him in.
8.How he enjoyed himself on the computer，
9.Walking home full of fear,he was sure that he would be scolded.
10.However,other students are against the idea.
11.Sometimes we have too many examinations which are too difficult for us.
12.todays activity has taught us the new meaning of the spirit of LeiFeng:sharing with others what you have—you time,energy,or knowledge—makes you fell warm in you heart.It has truly a difference in how I feel about myself.
13.The girl whose composition was well written is spoken highly of.
14.No matter what he says，I wont believe.
15. Thanks to the good weather，our journey was comfortable.
16. At the news of his death，she went pale with sorrow.
三、写作指导
多使用过渡性词语。这样使文章更加连贯、更具有逻辑性。
（1）表示增加的过渡词:also，and，and then，too，in addition，furthermore，moreover，again，on top ofthat，another，first second third等。
（2）表示时间顺序的过渡词:now，then，before，after，afterwards，earlier，lat er，immediately，soon，next，in afew days，graally，suddenly，finally等。（3）表示空间顺序的过渡词:near（to），far（from），in frontof，behind，beside，beyond，above，below，tothe right left，around，outside等。
（4）表示比较的过渡词:in thesameway，justlike，justas等。
（5）表示对照的过渡词:but，still，yet，however，on theotherhand，onthecon trary，in spite of，even though等。
（6）表示结 果 和 原 因 的 过 渡 词:because，since，so，as a result，therefore，then，thus，otherwise等。
（7）表示目的的过渡词:forthisreason，forthispurpose，so that等。
（8）表示强调的过渡词:in fact，indeed，surely，necessarily，certainly，withoutanydoubt，truly，torepeat，aboveall，mostimportant等。
（9）表示解释说明的过渡词:forexample，in fact，in thiscase，foractually等。
（10）表示总结的过渡词:finally，atlast，inconclusion，asIhaveshown，inoth erword，in brief，in short，in general，on the whole，ashasbeen stated等。
四、写作步骤
每次写作前问自己四个问题:这篇文章的体裁格式是怎样的？主体时态用什么时态？人称用第几人称？可以分几段，之间用什么过渡词、连接词？带着这四个问题去审题，搞清楚文章的主要内容，然后列出提纲。最后丰富自己的提纲就可以了。
这是高考英语作文得高分的秘诀。
② 高考英语写作技巧是什么
1
改变句子开头方式
在通常情况下，英语句子的排列方式为“主语+谓语+宾语”，即主语位于句子开头。但若根据情况适当改变句子的开头方式，比如使用倒状语或以状语开头等，会使文章增强表现力。
· We can protect the environment only in this way.
→ Only in this way can we protect the environment.
只有这样我们才能保护好环境。
· A young woman sat by the window.
→ By the window sat a young woman.
窗户边坐着一个年轻妇女。
2
用词要丰富
为了使表达更生动，更富表现力，同学们在写作时应尽量避免重复使用同一词语来表示同一意思，尤其是一些老生常谈的词语。如有的同学一看到“喜欢”二字，就会立刻想起like，事实上，英语中表示类似意思的词和短语很多，如 love, enjoy, prefer, appreciate, be fond of, care for等。
· I like reading while my brother likes watching television.
→ I like reading while my brother enjoys watching television.
我喜欢看书，而我的兄弟却喜欢看电视。
·Thank you very much for your help.
→ I really appreciate your help.
很感激你帮助我。
3
合理使用省略句
恰当地使用省略句，不仅可以使文章精练、简洁，而且会使文章更具文采和可读性。
· He may be busy. If he’s busy, I’ll call later. If he is not busy, can I see him now?
→ He may be busy. If so, I’ll call later. If not, can I see him now?
他可能很忙，要是这样，我以后再来拜访。要是不忙，我现在可以见他吗?
· She could have applied for that job, but she didn’t do so.
→ She could have applied for that job, but she didn’t.
她本可申请这份工作的，但她没有。
4
运用非谓语结构
非谓语结构通常被认为是一种高级结构，适当运用非谓语结构，会给人一种熟练驾驭语言的印象。
· When he heard the news, they all jumped for joy.
→ Hearing the news, they all jumped for joy.
听了这消息他们都高兴得跳了起来。
· As I didn’t know her address, I wasn’t able to get in touch with her.
→ Not knowing her address, I wasn’t able to get in touch with her.
由于不知道她的地址，我没法和她联系。
·The baby was accompanied by her mother and it got quiet immediately.
→ Accompanied by her mother, the baby got quiet immediately.
有妈妈的陪伴，宝宝很快
5
结合使用长、短句
在英语写作中，过多地使用长句或过多地使用短句都不好。正确的做法是，根据实际情况在文章中交替使用长句与短语，使文章显得错落有致，这样不仅使文章在形式上增加美感，而且使文章读起来铿锵有力。
At noon we had a picnic lunch in the sunshine. Then we had a short rest. Then we began to play happily. We sang and danced. Some told stories. Some played chess.
