㈠ 09年的考研英语真题阅读第四篇中的一句，求翻译求详细讲解
据许多书籍和文章，新英格兰的领袖们建立了一个展开的基本主题和关注，美国知识分子生活中占主导地位的清教传统。
望采纳！
㈡ 哪里能找到考研英语05-09年真题阅读理解的翻译啊
我是买参考书，里面很详细。
㈢ 考研英语一有多少篇阅读理解
您好，总共180分钟4篇阅读理解 每篇5个选择 每个选择2分
------------------天津VIP考研为您解答
㈣ 考研英语真题：阅读理解
考研英语真题：阅读理解
Text 1
A group of labour MPs, among them Yvette Cooper, are bringing in the new year with a call to institute a UK "town of culture" award. The proposal is that it should sit alongside the existing city of culture title, which was held by Hull in 2017 and has been awarded to Coventry for zozl. Cooper and her colleagues argue that the success of the crown for Hull, where it brought in E220m of investment and an avalache of arts, out not to be confined to cities. Britain' town, it is true are not prevented from applying, but they generally lack the resources to put together a bit to beat their bigger competitions. A town of culture award could, it is argued, become an annual event, attracting funding and creating jobs.
Some might see the proposal as a boo by prize for the fact that Britain is no longer be able to apply for the much more prestigious title of European capital of culture, a sought-after award bagged by Glasgow in 1990 and Livorpool in 2008. A cynic might speculate that the UK is on the verge of disappearing into an endless fever of self-celebration in its desperation to reinvent itself for, the post-Brexit world: after town of culture, who knows that will follow- village of culture ? Suburb of culture? Hamlet of culture?
It is also wise to recall that such titles are not a cure-all. A badly run "year of culture" washes in and out of a place like the tide, bringing prominence for a spell but leaving no lasting benefits to the community . The really successful holders of such titles are those that do a great deal more than fill hotel bedrooms and bring in high-profile arts events and good press for a year. They transform the aspirations of the people who live there; they nudge the self image of the city into a bolder and more optimistic light.
It is hard to get right, and requires a remarkable degree of vision, as well as cooperation between city authorities, the private sector, community groups and cultural organizations. But it can be done : Glasgow' s year as European capital of culture can certainly be seen as one of complex series of factors that have turned the city into the power of art, music and theatre that it remains today.
A "town of culture" could be not just about the arts but about honouring a town's
peculiarities-helping sustain its high street, supporting local facilities and above all celebrating its people and turn it into action.
21. Cooper and her colleagues argue that a "town of culture" award could________
[A] consolidate the town-city ties in Britain.
[B] promote cooperation among Britain's towns.
[C] increase the economic strength of Britain's towns.
[D] focus Britain's limited resources on cultural events.
22. According to Paragraph 2, the proposal might be regarded by some as________
[A] a sensible compromise.
[B] a self-deceiving attempt.
[C] an eye-catching bonus.
[D] an inaccessible target.
23. The author suggests that a title holder is successful only if it________
[A] endeavours to maintain its image.
[B] meets the aspirations of its people.
[C] brings its local arts to prominence.
D] commits to its long-term growth.
24. Glasgow is mentioned in Paragraph 3 to present________
[A] a contrasting case.
[B] a supporting example.
[C] a background story,
[D] a related topic.
25. What is the author's attitude towards the proposal ?
[A] Skeptical
[B] Objective
[C] Favourable
[D] Critical
Text 2
Scientific publishing has long been a licence to print money. Scientists need joumals in which to publish
their research, so they will supply the articles without monetary reward. Other scientists perform the specialised work of peer review also for free, because it is a central element in the acquisition of status and the proction of scientific knowledge.
With the content of papers secured for free, the publisher needs only fnd a market for its journal. Until this century, university libraries were not very price sensitive. Scientific publishers routinely report profit margins approaching 40% on their operations, at a time when the rest of the publishing instry is in an existential crisis.
The Dutch giant Elsevier, which claims to publish 25% of the scientific papers proced in the world,made profits of more than £900m last year, while UK universities alone spent more than £210m in 2016 toenable researchers to access their own publicly funded research; both figures seem to rise unstoppably despite increasingly desperate efforts to change them.
