中西文化差异对英语写作的影响

『壹』 中西方文化的差异（英语作文）

There are some cultural differences between Chinese and western inorder to avoid unnecessary misunderstanding caused and trouble.
First, Chinese concept of privacy isrelatively weak. People count on their in-group to look after each other. Sothe Chinese are often very willing to understand other people's ups and downs, andthe others are willing to share. But to the westerners, violation of personalprivacy does not allow, For example, we tend to ask one's age, marital status,children, occupation, or income when first met each other, which is a polite inChinese, but in the West it will be considered as a violation of their privacy.
Second, westerners deeply believe that time ismoney, so they are much cherished time in life, and they often do a carefulplanning at a fixed time, they have a good habit of Keep the appointment on time.But Chinese people are not very focused on time. Westerners have often feltuncomfortable about it.
Third, Chinese people are willing to be modestmostly. When communication with others, we often praises others and belittle ourselves,we think that modesty is a virtue. For example, when we were praised, we often say"No, I am not. I just did what I should do.” But in the same case the Westwill always say” Think you” to accept. So we always think that westerners aretoo-confident and pride, and when hear the Chinese people that deny otherstheir own praise, westerns would be very surprised and think that the Chinese peopleare dishonest.
Finally, the Chinese nation's fine traditionof hospitality is known. In social situations, Chinese people often toast eachother and offering each other cigarettes, even if filled with delicious food,the owner has always used to say a few words such as” bear with me”. Sometimesthe owner will use chopsticks to take their food the guest's bowl, using a varietyof ways to persuade the guests more than a bite, drink more. But in Westerncountries, people have respect for indivial rights and personal privacy. So theywill not use various means to persuade guests to drink, you will not need todrunk so far.

您采纳，我很开心。

『贰』 与《中西文化差异对英语学习的影响》论文相关的文献。

3文献综述

随着中西来文源化的互相融合参透，习语在人们的交流中发挥着越来越重要的作用。现在很多研究者都把英汉习语中的文化因素作为研究的对象，例如：ESL/EFL和考试周刊，他们从网络，期刊上收集资料，研究英汉习语中的文化差异及其的翻译方法。我国著名的语言学专家王德春教授给熟语下的定义是“习用的词的固定组合，语义结合紧密，是语言中独立运用的词汇单位’’.

『叁』 中西文化差异 英语作文

写作思路：从文章的写作目的、中心主旨入手，以使文章中心思想鲜明、深刻地表现出来，正文：

Today,lots of people are affected by western culture especially the new generation who born after 1990s.

今天，许多人受到西方文化的影响，尤其是90后。

In my opinion,some of western culture is good but some of them are not suited.Learning western culture can let us know about what is the western custom and what differnets between chinese and western.

在我看来，有些西方文化是好的，但有些不适合。学习西方文化可以让我们了解西方的习俗和中西文化的差异。

because of comparison we can learn the positive sides such as more confident,independent.On the other side,the negative sides we should not learn.for example,some high school student even younger fall in love with others.

因为比较，我们可以学到积极的一面，如更加自信、独立。另一方面，消极的一面我们不应该学习。

They spend much time to do it and forget what more important things they really need to do in that moment.Indeed,every coins have two sides.how to do deal with it,I think let time make the answer.

例如，一些高中生甚至更年轻就爱上了别人。他们花了很多时间去做这件事，却忘记了在那一刻他们真正需要做的更重要的事情。的确，每个硬币都有两面。如何处理它，我想让时间来回答。

『肆』 急求一篇中西文化差异利弊 英语作文100词

The culture differences between the East and West
As we know ,there are so many differences between culture of the East and West that I can not list all of their different aspects.I will focus on the

