『壹』 高中英語不定式的用法
動詞不定式的用法動詞不定式(to do)是初中英語課本中的一個重點,也是中考必考查的一個項目。下面我們對動詞不定式做一簡要歸納,以幫助同學們學習和參考。
動詞不定式是由「to+動詞原形」構成 (有時可以不帶to)。其否定形式是「not+動詞不定式」(not不與助動詞連用)。它屬於一種非謂語動詞的形式,在句子中不能充當謂語,沒有人稱和數的變化,但它可以保留動詞的性質,其本身可以帶賓語或狀語等附加成分(不定式和其附加成分稱為不定式短語)。動詞不定式(短語)的句法功能非常廣泛,在句中可作主語、賓語、補足語、表語、定語及狀語等成分。
一、作主語
(1)動詞不定式作主語時,謂語動詞常常用單數。例如:
To do morning exercises is useful for our health. 做早操有利於我們的健康。
To sweep the floor is my ty every day. 每天打掃地板是我的責任。
(2)如果動詞不定式太長,常常用 it 作形式主語,而將真正的主語——動詞不定式後置。例如:
It took me half an hour to walk there.我走到那兒花了半小時的時間。
It』s important for us to learn English well.對我們來說,學好英語是重要的。
二、作賓語
(1)能夠接動詞不定式作賓語的有 ask, agree, beg, decide, determine, fail, hope, manage, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, wish 及 would like/love 等動詞,但 finish, enjoy, miss, appreciate, mind, advise, suggest 等動詞後面通常只能接動名詞作賓語。例如:
I hope to visit this place again. 我希望能再度訪問此地。
She enjoys reading very much.她非常喜歡讀書。
The driver failed to see the other car in time. 司機沒能及時看見另一輛車。
(2)動詞不定式與名等詞構成復合賓語時,通常要用 it 作形式賓語,而將真正的賓語——動詞不定式後置。例如:
I think it our ty to obey the laws. 我認為遵守法律是我們的義務。
I found it difficult to see him here. 我發現在這里見到他是很難的。
三、作補足語
(1)某些動詞在主動式中後接動詞不定式作賓語補足語;在被動式中,由於原來的賓語變成了主語,故原來的賓語補足語變成了主語補足語。這類動詞常用的有 consider, expect, tell, want, warn, wish,invite等。例如:
They told him not to be late again.他們告訴他不要再遲到了。→He was told not to be late again.
She invited me to have dinner with her yesterday.昨天她請我一起進餐。
(2)在feel(一感),listen to,hear(二聽),let,make,have(三讓),look at,see,watch,notice(四看)等詞之後接不帶to的不定式作賓語補足語,強調動作的完成過程;它們作被動句的謂語時,to要補上。如:
I heard her sing today.She sang wonderfully.今天我聽見她唱歌了,她唱得非常精彩。
She was heard to sing today.今天有人聽見她唱歌了。
She is often heard to sing this song(by us).我們經常聽見她唱這首歌。
四、作狀語
⑴動詞不定式作狀語可表示目的、原因及結果等,其邏輯主語就是句子的主語,因此動詞不定式作狀語往往用主動式。例如:
Come to see me again soon. 盡快再來看我。
I trembled to think of it. 我一想到那件事就不寒而慄。
You couldn't do that to save your life. 你即使為了救自己也不能那樣做。
(2) only to do sth. 與 only doing sth. 都可作表示結果的狀語,區別是:only to do sth. 表示一個與主語願望相反的或出乎主語意料的結果, 或用來暗示最初的未能實現的動作;only doing sth. 表示謂語動詞本身的動作造成的結果。例如:
I worked hard, only to fail at last. 我努力工作,結果最後卻是失敗。
He died, only leaving nothing but debts. 他死了,只留下一身債
五、作表語
(1)動詞不定式往往放在系動詞be(,become, sound, taste 等系動詞後面一般不接不定式)的後面作表語,表示將來的情況,說明主語的內容。例如:
My wish is to become a teacher.我的願望是當一名教師。
Your job today is to clean the playground. 你今天的工作是打掃操場。
(2)如果系動詞後的動詞說明主語的性質,特徵,相當於形容詞。這時就要用現在分詞作表語,而不用不定式。例如:
He said that the story was interesting.他說這則故事很有趣。
六、作定語
(1)動詞不定式常常放在名詞或不定代詞後面作後置定語,其邏輯主語往往是句子的主語,故動詞不定式作定語時往往用主動式;如果動詞不定式的邏輯主語不是句子的主語,該動詞不定式要用被動式。例如:
Do you have anything to do tonight? 你今晚有什麼事要做嗎?