The most drastic, and thoroughly illegal, reaction has been the emergence of Sci-Hub, a kind of global photocopier for scientific papers, set up in 2012, which now claims to offer access to every paywalled article published since 2015. The success of Sci-Hub, which relies on researchers passing on copies they have themselves legally accessed, shows the legal ecosystem has lost legitimacy among its users and must be transformed so that it works for all participants.
In Britain the move towards open access publishing has been driven by funding bodies. In some ways it has been very successful. More than half of all British scientific research is now published under open access terms: either freely available from the moment of publication, or paywalled for a year or more so that the publishers can make a profit before being placed on general release.
Yet the new system has not worked out any cheaper for the universities. Publishers have responded to the demand that they make their proct free to readers by charging their writers fees to cover the costs of preparing an article. These range from around ￡500 to $5,000. A report last year pointed out that the costs both of subscriptions and of these’’article preparation costs’’ had been steadily rising at a rate above inflation. In some ways the scientific publishing model resembles the economy of the social internet: labour is provided free in exchange for the hope of status, while huge profits are made by a few big firms who run the market places. In both cases, we need a rebalancing of power.
26. Scientific publishing is seen as“a licence to print money" partly because________
[A] its funding has enjoyed a steady increase .
[B] its marketing strategy has been successful.
[C] its payment for peer review is reced.
[D] its content acquisition costs nothing.
27. According to Paragraphs 2 and 3, scientific publishers Elsevier have________
[A] thrived mainly on university libraries.
[B] gone through an existential crisis.
[C] revived the publishing instry.
[D] financed researchers generously.
28. How does the author feel about the success of Sci-Hub?
[A] Relieved.
[B] Puzzled.
[C] Concerned
[D] Encouraged.
29. It can be learned from Paragraphs 5 and 6 that open access terms________
[A]allow publishers some room to make money.
[B] render publishing much easier for scientists.
[C] rece the cost of publication substantially.
[D] free universities from financial burdens.
30. Which of the following characterises the scientific publishing model?
[A] Trial subscription is offered.
[B] Labour triumphs over status.
[C] Costs are well controlled.
D] The few feed on the many.
Text 3
Progressives often support diversity mandates as a path to equality and a way to level the playing field. But all too often such policies are an insincere form of virtue-signaling that benefits only the most privileged and does little to help average people.
A pair of bills sponsored by Massachusetts state Senator Jason Lewis and House Speaker Pro Tempore Patricia Haddad, to ensure "gender parity" on boards and commissions, provide a case in point.
Haddad and Lewis are concerned that more than half the state-government boards are less than 40 percent female. In order to ensure that elite women have more such opportunities, they have proposed imposing government quotas. If the bills become law, state boards and commissions will be required to set aside 50 percent of board seats for women by 2022.
The bills are similar to a measure recently adopted in Califomia, which last year became the first state to require gender quotas for private companies. In signing the measure, California Governor Jerry Brown admitted that the law, which expressly classifies people on the basis of sex, is probably unconstitutional.
The US Supreme Court frowns on sex-based classifications unless they are designed to address an "important" policy interest, Because the California law applies to all boards, even where there is no history of prior discrimination, courts are likely to rule that the law violates the constitutional guarantee of "equal protection".
But are such government mandates even necessary? Female participation on corporate boards may not currently mirror the pereentage of women in the general population, but so what?
The number of women on corporate boards has been steadily increasing without government interference. According to a study by Catalyst, between 2010 and 2015 the share of women on the boards of global corporations increased by 54 percent.
Requiring companies to make gender the primary qualification for board membership will inevitably lead to less experienced private sector boards. That is exactly what happened when Norway adopted a nationwide corporate gender quota.
Wrting in The New Republic, Alice Lee notes that increasing the number of opportunities for board membership without increasing the pool of qualified women to serve on such boards has led to a"golden skirt "phenomenon, where the same clite women scoop up multiple seats on a variety of boards.
Next time somebody pushes corporate quotas as a way to promote gender equity, remember that such policies are largely self-serving measures that make their sponsors feel good but do litle to help average women.
