A. 英语论文写作要如何避免动词和主词搭配错误
英语学术论文写作是很多大学生（特别是海外学生）需要掌握的一个技能，一篇文笔简洁优雅的论文对于提高被采纳发表的成功率会有很大帮助。但目前的情况是，很多人并没有受过专门的学术论文写作训练，在写论文时经常会出现各种各样的语言问题。今天的文章主要谈一谈英文学术论文写作中的常见错误，希望对你有所帮助。
总体来说，学术论文写作跟其他类型的英文写作一样，都要遵循清晰简洁的原则，这一原则主要有以下体现：
1.主动语态与被动语态
英文中的主动语态特点是简洁有力，动作发出者明确，而被动语态特点是较为冗长且有时候看不出动作的发出者是谁（比如Measures should be taken to address this issue. 从这个句子里面我们无法确定应该是谁采取行动）。在学术论文中，很多地方都要明确指出动作的发出主体（比如实验是谁操作的，数据是谁测量的），且语言要尽可能简洁。因此，学术论文中应该多使用主动语态。
类似下面的句子：
(1) Consideration of whether countries work well on cross-border issues such as immigration was undertaken by Raul (2007).
(2) Identification of poor food, bad housing, inadequate hygiene, and large families as the major causes of poverty was made by Jones (2005).
应该改为：
(1) Raul (2007) consideredwhether or not countries work well on cross-border issues such as immigration.
(2) Jones (2005)identifiedpoor food, bad housing, inadequate hygiene, and large families as the major causes of poverty.
那么有没有需要使用被动语态的情况呢？
有。当我们无法明确动作的发出者，或者需要强调动作本身而不是强调动作发出者的时候，就可以使用被动语态。比如：
(1) Up to 90% of the energy in light bulbs is wasted in the form of heat.
(2) The first edition of Freud’s earliest writings on dreams was published in 1899.
第一个句子里面waste这个动作的发出者无法明确（也没必要明确），第二个句子里面谁出版了Freud的作品并不重要，因此也没有必要使用主动语态来说明出版商是谁。
2.比较句
我们知道，在英语比较句中有时候可以省略被比较主体后面的动词，比如：
On average, men are taller than women are.
可以省略为：
On average, men are taller than women.
但这种省略有时候会造成歧义，举个例子：
Women prefer friendly doctors more than men do.
如果我们将do省略的话，会变成：
Women prefer friendly doctors more than men.
此时句子会产生歧义，因为它可以有两种不同的理解：
Women prefer friendly doctors more than men prefer friendly doctors. 女人比男人更喜欢友善的医生。
Women prefer friendly doctors more than they prefer men. 比起喜欢男人，女人更喜欢友善的医生。
为了避免歧义，我们应该保持比较句型形式上的完整。类似这样的句子：
(1) The finance department focuses on profits more than the human resources department.
(2) Country A funds high-tech innovation more than Country B.
应该改为：
(1) The finance department focuses on profits more than the human resources department does.
(2) Country A funds high-tech innovation more than Country B does.
3.使用动词而不是名词
英语中动词通常要比名词要简洁，因为名词本身看不出动作，经常需要额外的动词去修饰它。比如要表达“做出贡献”，使用名词形式我们要说make contributions to，但如果用动词只需要说contribute，在论文写作中能使用动词的场合尽量使用动词，以保持文章的简洁。类似下面这样的句子：
(1) Enumeration of three reasons why the English language has become so important was made by Thompson (2006).
( 2) Discussion of the challenges and strategies for facilitation and promotion of ERP was performed by Smith (2007).
需要改为：
(1) Thompson (2006) enumeratedthree reasons why the English language has become so important.
(2) Smith (2007) discussedthe challenges and strategies forfacilitatingand promotingERP.
4.减少there be句型以及it的使用
There be句型可能是中国学生最熟悉的句型之一，但大部分there be句型都不够简洁，可以使用其他形式来替换。比如：
There is a necessity for a semi-structured approach to be chosen.
可以改为更加简洁的版本：
A semi-structured approach must be chosen.
又比如：
There is a need for implementation of the policy on a larger scale by the president of the association.
可以改为：
The association president must implement the policy on a larger scale.
对于形式主语it，我们也可以进行精简，比如：
(1) It is essential that the model be revised.