『伍』 中西方文化的差异对翻译的影响

这个题目好大啊，可以写一篇论文了。中西方文化的差异表现的形式就很多，所以在翻译方面的表现就有很广的影响，
首先，思维与语言的关系犹如母与子的关系。先有人类思维后有语言、图画、音乐等外在表现形式。Language serves as dress of thought．Thoughts are always expressed by words
Without thinking，language would be meaningless?
那么，思维又是如何作用在语言形式上的呢?通过研究可知：思维---表现法---语言具体形式。
现在，我们就来简单分析一下中国人与西方人由历史渊源、地域特性及哲学与文化心理不同而导致的思维的根本差异。
中国自古以来就是传统的农业大国，即所谓“靠天吃饭”。农业、土地与民生息息相关，所以就形成了“天人合一”这一中国文化的精髓。即把人与自然视为和谐统一的整体，人类文化与天命自然统一。The Taoist notion Of following nature is closed related，as in other naturalistic movements，to the idea of fate．这种中国文化的最高境界使中国人习惯于崇尚自然、行于自然；不违天命、顺其自然的处世哲学和宿命论，即Let things remain as they are．而在人与天地万物协调共存的世界中，则存在着循环往复、生生不息的发展变化。美国人说这是moving in endless circles and repeating it over and over again。中国的儒家与道家哲学就深深体现了这种观点。如“道生一、一生二、二生三、三生万物，万物归于道”等，这就是汉民族的循回式思维方式，比如在语言表现法中有回环式： “人不犯我，我不犯人”，及递进式表达： “道高一尺，魔高一丈”。所以，中国人表达事物总是按时间和事理发展顺序由因到果、由先到后、由大到小进行阐述，这种思维模式可称为具体一般型表达(Particular-General Pattern)。习惯于问题解决型模式(Problem-solution Pattern)，它们不仅在语言上如此，在文化艺术、经济活动中也都占有统治地位。也就是说中国人擅长具象思维。
西方人恰恰相反，他们一向将人与自然分隔开来，认为思维是独立于自然之外的客观事物，讲究“人物分立”，人能够通过斗争征服自然、改造自然。从美国前总统里根(Ronald
Reagan)说过的一句话之中我们就可见一斑：
I do not believe in fate that falls on us no matter what we do，but，1 do believe in fate that will fall on us if we do nothing．(我不相信，无论我们做什么，我们的命运都一样；但是我相
信，如果我们什么都不做，我们的命运是一样的。)
也就是说，He wants us to believe in the struggle，not in the fate．诸多此类象美国人热衷于job-hopping(跳槽)，美国人的梦想便是being a self-made man from rags to riches。再比
如，从东方人与西方人做事的动因也可以发现：
The Chinese is always described as a person who does things because they have been done before．And the Americans a person who does things because they haven’t been done before．(中国人做一件事是因为这件事以前有人做过；美国人做一件事是因为这件事以前从未有人做过。)Americans love to try something new mostly because of a belief that newer maybe better．(美国人喜欢尝试新事物，很大程度上因为他们认为更
新的可能是更好的。)
通过研究可知，英语自莎士比亚时代以来有很大发展。英语被誉为理性语言，这与欧美哲学较早与改造、征服自然的科学技术相结合，特别是培根和洛克等一代启蒙哲学家恪守的客观形式化方法(即逻辑论证)很有关系。British people love science and technology because these fields of study bring the excitement of new discovery． (英国人热爱科学技术因为它能带来新发现，是改造自然、征服自然的最有力武器。) The love of change is closely tied to faith in improvement．培根思维精深周密；洛克的哲理明豁通达，对英语影响极深。“哲学思辩”(Speculative Philosophy)使他们将英语化为对人类经验(物理变化经验、感觉经验、价值经验)理性构建的精辟描述。从语言学角度来说，培根和洛克等一代理性主义哲学家实质上为英语作了科学规范，以至被称为： “King’s English'’。综上所述，我们不难理解：西方人的思维模式是一般具体型思维，擅长抽象思维，总是先概括后分解、先表态后叙述、先总结后事例、先整体后细节，由果到因、由小到大等。众所周知，地名的叙述便为一例。
由于中西思维模式的迥异，说话的语序就存在很大区别，所以中国式英语频繁出现。举例说明：
我原先打算七月一日去香港旅游，后来不得不取消，这使我很扫兴。
中国学生就常按中文语序脱口而出，使语义重心落在后面。实际上，按英语思维习惯应先概括，将语义重心放在前面，然后分解开来，所以应翻译成It was keen disappointment
that I had to cancel the visit l had intended to pay to Hong Kong On July 1St．
再看下面典型的例句：“在全球经济事务中，中国应继续保持一个积极而充满活力的力量，我坚信这是符合我国利益的。”
让我们看英语的语序：I strongly believe that it’s in the interests Of my countrymen that China should remain an active and energetic power in global economic matters．
由此可见，汉语是按时间顺序和逻辑发展关系由先到后、由因到果、由假设到推论、由事实到论证，而英语则相反。