→ At noon we had a picnic lunch in the sunshine. After a short rest, we had great fun singing and dancing, telling jokes and playing chess.
中午我们晒着太阳吃野餐。休息一会儿后，我们唱的唱歌，跳的跳舞，还有的讲笑话、下棋，大家玩得很开心。
6
使用短语代替单词
一味使用单词也会让阅卷老师产生审美疲劳，适当地用一些常见的的词组和短语，也能让文章闪亮起来。
· He has decided to be a teacher when he grows up.
→ He has made up his mind to be a teacher when he grows up.
他已决定长大了当老师。
· He doesn't like music.
→ He doesn't care much for music.
→ He shows no interest in music.
他不大喜欢音乐。
· Jim is very smart. He always gets new ideas.
→ Jim is very smart. He always comes up with new ideas.
吉姆很聪明，他总是能想出新的点子。
· The students think that they should save some of their pocket money for books.
→ The students think that they should set aside some of their pocket money for books.
学生们认为应该省出一些零花钱来买书。
7
套用某些固定表达
好的固定表达能让你的文章显得不那么生硬。
· He was very tired. He couldn’t walk any farther.
→ He was too tired to walk any farther.
他太累了，不能再往前走了。
· The film was very interesting. Both the teachers and the students liked it.
→ The film was so interesting that both the teachers and the students liked it.
这电影很有趣，学生和老师都很喜欢。
· Your son is old. He can look after himself now.
→ Your son is old enough to look after himself now.
你的儿子已经长大，可以自己照顾自己了。
8
使用地道英语。我们只能写地道的英语。
· Don't worry. Be bold and try it, and you'll learn it soon.
→Don't worry. Just go for it, and you'll get it soon.
别担心，大胆试一试，你很快就会学会的。
· Thank you for playing with us.
→Thank you for sharing the time with us.
谢谢你陪我玩。
9
合理使用“高级”结构
使用一两句定语从句，名词性从句或状语从句等高级的句型，能给文章增色不少。
· This is the factory. We visited it last week.
→ This is the factory which/that we visited last week.
这就是我们上周参观的工厂。
· We work hard. And we will make progress.
→As long as we work hard, we will make progress.
只要我们努力工作，我们就会进步的。
10
引用名言警句点缀
在写作时根据实际情况恰当地用上一两句名言警句来点缀文章，不仅使文章显得有深度、有智慧，而且会让文章在评分中上一个“得分档次”。
· As the proverb says, “Where there is a will, there is a way.” Though you fail this time, you needn’t lose heart. As long as you work hard and stick to your dream, you will succeed one day.
正如俗语所说：“有志者，事竟成。” 虽然这次你失败了，但你没必要灰心。只要你努力工作。坚持梦想，总有一天你会成功的。
· There is a proverb going like this, “Life isn’t a bed of roses.” It is true that it is likely for everyone to meet problems and difficulties in life.
有句俗语是这样说的：“生活不是玫瑰花床。”每个人在生活中很可能在生活中遇到问题和困难，这是真的。
· In the modern world, more and more people live alone, which is not so good for our life. It is better for us to make more friends and enjoy friendship. Just as a proverb says, “A near friend is better than a far-dwelling kinsman.”
在当代世界，越来越多的人独自生活，这对我们的生命是不太好的。我们最好多交朋友，享受友谊。正如俗话所说：“远亲不如近邻。”
怎么样，你学会了吗？祝你英语写作得高分！
英语学习的供重豪：Emily0英语（不要0）
③ 高考英语作文怎么合理扩展写作要点
1. 把字给我写好!!!
就是所谓的“第一印象”，至关重要，这决定了你的作文档。阅卷老师阅卷时首先给你的作文定档，如满分25分，一档20-25，二档15-20，以此类推。想拿高分必须保证自己的作文在一档。
试想你的字老师都看不懂，给你三档就不错了。这个楼上有图有真相，我就不赘述了，字写得不好看也没关系，一笔一画写清楚。切记别写花体，反正我是看不懂的，老师愿不愿意看我就不知道了。
2. 结构清晰
简而言之就是段落清楚，我的建议是三段式，第一段写现象，第二段写方法，第三段写总结。大概就是这样一个模式，随便翻一个高考例文就差不多这样。
全文必须有清晰的连词和介词，比如however，moreover，more importantly;to begin
with，further-more 。总结用to conclude，generally speaking等等。
3. 拿高分最重要的就是要有亮点词句
这个问题我之前回答过，高考英语作文该怎样做好积累呢? 也是我的经验之谈，全靠这个拿高分。
有人私信我要我再补充几个亮点句式和词组，在这里满足一下。
it is vital for us to do ……
……is nothing but wasting time
prevail among
broaden sb‘s horizon
……is groundless
It’s obvious that ……is playing an increasingly essential role in ……
there are two/three reasons behind this phenomenon
就说这么多，只要自己用心积累，考试的时候必然不愁词用。不过请务必弄清这些句式或词组的准确用法。
4. 几个重要的注意事项
请不要使用同一个词超过3遍!学会变词，比如要重复表示"下降"，请不要写三四个“drop”，学会用decrease，descend，go
down，fall，decline。
绝对不能出现拼写错误，时态错误，单复数错误。想从一档变成二档，请出错。请不要忘记三单动词加s。请保持文章所用时态合理的一致。
不断的变换句式。被动句，强调句等变换着使用，尝试用虚拟语气等多种时态。前提是合理，不要把自己搞糊涂了。
④ 高考英语写作怎样清晰准确地表达自己的观点
The earth scale change of climate has brought a new kind of natural disaster and the developed and complicated city system is holding a latent risk of expanding the damage artificially.Also people has been spoiling the health since the immense quantity of chemicals have been proced and already used in pursuit of convenience and various toxic substances have been proced unintentionally and accumulated in environment.Therefore,We need some countermeasures from the viewpoint to prevent the city environment form disaster and to manage environmental risks.So we will develop and improve a new risk management system and a disaster prevention system to preserve and create the city environment where people feel easy and sound in their life.