(2) It was important for the government to intervene.
可以改为：
(1) The model must be revised.
(2) The government must intervene.
5.Misplaced modifiers
Misplaced modifiers是指将修饰语放在错误的地方，从而产生歧义的现象。举个例子：
I was told that I would be awarded the scholarship by my professor.
这句话因为by my professor这一修饰语放置不当而产生了歧义。它可以理解为“我被我的教授告知我会获得奖学金”，也可以理解为“我被告知我的教授会授予我奖学金”。避免歧义的方法是调整by my professor的位置，比如：
I was told by my professor that I would be awarded the scholarship.
类似的例子还有：
A team led by Dr. Craig Smith from the University of Hawaii at Manoa found the crabs using a remotely operated submersible.
这句话同样有歧义，因为using a remotely operated submersible可以理解为螃蟹发出的动作，也可以理解为研究团队发出的动作。为了避免歧义，句子可以改为：
A team led by Dr. Craig Smith from the University of Hawaii at Manoa used a remotely operated submersible to find the crabs.
6.慎用代名词
我们有时候会用代名词来指代前面提到的名词或是句子成分，但它有个缺点：读者有时候很难确定代名词究竟指代哪一部分。学术论文写作要求清晰严谨，因此使用代名词时一定要谨慎，必要时可以对代名词进行替换。比如：
A case study approach was chosen; thisallowed a closer observation of a single specimen.
句子中this可能指代a case study approach，也可能指代a case study approach was chosen这一整句话，为了使句意清晰，我们可以将句子改为：
A case study approach was chosen to allow a closer observation of a single specimen.
又比如：
X substantially alters Y. Thissuggests that Y can be modified using the proposed model.
句子可以改为更清晰的版本：
X substantially alters Y. This findingsuggests that Y can be modified using the proposed model.
7.避免使用可能会造成性别歧视的代名词
在使用he, she, his, her, him这类代名词时，应避免出现只偏袒一方情况，举个例子：
When a politician campaigns for office, hemust spend considerable funds to compete with his opponents.
这里代名词只提及到了男性一方，为了避免出现性别歧视，我们可以使用名词和代词的复数形式：
When politicians campaign for office, theymust spend considerable funds to compete with theiropponents.
或者将句子中的代名词去掉：
A politician whocampaigns for office must spend considerable funds to compete with opponents.
同时，在使用一些名词的时候也要注意性别问题，比如要表达“人类”，用humankind会比用mankind好一点，因为mankind带有一定的性别色彩，一些人会质疑为什么只有mankind而没有womankind，而使用humankind会显得公平很多。
希望能帮助到你，望采纳！
B. 如何正确对待学生英语写作中存在的错误：培养学生的
错误分析的最终目的还是去纠正错误。在教学中对待不同的错误．应该有不同的处理方法。有的需要立即纠正，有的需要让学习者在英语学习中自行纠正或相互纠正．有的需要老师循循善诱．以疏导的方式帮助学习者排除错误．向目的语靠近。在教学过程中。教师只有认真区分学习者出现的不同类型的错误．才能采取正确的处理方法，才有利于提高教学效果、加速学生学习进程。
(一)认清错误性质。从语言的可理解性的角度，错误可以分成全局性错误和局部性错误全局性错误指的是违反了有关句子的总体结构．导致句子或话语难以理解或无法理解的错误局部性错误是指因从句或短语等运用不准确，对句子的理解造成影响的错误教学中不要一概而论地对学习者写作中出现的错误令其立即改正．教师应该积极鼓励学生大胆地运用目的语进行表达．对那些不会造成交际过程中断或误解的局部性错误应避免过多的纠正．以免挫伤学习者的积极性但是，对全局性的错误而言．应及时予以纠正，否则学生会把这些错误内化。致使错误僵化。而难以改正。
(二)端正纠错的态度。纠错过程中，教师所采取的态度．直接关系到纠错的效果。从心理学的角度看．教师应该对不同性格的学生实行不同的纠错态度。对待那些比较内向的学生教师应该热心的指导，耐心地帮助，甚至不厌其烦，循循善诱．只有这样才不会挫伤学生的积极性．反而会激发学生更加积极的配合；反之对待那些性格比较外向的尤其是男同学．教师应该态度严肃，否则就起不到纠错得目的。因此．要区别对待不同性格的学生．真正做到因材施教。另外。教师应把纠错看作是提高学习效率和学习热情的一项积极措施通过这一活动，学生写作的错误不仅得到纠正．教师也可以从中获得对教学的反馈，及时发现问题．以便指导以后的工作
(三)掌握纠错技巧。纠错是一个非常有技巧性的问题．处理是否恰当直接影响到教学效果和学生学习积极性教师一定要掌握纠错的方式、讲究艺术、态度得体，才能促进学生的学习与发展。教师没有必要把所有的错误都改出来．否则改过的作文简直是替学生写了另一篇作文．这种做法非常容易助长学生的懒惰情绪。而且从心理学的角度看被动输入的东西不如经过思考后主动领悟到的东西记得牢固。
希望能对你有帮助，望采纳！