I am going to Shanghai tomorrow. Do you have anything to be taken there? 明天我要去上海。你有什麼東西要捎去的嗎?
(2)動詞不定式作定語往往表示尚未發生的動作,如果動作已發生或正在發生,一般用現在分詞作定語。例如:
I have no pen to write with.我沒有鋼筆寫字。
The man standing there is Li Ming. 站在那裡的那個人是李明。
七、和疑問詞連用:
不定式前可用what,who,which,where,when,how,why等疑問詞構成不定式短語,這種短語在句子中可作主語、賓語和表語等成分。
(1)作主語。例如:
When to start has not been decided. 什麼時候出發還沒定下來。
(2)作表語。例如:
The question is how to do the job well. 問題是怎樣做好這項工作。
(3)作賓語。例如:
He told me where to find the book. 他告訴我了在哪找到這本書的。
Do you know how to play football? 你知道怎樣踢足球嗎?
八、不定式的被動式
在初中階段還涉及到動詞不定式被動式的一般式,這種形式是由「to be+動詞過去分詞」構成的,表示「被……」之意。例如:
There are twenty more trees to be planted. 有更多的樹要栽種。
『貳』 高中英語語法+敘述這段內容「動詞不定式與被修飾詞之間是動賓關系時,如果不定式是不及物動詞, 動詞後需
答:不定式作後置定語,其邏輯主語是被其修飾的名詞(或代詞)。根據這個被修飾的詞與該不定式的邏輯關系(主動還是被動),決定用不定式的主動式還是被動式,如:the house to be built, 和the years to follow
但是,在:I have sth. to do ,He gave me a book to read. 這種情況下, sth. 盡管與不定式在邏輯上還應是被動關系,但仍用其主動式,不是因為這個不定式與sth有邏輯上的動賓關系(其實上面的的build與the house在邏輯上也是動賓關系,而follow與the years不是),而是因為其動作的執行就在不遠處(I,和me),為了突出表示這層關系,而用不定式的主動式(被動式仍有其用武之地),比較:
I have some clothes to wash this afternoon. 今天下午有幾件衣服要洗。(洗這個動作是I發出,故用主動之to wash)
I have some clothes to be washed this afternoon. 今天下午我有幾件衣服要(拿去讓人)洗。(這衣服和wash之間是被動關系,不是I發出)
在這種情況下,如果不定式是不及物動,當然得加上一個我們容易漏掉的介詞了,如:
He has a comfortable room to live in.
I have a baby to look after.
『叄』 高中英語動詞不定式和動名詞所有的內容
動詞不定式
不定式可在句中作主語、賓語、表語、定語、狀語、補足語,但不能作謂語,可有自己的邏輯主語,即for/of sb to do。
1.不定式作主語
To do that sort of thing is foolish.
It would be better fou you to go there.
(it作形式主語代替後面的不定式)it be adj/n for sb to do sth
注意:不定式作主語表示某次特定的行動;動名詞作主語表示經常性、習慣性的動作。
Walking after supper is helpful.
To walk in the street this evening will be nice.
2.不定式作表語
To see is to believe.
All you have to do is (to)finish the job quickly.