简单句中英汉语序的对比：
中文：主语+时间状语+地点状语+方式状语+谓语+宾语
我每天早上在室外高声朗读英语
英文：主语+谓语+宾语+方式状语+地点状语+时间状语
I read English loudly in the open 一、引言
词是语句的基本单位，通常所说的话都是由一个个词构成（陆国强，1983年）。在某些人看来，学语言，如英语，就是把一个个的词、词组、短句学好，掌握其读音、拼写及意思，同时掌握一些基本语法，知道如何把一个个的词、词组及短语连接起来。掌握了这些，英语就学得差不多了。其实不然，如果我们只是把单词按字面意义串起来，而丝毫不懂有关文化背景知识，在实际运用中是行不通的。例如：
（1）英语中green with envy是什么意思？人们忌妒或羡慕时脸色真的变绿或发青吗？
（2）英语中说 Paul was in blue mood; Paul（保尔）是什么情绪？高兴、激动、悲哀，还是什么？
在上列两句中，green（绿）和 blue（兰）都不是指颜色，两个词都有别的意思--某种文化方面的联想--从字面上看这种意思不明显。在词典上，green 这个词有“（脸色）变绿”的意思，但green with envy是个固定词组，不过表示“十分妒忌”而已。blue这个词与mood之类的词连用表现某种情绪时，表示“沮丧的”、“忧郁的”，例2之意为“保尔情绪低落”。以上两个例子就涉及词的字面意义和联想内涵意义，这就是语言文化差异问题，在教学过程中发现许多学生在理解目的语（target language）时，遇到的障碍并非语言知识造成，而是由文化差异导致的。由此可见，在词汇教学中加强语言文化因素的对比显得尤为重要。
二、语言与文化
学语言的目的是为了交流。毫无疑问，词汇教学也要为这一目的服务。人类的交际不单是一种语言现象，也是一种跨文化现象。在教学中，要对两种交际文化进行对比，我们首先从文化谈起。
文化 culture一词是一个含义极其广泛的词语。它狭义指文学、音乐、美术等，而广义讲是一个社会学术语，按照社会学家和人类学家对“文化”所下的定义，我们所说的“文化”是指一个社会所具有的独特的信仰、习惯、制度、目标和技术的总模式。（邓炎昌，刘润清 1989年）
语言是文化的一部分，又是文化的载体和折射镜。透过一个民族的语言，可以窥见该民族绚丽多姿的文化形态。英语词汇作为英语中最活跃、最具生命力的组成部分，最能反映英美文化独特的魅力和内涵。学习英语词汇，实际上也是学习西方文化。对于在母语环境下学英语的中国人来说，应该了解在中西方不同文化背景影响下，英汉词语之间所存在的差异；从另一方面看，语言又受文化的影响，反映文化。可以说语言反映一个民族的特征，它不仅包含着该民族的历史和文化背景，而且蕴藏着该民族对人生的看法、生活方式和思维方式。
例如：
在汉语的文化氛围中，“东风”即是“春天的风”，夏天常与酷署炎热联系在一起，“赤日炎炎似火烧”、“骄阳似火”是常被用来描述夏天的词语。而英国地处西半球，北温带，海洋性气候，报告春天消息的却是西风，英国著名诗人雪莱的《西风颂》正是对春的讴歌。英国的夏季正是温馨宜人的季节，常与“可爱”、“温和”、“美好”相连。莎士比亚在他的一首十四行诗中把爱人比作夏天，Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?/Thou art more lovely and more temperate，学生能体会到莎翁的“爱”吗？
关于英汉习俗差异，最典型的莫过于在对狗这种动物的态度上。狗在汉语中是一种卑微的动物。汉语中与狗有关的习语大都含有贬意：“狐朋狗党”、“狗急跳墙”、“狼心狗肺”、“狗腿子”等，尽管近些年来养庞物狗的人数大大增加，狗的“地位”似乎有所改变，但狗的贬义形象却深深地留在汉语言文化中。而在西方英语国家，狗被认为是人类最忠诚的朋友。英语中有关狗的习语除了一部分因受其他语言的影响而含有贬义外，大部分都没有贬义。在英语习语中，常以狗的形象来比喻人的行为。如You are a lucky dog（你是一个幸运儿），Every dog has his day（凡人皆有得意日），Old dog will not learn new tricks（老人学不了新东西）等等。形容人“病得厉害”用as sick as a dog，“累极了”是dog-tired。与此相反，中国人十分喜爱猫，用“馋猫”比喻人贪嘴，常有亲呢的成份，而在西方文化中，“猫”被用来比喻“包藏祸心的女人”。