C. 大学英语作文中常见的错误句型
http://www.docin.com/p-372863568.html
D. 英语写作要注意的几种情况：常见的10个句子错误
Incomplete Sentence - Sentence Fragment
句子不完整——残缺句
One common mistake many students make is the use of incomplete sentences. Each sentence in English must contain at least a subject and a verb, and should be an independent clause. Examples of incomplete sentences without a subject or a verb might include an instruction or a prepositional phrase.
许多学生都会犯一个常见的错误，就是写出来的句子不完整。英语中，每个句子都必须至少有一个主语，一个动词，并单独成句。没有主语或动词的残缺句子可能就只有表示指令的句子或者介词短语了。
For example:
例如：
Through the door.
穿过大门。
In the other room.
在另一个房间。
Over there.
在那里。
These are phrases we may use in spoken English, but that should not be used in written English as they are incomplete.
在英语口语中，你可能会用到这些短语，但是因为它们毕竟不是完整的英语句子，所以在书面语言中，我们一般不会使用。
Sentence fragments caused by dependent clauses used without an independent clause are more common. Remember that subordinating conjunctions introce dependent clauses. In other words, if you use a subordinating clause beginning with a word such as 'because, though, if, etc.' there must be an independent clause to complete the thought. This mistake is often made on tests asking a question with 'Why'.
由于缺乏独立分句的从属子句导致的句子残缺很常见。记住，从属连词引出了从属子句。也就是说，如果你用一些词语来引出从句，例如because，though，if等等，就必须要有一个独立分句来使句子完整。我们在考试中，使用why来提出问题时，经常会犯这样的错误。
For example, the sentences:
例如，下面这个句子：
Because Tom is the boss.
因为汤姆就是老板。
Since he left work early without permission.
自从他不经允许就早退。
We might answer the question: "Why did he lose his job?" However, these are sentence fragments. The correct answer would be:
我们可能会问：“他为什么丢掉工作?”但是，这些句子都是不完整的。正确用法应该是：
He lost his job because Tom is the boss.
因为汤姆就是老板，所以他丢掉了工作。
He lost his job since he left work early without permission.
他因为不经允许就早退而丢掉了工作。
Other examples of incomplete sentences introced by subordinating clauses include:
其他关于从属子句的残缺句还包括下面内容：
Even though he needs help.
虽然他需要帮助
If they study enough.
如果他们好好学习
As they had invested in the company.
因为他们投资了这家公司
Run-on Sentences
句子不连贯
Run-on sentences are sentences that:
不连贯句子指的是：
1) are not connected by appropriate linking language such as conjunctions
缺乏合适的连接词，例如连词。
2) use too many clauses rather than using periods and linking language such as conjunctive adverbs
使用过多的从句，而非句号和连接语，例如连接副词
The first type leaves out a word - usually a conjunction - that is required to connect a dependent and independent clause. For example:
第一种是漏掉了一个词——通常是连接词——用于连接非独立子句和独立子句。
The students did well on the test they didn't study very much.
学生们考得很好他们没有下多少功夫。
Anna needs a new car she spent the weekend visiting car dealerships.
安娜想买辆新车她整个周末都在约见代理商。
The first sentence should use either a conjunction 'but', or 'yet' or a subordinating conjunction 'although, even though, or though' to connect the sentence. In the second sentence, the conjunction 'so' or the subordinating conjunction 'since, as, or because' would connect the two clauses.