(當表語用來解釋主語中do的具體內容時,表語中的不定式常常省略to)
3.不定式作賓語
He promosed not to tell anybody about it.
(不定式的否定形式為not to do)
He didn』t go to the party last night,but he intended to.
(不定式後的動詞可承前省略,但to不省略)
I think it important for you to recite some English articles.
(如果不定式較長,可用it作形式賓語)
提示:以下動詞只能跟不定式作賓語:afford agree ask attempt decide demand expect fail help hope manage offer plan prepare pretend promise refuse seem wish.
4.不定式作定語
There are many TV sets to choose from.
(1)當不定式之後有介詞與其修飾的名詞有介賓盥洗室,介詞不能省略。
The room is large to live in.
The river is large to swim in.
(2)當名詞前有序數詞、最高級或next,only等修飾時,其後用不定式修飾。
Betty was the first(girl)to come.
He』s the only person to know the truth.
The easisest way to learn English is staying at an English family.
She has a wish to travel around the world.
5.不定式作狀語
He spoke loudly(so as/in order)to be heard.(目的狀語)
I』m to tired to walk any further this afternoon.(結果狀語)
提示:不定式作結果狀語長用於如下結構
so+adj/adv+as to do如此......以至於
such+adj+n+as to do如此......以至於
adj/adv+enough+to do足夠......
too+adv/adj+to do太......以致不能
They jumped with joy to hear the news.(原因狀語)
He raised his hand as if to take off his hat.(方式狀語)
I』m very glad to see you again.
(不定式作修飾表語形容詞的狀語)
6.不定式作賓語補足語
(1)動詞+賓語+帶to的不定式。具有這種用法的動詞有:advise allow ask beg cause chellenge drive encourage expect forbid force hire intend invite order permit persuade remind require teach remind tell want warn等。
She asked me to stay here.
(2)表示見解、看法的動詞+賓語+帶to的不定式(不定式常用to be或to have done形式)。具有這種結構的動詞有:believe consider declare discover feel(認為) find imagine judge suppose think understand等。
I consider him to have done wrong.
(3)感官動詞+賓語+不帶to的不定式(被動式中必須帶to,)。具有這種用法的動詞有:see notice watch lookat observe hear listento feel等。
I heard the clock tick.The boy was seen to run down the street.
(4)使役動詞+賓語+不帶to的不定式(被動式中必須帶to,但have一般不用於被動式)。具有這種用法的動詞有:make have let等。
Shall I have him come here ?
They shouldn』t be made to do such heavy work.
(5)動詞短語+賓語+帶to的不定式。具有這種用法的片語有:arrange for ask for call on count on long for depend on rely on wait for等。
I』m waiting for you to reply.
高考真題
1.I like getting up very early in summer.The morning air is so good______.
A.to be breathed B.to breathe C.breathing D.being breathed
be+adj+to do不定式用主動形式。The house is comfortable to live in.
2.The director had her assistant______some hot dogs for the meeting.
A.picked up B.picks up C.pick up D.picking up
have sb do sth讓某人做某事
3.I feel greatly honoured______into their society.
A.to welcome B.welcoming C.to be welcomed D.welcomed
考察非謂語動詞。從句是看,這里用不定式作狀語,用主系表+to do sth,這里用不定式的被動語態表示受到歡迎。
4.Due to the heavy rain and flooding,ten million people have been forced______their homes.
A.leaving B.to leave C.to be left D.being left
此處考察be forced to do sth固定結構。在force sb to do sth這一結構中,不定式作動詞force的賓語補足語。
課後訓練
1.I don』t want______like I』m speaking ill of anybody,but the manager』s plan is unfair.
A.to sound B.to be sounded C.sounding D.to have sounded
2.All these gifts must be mailed immediately______in time for Chrismas.
A.in order to have received B.in order to receive
C.so as to be received D.so as to be receiving
3.He hurried to the station only______that the train had left.
A.to find B.finding C.found D.to have found
4.I meant______abroad with them,but I didn』t have enough money.