31. The author believes that the bills sponsored by Lewis and Haddad wills________
[A] help little to rece gender bias.
[B] pose a threat to the state government.
[C] raise women's position in politics.
[D] greatly broaden career options.
32. Which of the following is true of the California measure?
[A] It has irritated private business owners.
[B] It is welcomed by the Supreme Court,
[C] It may go against the Constitution.
[D] It will settle the prior controversies.
33. The author mentions the study by Catalyst to ilustrate____
[A] the harm from arbitrary board decision.
[B] the importance of constitutional guaranees.
[C] the pressure on women in global corporations.
[D] the needlessness of government interventions.
34. Norway's adoption of a nationwide corporate gender quota has led to____
[A] the underestimation of elite women's role.
[B] the objection to female participation on boards.
[C] the entry of unqualified candidates into the board.
[D] the growing tension between labor and management.
35. Which of the following can be inferred from the text?
[A] Women's need in employment should be considered.
[B] Feasibility should be a prime concern in policymaking.
[C] Everyone should try hard to promote social justice.
[D] Major social issues should be the focus of legislation.
Text 4
Last Thursday, the French Senate passed a digital services tax, which would impose an entirely new tax
on large multinationals that provide digital services to consumers or users in France. Digital services include everything from providing a platform for selling goods and services online to targeting advertising based on user data, and the tax applies to gross revenue from such servces. Many French politicians and media outlets have referred to this as a“GAFA tax," meaning that it is designed to apply primarily to companies such as Google, Apple, Facebook and Amazon- in other words, multiational tech companies based in the United States.
The digital services tax now awaits the signature of President Emmanuel Macron, who has expressed support for the measure, and it could go into effect within the next few weeks. But it has already sparked significant controversy, with the Unite Sates trade representative opening an investigation into whether the tax discriminates against American companies, which in turn could lead to trade sanctions against France.
The French tax is not just a unilateral move by one country in need of revenue. Instead, the digital services tax is part of a much larger trend, with countries over the past few years proposing or putting in place an alphabet soup of new international tax provisions. These have included Britain's DPT (diverted profits tax), Australia's MAAL (multinational antiavoidance law), and India's SEP (significant economic presence) test, to name but a few. At the same time, the European Union, Spain, Britain and several other countries have all seriously contemplated digital services taxes.
These unilateral developments differ in their specifics, but they are all designed to tax multinationals on income and revenue that countries believe they should have a right to tax, even if international tax rules do not grant them that right. In other words, they all share a view that the international tax system has failed to keep ;up with the current economy.
In response to these many unilateral measures, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) is currently working with 131 countries to reach a consensus by the end of 2020 on an international solution. Both France and the United States are involved in the organization' s work, but France's digital services tax and the American response raise questions about what the future holds for the international tax system.
France‘s planned tax is a clear warning: Unless a broad consensus can be reached on reforming the international tax system, other nations are likely to follow suit, and American companies will face a cascade of different taxes from dozens of nations that will prove burdensome and costly.
36. The French Senate has passed a bill to_____
[A] regulate digital services platforms.
[B] protect French companies' interests .
[C] impose a levy on tech multinationals.
[D] curb the influence of advertising.
37. It can be learned from Paragraph 2 that the digital services tax _____
[A] may trigger countermeasures against France.
[B] is apt to arouse criticism at home and abroad.
[C] aims to ease international trade tensions.
[D] will prompt the tech giants to quit France.
38. The countries adopting the unilateral measures share the opinion that _____
[A] redistribution of tech giants' revenue must be ensured.
[B] the current international tax system needs upgrading.
[C] tech multinationals' monopoly should be prevented.
[D] all countries ought to enjoy equal taxing rights.
39. It can be learned from Para 5 that the OECO's current work_____
[A] is being resisted by US companies.
[B] needs to be readjusted immediately.
[C] is faced with uncertain prospects.
[D] needs to in involve more countries.