⑤ 高考英语写作技巧 好的作文开头和结尾
高考英语作文开头与结尾写作技巧
一 、开头万能公式：
1.开头万能公式一：名人名言
原理：我们看到的东西很多都是创造出来的，包括我们欣赏的文章也是，所以尽管编，但是一定要听起来很有道理。
经典句型：A proverb says， “ You are only young once.” （适用于已记住的名言）It goes without saying that we cannot be young forever. （适用于自编名言）
更多经典句型：As everyone knows， No one can deny that…
2.开头万能公式二：数字统计
原理：要想更有说服力，就应该用实际的数字来说明。原则上在议论文当中不应该出现虚假数字的，可是在考试的时候哪管那三七二十一，但编无妨，只要我有东西写就万事大吉了。所以不妨试用下面的句型：
According to a recent survey， about 78.9% of the college students wanted to further their study after their graation.
看起来这个数字文邹邹的，其实都是编造出来的，下面随便几个题目我们都可以这样编造：Honesty
根据最近的一项统计调查显示，大学生向老师请假的理由当中78%都是假的。
Travel by Bike
根据最近的一项统计调查显示，85%的人在近距离旅行的时候首选的交通工具是自行车。Youth
根据最近的一项统计调查显示，在某个大学，学生的课余时间的70%都是在休闲娱乐。
Five-day Work Week Better than Six-day Work？
根据最近的一项统计调查显示，98%的人同意每周五天工作日。
更多句型：A recent statistics shows that …
二 、结尾万能公式：
1. 结尾万能公式一：如此结论
说完了，毕竟要归纳一番，相信各位都有这样的经历，领导长篇大论，到最后终于冒出个 “总而言之”之类的话，我们马上停止开小差，等待领导说结束语。也就是说，开头很好，也必然要有一个精彩的结尾，让读者眼前一亮，这样，你就可以拿高分了！比如下面的例子：
Obviously（此为过渡短语）， we can draw the conclusion that good manners arise from politeness and respect for others.
如果读者很难“显而见之”，但说无妨，就当读者的眼光太浅罢了！
更多更多句型： Thus， it can be concluded that…， Therefore， we can find that…
2. 结尾万能公式二：如此建议
如果说“如此结论”是结尾最没用的废话，那么“如此建议”应该是最有价值的废话了，因为这里虽然也是废话，但是却用了一个很经典的虚拟语气的句型。
Obviously， it is high time that we took some measures to solve the problem.
这里的虚拟语气用得很经典，因为考官本来经常考这个句型，而如果我们自己写出来，你说考官会怎么想呢？
更多句型：
Accordingly， I recommend that some measures be taken.
Consequently， to solve the problem， some measures should be taken.
过渡短语： to sum up， in conclusion， in brief， on account of this， thus
⑥ 高考英语作文写作的几点建议
写好英语高考作文几点建议.doc
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下载源文档需要：18元一、要有自信这是写好高考英语作文的首要条件。如果学生还没开始写,就认为自己肯定写不好,那么这种心态就肯定写不好文章。所以学生应该沉着冷静,对自己充满自信,静心构思,这样才能为自己写好一篇高考作文打下良好的心理基础。二、要仔细审题这一环节也必不可少。看到作文题目后,首先要确定作文的类型与体裁。一般来说,高考作文分为图画作文、表格作文、图表作文、提纲作文和开放式作文等。高考作文常出现的体裁有记叙文、说明文、议论文、书信、日记、通知、发言稿等,其中书信、日记和记叙文都是学生平时经常用到的体裁
⑦ 谁给我提供几篇高考英语作文范文
英语作文的基本要求：
首先，一个段落必须有一个中心即主题思想，该中心由主题句特别是其中的题旨来表达。整个段落必须紧扣这个主题（stick or hold to the topic），这就是段落的统一性（unity）。其次，一个段落必须有若干推展句，使主题思想得到充分展开，从而给读者一个完整的感觉，这就是完整性（completeness or adequateness）。再者，一个段落不是杂乱无章的，而是有机的组合，句子的排列顺序必须合乎逻辑，从一个句子到另一个句子的过渡必须流畅（smooth），这就是连贯性（coherence）。下面我们就对这三个标准分别加以说明。
1、统一性
一个段落内的各个句子必须从属于一个中心，任何游离于中心思想之外的句子都是不可取的。请看下例：
Joe and I decided to take the long trip we'd always wanted across the country. We were like young kids buying our camper and stocking it with all the necessities of life. Bella bakes the best rhubarb pie. We started out in early spring from Minneapolis and headed west across the northern part of the country. We both enjoyed those people we met at the trailer park. Joe received a watch at his retirement dinner. To our surprise, we found that we liked the warm southern regions very much, and so we decided to stay here in New Mexico.