A.going B.to go C.to have gone D.having gone
5.The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier,______it more difficult.
A.not make B.not to make C.not making D.do not make
6.I』ve worked with children before,so I know what______in my new job.
A.expected B.to expect C.to be excepting D.expects
7.She pretended______when I came in.
A.to read B.read C.to be reading D.reading
8.They knew her very well.They had seen her______up from childhood.
A.grow B.grew C.was growing D.grown
9.She is often heard______English aloud in the morning.
A.read B.to read C.having read D.to be reading
10.When I went to the Smiths』,they happened______dinner.
A.to have B.to be having C.to having been having D.having
動名詞
V-ing作主語和賓語
1.動名詞作主語
(1)謂語動詞用單數。
Wishing for things costs nothing.願望是不花本錢的。
(2)有時用形式主語,多用於一些固定句式中。
It』s no use worrying about it.發愁沒有用。
It』s useless arguing(=to argue) with them.跟他們爭辯徒勞無益。
Do you think it』s worthwhile quarrelling with me?你認為我們吵值得嗎?
It is hopeless arguing about it.為此爭論毫無用處。
(3)有時用被動式。
It』s fun being taken to the zoo.被帶去逛動物園很有意思。
(4)前面有形容詞性物主代詞或名詞所有格做邏輯主語。
It』s a waste of time you talking to him.你和他談話時浪費時間。
Jenny』s not going to college is her one regret.傑尼沒上過大學是她感到遺憾的事。
2.動名詞作賓語
(1)牢記只能接動名詞,不接不定式的動詞、短語和句型。
動詞:allow, permit, consider, suggest, advice, keep(on), finish, imagine, practise, understand, appreciate, enjoy, miss, prevent, forbid, escape, include, deny, forgive, pardon, excuse, dislike, discuss, report, admit, mind, risk, delay, postpone(推遲)等。
(2)短語:put off, can』t stand, burst out(突然開始), feel like, insist on, give up, be busy, be worth, succeed in, look forward to, devote…to/be devoted to(致力於), be/get used to, lead to, get down to(開始認真做),pay attention to, refer to, point to, turn to, object to, equal to, belong to等。
3.句型:spend … in doing在某方面花費
prevent /stop/keep…from doing阻止……做……
How/What about doing sth?做……怎麼樣?
have sone difficulty/trouble(in) doing sth在做某事方面有困難
have a hard time in doing sth做某事很艱難
there is no sense in doing做……是沒有道理的
(2)牢記動名詞和接動詞不定式意義差別很大的動詞或短語。
remember
forget
regret
mean
stop
try
go on
can』t help
sb need/want/require to do(需要、想要、要求做某事)
sth need/want/require doing(=to be done)(某物需要做某事)
同步訓練
翻譯下列句子
1.我最喜歡的運動是游泳。
_____________________________
2.今天去沒有用,他不會在家。
_____________________________
3.你作文寫完了嗎?
_____________________________
4.請原諒我來晚了。
_____________________________
5.他不聲不響地走了進來。
_____________________________
6.他走進來了,沒有被看見。
____________________________
參考答案
My favourite sport is swimming.
It』s no use going there today.He won』t be in(can』t be in).
Have you finished writing your composition.
Excuse me for being late.
He entered the room without making any noise.
He entering the room without being seen.
V-ing作定語和表語
1.動詞的-ing形式作表語
(1)動名詞作表語,說明主語的內容,指一般性、經常性的動作。
His job is teaching English.
=Teaching English is his Job.
(2)現在分詞作表語,相當於形容詞,說明主語的性質;可有比較形式,也可被very等副詞所修飾。
He was very amusing.