宗教信仰有关的习语也大量地出在在英汉语言中。佛教传入中国已有一千多年的历史，人们相信有“佛主”在左右着人世间的一切，与此有关的习语很多，如“借花献佛”、“闲时不烧香，临时抱佛脚”等。在西方许多国家，特别是在英美，人们信奉基督教，相关的习语如Good helps those who help themselves（上帝帮助自助的人），也有Go to hell（下地狱去）这样的诅咒。英汉两种语言中还有大量由历史典故形成的习语，这些习语结构简单，意义深远，往往是不能单从字面意义去理解和翻译的。如“东施效颦”、“名落孙山”、“叶公好龙”等等。英语典故习语多来自《圣经》和希腊罗马神话，如Achilles’ heel（唯一致命弱点）、meet one’s waterloo（一败涂地）、Penelope’s web（永远完不成的工作）、a Pandora's box（潘多拉之盒枣灾难、麻烦、祸害的根源）等。
三、中学英语词汇教学存在的主要问题。
中国人学英语大多数从初一开始，近年来才开始在部分小学或幼儿园开设英语课。从6年的中学英语学习过程中，笔者发现教师授课都存在一个普遍特征，那就是先教单词、短语，再讲授课文和做练习。对于单词的讲授无不遵循三个原则：音、形、义，其中“义”也仅仅停留在单词本身的字面意义上。而对于课文的讲授则过分强调语言规则，即一个个的单词是如何按照一定的语法规则组合成句子以及某些单词和短语在这个句子中充当什么成分。另外，对学生所掌握词汇的考核也仅仅停留在要求学生会读、会写以及会运用单词简单造句，对于文化知识或是自身缺少了解，知识面不够广博，或是以为文化知识对学习语言，对提高考试成绩无多大关系，因此往往一带而过，甚至干脆置之一旁。这种做法的弊端是显而易见的。绝大部分学生完成六年的英语学习，脑袋中也装满了单词和短语，可惜无法说出一个完整的句子，学到的仍然是“哑巴英语”。就是在中学英语新教材已经全面使用的今天，由于以上种种原因，虽然平时注意听、说训练，学生能够运用所学的词汇进行简单交流，但由于对语言差异问题缺乏了解，以至于词汇使用不当，出现诸如把“力大如牛”译成“as strong as cow”，把“凡人皆有得意时”译成“Every person has a happy day.”，把“挥金如土”译成“to spend money like earth”，产生交际方面的一系列错误。它们的正确形式为 as strong as a horse； Every dog has its day；to spend money like water。而以下的英语学生能理解其含义吗？如：as blind as a bat(有眼无珠)， to rest on one’s oars（暂时歇一歇），to keep one’s head above water（奋力图存），all at sea（不知所措）等等。
四、中、英文化比较及英语词汇教学
1、字面意义和涵义
字面意义就是基本的或明显的意义。
词的涵义是词的隐含或附加意义。
从这个定义的解释看，对于学外语的学生来说，不仅要掌握词的字面意义，而且要知道词的涵义。不了解词汇涵义，会在语言上犯严重错误，有时误把好言当恶语，引起谈话者的一方或双方不快；有时误把嘲讽当称赞，被人暗笑。
如“peasant”一词，是“农民”之义，但外国人眼里不是“农民”之意。英语中的peasant与汉语中的“农民”所体现的意义并不完全相同，可能有不同的涵义，英语中的peasant是贬义。《美国传统词典》给peasant下定义：“乡下人、庄稼人、乡巴佬”，“教养不好的人、粗鲁的人”。《新编纬氏大学词典》：“一般指未受过教育的、社会地们低下的人”。在汉语中，“农民”指直接从事农业生产劳动的人，无论在革命斗争中或是在社会主义建设中都是一支重要的力量，丝毫无贬义。农民应译成farmer。