本段的主题句是段首句，controlling idea（中心思想）是take the long trip across the country。文中出现两个irrelevant sentences，一个是Bella bakes the best rhubarb pie，这一段是讲的是Joe and I ，中间出现一个Bella是不合适的。还有，Joe received a watch at his retirement dinner这一句更是与主题句不相关。再看一个例子：
My name is Roseanna, and I like to keep physically fit. I used to weigh two hundred pounds, but I joined the YMCA for an exercise class and diet program. In one year I lost eighty pounds. I feel much better and never want to have that much weight on my five-feet frame again. I bought two new suitcases last week. Everyday I practice jogging three miles, swimming fifteen laps, lifting twenty-pound weights and playing tennis for one hour. My mother was a premature baby.
本段的controlling idea 是like to deep physically fit，但段中有两个irrelevant sentences，一个是I bought two new suitcases last week，另一个是My mother was a premature baby。
从上面两个例子可以看出，native speakers同样会造出来irrelevant sentences。卷面上如果这种句子多了，造成偏题或离题，那问题就更严重了。
2、完整性
正象我们前面说得那样，一个段落的主题思想靠推展句来实现，如果只有主题句而没有推展句来进一步交待和充实，就不能构成一个完整的段落。同样，虽然有推展句，但主题思想没有得到相对圆满的交待，给读者一种意犹未尽的感觉。这样的段落也不能完成其交际功能。例如：
Physical work can be a useful form of therapy for a mind in turmoil. Work concentrates your thoughts on a concrete task. Besides, it is more useful to work —— you proce something rather than more anxiety or depression.
本段的主题句是段首句。本段的两个推展句均不能回答主题句中提出的问题。什么是“a mind in turmoil”（心境不平静）Physical work又如何能改变这种情况？为什么它能起therapy的作用？读者得不到明确的答案。因此，要达到完整就必须尽可能地简明。例如：
It is not always true that a good picture is worth a thousand words. Often writing is much clearer than a picture. It is sometimes difficult to figure out what a picture means, but a careful writer can almost always explain it.
段首句所表达的主题思想是一种看法，必须有具体事例加以验证。上述两个推展句只是在文字上对主题作些解释，整个段落内容空洞，简而不明。如果用一两个具体的例子的话，就可以把主题解释清楚了。比如下段：
It is not always true that a picture is worth a thousand words. Sometimes, pictures are pretty useless things. If you can't swim and fall in the river and start gulping water, will you be better off to hold up a picture of yourself drowning, or start screaming "Help"?
3、连贯性（coherence）
连贯性包括意连和形连两个方面，前者指的是内在的逻辑性，后者指的是使用转换词语。当然这两者常常是不可分割的。只有形连而没有意连，句子之间就没有内在的有机的联系；反之，只有意连而没有形连，有时行文就不够流畅。
1）、意连
段落中句子的排列应遵循一定的次序，不能想到什么就写什么。如果在下笔之前没有构思，边写边想，写写停停，那就写不出一气呵成的好文章来。下面介绍几种常见的排列方式。
A．按时间先后排列（chronological arrangement）
We had a number of close calls that day. When we rose, it was obviously late and we had to hurry so as not to miss breakfast; we knew the dining room staff was strict about closing at nine o'clock. Then, when we had been driving in the desert for nearly two hours —— it must have been close to noon —— the heat nearly hid us in; the radiator boiled over and we had to use most of our drinking water to cool it down. By the time we reached the mountain, it was our o'clock and we were exhausted. Here, judgement ran out of us and we started the tough climb to the summit, not realizing that darkness came suddenly in the desert. Sure enough, by six we were struggling and Andrew very nearly went down a steep cliff, dragging Mohammed and me along with him. By nine, when the wind howled across the flat ledge of the summit, we knew as we shivered together for warmth that it had not been our lucky day.
