㈠ 英語語法—什麼是主系表結構
英漢對譯指導》一書的前言中寫道：「天下萬事萬物無論怎樣紛繁，都可以從中理出個道理來。千差萬別的英語句子可以統歸為五個基本句型。」五個基本句型又通過變換方式成為千差萬別的英語句子，表達豐富的思想內容，而謂語動詞是一切不同句子的中心。
五個基本句型是：主謂結構，主系表結構，主謂賓結構，主謂雙賓語結構，主謂復合賓語（賓語＋賓語補足語）結構。
五個句型貫穿於整個中學英語課本中。為了幫助同學們學好英語，本文擬對主系表結構作一歸納和分析。供同學們學習時參考。
一 . 何謂主系表結構：所謂主系表結構就是英語句子中的主要成分是主語、系動詞和表語。
1. 主語（ Subject ）：主語是一句話的中心，表示所說的是誰或是什麼，其位置一般放在句首。英語中主語一般不省略。主語主要由名詞、動名詞、代詞或起名詞作用的短語或從句來充當。例如：
Li Lei is a Chinese boy. （ Li Lei 是名詞，作主語。）
He is from England. （ He 是代詞，作主語。）
Feeding the birds is my hobby. （「 Feeding the birds 」是動名詞短語，作主語。）
What she said is right. （「 What she said 」是從句，作主語。）
2. 系動詞（ Link verb ）：系動詞本身有一定的詞義，但不能獨立作謂語，必須和句子中的表語一起構成謂語。簡單地說，將主語和表語聯系在一起，並構成一個完整句子的動詞就叫做系動詞。目前學到的系動詞有 be ， feel ， look ， sound ， taste ， smell 等。例如：
This flower is beautiful.
I felt very tired.
You look worried.
It tastes delicious.
3. 表語（ Predicative ）：表語是用來說明主語的身份、特徵或狀態的。它又叫作主語補足語。表語位於系動詞之後，主要由名詞、代詞、形容詞、數詞、副詞、介詞短語、分詞（短語）或動名詞（短語）等來充當。例如：
I am fine . （ fine 是形容詞，作表語）
He is a boy . （ boy 是名詞，作表語）
Five plus two is seven . （ seven 是數詞，作表語）
We are here . （ here 是副詞，作表語）
He is not at home . （「 at home 」是介詞短語，作表語）
My hobby is reading . （ reading 是動名詞，作表語）
二 . 主系表結構的否定形式和一般疑問句形式的構成情況
（一）否定形式：
1. 主語＋ be （ is ， am ， are ） not ＋表語。
2. 主語＋助動詞（ do/ does ）＋ not ＋ feel/ smell/ look…… ＋表語。例如：
She is a good girl. → She is not a good girl.
You look happy. → You don』t look happy.
It smells bad. → It doesn』t smell bad.
（二）一般疑問句形式：
1. Be （ Is / Am/ Are ）＋主語＋表語？
2. 助動詞（ Do/ Does ）＋主語＋動詞原形＋表語？例如：
This girl is in Row One. → Is this girl in Row One？
She feels terrible. → Does she feel terrible？
We look excited. → Do you look excited？
以上是初中教材中關於主系表結構的重點內容，請同學們一定掌握好。
請大家按句子後面括弧內的要求改寫句子：
1. Lily is American. （改為一般疑問句）
2. I am from Sichuan. （改為否定句）
3. He looks puzzled. （改為一般疑問句）
4. They feel very excited. （改為否定句）
5. I am not feeling well. （改為肯定句）
6. The news sounds very bad. （改為一般疑問句）
7. We are all here. （改為一般疑問句）
8. The food tastes delicious. （改為一般疑問句）
9. Its name is Mimi. （改為否定句）
10. I feel well. （改為否定句）
Key：
1. Is Lily American？
2. I am not from Sichuan.
3. Does he look puzzled？
4. They don』t feel excited.
5. I am feeling well.
6. Does the news sound very bad？
7. Are you all here？
8. Does the food taste delicious？
9. Its name is not Mimi.
10. I don』t feel well.
㈡ 英語語法（句子結構
At the center is Ms. Rosales, 55, who was born in Mexico and shares a home with José Carlos Bergantinos, an art consultant and collector from Spain， with whom she once operated a gallery in Manhattan, exhibiting the work of artists like Pablo Picasso and Andy Warhol.