再如，politician 和statesman这两个英语词。Politician是“政治家”吗？反过来说，汉语中的“政治家”这个词应该怎样译成英语呢？有些略懂英语的学生译作politician，这是不合适的。Politician这个词在美国英语中，往往有很强烈的贬义色彩，引起别人的蔑视。它只为谋取个人私利而搞政治、耍手腕的人。这个词还有“精明圆滑的人”（smooth--operator）之义。指一个人做事和说话时，信心十足，非常老练。汉语“政治家”这个词应译为statesman，在英国英语和美国英语当中都很贴切，statesman主要表示善于管理国家的明知之士；人们通常把有威望的高级政府官员称为statesman。
事实上，中英两种语言在字面意和涵义上有以下的关系：
1）、字面意义与涵义相同或相似
(1) Look before you leap.三思而后行
(2) Burn one's boat.破釜沉舟
(3) Strike while the iron is hot.趁热打铁
(4) An eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth.以眼还眼，以牙还牙。
(5) to lose one's face, to save one's face丢面子，保面子
2）、涵义相似，字面意义不同
(1) The grass is always greener on the other side of the fence.这山望着那山高。
(2) Nothing ventured, nothing gained.不入虎穴，焉得虎子
(3) That's a piece of cake.那是小菜一碟。
(4) As poor as a church mouse.一贫如洗
(5) Let sleeping dogs lie.切勿打草惊蛇
3）、涵义不同，字面意义相似
(1) to fish in muddy water(英语：形容多管闲事，自讨没趣)浑水摸鱼
(2) to make one's hair stand on end(英语：令人毛骨悚然)令人发指
(3) to blow one's own horn(英语：自我炫耀，自吹自擂)各吹各的号
(4) to lock the stable gate after the horse has bolted(英语意思是“太迟了”)亡羊补牢
4）、涵义与字面意义都不同
(1) Modest dogs miss much meat.(英语：谦虚的狗没肉吃。)满招损，歉受益
(2) Where there is fear there is modesty.(原为拉丁语格言：谦虚源于胆怯。)老王买瓜，自卖自夸(反讽)
(3) An excess of modesty obstructs the tongue.(英语：谦虚过分束缚舌头。)自知之明(赞誉)
2、日常谈话中的文化判别
见面打招呼
中国人在吃饭前后打招呼的常用语“吃（饭）了吗？”而美国人则用“Hello”或“Hi”等。如果不理解其涵义，美国人会认为，这种打招呼是说：“没有吃的话，我正要请你到我家去呢。”总之，这样打招呼在西方有时意味着邀请对方去吃饭。
再如，汉语中的“上哪去啊？”以及“到哪儿去啊？”这样打招呼的话直译成英语就是Where are you going?和Where have you been?用这两句英语来打招呼，大部分讲英语的人听了会不高兴，它们反应很可能是：It’s none of your business!（你管得着吗？）
英语国家人打招呼通常以天气、健康状况、交通、体育以及兴趣爱好为话题。
3、称呼语中的政治地位差异
无论在英国或是在中国，人们的政治地位及身份是有所差别的。不同地位、身份的人在日常的工作、生活中不可避免地会碰到一起，这就产生了不同地位、身份的人们之间的交际问题。中英称号不同：
王院长Principal Wang,刘军长Army Commander Liu,马经理 Manager Ma
这一点教材中都有时不注意，如：人教社JEFC教材Book 3 Lesson 14 The man upstairs中，出现过“I’m sorry to trouble you， comrade．”的道歉语。“comrade”是社会主义国家所特有的称呼，在英语国家称呼不知其名的陌生人常用Sir和Madam。如果我们和英语国家的人以comrade相称，他们将会感到莫明其妙。