本段从“rose”（起床）写起，然后是吃早餐（“not to miss breakfast”, “closing at nine o'clock”），然后是“close to noon”，一直写到这一天结束（“By nine——”）。
B. 按位置远近排列（spatial arrangement）。例如：
From a distance, it looked like a skinny tube, but as we got closer, we could see it flesh out before our eyes. It was tubular, all right, but fatter than we could see from far away. Furthermore, we were also astonished to notice that the building was really in two parts: a pagoda sitting on top of a tubular one-story structure. Standing ten feet away, we could marvel at how much of the pagoda was made up of glass windows. Almost everything under the wonderful Chinese roof was made of glass, unlike the tube that it was sitting on, which only had four. Inside, the tube was gloomy, because of the lack of light. Then a steep, narrow staircase took us up inside the pagoda and the light changed dramatically. All those windows let in a flood of sunshine and we could see out for miles across the flat land.
本段的写法是由远及近，从远处（“from a distance”）写起，然后“get closer”，再到（“ten feet away”），最后是“inside the pagoda”……当然，按位置远近来写不等于都是由远及近。根据需要，也可以由近及远，由表及里等等。
C. 按逻辑关系排列（logical arrangement）
a. 按重要性顺序排列（arrangement in order of importance）
If you work as a soda jerker, you will, of course, not need much skill in expressing yourself to be effective. If you work on a machine, your ability to express yourself will be of little importance. But as soon as you move one step up from the bottom, your effectiveness depends on your ability to reach others through the spoken or the written word. And the further away your job is from manual work, the larger the organization of which you are an employee, the more important it will be that you know how to convey your thoughts in writing or speaking. In the very large business organization, whether it is the government, the large corporation, or the Army, this ability to express oneself is perhaps the most important of all the skills a man can possess.
这一段谈的是表达能力，它的重要性与职业，身份有关，从“not need much skill”或“of little importance”到“more important”，最后是“most important”。
b.由一般到特殊排列（general-to-specific arrangement）
If a reader is lost, it is generally because the writer has not been careful enough to keep him on the path. This carelessness can take any number of forms. Perhaps a sentence is so excessively cluttered that the reader, hacking his way through the verbiage, simply doesn't know what it means. Perhaps a sentence has been so shoddily constructed that the reader could read it in any of several ways. Perhaps the writer has switched tenses, or has switched pronouns in mid-sentence, so the reader loses track of when the action took place or who is talking. Perhaps sentence B is not logical sequel to sentence A —— the writer, in whose head the connection is clear, has not bothered to provide the missing link. Perhaps the writer has used an important word incorrectly by not taking the trouble to look it up. He may think that "sanguine" and "sanguinary" mean the same thing, but the difference is a bloody big one. The reader can only infer what the writer is trying to imply.
这一段谈的是a writer's carelessness，先给出一个general statement作为主题句，然后通过5个 ”perhaps”加以例证。
c. 由特殊到一般排列（specific-to-general arrangement）
I do not understand why people confuse my Siamese cat, Prissy, with the one I had several years ago, Henry. The two cats are only alike in breed. Prissy, a quiet, feminine feline, loves me dearly but not possessively. She likes to keep her distance from people, exert her independence and is never so rude as to beg, lick, or sniff unceremoniously. Her usual posture is sitting upright, eyes closed, perfectly still. Prissy is a very proper cat. Henry, on the other hand, loved me dearly but possessively. He was my shadow from morning till night. He expected me to constantly entertain him. Henry never cared who saw him do anything, whether it was decorous or not, and he usually offended my friends in some way. The cat made himself quite comfortable, on the top of the television, across stranger's feet or laps, in beds, drawers, sacks, closets, or nooks. The difference between them is imperceptible to strangers.
本段的主题句是段首句，它仅提出一个问题：为什么两只猫会被搞混。然后对两者进行比较，末句才下结论。
2）、形连
行文的逻辑性常常要靠适当的转换词语及其他手段来实现。请读下面这一段文字并找出文中用以承上启下的词语：
Walter's goal in life was to become a successful surgeon. First, though, he had to get through high school, so he concentrated all his efforts on his studies —— in particular, biology, chemistry, and math. Because he worked constantly on these subjects, Walter became proficient in them; however, Walter forgot that he needed to master other subjects besides those he had chosen. As a result, ring his junior year of high school, Walter failed both English and Latin. Consequently, he had to repeat these subjects and he was almost unable to graate on schele. Finally, on June 6, Walter achieved the first step toward realizing his goal.
本文中起承上启下的词语有两种，一种是转换词语（transitional words or phrases），另一种是起转换作用的其他连接手段（linking devices）。前者依次有：first, though, so, in particular, and, because, however, besides, as a result, both…and, consequently, and, finally.后者依次是：he, he, his, his, he, these, them, he, those, his, he, these, his. 本段中共有词汇105个，所使用的转换词语及其他连接用语共26个词，约占该段总词汇量的四分之一。由此可见，掌握好transitions不仅对行文的流（smoothness）有益，而且对于学生在半个小时内写120个词也是不无好处的。
一个段落里如果没有transitions也就很难有coherence了.我们看下面一个例子：
Speaking and writing are different in many ways. Speech depends on sounds. Writing uses written symbols. Speech developed about 500 000 years ago. Written language is a recent development. It was invented only about six thousand years ago. Speech is usually informal. The word choice of writing is often relatively formal. Pronunciation and accent often tell where the speaker is from. Pronunciation and accent are ignored in writing. A standard diction and spelling system prevails in the written language of most countries. Speech relies on gesture, loudness, and rise and fall of the voice. Writing lacks gesture, loudness and the rise and fall of the voice. Careful speakers and writers are aware of the differences.