請高手分析一下句子中with whom的用法和句子結構
答：這句話的主句是At the center is Ms. Rosales。是同位語。who-從句是非限制性定語從句（至句尾）。
在這個從句中，又出現了一個人名Jose Carlos Bergantinos, 後面又來了一個同位語an art consultant and collector form Spain. 後面又來了一個非限制性定語從句，來對這個人的情況加以補充。 而這個從句後面又有一個現在分詞短語作狀語，表示伴隨情況：exhibiting ...
㈢ 英語語法句子結構
They主語 are謂語 very low maintenance表語.
And, most important狀語,the yellow divers 主語if ication,狀語從句or spreading the risk狀語, with the investor's money.狀語，這個句子沒回有謂語，有誤的。答
㈣ 英語語法結構
這三種結構的相同點: 意思相同,都表示"眾所周知/我們大家都知道"
不同點:用法各不相同.
It is known to us all中的It為形式賓語,因此這種結構後必須接一個主語從句來作真正的主語.
這個主語從句可以是that或wh-類連詞引導的從句.即:
It is known to us all+that/what/when/where/how從句.
as is known to us all是由as引導的定語從句,
as指代後面或前面的整個主句,因此as is known to us all結構可放句首,也可放句中或句末,
但一定要用逗號與主句隔開.
what is known to us all是一個名詞性從句,常用來作主語從句,用於這個結構中:
What is known to us all is that....
例如: It is known to us all that he will visit our school tomorrow .
=As is known to us all , he will visit our school tomorrow .
=What is known to us all is that he will visit our school tomorrow .
As is known to us all, the earth goes round the sun!
=It is known to us all that the earth goes round the sun!
=What is known to us all is that the earth goes round the sun!
It is known to us all when the meeting will be held .
It is known to us all where the meeting will be held .
It is known to us all why you didn't come to school yesterday.
㈤ 英語語法總結，所有的
一、非謂語動詞
「非謂語動詞」可分為動詞不定式、動名詞和分詞。它在句子中的作用很多：除了不作謂語外，它可以充當主語、賓語、表語、定語、狀語與復合賓語(主語補語或賓語補語)。有些及物動詞後面接不帶to的不定式作復合賓語。這些動詞歸納如下：一感(feel)．二聽(hear，listen to)，三讓(have，1et， make)，四看(see，watCh，notice，observe)。再加上help somebody(to)do something和美國英語look at somebody do somthing。還有「二讓」屬特殊：get somebody to do something 與keep somebody doing。而有些及物動詞後面接動名詞(the -ing form)作賓語。這些動詞歸納為一句話：Papa C makes friends。這是由如下動詞的開頭字母組成：permit，advise， practise，avoid,consider,mind, allow,keep,enjoy,suggest, finish，risk，imagine,escape,need，delay，stand(忍受)。 為了容易記住，也可以編成順口溜：「允許完成練習，建議避免冒險，考慮延期逃跑，喜歡保持想像，需要反對忍受」。其相對應的動詞依次是：permit/allow,finish,practise；
advise／suggest， avoid，risk： consider， delay， escape／miss； enjoy／appreciate， keep， imagine； need/want／require,mind． can't help／can』t stand。
二、復合句
1、學生最容易混淆的是定語從句與同位語從句的區別。
例如：A、The news that our team has won the match is true． (同位語從句)
B、The news that he told us surprised everybody here． (定語從句)
關鍵的區別在於連接或關系代詞that：有意義的是定語， 無意義的是同位。因為引導定語從句的that在從句中作主語或 賓語，而引導同位語從句的that只起到連接詞的作用。
2、接著容易混淆的是引導定語從句的關系代詞that與 which：that之前是不定(代詞)、序數(詞)、(形容詞)最高級：which之前是介詞短語與逗號(非限制性)。
例如：A、All that we have to do is to practise every day．
B、The first lesson that I learned will never be forgotten．
C、I have lost my pen，which I like very much.
D、The house in front of which there is a garden is my home．
三、It的用法
1、It除了代替人和物以外，還可以作形式主語。而真正的主語(不定式、動名詞或從句)則放於謂語或表語之後。
例如：It is nor easy to finish the work in two days.