第一句话要么应该加上一个连词but，要么加上yet，或者一个从属连词although, even though或though来连接前后两句。
The students did well, yet they didn't study very much.
学生们考得很好，但他们并没有下多少功夫。
Anna spent the weekend visiting car dealerships since she needs a new car.
因为想买辆新车，安娜整个周末都在约见代理商。
Another common run on sentence occurs when using too many clauses. This often occurs using the word 'and'.
另一种句子不连贯发生在使用太多从句的时候。常常是由于and一词导致。
We went to the store and bought some fruit, and we went to the mall to get some clothes, and we had lunch at McDonald's, and we visited some friends.
我们去商店买了一些水果，去购物商城买了一些衣服，在麦当劳吃的午饭，又见了一些朋友。
The continuous chain of clauses using 'and' should be avoided. In general, do not write sentences that contain more than three clauses to ensure that your sentences do not become run-on sentences.
我们应该避免使用and来连接一大串的从句。一般来说，从句不要超过三个，以确保句子的连贯性。
Duplicate Subjects
两个主语
Sometimes students use a pronoun as a plicate subject.
有时候，学生们会将代词作为第二个主语。
Remember that each clause takes only one sentence. If you have mentioned the subject of a sentence by name, there is no need to repeat with a pronoun.
记住，每个从句只需要一句话。如果之前你已经提到主语的名字，就不需要再用代词重复了。
Example 1:
例一：
Tom lives in Los Angeles.
汤姆住在洛杉矶。
NOT
而不是
Tom, he lives in Lost Angeles.
汤姆，他住在旧金山。
Example 2:
例二：
The students come from Vietnam.
学生们来自越南。
NOT
而不是
The students they come from Vietnam.
学生们他们来自越南。
Incorrect Tense
时态错误
Tense usage is a common mistake in student writing. Make sure that the tense used corresponds to the situation. In other words, if you are speaking about something that happened in the past do not use include a tense that refers to the present. For example:
时态错误在学生写作中很常见。你要确保时态与事情发生的情况一致。也就是说，如果你要表达的是发生在过去的事，就不要使用现在时态。例如：
They fly to visit their parents in Toronto last week.
上周他们坐飞机去看望父母。
Alex bought a new car and drives it to her home in Los Angeles.
亚历克斯买了一辆新车，并把它开进了洛杉矶的家。
Incorrect Verb Form
动词形式错误
Another common mistake is the use of an incorrect verb form when combining with another verb. Certain verbs in English take the infinitive and others take the gerund (ing form).
另一个常见的错误就是在与其他动词连用时，动词形式的错误。英语中的动词既有不定式形式，又有动名词形式。
It's important to learn these verb combinations. Also, when using the verb as a noun, use the gerund form of the verb.
学习这些动词的连用很重要。当动词作为名词使用时，就要使用动名词形式。
He hopes finding a new job. / Correct -> He hopes to find a new job.
他想找一个新工作。
Peter avoided to invest in the project. / Correct -> Peter avoided investing in the project.
皮特没有在这个项目上投资。
Parallel Verb Form
动词复数形式
A related issue is the use of parallel verb forms when using a list of verbs. If you are writing in the present continuous tense, use the 'ing' form in your list. If you are using the present perfect, use the past participle, etc.
在使用多个动词时，有一个问题就是动词复数形式的使用。如果你是在用现在进行时进行写作，就应该使用动词ing形式。如果你使用的是现在完成时，就应该使用过去分词形式。
She enjoys watching TV, play tennis, and cook. / Correct -> She enjoys watching TV, playing tennis, and cooking.
她喜欢看电视，打网球和烹饪。
I've lived in Italy, working in Germany and study in New York. / Correct -> I've lived in Italy, worked in Germany, and studied in New York.
我住在意大利，在德国工作，在纽约读书。
Use of Time Clauses
时间从句的使用
Time clauses are introced by the time words 'when', 'before', 'after' and so on. When speaking about the present or future use the present simple tense in time clauses. If using a past tense, we usually use the past simple in a time clause.
时间从句由时间词语引导，例如when，before，after等等。当我们表达现在或将来的事时，可以使用一般现在时的时间从句。如果使用过去时态，通常会使用过去时的时间从句。
We'll visit you when we will come next week. / Correct -> We'll visit you when we come next week.