Skiing is more exciting than skating.滑雪比溜冰更刺激。
2.動詞的-ing形式作定語
(1)動名詞作定語表示所修飾名詞的功能;被修飾的名詞與動詞沒有邏輯上的主謂關系;可用「名詞+for+動名詞」來表達;動名詞通常只位於所修飾的名詞前。
a swimming pool =a pool for swimming
a walking stick=a stick for walking
(2)現在分詞作定語表示性質、特徵、狀態或動作;被修飾的名詞與現在分詞在邏輯上有主謂關系;可換成定語從句來表達;單個的現在分詞作定語,常置於被修飾的名詞前面;現在分詞短語作定語,須置於被修飾名詞的後面。
Nobody can stop the running horse=the horse that is running 沒有人能阻止那配奔跑的馬。horse與running之間存在邏輯上的主謂關系。
I know the man standing there=who is standing there
(3)如何區分作定語的動名詞和現在分詞
動詞的-ing形式可以分成動名詞和現在分詞。都可以作定語。
動名詞與所修飾的名詞間的關系,以swimming pool 為例,是說the pool; is for swimming即為游泳而設,同樣a walking stick=The stick is for walking.
而現在分詞作定語所表示得是名詞的性質或名詞的特徵。
an interesting book=The book is interesting.
exciting news=the news is exciting
用試加法區別作定語的現在分詞和動名詞:
試加法是用for帶入原含有v+ing形式的片語中,意思通順者,v+ing形式為動名詞。a sleeping car=a car for sleeping(car是供睡覺的),a dancing hall=a hall for dancing(hall是供跳舞的)。二句均通順,合乎邏輯,所以sleeping和dancing均為動名詞。又如:a sleeping boy=a boy for sleeping(boy供睡覺),顯然意思不通順,因而sleeping在此處便是現在分詞了。
這樣定語還可以用試加轉換定語從句法加以驗證。一般說來能轉換成合理的定語從句的v+ing即為現在分詞。
A sleeping boy=a boy who is sleeping
Working people=people who are working
3.動詞-ing形式作賓語補足語。
(1)動詞-ing形式用作賓語補足語,賓語與補足語有主動關系,表示「動作正在發生(即處於發生的過程中)」。
She caught them stealing her apples.(them與stealing有主動關系;在「撞見時」正在偷。)
(2)試比較以下句子
I saw the boy climbed the wall.我看見那小男孩爬牆。(強調爬牆這件事)
I saw the boy climbing the wall.我看見那小男孩正在爬牆。(強調爬牆的情景)
同步訓練
1.The next morning she found the man______in bed,dead.
A.lying B.lie C.lay D.laying
2.The squirrel(松鼠)was lucky that it just missed ______.
A.catching B.to be caught C.being caught D.to catch
3.She didn』t remember______him before.
A.having met B.have met C.to meet D.to having met
4.There was a terrible noise______the sudden burst of light.
A.followed B.following C.to be followed D.being followed
5.The secretary worked late into the night,______a long speech for the president.
A.to prepare B.preparing C.prepared D.was preparing
6.I can hardly imagine Peter______across the Atlantic Ocean in five days.
A.sail B.to sailed C.sailing D.to have sailed
7.---I usually go there by train.
---Why not______by boat for a chance?
A.to try doing B.trying to go C.to try and go D.try going
8.I would appreciate______back this afternoon.
A.you to call B.you call C.you calling D.you are calling
9.______a reply,he decided to write again.
A.Not receiving B.Receiving not C.Not having received D.Having not received
10.The missing boys were last seen______near the river.
A.playing B.to be playing C.play D.to play
參考答案
1-5 A A B A B 6-10 B B A B B
V-ing作狀語
1.作時間狀語
(While) Working in the factory,he was an advanced worker.
2.作原因狀語
Being a League member,he is always helping others.
3.作方式狀語,表示伴隨。
He stayed at home,cleaning and washing.
4.作條件狀語。
(If) Playing all day,you will waste your valuable time.
5.作結果狀語。
He dropped the glass,breaking it into pieces.
6.做目的狀語。
He went swimming the other day.