然而有少數表語之後接動名詞作真正的主語。這些表語是：無助(no help)、無用(no use)、沒好處(no good)；工作(hard work)、費時(a waste of time)、又危險(a danger)。
例如：A、It is no use crying over spilt milk.
B、It is a waste of time waiting for him．
2、It還可以作形式賓語。通常下列動詞後面可接it作形式賓語：2f2tcjm(find，feel,think,take,consider，judge, make)。
例如：A、He made it clear that he was not interested in this subject．
B、I think it no use arguing with him.
3、It用於強調句式。要強調句子的某一部分(主語、賓語、 狀語)，可以把it當作先行詞。這種句子的結構是：It is(was)+ 被強調部分+that(who)+句子的其餘部分。
例如：A、It iS Professor Lin who teaches us English—(強調主語)
B、It was in Shanghai that l saw the film.—(強調狀語)
C、It was in 1990 that I worked in the factory．(同上)
但要注意與定語從句的區別。
例如：D、It was 1990 when I worked in the factory．(定語從句)
在強調句式里，我們把強調結構It is(was)…that除去，句子還很完整。如例句C。而例句D就不能。
四、倒裝結構
學生容易混淆的是全部倒裝與部分倒裝。如何區分之，編個順口溜：副(adv.)介(prep．)提前全倒裝，其它句式部分倒；否定提前倒助動，讓步狀語倒表語；復合句式倒主句，不
倒裝的屬特殊。下面舉例說明：
A、Here comes the bus．(副詞提前，全倒裝)
B、Here he comes.(代詞作主語，不倒裝)
C、In front of the house lies a garden.(介詞短語提前，全倒裝)
D、Never shall I do this again.(否定詞提前，部分倒裝)
E、Young as he is ,he knows a lot.(讓步狀語從句，表語倒裝)
F、Only when he told me did I realize what trouble he was in．(only 修飾狀語，主句倒裝)
G、Only he can save the patient.(only修飾主語．不倒裝)
H、Not only will help be given to people,but also medical treatment will be provided.(否定詞提前，部分倒裝)
I、Not only he but also we like sports.(連接兩個主語，不倒裝)
五、虛擬語氣
虛擬語氣也是一個難點。所謂虛擬語氣是表示說話人的願望、假設、猜測或建議，而不表示客觀存在的事實。它通過句子的謂語動詞的特殊形式來表示。現歸納如下：純假設，用虛擬，動詞時態退一級：條件句，分主從，主句謂語前加would (should,could，might)；表願望,用虛擬，wish後面接賓語(從句)：現在過去與將來，動詞時態退一級：提建議，用虛擬，賓語(從句)動詞用(should)do：倆建議，三要求，再加堅持與命令(suggest,advise,demand,require,request,insist,order)：It is time和eoukd rather,後接叢句用虛擬：部分主語從句中， 謂語用虛擬結構 (It is necessry /important/natural/natural/strange/strange that……should do)。 下面舉例說明：
A、If you came tomorrow,we would have the metting. (條件句虛擬)
B、Without air,there would be no living things.(同上)
C、We wish we had arrived there two hours earlier.(表示願望虛擬）
D、He demanded that we (should)start right away.(表示建議虛擬)
E、It is(high)time that we left (should leave)now．(特殊從句虛擬）
F、I would rather you gave me the book．(同上)
G、It is necessary that we should clean the room everyday，(主語從句虛擬)
H、He speaks English so fluently as if he were English． (特殊從句虛擬)
㈥ 英語語法結構
there be 句型就是倒裝句的一種，實際上這句話的結構應該是：about 105 males are born for every 100 females.如果看得更明白一些版可以這樣說：for every 100 females, about 105 males are born. born是bear生育的權done結構，大約105個男性被生出來的意思。此句表示男女比例為1.05：1
㈦ 初二英語語法歸納
1. look pretty 看上去漂亮的
1. taste salty 嘗起來鹹的
2. feel tight 感覺有些緊
3. smell sour 聞上去酸的
4. sound noisy 聽上去吵鬧的
5. so much food 這么多食物
6. get the food ready把食物准備好
7. can』t wait to do sth.迫不及待地做某事
8. hear from sb. 收到某人的來信
9. shake hands 握手
10. last message 上個信息
11. be proud of sb. 為某人自豪
12. have a party 開聚會
13. the first time 第一次
14. family member 家庭成員
15. say hello to sb.與某人問好
16. have a try 試一試
17. introce sb. to sb.把某人介紹給
18. get angry with sb. 對某人生氣
19. be afraid of doing sth 害怕做某事.