下周我们会来看你。
She cooked dinner after he was arriving. / Correct -> She cooked dinner after he arrived.
他到了之后，她才开始煮饭。
Subject - Verb Agreement
主谓一致
Another common mistake is to use incorrect subject - verb agreement. The most common of these mistakes is the missing 's' in the present simple tense. However, there are other types of mistakes. Always look for these mistakes in the helping verb.
另一个常见的错误就是主谓不一致。最常见的就是一般现在时中漏掉了-s。但是，还有其他类型的错误。这些错误常发生在助动词的使用上。
Tom play guitar in a band. / Correct -> Tom plays guitar in a band.
汤姆在乐队里是弹吉他的。
They was sleeping when she telephoned. / Correct -> They were sleeping when she telephoned.
他打电话过来时，他们都睡着了。
Pronoun Agreement
代词一致
Pronoun agreement mistakes take place when using a pronoun to replace a proper noun. Often this mistake is a mistake of use of a singular form rather than a plural or vice versa. However, pronoun agreement mistakes can occur in object or possessive pronouns, as well as in subject pronouns.
代词不一致发生在用代词来替代专有名词的情况下。通常是使用了单复数形式的错误使用。但是，代词不一致也会发生在宾语或物主代词，和主格代名词上。
Tom works at a company in Hamburg. He loves his job. / Correct -> Tom works at a company in Hamburg. He loves his job.
汤姆在汉堡一家公司工作。他热爱这份工作。
Andrea and Peter studied Russian at school. He thought they were very difficult.Correct -> Andrea and Peter studied Russian at school. They thought it was very difficult.
(正确)安德里亚和皮特在学校里学习了俄语。他们觉得俄语很难。
Missing Commas After Linking Language
连接语言后漏掉了逗号
When using an introctory phrase as linking language such as a conjunctive adverb or sequencing word, use a comma after the phrase to continue the sentence.
当我们使用介绍性短语，例如连接副词或表示顺序的词语，通常会在短语后面打上逗号来连接下文。
E. 英语写作中最易犯的10类错误，你有几个
1. 审题不清
如某一年的中考作文要求写一项最喜欢的课外活动，有些考生将作文的主题定位为“我最喜欢的活动”，偏离了“一项、课外活动”这一主题。依据作文的评分原则，若文章内容不切题，则不管语言如何规范、用词如何准确，都会被判为零分。
2. 拼写错误
拼写是考生应该具备的最起码的基本功，但在考生的作文中却经常能发现很多拼写错误。有拼写错误的作文肯定会被酌情扣分，而且有大量拼写错误存在的作文不仅体现出语言基本功差，同时也直接影响内容的表达，通常会降低作文的档次。
3. 名词单复数问题
误：My father and my mother is all teacher.
正：My father and my mother are both teachers.
4. 缺少动词
在汉语中没有动词的句子是允许的，但英语中每个完整的句子都必须有动词来构成，如：“我累了。”这个句子没有动词作谓语，而用形容词，但英语形容词不能作谓语，一定要写成：I'm tired.
误：I happy I can come to Beijing Zoo.
正：I am happy I can come to Beijing Zoo.
误：The apples cheap. I'll take some.
正：The apples are cheap. I'll take some.
5. 缺少介词、冠词等
还有一些考生因为没有熟练掌握介词或者冠词的用法，不了解中英文语言习惯的不同，也会出现明显的错误，造成丢分现象。
误：Because heavy rain we can't hold the sports meeting.
正：Because of the heavy rain we can't hold the sports meeting.
6. 代词的误用
英语中代词的形式很多，包括主格、宾格、物主代词、反身代词等。而汉语中没有主格和宾格、形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词之分。此外汉语中很多时候不用物主代词，而英语中物主代词是不可省略的，代词的误用是考生最容易发生的错误之一。
误：I mother and I went to the shop to buy a present for I father.
正：My mother and I went to the shop to buy a present for my father.
7. 句子不完整
有的考生因为对句子结构认识模糊，所以出现只写半句的现象，这也是造成失分的原因之一。
误：Many students have a hard time passing all the tests to get into college. For example, my friend in high school.