在JEFC Book 3 Lesson 34 Uncle Wang’s Factory中，学生们称呼一位工人为“Uncle Wang”， 这也是中文思维套用英语的现象。汉语中的亲属称谓有泛化使用的倾向，常用于非亲属之间：年轻人对长辈称“叔叔”、“阿姨”；对平辈称“大哥”、“大姐”。但在英语中，亲属称谓不广泛地用于社交。如果我们对母语是英语的长辈称“Uncle Smith”、“Auntie Brown”，对方听了会觉得不太顺耳。英语文化中只有关系十分密切的情况下才使用此类亲属称谓且后面不带姓，只带名，如“Uncle Tom”。
人教社JEFC Book 1中“What’s your name？”出现的频率相当高，但对于它在何种情况下使用却鲜有解释。实际上，英语国家的人在谈话时一般先介绍自己的名字，如“I am…”对方自然会即刻说出自己的姓名。即使在填写表格、面谈等场合需要问及姓名时，一般也只说“ Your name， please？”或“May I know your name？”或“How can I call you”等，如果使用“What’s your name？”，他们将有一种被审问的感觉。
又如学生知道teacher的含义是“老师”，也就相应地把“王老师”称为Teacher Wang。 其实，英语中teacher只是一种职业；汉语有尊师的传统，“教师”已不仅仅是一种职业，而成为一种对人的尊称。由于这种文化上的差异，造成学生的简单理解：王老师=Teacher Wang。此外还把汉语中习惯上称呼的“唐秘书”、“张护士”称为Secretary Tang， Nurse Zhang，英语国家的人听起来感觉不可思议。英语中称呼人一般用Mr．， Miss， Mrs．等。
4、其它社交礼节上的不同
以please“请”为例。但是在某些场所却不宜用英语please。让别人先进门或先上车时，不说please，一般说：After you。但是初学英语的人常用You go first，这是不对的。在餐桌上请人吃饭、喝酒、或者请人抽烟时，一般用Help yourself(to sth.)，也不用please.。
一般来说，我们中国人在家庭成员之间很少用“谢谢”。如果用了，听起来会很怪，或相互关系上有了距离。而在英语国家“Thank you．”几乎用于一切场合，所有人之间，即使父母与子女，兄弟姐妹之间也不例外。送上一瓶饮料，准备一桌美餐，对方都会说一声“Thank you．”公共场合，不管别人帮你什么忙，你都要道一声“Thank you．”。这是最起码的礼节。
当别人问是否要吃点或喝点什么时（Would you like something to eat／drink？），我们通常习惯于客气一番，回答：“不用了”、“别麻烦了”等。按照英语国家的习惯，你若想要， 就不必推辞，说声“Yes， please．”若不想要，只要说“No， thanks．”就行了。这也充分体现了中国人含蓄和英语国家人坦荡直率的不同风格。
在英语国家，赞美也常用来作为交谈的引子。赞美的内容主要有个人的外貌、外表、新买的东西、个人财物、个人在某方面的出色的工作等。通常称赞别人的外表时只称赞她努力（打扮）的结果，而不是她的天生丽质。因此赞美别人发型的很多，赞美别人漂亮头发的很少。对别人的赞美，最普通的回答是：“Thank you．”如：
A：Your skirt looks nice．
B：Thank you．
中国人初次见面问及年龄、婚姻、收入表示关心，而英语国家人却对此比较反感，认为这些都涉及个人隐私。如在JEFC Book 1 Lesson 16中有这样的对话：“How old are you， Mrs Read？”“Ah， it’s a secret！”为什么Mrs Read不肯说出自己的年龄呢？因为英语国家人都希望自己在对方眼中显得精力充沛，青春永驻，对自己实际年龄秘而不宣，妇女更是如此。再如中国人表示关心的“你去哪儿？”（Where are you going？）和“你在干什么？”（What are you doing？）在英语中就成为刺探别人隐私的审问或监视别人的话语而不受欢迎。
中国和英语国家的文化差异还显著地表现在节日方面。除中国和英语国家共同的节日（如New Year’s Day）外，双方还各有自己独特的节日，中国有the Spring Festival