本段中除了第6句开头出现一个起过渡作用的”it”之外，没有使用其他的过渡词语.这样，文中出现许多重复的词语，全段读起来也显得生硬而不自然。如果加上必要的过渡词语来修饰的话，这一段就成了下面一个流畅连贯的段落：
Speaking and writing are different in many ways. Speech depends on sounds; writing, on the other hand, uses written symbols. Speech was developed about 500 000 years ago, but written language is a recent development, invented only about six thousand years ago. Speech is usually informal, while the word choice of writing, by contrast, is often relatively formal. Although pronunciation and accent often tell where the speaker is from, they are ignored in wiring because a standard diction and spelling system prevails in most countries. Speech relies on gesture, loudness, and the rise and fall of the voice, but writing lacks these features. Careful speakers and writers are aware of the differences．
4、有损连贯性的几种情况：
考生在写作中经常出现下面几种错误：
1、不必要的改变时态，比如：
In the movie, Robert Redford was a spy. He goes to his office where he found everybody dead. Other spies wanted to kill him, so he takes refuge with Julie Christie. At her house, he had waited for the heat to die down, but they come after him anyway.
2、不必要的改变单复数，比如：
Everybody looks for satisfaction in his life. They want to be happy. But if he seeks only pleasure in the short run, the person will soon run out of pleasure and life will catch up to him. They need to pursue the deeper pleasure of satisfaction in work and in relationships.
3、不必要的改变人称，比如：
Now more than ever, parents need to be in touch with their children's activities because modern life has the tendency to cause cleavages in the family. You need to arrange family like it so that family members will do things together and know one another. You need to give up isolated pleasures of your own and realize that parents have a set of obligations to sponsor togetherness and therefore sponsor knowledge.
因此写作中，一定要注意时态，人称以及数的变化是否正确，要注意保持一致。
英语作文的书写格式
英文书写应符合书写规范，英文字母要写清楚、写整齐、写美观，字母的大小和字母之间的距离要匀称。书写应做到字形秀丽漂亮，通篇匀称和谐。
写英文字母要掌握正确笔顺。如字母i，应该先写下面的部分，然后再打点。有的学生却按写汉字的习惯从上到下写，写快了，就会把点和下面的十笔连在量起，显得十分别扭。字形t应为两笔。不少人却将两笔合成一笔，看上去不像t，倒像l或是e，难以辨认。另外，把r写成v，把q写成把g，把k写成h等等，都是中学生书写中常见的毛病。
不少人在四线三格的练习纸上书写尚有规矩，能按字母的占格、高低和大小要求书写，但在白纸或横线纸上书写，却显得十分幼稚拙劣。字母或跳上跳下，或一律写成同一高度，占上中两格的字母与占中下两格的字母完全没有高低之别。这些现象都要防止。
另外，书写时还要注意词与词之间要保持一定的距离，不能紧靠在一起。字母之间的连写也应该按照习惯，不能随意乱来。
在一篇字数有限的作文里，我们还要注意尽量不把一个单词拆开移行。万一要移行，则必须以音节为单位进行，如revolution这个词，依照音节移行的原则可以按re-，revo-, revolu-这几种方法移行。在移行时，我们还应特别注意以下几点:
1. 单音节词不能移行，即使是字母较多的单音节词，如through等也不能例外。
2．缩略词如Mr.，Dr.等不能和后面的名字拆开移行。
缩略的专用名词如U．K.，U．S．A等也不能拆开移行。
3．时间、量度及货币单位应视为一个整体；不能分开移行。如；
11：00P.M.应写在一行内，不能将11：00和P．M．分开移行；写38℃时，不能将38和℃分开移行。
4．由“年、月、日”表示的日期，如果必须分开移行只能将“月、日”与“年”分开。如January 6，1980不能将January和6分开移行，但可以把January 6，和1980分成两行。
5．含双写辅音字母的单词，在移行时要将辅音字母拆开。如better可拆成better，necessary可拆成necessary。
但如果双写辅音字母属于词根，后面又加了后缀，就不能将两个辅音字母拆开。如drill加上-ing后构成了drilling，就不可以将它拆成成dril-ling，而只能拆为drilling。
例文：
1.宠物：
A Talkative Parrot
A lady worked in a company. There were a lot of shops on her way to work. One morning, when she was walking to work, she passed by a new pet shop. She was so excited when she saw a parrot sitting beside the door. She really loved birds.
When she stopped to look at the handsome bird, it said to her, "Hey, lady, you are really ugly.”
This made the lady very angry. She quickly left the shop and went to work. On her way home, she passed the same pet shop again. This time the parrot saw her again, it said immediately:
"Hey lady, you are really ugly!"