7.作讓步狀語。
Though raining heavily,it cleared up very soon.
8.與邏輯主語構成獨立主格。「獨立主格結構」是由名詞或代詞作為邏輯主語,加上分詞、形容詞、副詞、動詞不定式或介詞短語作為邏輯謂語構成。這種結構在形式上與主句沒有關系,通常稱為「獨立主格結構」。
I waiting for the bus,a bird fell on my head.
我等汽車時,一隻鳥落到我頭上。
All the tickets having been sold out,they went away disappointedly.
所有的票已經賣光了,他們失望地離開了。
Time permitting,we』ll do another two exercise.
如果時間允許,我們將做另外兩個練習。
有時也可用with(without)+名詞(代詞賓格)+分詞形式
With the lights burning,he fell asleep.他點著燈睡著了。
9.作獨立成分。
Judging from his appearance,he must be an actor.
從外表看,他一定是個演員。
Generally speaking,girls are more careful.
一般說來,女孩子更加細心。
同步訓練
1.More and more people are signing up for Yuga classes nowdays,______advantage of the health and relaxation benefits.
A.taking B.taken C.having taken D.having been taking
2.While watching television,______.
A.the doorbell ran B.the doorbell rings
C.we heard the doorbell ring D.we heard the doorbell rings
3.In April,2009,President Hu inspected the warships in Qin,______the 60th anniversary founding of the PLA Navy.
A.marking B.marked C.having marked D.being marked
4.At the age of 29,Dave was a worker,______in a small apartment near Boston and______what to do about his future.
A.living;wordering B.lived;wordering
C.lived;wordered D.living;wondered
5.He glanced over at her,______that though she was tiny,she seemed very well put together.
A.noticing B.noticed C.to notice D.having noticed
6.The flowers______sweet in the botanic garden attract the visitors to the beauty of nature.
A.to smell B.smelling C.smelt D.to be smelt
7.The old man,______abroad for twenty years,is on the way back to his motherland.
A.A.to work B.working C.to have worked D.having worked
8.______,the more expensive the camera,the better its quality.
A.General speaking B.Speaking general
C.Generally speaking D.Speaking generally
9.The storm left,______a lot of damage to this area.
A.caused B.to have caused C.to cause D.having caused
10.Reading is an experience quite different from watching TV;there are pictures______in your mind instead of before your eyes.
A.to form B.form C.forming D.having formed
參考答案
1-5 A C A A A 6-10C D C D C
A B A B 6-10 B B A B B
我的教案
『肆』 高中動詞不定式的語法
動詞不定式的語法功能有哪些
動詞不定式可以表示目的
表示結果
表示一種未發生的事情
『伍』 英語.求高中所有重要的動詞不定式短語和句型,全點!如果可以的話,說一下用法.
當然可以加動詞.而且不定式和變位動詞都可以.如:Je ne veux ni manger ni boire.Je n'ai ni mangé ni bu.
『陸』 英語不定式語法
英語中動詞的主要功能是做謂語,而動詞不定式不能作謂語,所以叫動詞的非謂語形式。動詞不定式有兩種形式,一是帶to的不定式,一是不帶to的不定式,後者都由動詞原形構成。
不定式有動詞的性質,有語態和時態。如:
一般式主動語態:to
write
被動語態:to
be
written
進行式:to
be
writing
完成式:to
have
written
完成式被動語態:to
have
been
written
動詞不定式的動詞性質還表現在可帶賓語和狀語組成不定式短語。例:Bill
asked
me
not
to
say
his
name
aloud.
(比爾要我別大聲叫他的名字。有賓語和狀語。)
不定式也有名詞的性質,表現在可以在句中做主語、賓語、表語等。如:
To
be
content
with
little
is
true
happiness.知足常樂。(主語)
She
wants
to
improve
her
biology.她想提高她的生物學水平。(賓語)
He
was
the
right
man
to
marry
Jane.