20. be excited about doing sth.做某事感到興奮
21. do something wrong 做錯事
22. ride a bicycle 騎自行車
23. would like to do sth. 想要做某事
24. make cookies 做小甜餅
25. What』s the matter with you? 你怎麼了？
26. What』 she like? 她為人怎樣？
27. What does she look like? 她長的怎樣？
feel (感覺，摸起來)
sound（聽起來）
look（看上去）
28.主語+感官動詞(連系動詞) seem （好象） +adj.
smell（聞起來）
taste （吃起來）
keep （保持）
become / get/ turn （變得）
Mole 8
1. around town 環城之行
2. go along 沿著---走
3. turn left/ right into---向左/右轉
4. on the corner of (在街道)拐角處
5. between---and---在----和----之間
6. on the left of---在---的左邊
7. opposite the market 在市場的對面
8. by boat 乘船
9. take boat 乘船
10. on a clear day 在晴朗的日子裡
11. the way to -------的路
12. the best way 最好的方法
13. get off 下（車， 船）
14. go past 走過
15. go for a walk 散步
16. buy things you need 買你需要的東西
17. go swimming 去游泳
18. get something to eat 買些吃的東西
19. be full of 裝滿了---
20. most of 大多數
21. at the ticket office 在售票處
22. follow it on the map
23. Where is the park?
How can I get to the park?
Can you tell me the way to the park?
Is there a park near here?
Do you know the way to the park?
Mole 9
1.瀕危動物: animals in danger
2.需要做某事: need to do
3.沒有喝水： without drinking
4.了解: learn about…
5.令人驚奇的事情:: the surprising thing
6.很吃驚地干某事: be surprised to do sth
7.干某事很悲傷: It』s sad to do sth
8.為了…而殺死: kill…for…
9.停止捕殺很難: It』s hard to stop killing
10.沒有地方住: no places to live in
11.沒有足夠吃的食物no enough food to eat
12.這水不好喝: The water isn』t good to drink
13.帶走它: take it away
14.住在森林裡: live in the forests
15.決定不做某事: decide not to do
16:變得很嚴峻: become very serious
17.以…為生: live on…
18.照顧: look after (them, her…)
19.有足夠住的地方:enough places to live in
20.越來越少的土地居住 less and less land to live on
21.制定計劃: make a plan
22.生長得更好：grow better
23.最著名的科學家: the best-known scientist
24.以 而聞名: be famous for…
25.的標志（象徵） the symbol of…
26.想起 think of…
27.考慮: think about (it)
28.例如: for example / such as…
29.幾乎沒有熊貓 very few pandas.
30.也，同樣 as well as…
31.你真是太好了干某事 It』s really nice of you to do sth…
32.向某人展示某物show sb about sth..
33.干某事的一個計劃: a plan to do sth…
34.設計海報 design a poster
35.保持…干凈: keep sth clean
36.保持地球的干凈: keep the Earth clean
37.砍伐森林: cut down the forests
38.污染河流: pollute the rivers
39.為某人而工作: work for sb
40.在野外: in the wild
41.究竟 : on earth
42.聽到那個消息很難過：I』m sorry to hear that.
43.使得某人發狂: make sb mad
44: 把它變臟: make it dirty
45. 查找它: find it out
46.和平地生存：live in peace.