The lady tried to control herself. She walked to the shopkeeper and told him that if the parrot said it again, she would have the police come and take it away. "I'm so sorry, madam. I promise it won't happen again," the shopkeeper said.
The next morning, when the lady walked past the pet shop, she pretended that she didn’t see it. But the parrot saw her at once and said to her quickly, "Hey lady."
She stopped and looked at the bird coldly. "Yes?" she answered in an angry voice.
The bird, sitting up straight and smiling at her, said, "You know."
2.人物：
Elizabeth Bennet （伊丽莎白）
The second daughter in the Bennet family, and the most intelligent and quick-witted, Elizabeth is the protagonist of Pride and Prejudice and one of the most well-known female characters in English literature. Her admirable qualities are numerous—she is lovely, clever, and, in a novel defined by dialogue, she converses as brilliantly as anyone. Her honesty, virtue, and lively wit enable her to rise above the nonsense and bad behavior that pervade her class-bound and often spiteful society. Nevertheless, her sharp tongue and tendency to make hasty judgments often lead her astray; Pride and Prejudice is essentially the story of how she (and her true love, Darcy) overcome all obstacles—including their own personal failings—to find romantic happiness. Elizabeth must not only cope with a hopeless mother, a distant father, two badly behaved younger siblings, and several snobbish, antagonizing females, she must also overcome her own mistaken impressions of Darcy, which initially lead her to reject his proposals of marriage. Her charms are sufficient to keep him interested, fortunately, while she navigates familial and social turmoil. As she graally comes to recognize the nobility of Darcy’s character, she realizes the error of her initial prejudice against him.
Bennet家庭的第二个女儿和最聪明和机智，伊丽莎白是自豪感和偏见的主演和其中一个在英国文学的最知名的女性角色。 她令人敬佩的质量是numerous—she是可爱的，聪明，并且，在对话定义的小说，她一样精采地交谈象任何人。 她的诚实、美德和活泼的机智使她在胡话之上起来，并且弥漫她的坏行为类跳起和经常恶意的社会。 然而，她的伶俐的口舌和倾向经常做仓促评断带领她迷路; 自豪感和偏见本质上是故事她(和她真实的爱， Darcy)怎样克服他们自己的个人failings—to发现浪漫幸福的所有obstacles—including。 伊丽莎白必须不仅应付一个绝望的母亲，一个遥远的父亲，二非常表现的更加年轻的兄弟姐妹，并且几位势利，对抗的女性，她必须也克服Darcy她自己的错误印象，最初带领她拒绝他的求婚。 而她驾驶家族和社会动乱，她魅力是充足保持他感兴趣，幸运地。 当她逐渐来认可Darcy’s字符的贵族，她体会她对他的最初的偏见错误。
⑧ 高考英语写作中怎样使用复杂结构
但如何帮助学生真正理解复杂结构，并从整篇作文的角度来定位好的句子呢？我们很难给复杂结构下个确切的定义，但可从以下几个方面探讨对“复杂结构”的理解。
1. 简单句也可能成为好句子
（1）恰当的形容词、副词——表达意见，情感流露的载体。例如：
It turned into a quarrel. → It turned into a horrible/terrible/fierce quarrel.
虽然只是添加了一个形容词，但quarrel 的程度、作者的态度和场景的再现更好地表现了出来。又如：
They began to quarrel. → They began to quarrel with each other blindly/furiously.
（2）同位语——精巧完善欲达之意。例如：
Li Jiang, who is Su Hua's classmate, is also to blame. → Li Jiang, Su Hua's classmate, is also to blame.
定语从句固然带来了复杂结构，但简洁明了是行文的基本要求，该惜墨处勿泼墨。又如：
The boy went back home and was full of fear. → The boy went back home, full of fear.
形容词短语full of fear作状语的表达既简洁明了，又生动形象。
（3）评注性状语——娓娓道来，突出了写作的交际性。例如：
It was Su's fault but Li was also to blame. → To be honest/To be frank, it was Su's fault but Li was also to blame.
评注性状语是插入语的一种，它与状语很接近，但它并不修饰谓语或其他词，而是对整个句子进行解释或说明，表明说话人的看法或态度，给读者以娓娓道来之感。又如：
To be short, it is everyone's responsibility to keep the world clean.
（4）非谓语结构——简洁生动之美。例如：
Sandy struck the USA and caused great damage to the infrastructure. → Sandy struck the USA, causing great damage to the infrastructure.
非谓语结构是丰富句子的有效结构，书面性强，表达更为生动。又如：
After I finished my homework, I often relaxed myself by playing computer games. → Having finished my homework, I often relaxed myself by playing computer games.
（5）被动语态——地道之美。例如：
Some people say this kind of milk contains different levels of nutrients. → This kind of milk is said to contain different levels of nutrients. → It is said that this kind of milk contains different levels of nutrients.