『陆』 英语作文 文化差异在跨文化交流的重要性

In Muslim countries, people have knowledge about touch as part of its culture as a whole, and they eat with the right hand or do happy things, with his left hand to touch others is a kind of social insult, because the left hand is used when urine. In traditional Chinese culture, "face" is more important than everything. Face for women is a lifeline. If you touch a Chinese girl's face, that's made a faux pas. The use of touch in different parts of the body is visible and varies by region and culture. If indiscriminately to all intimate sexual contact, the world will be a mess.

4, gestures
Experts suggested that people can make as many as 700000 different body signals, only "various" as a metaphor has been pale, any attempts to classify them also only is disappointing. So we can only from the common communication message to interpret some behavior of the code from the posture and culture meaning.
Gesturing, action is a little different, can with the original intention is different; Wrong, to some gestures can also cause unexpected reactions. In the second world war, the British prime minister Winston Churchill said made a victory (victory) V gestures - pose a V with your index finger and middle finger. When making this gesture, hand to the audience. Winston Churchill is don't know is a mistake, put his back to the audience. Drew boos from the crowd, someone clap, some people become speechless, people couldn't help laughing. The prime minister is other gestures mean. That's not said "victory" V, but a nasty action.
In Britain and the United States and other western countries, sometimes will see some people standing in the road, the cars drove by stretching out a cock thumb fists. This is request a lift, said your thumb downwards said "bad", while the Japanese out of the little finger said "lover", in the United States, people use waving to say goodbye, while in South America, when people see this kind of action not only won't die, it will run to come over to you. In the United States, the thumb and forefinger knead into a circle, the remaining three fingers apart straight up, said the word "0 k"; In Japan, the gesture said money (okane); In the Arab people, this action is often accompanied by his teeth and said together. A finger in the temple, the Chinese said, the United States and Brazil say mad. Put your fingers on the throat said the Russian full; The Japanese have said the action was "fired". Americans, Japanese sipped his mouth to eat in order to be appropriately, while the indians for mouth munching on good manners. If an American inadvertently put chopsticks straight into the bowl, and then gave the Chinese eat rice, Chinese minds could greatly unhappy, because according to Chinese custom, for the dead when the chopsticks into the bowl. Americans with a finger temple said a pistol suicide, reflects the American private gun ownership is not surprising that social and cultural background. Japanese poke to belly said seppuku, reflects the spirit of bushido in Japan's traditional culture. In New Guinea, and put your hands around the neck said suicide; In China, the gesture was beheaded, is take the legacy of the "head" the ancient criminal law.
The range and speed of the attitude motion and posture and sitting habits also reflects the different cultural background and mentality. The hand movements of the jews is far more freedom than general German hand movements, so that life in Germany ring world war ii the jews will try to control your hand movements, so as to avoid exposure. Young white balloon, the young black is a slower pace, this was related with their social environment. In Oriental eyes, the United States women's bold and vigorous, because their steps is larger than the Oriental woman, his spine was more direct. In western eyes, the Japanese women are a deliberate steps reflect their gentleness and submission. The British arms folded on his chest said on the sidelines or are not allowed to be involved, as China's "do nothing"; Americans emphasize optional habitat and the hysteresis of personality, often woman.she sit down or stand a pair of easily spread, so when a foreign teacher in class to sit in the desk, American Chinese students was all too clear. But in Germany and other European countries, compares a standard way of life, people pays attention to the etiquette, the appearance of the lazy is often considered as vulgar and rude. On the attitude motion of the different cultures and sometimes obvious, sometimes subtle difference is often easy to cause the contacts misconct, may even make communication interruption completely. Understanding these differences and take the necessary means of compensation, for people to understand each other in the intercultural communication, avoid misunderstanding, to bridge cultural gaps, no doubt is of great significance.