40. Which of the following might be the. best title for this text?
[A] France Is Confronted with Trade Sanctions
[B] France leads the charge on Digital Tax
[C] France Says "NO" to Tech Multinationals
[D] France Demands a Role in the Digital Economy
考研英语真题：阅读理解的内容小编就说到这里了，更多关于考研备考技巧，报名入口，报名时间，考研成绩查询，报名费用，准考证打印入口及时间等问题，小编会及时更新。希望各位考生都能进入自己的理想考研院校。希望大家能好好复习。取得佳绩。
㈤ 1998年考研英语一第三篇阅读理解。
楼主现在应该已经很清楚了 但是还是说一下嘿嘿 楼主只截取这一句话是很难判专断的 但是这句话句首有一个属BUT 也就是说内容跟前面相反 后面接着说这并不意味着环保主义者是反科学的 说明前面应该是在说什么什么是反科学的，最后又说但是去年5月发表的us news 却似乎是这样暗示的 连起来就是这句话之前说的是应该是有关反科学的 作者又表明态度说环保主义者不在此列 后面又说这个杂志却似乎是这样暗示的 显而易见就是在暗讽这个杂志胡说八道 所以杂志应该认为环保主义者是反科学的 不知道这样说是不是清楚 如果有什么错误就是我水平低哈哈
㈥ 哪里有09年考研英语答案解析 最好有阅读翻译
2009年考研英语试题答案解析
答案解析：
1. B.本题考查动词，后面的宾语是“the fruit-fly experiments described…”， suppose表示“假设”， observe表示“观察”，image表示“想象”， Consider“考虑”，代入文中表示“考虑已经被描述出来的实验”，符合语境。
2. A.本题考查动词短语，happen to(碰巧)，fear to(唯恐…)，be threatened to被恐吓…。tend to do表示“有…倾向，往往…”，代入文中表示比较聪明的果蝇往往寿命较短。
3. D.本题考查形容词， lighter更轻的，thinner更瘦的，stabler更稳定的，dimmer比较暗淡的，本句是前一句推出的结论，即由“果蝇越聪明寿命越短”推出 “灯泡越暗使用时间越长”。
4. B.本题考查名词。由前半句“灯泡越暗使用时间越长”推出“这是不特别亮的灯泡的一个优点”。tendency倾向，advantage优势，inclination倾向，priority优先权。
5. C.本题考查动词短语，turns out证明是，insist on坚持，sum up总结，put forward提出。
6. A.本题考查介词， off表示离开。代入文中表示离开起点时。
7. D.incredible难以置信的，spontaneous自发的，inevitable不可避免的，graal渐进的。学习是一个渐进的过程，所以选graal.
8. C.本文的主旨是智力需要昂贵的代价。大量的物种会学习，但它们首先学会的是知道什么时候停止学习，与上文的例子灯泡呼应。四个选项中， fight表示斗争，doubt表示怀疑，stop表示停止，think表示思考，正确答案为C
9. B.本题考查形容词，修饰intelligence。 invisible看不见的， indefinite不确定的，这两个选项意思不符合，排除。different不同的，limited有限的。因为所有物种的智力都是有限的，所以limited符合文意。
10.D.cast a glance backward“回顾”，固定搭配。
11.D.feature特征，influence影响，result结果，cost代价。Cost“代价”与文中“事实证明，智力是要付出代价”相呼应。
12.B.本题考查介词，on the mind of“为…着想”，by the mind“通过思考”，outside和across不与mind的搭配。
13.C.本题考查动词，与之搭配的宾语是experiments ，选项中perform能与experiments 搭配，表示“做实验”。deliver递送，carry运送， apply应用。
14.D.前一句提到experiments，本句提到一个具体的实验，所以选for instance例如。by chance偶然，in contrast相反，as usual照常。
15.A.由后半句中they would test us to可推测本句使用了虚拟语气，选项中if可以引导虚拟条件句。 unless除非，as正如，lest唯恐。
16.C.本题考查动词。所填动词表明实验的目的，并且所填动词的宾语是limits of our patience, our faithfulness, our memory for terrain ，选项中“determine确定”符合题意，并与下文的decide相呼应。moderate适中的，overcome克服， reach达到。
17.B.本题考查介词，四个选项中for 表示表示目的，这个句子的正常句序是intelligence in humans is really for what.