受母语负迁移的影响，学生在表达动作发出者不明确时常用主动语态表达，有中式英语之嫌；而使用被动结构却能给句子带来地道英语之美。又如：
People believe that mutual understanding contributes to a permanent friendship. → It is generally believed that mutual understanding contributes to a permanent friendship.
2. 复杂自有其道
（1）复合句——长短之变，节奏之美。例如：
Su Hua and Li Jiang played basketball on the playground. They both jumped up to catch the flying ball. → Su Hua and Li Jiang were playing basketball on the playground when they both jumped up to catch the flying ball.
复合句使用了定语从句、状语从句，明确了概念的外延，增大了概念的内涵，逻辑性强。再有，长短句结构交替使用后，语句内部抑扬顿挫的节奏感就出来了，从而使文章流畅自然，生动活泼。
（2）倒装句——强化情感，让句子结构趋于平衡。例如：
Su said many mean words to Li and shouted at the top of his voice as well. → Not only did Su say many mean words to Li but also shouted at the top of his voice.
倒装句常带来承上启下、平衡结构、强化情感之效。又如：
A man, who is in all black, is standing with a gun in hand in front of her. → Standing in front of her is a man, who is in all black, with a gun in hand.
（3）强调句——为了突出句子中的某一部分常使用强调句，以便能引起他人的注意，更明确地表达自己的意愿和情感。例如：
He didn't come back until the clock struck twelve. → It was not until the clock struck twelve that he came back.
（4）省略句——干练，无冗长之嫌。例如：
While they were catching the flying ball, they bumped into each other. → While catching the flying ball, they bumped into each other.
（5）虚拟语气——极尽感激、遗憾或悔恨之情。例如：
No one put himself in the other's place. They found no fun in the game. → If one of them had put himself in the other's place, they could have found more fun in the game.
另外，虚拟语气还可以表示说话人的一种愿望、假设、怀疑、猜测、建议等含意。书面表达题中常用“假如你是……，你会如何……？”来考查考生的个人认识或解决问题的能力。
前文提到的那位高三学生是一名英语基础很好的学生，向其呈现了以上探讨后，心领神会，修改习作如下：
Conflicts with others are common in everyday life. These conflicts can turn out to be serious problems if we don't deal with them properly.
Last week, Su Hua and Li Jiang were playing basketball on the playground when they both jumped up to catch the flying ball. Unfortunately, they bumped into each other. Su began to say mean words and Li shouted back in response. A terrible quarrel occurred all of a sudden.
How to avoid these quarrels effectively? First, we should often stand in others' shoes when faced with conflicts. Second, stay as cool as a cucumber. Think twice and you may find that things are not so bad as you thought first. What's more, we should be good sports. Competitive sports involve unavoidable bumps or even injuries, which should be taken into consideration when you participate in a game.
三、“复杂结构”的再思量
在高三上学期基本语法学完之后，许多老师会让学生在写作中尝试运用各种复合句或特殊结构。陈幸佩（2011）在《高三英语写作复习课的有效性——以宁波市第六届课例评析为例》一文中描述了一位授课教师在写作技能环节总结的四句口诀：①肯定不如双否好；②陈述不如倒装巧；③单句不如复句妙；④从句不如短句傲。但该作者也鲜明地指出此举容易造成学生刻意或生搬硬套地运用这些复杂句的可能。
那么，到底应该如何理解复杂语法结构？
在“要点完整，语言无误，行文连贯，表达清楚”的评分标准指导下，考生往往在书面表达中只用五种基本简单句来表达，以防出错，从而导致中学生写作的层次不高，略显乏味。“应用了较多的语法结构和词汇；语法结构或词汇方面有些许错误，但为尽力使用较复杂结构或较高级词汇所致”的新评分标准有其深刻的背景，它虽能引领师生重视并提升写作的品质，但却没有或不便明确说明内容决定形式、简单与复杂并存等要素。由此，部分师生误以为多用结构复杂的句子就会有层次，可以得到高分。事实上，简单句本身同样可以发挥其精妙的表情达意之功。有时一个简单的介词短语也能增添情感的魅力或激发读者的共鸣。例如，一位学生习作（谈双休日的利与弊）中有这样的句子：
With the two-day weekends, we can have more time to chat with our parents. → With the two-day weekends, we can have more time to chat with our parents around the table.
句中的around the table能让读者头脑中浮现出生活的场景，唤起了家庭的温馨之感。
可见，复杂结构并不仅是复杂的句子结构，它应是根据内容和行文需要，巧妙使用高中所学的词汇和各种语法知识，长短句结合，恰当、连贯地传递信息和表达自己的思想，充分体现写作的交际本质。
⑨ 高考英语写作技巧
1.尽量来用短句，避免长句。自
2.多用高级词汇，避免误用。
3.字迹清晰，尤其注意要工整，不能涂改，有时间最好打草稿。
4.多留意范文的开头与结尾。注意借鉴
5.注意总结，对各种类型的文章最好能背上一二篇范文。
（这是我的亲身经验！）
（我今年高考英语作文应该只扣了2分。也祝你取得成功）