他正是要娶簡的人。(定語)
動詞不定式在句子中非常活躍,除了謂語之外所有的成分都能擔當,位置往往靈活多變,要根據句子來具體分析,這大概是稱為「不定」的原因吧。
『柒』 英語中動詞不定式的詳細用法
動詞不定式在中學英語中應用非常廣泛,一方面在句中可起名詞、形容詞或副詞的作用,同時也可在句中作主語、賓語、定語、狀語和賓語補足語。動詞不定式的形式一般是to +動詞原形,但to有時要省去。而動詞不定式在具體運用時用不用to,取決於謂語動詞的用法。現就以下幾方面介紹如下。
一、 不定式結構
1. 帶to的不定式結構
能直接跟帶to的不定式結構的動詞主要有:want, ask, tell, hope, learn, try, decide, forget, remember, like, love, stop, go, come等。如:
I want to go to the movies with you.
我想跟你一起去看電影。
Don』t forget to turn off the light before you leave.
在你離開之前別忘了關燈。
注意:動詞不定式的否定形式是在不定式前直接加not,即not to do sth.。如:
Dave told me not to wake up Kate.
大衛告訴我別叫醒凱特。
2. 不帶to的不定式結構
以下幾種情況使用不帶to的動詞不定式:
(1)在固定片語had better之後。注意:had better的否定形式是had better not do sth.。如:
You had better go home now.
你最好現在回家。
It』s cold outside. You』d better not go out.
外面很冷,你最好不要出去。
(2)在let, make, see, feel, watch, hear等感官或使役動詞後,要跟不帶to的動詞不定式作賓語補足語。如:
I made them give me the money back.
我迫使他們把錢還給我。
I didn』t see you come in.
我沒看見你進來。
(3)在引導疑問句的why not之後。Why not+不帶to的不定式是Why don』t you do的省略,可以用來提出建議或勸告。如:
Why not study with us?
為什麼不和我們一起學呢?
Why not take a holiday?=Why don』t you take a holiday?
為什麼不休個假呢?
(4)不定式動詞在介詞but, except, besides後面時,如這些介詞前有實義動詞do的各種形式,則後接不帶to的不定式,否則帶to。如:
I have no choice but to accept the fact.
除了接受這個事實我別無選擇。
What do you like to do besides swim?
除了游泳你還喜歡做什麼?
(5)為了避免重復,不定式可省去to。如:
I』m really puzzled what to think or say.
對於想什麼或說什麼,我真的很困惑。
二、 不定式的時態
不定式常用的時態有一般時、完成時、進行時和完成進行時四種,常用的為前三種。
1. 一般時
動詞不定式的一般式表示不定式的動作或狀態與謂語動詞所表示的動作同時發生或在之後發生。如:
I plan to attend the meeting.
我計劃參加這次會議。
2. 完成時
不定式的完成式表示不定式的動作發生在謂語動詞表示的動作之前。如:
I am sorry to have kept you waiting.
很抱歉讓你久等了。
3. 進行時
不定式的進行式表示不定式的動作與謂語動詞所表示的動作同時發生。如:
They are said to be working hard.
據說他們工作得很努力。
4. 完成進行時
不定式的完成進行式表示不定式的動作在謂語動詞之前已經發生,並且一直進行著。如:
He is said to have been working in that factory for twelve years.
據說他已在那家工廠工作12年了。
三、 動詞不定式在句中的作用
1. 作主語
如:To live is to work.
生活就是工作。
To save time is to lengthen life.
節約時間就等於延長了人的生命。
不定式結構作主語時,現代英語傾向於採用it作形式主語,而把不定式結構後置的形式。如:
It is important for students to study English.
學好英語對學生來說是很重要的。
2. 作定語
(1)不定式作定語,要放在它所修飾的名詞或代詞的後面。如:
I have nothing to say on this question.