18.A.本题考查逻辑关系。这个句子位于段末，显然起到总结性的作用。四个选项中，Above all最重要，After all毕竟，However然而，Otherwise否则，故选Above all。
19.A.本题考查形容词，修饰question 。fundamental基本的，comprehensive全面的，equivalent相等的，hostile敌对的。由句后问题的内容可推出这是一个最基本和重要的问题，所以选fundamental。
20.C.本题考查副词。空前说“想研究这个问题”，空后说“结果还不确定”。四个选项中，By accident“偶然”，In time“及时”，So far“到目前为止”，Better still“更好的是”，只有So far符合语意。
全文翻译：
对动物智力的研究总是让我们思考人类到底有多聪明。参考下卡尔齐默周二发表在科学时代刊物上的文章所描述的果蝇试验。有些果蝇比普通果蝇聪明，但是寿命较短。这表明暗淡的灯泡使用时间更长，也表明暗淡是灯泡的一个优势。
事实证明，智力是要付出昂贵的代价。它需要更高的给养、消耗更多的燃料，因为智力依靠的是学习(一个循序渐进的过程)而不是一种本能，所以离开起点时缓慢。许多其他的物种也有学习能力，很显然他们学到的东西之一就是知道何时停止。
有限的智力是否有适应值呢?这也是此项研究的课题。我对此很感兴趣。这个试验不是去回顾那些被我们划为低智商的物种，而是含蓄在问我们自己智力的真正代价是什么。我们所遇到的每种动物的想法。
对动物智力的研究也让我想，如果动物有机会的话，他们会对人类作什么样的实验。比如说，每只有主人的猫都在进行一个小型的操作性条件反射研究。我们认为如果动物也能进行试验的话，他们会测定我们的忍耐度，忠诚度，以及对地形的记忆力。他们会试图判定人类智力的实际用处，而不仅仅是判定人类智力的高低。最重要的是他们希望研究一个最基本的问题：人类是否真正意识到了自己所生存的世界?对此，目前仍无定论。
Section II Reading Comprehension
Text 1
21【C】事实细节题。意为：Wordsworth认为以何种方式便能获得
文章第二句中提到We reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains on auto-pilot and
relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine.我们在无意识的状态下就能行成，使
们的头脑处于自动导航，放松地进入一种无意识的惯性当中。从这个表述中可以看出习惯的
形成过程完全是一种无意状态下的机械活动。
22.【D】事实细节题。意为：研究者发现习惯的形成可以被
第二段第二句当中指出当人们有意识的培养新的习惯时，我们就创造出一种相关的轨迹，甚至是全新的脑细胞，这可以使我们的思想进入一个创新的轨道上。由此可见研究人员认为习惯的形成是可以被引导的。
23.【A】词义句义题。意为：“ruts”的意思最贴近于
A 痕迹 B 系列 C 特点 D 联系
原文提到：不要试图摆脱你的旧习惯;一旦这个过程的 进入大脑，它们就会留在脑中。根据上下文逻辑最合上下文语境的为A选项。
由于24、25题题干不清晰暂不做出解析。
24.【A】事实细节题。
25.【A】事实细节题。
Text 2
26.【A】推理判断题。 意为：从第一二段文章表明PTK很容易买到。
文中第一二段有多处体现，首段最后一句话“只需花30美元在地方药房作亲子鉴定……”.第二段第一句我们可以看到 “自从去年不需要处方即购可买之后，己经超过6万人购买了PTK ”。甚至从第二段整段我们可以看出：B项关于鉴定价格浮动只在第二段最后一句有所体现。C项文中未提到。D项属过度推断。
27.【C】事实细节题。 意为：PTK是用来鉴定亲子关系的。
从文中第三段可以看到“被收养的孩子可以通过亲子鉴定找到他具有血缘关系的亲属”。A选项比较具有迷惑性，从第三段后半句我们可以看出“PTK最近惹怒了很多谱系学家，他们支持用PTK来探寻一个家族的祖藉”。可以看出PTK没有主要被用来寻找一个人的出生地。选项B，D文中未提及。
28. 【D】事实细节题。意为：持怀疑态度的观察者认为祖先鉴定没有达到声称的准确性。
从题干信息我们可以将它定位到文中第五段第一句我们可以看出: 那些正在做祖先鉴定的人们所宣扬的(祖先鉴定)精确度其实是错的。这句话是对这一段的概括，ABC三个选项都只是它的细节之一。因此，D选项正确。
29.【A】事实细节题。意为：最后一段中商业基因鉴定面临的一个问题是数椐收集的紊乱。