47.自然保護區: nature reserve
48.最後: at last
49.干某事是有趣的: It』s interesting to do
50.需要保護: need to protect…
51.變得稀少: become rare
52.最瀕危的動物之一one of the animals most in danger
53．出生： be born
54．由於許多不同的原因：for many different reasons
Mole 10
1. offer to do sth. 主動提出做某事
2. watch a performance of 看----的演出
3. the center of the neighbourhood 居住地的中心
4. say goodbye to sb. 向某人說再見
5. the Qing Dynasty 清朝
6. the Anti-Japanese War 抗日戰爭
7. send sb. to some place 送/派某人去某地
8. the Teacher』s School 師范學校
9. from – to – 從----到----
10. be named 被命名為
11. people』s artist 人民的藝術家
12. great Master of Language 語言大師
13. folk music 民歌
14. magic shows 魔術表演
15. at the teahouse 在茶館
16. enjoy sth. 從某事得到樂趣
17. the twentieth century 二十世紀
18. give a wonderful welcome 熱烈歡迎
19. take place 發生
20. make them study hard 使他們努力學習
21. fall in love with sb. 與某人相愛
22. marry sb. 娶了/嫁給某人
23. the best part of the film 電影最好的部分
24. the name of ----的名字
25. more than one meaning 不止一個意思
26. the same dream 相同的夢想
27. Beijing Children』s Art Theatre 北京兒童藝術劇院
28. a gold medal 金牌
29. somebody else 別的人
30. a well-known poet 著名的詩人
31. a writer for TV, opera and drama 一位集電視劇，歌劇及戲劇創作於一身的作家
32. finish doing sth 結束做某事
33. be good for 對---有利
34. understand their children better 更好的了解孩子
35. manage to do sth. 設法做成某事
36. make a decision 做出決定
Mole 11
1. The Spring Festival 春節
2. at the moment 現在
3. depend on 根據---而定/ 依靠
4. find out 找出，查明
5. choose carefully 仔細挑選
6. the places to see 要看的地方
7. in winter 在冬天
8. change colour 改變顏色
9. in the northwest 在西北
10. remember to do sth 記得干某事
11. freezing cold 非常冷
12. from time to time 時常
13. take an umbrella 帶把雨傘
14. for a long time 長時間
15. on holiday 度假
16. best of all 最好的是
17. start to do sth. 開始做某事
Unit 1: How often do you exercise?
【應掌握的片語】
1. go to the movies 去看電影
2. look after = take care of 照顧
3. surf the internet 上網
4. healthy lifestyle 健康的生活方式
5. go skate boarding 去劃板
6. keep healthy=stay healthy 保持健康
7. exercise=take(much)exercise=do sports鍛煉
8. eating habits 飲食習慣
9. take more exercise 做更多的運動
10. the same as 與什麼相同
11. be different from 不同
12. once a month一月一次
13. twice a week一周兩次
14. make a difference to 對什麼有影響
15. how often 多久一次
16. although = though雖然
17. most of the students=most students
18. shop=go shopping=do some shopping 購物
19. as for至於
20. activity survey活動調查
21. do homework做家庭作業
22. do house work做家務事
23. eat less meat吃更少的肉
24. junk food垃圾食物
25. be good for 對什麼有益
26. be bad for對什麼有害
27. want to do sth 想做某事
28. want sb to do sth想某人做某事
29. try to do sth 盡量做某事
30. come home from school放學回家
31. of course = certainly = sure當然
32. get good grades取得好成績
33. some advice
34. hardly=not nearly / almost not幾乎不
35. keep/be in good health保持健康
36.be stressed緊張的，有壓力的
37. take a vacation 去度假
48.get back 回來
Unit 2 What』s the matter?
【應掌握的片語】
1. Have a cold 感冒
2. sore back 背痛
3. neck and neck 並駕齊驅，齊頭並進
4. I have a stomachache 我胃痛
= I have got a stomachache
= There is something wrong with my stomach
= My stomach hurts
= I have (got) a pain in my stomach
5. What』s the matter? 怎麼了？
= What』s the trouble (with you)?
= What』s your trouble?
= What』s wrong (with you)?
= What』 the matter (with you)?
=What has happened to you?
= Is there anything wrong (with you)? = what』s up?
6. sore throat 咽喉痛
7. lie down and rest 躺下休息
8. see a dentist 看牙醫
9. drink lots of water 多喝水
10. hot tea with honey 加蜂蜜的熱茶
11.That』s a good idea 好主意
12.That』s too bad 太糟糕了
13.I think so 我認為如此
14. I』m not feeling well. 我覺得不太舒服
= I』m not feeling fine/all right.
= I』m feeling ill/sick. =I feel terrible/bad.
= I don』t feel well.