對這個問題我無可奉告。
(2)如果不定式是不及物動詞,後面就應有必要的介詞。如:
Give me a piece of paper to write on. 給我一張紙寫字。
(3)有些名詞常可用不定式作定語。如:
Our teacher had no time to think about rest.
我們老師根本沒時間考慮休息一下。
3. 作賓語
I wish to be a college student.
我希望成為一名大學生。
有的及物動詞要求跟復合賓語(賓語+賓語補足語)。如果其中的賓語是不定式短語,則必須將形式賓語it放在賓語的位置上,而將不定式短語(真正的賓語)放在賓語補足語之前。如:
I find it useful to learn English well.
我發現學好英語很有用。
4. 作賓語補足語
動詞不定式作賓語補足語是動詞不定式用法的一個重點,學習時要注意以下三種情況。
(1)作動詞ask, like, tell等的賓語補足語時,動詞不定式符號to不可以省略。如:
He asked me to talk about English study.
他請我談談英語學習。
(2)作使役動詞let, have, make以及感官動詞feel, hear, see, watch等的賓語補足語時,動詞不定式符號to要省略。如:
The teacher made him say the word like this.
老師讓他像這樣說這個單詞。
(3)作動詞help的賓語補足語時,動詞不定式符號to可以帶,也可以不帶。如:
Could you help me (to) carry the heavy box?
你能幫我搬這個重箱子嗎?
5. 作狀語
動詞不定式及其短語具有副詞的特性,可在句中作狀語。
(1)作目的狀語。如:
He stopped to have a rest.
他停下來休息。
(2)作結果狀語。如:
He woke up to find everybody gone.
他醒來發現大家都走了。
(3)在某些表示喜、怒、哀、樂等的形容詞後作原因狀語。如:
I』m sorry to hear your grandma is ill.
聽到你奶奶生病真遺憾。
(4)在帶有enough或too的句子里作狀語,表程度。如:
He is old enough to go to school.
他到了上學年齡了。
(5)強調動詞不定式所表示的目的時,動詞不定式可用in order to或so as to +動詞原形,so as to不用於句首。如:
The bus stopped so as to pick up passengers.
公共汽車停下來以便接乘客。。。
字典和語法書上查得的,現成的答案,建議你買本語法書看看,很有用!
『捌』 英語語法(動詞不定式)
【動詞不定式】
1.定義:動詞 + 不定式to do
2.用途:
動詞不定式在句中可以作句子任何成分。動詞不定式的被動形式除了一般形式外還有其完成式和進行式。
[動詞不定式的語態]
動詞不定式可以作以上各種成分,但它畢竟是動詞,所以有動詞的屬性
動詞不定式及其短語還可以有自己的賓語、狀語,雖然動詞不定式在語法上沒有表面上的直接主語,但它表達的意義是動作,這一動作一定由使動者發出。這一使動者我們稱之為 邏輯主語,其形式如下:
主動形式 被動形式
一般式 (not) to make (not) to be made
完成式 (not) to have made (not) to have been made
進行式 (not) to be making
完成進行式 (not) to have been making
(1)語態
如果動詞不定式的邏輯主語是這個不定式所表示的動作的承受者,不定式一般要用被動語態形式。如:
It's a great honour to be invited to Mary's birthday party.(不定式作主語)
It was impossible for lost time to be made up.(不定式作主語)
I wish to be sent to work in the country.(不定式作賓語)
Can you tell me which is the car to be repaired?(不定式作定語)
He went to the hospital to be examined.(不定式作狀語)
在There be結構中,修飾主語的不定式可用被動,也可用主動。如:There are still many things to t ake care of (to be taken care of).但有時兩種形式表達的意思不同,如:These is nothing to do now.( We have nothing to do now.) There is nothing to be done now.(We can do nothing now.)
這樣看來,你的句子
The problem isn't easy to work out. 不定式作賓語
The building to be built here next month will be a supermarket.不定式作定語
Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains to be seen whether they will enjoy it.不定式作賓語
OK?希望能幫到你啊!