从最后一段第二句我们可以看出“一些公司使用的数据库并不依赖于系统的数据收集而是把不同研究机构收集的信息合在一起。这就意味着处理数据的公司不同，所用DNA数据库也会不同。”文中并未提及数据是否重合，B无根椐。CD文中没有体现。
30.【B】主旨大意题。 意为：本文最合适的题目应是DNA测试及它存在的问题。
A选项中 “DNA测试的赞成与反对”从文中我们看不到作者有明显赞成DNA测试的倾向，C选项，文中没有特别强调实验室内外的问题。D选项“DNA测试背后的谎言”， 作者只是客观地提出了DNA测试存在的不准确性问题，但并没有指明是哪些人的谎言。
Text 3
31.【D】推理判断题目。意为：在第一段作者认为在贫困国家教育的重要性被高估了。
作者在首段指出“传统的观点认为在贫困国家对促进经济的快速发展而言，教育是极应优先考虑的要素之一，这是种错误的看法。”教育的优先性和教育的重要性实际上是一个意思，而既然文中说优先教育是种错误的看法，由此可推出教育的重要性被过度的重视了即被高估了，因此D正确。
32.【B】事实细节题。意为：第一段表明建立新的教育体系需要几代人的努力。
在第一段作者主要谈论了靠优先发展教育来促进经济发展是错误的看法，而世界各国的工人经过了劳动培训可以获取高产量进而带来更高的生活水平。解答细节题时同样明显背离中心的选项可首先排除，即先可排除A,C;在依据第一段的倒数第二句可知：通过教育体系来使足够多的人能提高经济能力将需要两三代人。由此可知建立教育体系在当前是不可能，而这种建立需要几代人的努力才能实现。
33.【B】事实细节题。意为：日本和美国劳动力的主要区别是日本的劳动力更多产。
解答本题可用运排除法。依据文章的第二段，美国劳动力受教育程度差遭到嘲笑并被认为是其经济表现差的原因之一。美国工人接受了职业培训后，本田、丰田的美国公司才达到了日本95%的产量，由此可知日本工人的生产力比美国工人的生产力高。从文中可知，美国劳动力受教育程度差是个事实也是美国经济表现差的重要原因，由此可排除不符合文意的C选项;而A,D的信息在文中未提及，由此可得出只有B正确，而依据文意，既然日本保持了汽车产量的全球领先地位，自然日本的劳动力比美国的劳力更多产也验证了B为正确答案。
34.【A】推理判断题。意为：作者引用了我们祖先的例子来表明当人们有了充裕的时间时，教育才出现。
依据文章倒数第二段的最后两句可知，作者举出了我们祖先的例子是来论证最后一句话得出的观点：只有当人们有了更高产的获得食物的方式时，人们才有时间做其它事情。由此可推知，教育是获得食物以外的其它事情，而受教育的前提是人们有剩余时间，由此可知A为正确答案。
35.【C】主旨大意题。意为：教育的发展受约于产量的提高。
文章在最后一段针对上文讨论的教育和生产的关系做出了总结。在本段作者明确指出缺乏正规的教育并不能限制发展极大提高产量的世界劳动力，而反之，对提高产量的限制得以解释了为什么教育发展得没有那么快。由此可见，提高产量优先于发展教育，故C为正确答案。而A,D的表达不符合文章的中心;B项的意思和文意相反。
Text 4
36.【B】事实细节题目。意为：作者认为在17世纪的新英格兰 。
B为正确选项。A选项为原文的篡改。C选项从原文的表述中无法推出。D选项文章中没有提到“对于知识的追求享有自由的环境”
37.【B】推理判断题。意为：第二段中暗示出新到达英格兰的人
B为正确选项，新到达清教徒带着旧世界的文化。些段中的第二句提到，we may consider the original Puritans as carriers of European culture……，选项中的New Englanders对应文中的Puritans, brought with them the culture of the Old World对应该文章中的carriers of European culture，故此选项为此句中的同义替换。
38.【D】事实细节题。意为：早期到达马萨诸赛海湾的牧师和政治领导人
D为正确选项为新英格兰创造了新的知识环境。对应第三段中的最后一句话There men wrote and publish ed extensively, reaching both New World and Old World audiences, and giving New England an atmosphere of intellectual earnestness. A选项中in the new world缩小了原文所表述的范围，B选项在文章中没有提到，C选项不够全面。帮D为正确答案。