15. get some rest 多休息
16. I have no idea = I don』t know 我不知道
17. stressed out 筋疲力盡
18. I am tired 我累了 He is tired. 他累了
19. a healthy lifestyle健康的生活方式
20. traditional Chinese doctors傳統中醫
21. a balance of yin and yang陰陽調和
22. you have too much yin.你陰氣太盛
23. to eat a balance diet飲食平衡
24. healthy food 健康食品
25. stay healthy 保持健康
=keep healthy=keep in good health
= keep fit
26. enjoy oneself (myself, yourself, herself, himself, themselves, ourselves, itself
反身代詞) 玩得高興，過得愉快
=have a good time = have a wonderful time
= have fun
27. enjoy sth. =like sth. (名詞)喜歡某物,
enjoy doing sth.喜歡做某事=like dong sth
practice doing sth.練習做某事，
mind doing sth. 介意做某事，
finish doing sth.完成某事，
give up doing sth.放棄做某事，
can』t help doing sth.忍不住做某事，
keep ding sth. 堅持做某事. （keep on doing sth. / keep sb. doing sth. ）
be busy doing sth. 忙著做某事
be used to doing sth.習慣於做某事
make a contribution to doing sth.為..做貢獻
go on doing sth. 繼續做某事
forget doing sth.忘記做某事
remember doing sth. 記得做某事
spend....(in) doing sth. 花（時間）來做某事
prefer doing sth.to doing sth.比起（做...）來更願意（做...）
28. at the moment = now 此刻
29. Host family 東道家庭
30. Conversation practice會話練習
31. I』m sorry to hear that.聽到此事我很難過
初二語法復習
1. so+謂語+主語：…也一樣. 謂語:be動詞/助動詞/情態動詞
2. so+主語+謂語:的確如此,真的這樣.
3. help yourself/yurselves to．．．請隨便吃點．．．
4. 發現sb做sth : find sb doing sth
5. 不完全同意I don』t really agree.
完全不同意I really don』t agree.
6. 或者．．或者．．．either…or…..就近原則
既不．．也不．．neither…nor….就近原則
既．．．．又．．．both…and….謂語用復數
7. 看起來，似乎It seems/seemed that…..
8. 由於．．．而聞名be famous for….
更詳細的語法可以看這里：）
http://www.52en.com/whbm/grammar/index.htm
㈧ 英語語法點歸納,詳細的,
從網路上截取下來的知識，希望對你有幫助。
名詞和主謂一致 I. 名詞的種類 專有名詞 普通名詞 國名地名人名，團體機構名稱 可數名詞 不可數名詞 個體名詞 集體名詞 抽象名詞 物質名詞 特別注意名詞類別的相互轉換 個體名詞與抽象名詞的相互轉換 例 句 意 義 名詞性質 ①She held some flowers in her hand. ②The trees are now in flower 花兒 個體名詞 開花 抽象名詞 ①Youth is beautiful. ②He is a youth of twenty 青春 抽象名詞 年輕人 個體名詞 ①They have achieved remarkable success in their work. ②—How about the Christmas evening party? —I should say it was a success. 成功 抽象名詞 成功的事 個體名詞 物質名詞與個體名詞的相互轉換 例 句 意 義 名詞性質 ①Iron is a kind of metal. ②Please lend me your iron. 鐵 物質名詞 熨斗 個體名詞 ①He broke a piece of glass. ②He broke a glass. 玻璃 物質名詞 玻璃杯 個體名詞 ①I bought a chicken this morning ②Please help yourself to some chicken 小雞 個體名詞 雞肉 物質名詞 抽象名詞與個體名詞的轉換 具有動作意義的抽象名詞加用與某些動詞（如：have等）連 用，表示某一次短暫的動作 ①—I』d like______information about the management of your hotel,please. —Well, you could have____word with the manager. He might be helpful A.some,a B.an,some C.some,some D.an,a ②They sent us word of the latest happenings. 消息 （抽象名詞） A.a B.an C./ D.the ③Could we have word before you go to the meeting? 話（個體名詞） A.a B.an C./ D.the 類例：have a dream/a rest/a smoke/a swim/a trip/a wash/a discussion/a look take a walk/a bath make an advance(進步)/make an early start(早點出發) /make a decision/make a change/give a cry of pain(發出痛苦的叫聲) /give a try 表示知識和時間的抽象名詞轉換為普通名詞時可以用來表示 其中的一部分 ①Many people agree that___knowledge of English is a must in____international trade today. A.a, / B.the, an C.the, the D. /, the a knowledge of truth(知道實際情況) give a fuller knowledge of China(提供關於中國更為翔實的知識) have a knowledge of shorthand(有速記的知識) ②If there were no examination, we should have______at school. A.the happiest time B.a more happier time C.much happiest time D.a much happier time ③ is money. A.The time B.A time C.Time D.Times 抽象名詞轉換為普通名詞可用來表示「一次、一陣、一種」具體的行為、事件、現象或結 果。