5, facial gestures
Human feelings and desires, formed in the unconscious of the change of physical behavior, and the use of facial changes is more difficult to gauge the number. Bai juyi: "looking back a smile hundred flatters, natural make-up without color", wrote the most subtle expression effect. In tonga, raise your eyebrows said "yes" or "I agree". In Peru, for "money" or "pay me". Blink of an eye, in Taiwan, blink of an eye to the person is considered to be impolite. Blink one eye, in Australia, blink one eye gestured to the woman, even if is intended to be friendly, is also considered not decent. Pull their eyelids, in Europe and some Latin American countries, pull eyelid motioned with his finger to "take care" or "I care". Hold the ear, in India, says repent or the sincere heart. Signal in the UK it's a secret or confidential. In Italy, said a friendly warning. Thumb tip of nose, this is Europe's one of the most common gestures, said sarcasm. His hands and to strengthen the sarcasm. Twisted nose, in Puerto Rico said questions: "what happened?" . Fingers on the cheek turn, mainly Italian said a gestures of praise. Caresses cheek, in Greece, Italy and Spain indicated that she was "lovely" in Yugoslavia sign for "success".
The expression of emotion is learned in the cultural context, their performance because of the different culture. In China and english-speaking countries no matter smile or laugh, usually friendly, approval, satisfaction, happy, happy, but in some cases, the Chinese smile may cause in the west wall. Here is a letter from the author extracts from American friends talked about some behavior cause misunderstanding in communication between different cultures:
One problem is that China's laugh laugh with the United States have different meaning. For instance, when an American bicycle storage, carelessly bicycle down, he will feel embarrassed by his action does not move. If the Chinese beside laughing at this moment, he will feel being ridiculed, very angry. I also see a similar situation happened in the restaurant. A foreigner accidentally dropped a plate, he would feel very embarrassed, and present the Chinese people laugh, make him more feel not the taste, and angry, and disgust.
Of course, the Chinese the smile has many meanings. Can say: "don't be a matter", "laugh", "it doesn't matter", "we often do this kind of thing." However, for people who do not understand the meaning, a smile will make them feel unhappy, but also to laugh off.
The han nationality in the guests came, only sensible and smiling, and the American Indian tribes have to laugh and cry to meet the arrival of the guests. In some cultures, smacking lips is approved; In Chinese culture, said flavor; In British culture, said there was no taste; In many Mediterranean countries, it is exaggerated pain and sad. Not just happy and friendly smile said, also can transfer information of apology and forgiveness. On the bus because of the brakes and step on someone's feet, smile is equal to say "I'm sorry, please forgive me. Encounter with a stranger or collide, smile to the other party said he hadn't hostile. Service instry often with smile on her face is welcome and friendly said. Oriental is more implicative, feelings is not lighter than the leakage, unlike in the west, especially the Latin people, can see his desires. The Chinese habit in the face to hide feelings, instead of showing affection. Chinese proverb "face" and "face" to the person more use facial expressions to the state of trance humanization. So "sense" and "to read one 's face" has become one of indispensable means of cross-cultural communication.
National differences of body language is the result of cultural differences, is the result of the nationality of culture vary widely. And culture not only has national character, but also timely and worldwide. The nationality of culture reflect the past history of culture, modernity reflects the actual state of culture, the world is to cover the entire earth and breaking through the cultural features of the entire human race, it transcends the specific ethnic groups, the cultural limitations of a particular region, the different national culture attribute a flexible as a universal significance, to raise its specific national culture quality to a new height. In cross-cultural communication, we should not only keep the nature of national culture, and try to catch up the trend of The Times, constantly to update with outstanding achievements in the heterogeneous culture tradition of national culture, promote the development of national culture.

『柒』 国内外关于 中西文化差异对英汉互译的影响 有哪些研

Literature review on the influence of cultural differences on English Listening
重点词汇释义
中外
China and foreign countries; at home and abroad
文化差异
cultural difference
英语听回力
English listening comprehension
文献答
literature; document
综述
summarize; round up; sum up

『捌』 中西文化差异对英汉翻译的影响 开题报告

你可以看
一下下面的参考资料：
hokvchuonv21226601842011-10-13
5:38:22
中西文化差异对国际商务活动的影响及对策汪清内囡
【摘容要】：在国际商务活动中,文化对于商务活动的各个方面都有着直接的影响。因为世界各国在文化方面差异很大,如时间观、空间观念、平等观念、法制观念等。所以,在商务活动中只有了解了对方的文化,才能使我国企业顺利开展国际商务活动。【作者单位】：
【关键词】：
文化差异
国际商务活动
影响
对策
【分类号】：F740.4
【DOI】：CNKI:SUN:QUIT.0.2006-12-019
【正文快照】：
国际商务活动既是一种经济活动,同时也是一种文化活动。中国商务人员要在国外寻求市场、供应商、合作伙伴、建立附属公司或合资企业,需要与具有不同文化背景、使用不同语言的商人进行商务往来,很有必要精心研究文化差异对国际商务活动带来的影响,并采取相应的对策,使我国企业