39.【A】例证题。意为：关于John Dane的故事表明受教育较少的新英格兰人 。
A为正确选项举例是为了说明文中的观点，由文章第四段可知，观点为their thinking often had a traditional superstitions quality，所以在四个选项中只有A选项和文章的观点最为符合。
40.【C】推断题。意为：从文章中可以看出到新英格兰的早期的定居者 。
C为正确选项，能过全文可看出来到英语兰早期的定居者，有政客、牧师、裁缝还有渔由此可见早期的定居者背景多种多样。
Part B
一.文章结构分析
本文是一篇文化类的文章，主要讲的是文化发展过程中的各种关于文化的理论。
第一段讲的是Herbert Spencer的“生物和文化进化理论”。
第二段讲的是Lewis Henry Morgan的“文化进化理论”。
第三段可以看到，Franz Boas提出了一种“历史特殊论(historical particularism)”，它强调所有文化的唯一性。
第四段还是讲了Franz Boas的理论。
第五段我们除了看到“历史特殊论(historical particularism)”外，还看到一种“diffusionism”理论和“diffusionists”这一种人。
第六段，Émile Durkheim提出了一种文化理论，他认为宗教信仰有助于加强社会团结。
二.试题具体解析
通过分析文章我们可以看到，文章就是围绕着这几种理论展开讨论的，文章层次很清晰，
而空格出现的位置一律都是段落的末尾，这样我们可以分析，所有的选项内容应该与段落前面的内容有密切的联系。
我们先大体浏览一下各个选项的内容。
选项A主要介绍了什么叫“diffusionism”， 即它认为文化的革新有一个唯一的起源，并且在社会之间传递。因为第5段出现了diffusionism，所以我们可以判断，选项A肯定出现在44题之前。而且other anthropologists的出现提示，前文可能出现了anthropologist这一词，那我们回到原文中找各个人的职业，就可以看到整篇文章提出的4个主要理论家中，只有Lewis Henry Morgan和Franz Boas的职业是anthropologist，所以，我们暂时把答案A锁定在42和43之间。
选项B的大体意思是：为了尽可能全面的了解特殊的文化，(particular cultures是关键词)，他对语言学和身体人类学都很熟悉。回到文章，我们在第3段找到了the uniqueness of all cultures, 我们可以断定，这个选项中的he指的就是Franz Boas。那Boas在第3段和第4段都出现过，所以我们把选项B锁定在43和44。
选项C的意思是，人类的进化有这样一个特征，就是“survival of the fittest”适者生存，并且解释了种族和社会的适者生存观念。因为第一段讲的是Herbert Spencer的“生物和文化进化理论”。并且出现了Charles Darwin，我们都知道Charles Darwin提出了生物界的适者生存，而这里说人类社会的进化也有适者生存这一特征，所以，我们可以首先确定41的答案是选项C。
选项D的关键词是important rituals重要的礼仪和initiation ceremonies和一些典礼，我们在文章中并没有发现有这方面的内容，所以暂且搁置。
选项E说，在他看来，不同方面的文化diverse aspects of culture，例如……，随着社会的进化都改变了。我们在读文章的时候，一定要把每一段的关键词划出来，以利于和选项中的关键词对应。读第二段的时候，文章说，在他的作品里，他尽量说明了how aspects of culture changed together in the evolution of societies. 这跟选项E的内容不谋而合。所以，我们可以断定，42题的答案为选项E。因为前面把答案A锁定在42和43之间，而42题的答案为选项E，所以确定选项A为43题的答案。确定了43题答案为A，因为之前我们把选项B锁定在43和44，所以排出了43，我们把选项B锁定在44题。
选项F我们可以看到一个关键词functioning，这个词在第6段出现过，所以，我们暂且搁置不管。