(这段文章的第二句话没有动词，不能独立构成一个句子。这是一个非常常见的错误，修改的方法是将两个句子连接起来。)
正：Many students have a hard time passing all the tests to get into college, for example, my friend in high school.
8. 前后不一致
所谓不一致，包括数的不一致、时态不一致及代词不一致、主谓不一致等。
误：When one have knowledge, he can do what he want to do.
（one是单数第三人称，因而本句的have应改为has ;同理，want应改为wants。本句是典型的主谓不一致。
正：When one has knowledge , he can do what he wants to do.
9. 时态、人称和数的搭配错误
汉语动词无时态、人称和数的变化，而对英语来说，这些都至关重要。
误：When I get to the station the train leave.
正：When I got to the station the train had left.
10. 综合性错误
综合性错误是指单词的大小写和标点符号的错误等，以及形容词和副词的混淆、连词的误用等等。这些都是靠考生平时知识的积累，所以考生应该从平时练习出发，每天坚持写英语日记，多读适合自己英语水平的原版著作，提高自己的英语素养。
F. 英语中名词-名词搭配的错误的例子，越多越好，论文用
去网络看看
G. 大学英语写作中词汇错误归因及其应对策略。急求学生如何采取应对策略，感激不尽。
我就来介绍几个神器吧！
1. Thesaurus.com
绝对是把低端初高中第一印象词汇变成高大上学术专业词汇的利器。只需要把你想替换的词输进去，就可以得到近义词，并且可以按照词汇的长度和复杂程度进行筛选……
比如大家极其常用的important，小学生都快会用了吧？放在学术文章里是不是太low了点……
那么，试试significant怎么样？还是太普通？crucial呢？critical呢？要不换成influential或者essential？是不是瞬间高大上了很多？
毕竟学术写作中会更prefer较长和较复杂的词汇，想象一下把那些自己写出来都嫌幼稚的词换一下的话……
Thesaurus还有很多更好的功能比如词汇的think map，可以慢慢去探索。
2. Academic Word List (AWL Information)
在很久很久以前，一个叫做Averil Coxhead的新西兰同学在做自己的硕士论文时发现，即使是专业如学术论文，在行文时也并不会漫天撒网掉书袋地使用各种各样千奇百怪包罗万象的词汇，而是只用数量有限的几百个核心词来阐释自己的论述。于是，聪明的她把这些词汇总结成Academic Word List，从此造福了广大非英语母语的论文写作者……
嫌写论文时词汇少？想提高词汇量，又抱着一本字典望着从A到Z数以千计的茫茫词海不知如何下手？别担心，你所需要记住的只是570个词而已！
更何况，即使在这500多个单词中，也有很大一部分是你知道见过甚至熟练掌握的。以sublist 1为例，你会不知道analyse？不知道economy？不知道environment不知道major？嗯？
500多词，10个sublists，还有那么多已经会的词汇，再慢一个月以内也搞得定吧？快点的话……一个星期？
3. Academic Phrasebank
严格说来这不是一个狭义上扩充词汇量的工具，但是它教你怎么用恰当的短语和句式来连接你文章中的不同部分，让你的文章更有整体感和逻辑性，绝对也是不能错过的……
很多同学不知道怎么用逻辑构筑自己的论述，用来用去都是and but however therefore……
拜托，这种低端词汇怎么入的了academic journal做peer review人的法眼？要不试试下面这些？
Nevertheless, the strategy has not escaped criticism from governments, agencies and academics.
However, approaches of this kind carry with them various well known limitations.
Although extensive research has been carried out on X, no single study exists which adequately covers ...
是不是显得专业多了？
而且Academic Phrasebank的好处在于，它按照文章通常结构帮你分类了你可能会用到的短语和句式，例如怎么写绪论，怎么做文献回顾，怎么批判地评价他人的观点，怎么介绍方法论，怎么报告研究结果，怎么做总结，等等等等……如果急用可以像翻字典一样直接按需查找，如果是平时积累把整个部分通读一次也能大有进益。
英语写作能力尤其是学术文章的写作能力和通常意义上的英语水平本来就不是同一个东西，而是需要单独训练的技巧。如果没有受过训练，哪怕是native speaker也会写出很烂的学术文章。
好在只要是技巧就可以学习，能学习就一定有窍门，而掌握窍门恰恰是亚洲尤其是中国学生所擅长的……