选项G是一个例子，如果是答案的话应该是用来补充说明前面的观点的，它说，由于信息缺乏，这两位人类学家提出农耕等这些都是起源于古埃及，并且传播到世界各地。事实上，所有这些文化发展在世界不同地方的不同时期都曾分别出现过。通过分析这个例子，我们可以知道，这是两种不同的观点的比较。 在第五段我们除了看到“历史特殊论(historical particularism)”外，还看到一种“diffusionism”理论和“diffusionists”这一种人。正好是两种理论的对比，所以我们可以把45题的答案轻松的定位到选项G。
这样我们初步确定了答案，41的答案是选项C，42题的答案为选项E，43题的答案为选项A，44题的答案为选项B，45题的答案定位到选项G。
最后代入选项，通读全文，检查文章逻辑顺序和流畅程度。
Part C
46. 本句考点：宾语从句，of 短语作定语，代词指代， but引导并列句
结构分析：句子主干是：it may be said that…, but this effect… its effect及its original motive.中it在句中指代social institution。
参考译文：可以说，任何社会制度的价值在于它对扩大和改进经验方面的影响，但是这种影响并不是它原来的动机的一部分。
47. 本句考点：强调句，分词结构作后置定语, 省略
结构分析：强调句的正常语序是：the by-proct of the institution was noted Only graally, and this effect …was only still more graally (noted). considered as a directive factor in the conct of the institution作this effect的后置定语。
参考译文：一种制度的副产品，只是逐步被注意到的，而这种效果被视为实施这种制度的一个指导性因素更加缓慢得多。
48. 本句考点：比较状语从句，动宾分隔
结构分析:本句主干是while引导的一个比较状语从句。in our contact with 作为一个插入成分，分隔了ignore和它的宾语the effect of…。
参考译文：在和他们(年轻人)接触的时候，虽然容易忽略我们的行动对他们的倾向的影响，但是也不像与成年人打交道那么简单。
49. 本句考点：since引导的原因状语从句，代词指代，宾语从句，宾语从句嵌套定语从句。
结构分析：本句主干是Since… we cannot help considering…其中whether or no we are forming the powers which will secure this ability作cannot help considering的宾语，which will secure this ability作为嵌套定语从句修饰the powers。
参考译文：既然我们的主要任务在于使年轻人参与共同生活，我们禁不住考虑我们是否在形成获得这种能力的力量。
50. 本句考点：插入语，定语从句，同位语从句
结构分析：within the broad ecational process which we have been so far considering 作为插入语，which we have been so far considering为定语从句修饰process，本句主干是：We are thus led to distinguish a more formal kind of ecation. that of direct tuition or schooling与a more formal kind of ecation 是同位语关系。
参考译文：因此，我们可以在上面所考虑的广阔的教育过程之内区别出一种比较正规的教育，即直接的教导或学校教育。
Section III Writing
51.
09年小作文要求写一封建议信，相比07年建议信要求更加具体，且话题更为熟悉。考生对这个话题可写的东西比较多。且在平时大作文的训练中考生都接触过不少表达观点看法和提出建议的方法，尤其在环境保护方面的建议措施接触的更多，因此这篇小作文题材是大家非常熟悉的，难度适中。
52.
09年大作文仍然是图画式作文，题目要求与往年基本相同。写好这篇作文主要在于两点：第一，描述图画。图片描写可能会给一部分考生造成困难，这一点要看学生平时的积累。第二，寓意理解。题目图片看似简单，实则抽象。揭示主题需结合中文提示“网络的近与远”，即网络为人们的生活带来的便利以及不便。这一主题比较贴近现代生活，也是当今大学生熟悉的话题：网络虽然非常便利，让人与人足不出户就可以相互联系，但是人与人之间的直接联系却变得稀少了。