這時名詞前往往有形容詞修飾 ①Oh, John. _____you gave me! A.How a pleasant surprise B.How pleasant surprise C.What a pleasant surprise D. What pleasant surprise ②She looked up when I shouted. A.in a surprise B.in the surprise C.in surprise D.in some surprise 其它例子：The gift came as a complete surprise to me. We have had some unpleasant surprise ③It is_____work of art that everyone wants to have a look at it. A.so unusual B. such unusual C.such an unusual D.so an unusual II. 名詞的數 規則名詞的復數形式：名詞的復數形式，一般在單數形式後面加-s或-es（參看有關語法書）。英語里有些名詞的復數形式是不規則的，請看下錶 規 則 例 詞 1 改變名詞中的母音字母或其他形式 man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice 2 單復數相同 sheep, deer, series, means, works, fish, species 3 只有復數形式 ashes, trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses, compasses, contents 4 一些集體名詞總是用作復數 people, police, cattle, staff 5 部分集體名詞既可以作單數（整體）也可以作復數（成員） audience, class, family, crowd, couple, group, committee, government, population, crew, team, public, enemy, party 6 復數形式表示特別含義 customs(海關), forces(軍隊), times(時代), spirits(情緒), drinks(飲料), sands(沙灘), papers(文件報紙), manners(禮貌), looks(外表), brains(頭腦智力), greens(青菜), ruins(廢墟) 7 表示「某國人」 加-s Americans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans 單復數同形 Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese 以-man或-woman結尾的改為-men,-women Englishmen, Frenchwomen 8 合成名詞 將主體名詞變為復數 sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy friends 無主體名詞時將最後一部分變為復數 grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches 將兩部分變為復數 women singers, men servants III. 主謂一致 規則 情 況 舉 例 語 法 一 致 原 則 以單數名詞或代詞動詞不定式短語，動名詞短語或從句作主語時，謂語動詞一般用單數形式；主語為復數時，謂語動詞 用復數形式。 His father is working on the farm. To study English well is not easy. Reading in the sun is bad for your eyes. What he said is very important for us all. 由what引導的主語從句，後面的謂語動詞多數情況用單數形式，但若表語是復數或what從句是一個帶有復數意義的並列結構時，主句的謂語動詞用復數形式。 what I bought were three English books. What I say and do is (are) helpful for you. 由連接詞and或both…and連接起來的主語後面，要用復數形式的謂語動詞。但若所連接的兩個詞是指同一個人或物 時，它後面的謂語就用單數形式。由and 連接的並列單數主語前如果分別有no, each, every 或more than a (an)/one,many a (an) 修飾時，其謂語動詞要用單數形式。either, neither, each, every 或no+單數名詞和由some, any no, every構成的復合不定代詞，都作單數看待。. Lucy and Lily are twins The writer and artist has come. Every student and every teach is in the classroom. Many a boy and many a girl likes it. No boy and no girl likes it. Each of us has a new book. Is everyone here today? Somebody is speaking in class. Everything around us is matter 若none of 後面的名詞是不可數名詞，它的謂語動詞就要用單數。若它後面的名詞是復數，它的謂語動詞用單數或復數都可以。 None of the sugar was left. None of us has (have) been to America. 在定語從句里，關系代詞that, who, which 等作主語時，其謂語動詞的數應與句中先行詞的數一致。 Those who want to go please write their names on the blackboard. He is one of my friends who are working hard. He is the (only) one of my friends who is working hard. 在強調句型中應與被強調部分一致 It is I who am going to the cinema tonight. It is we who are going to the cinema tonight. 如果集體名詞指的是整個集體，它的謂語動詞用單數形式； 如果它指的集體的成員，其謂語動詞用復數形式 The police are looking for the lost child. The cattle are eating grass in the field. His family has moved to the south .(他的一家) His family are watching TV.（他的家人） Class four is on the third floor.（四班） Class Four are unable to agree upon a monitor.（四班的學生） 由a lot of /lots of/ plenty of/ a heap of/ heaps of/ the rest of/the majority of+名詞構成的短語以及由分數或百分數+名詞構成的短語作主語時，其謂語動詞的數要根據短語中後面名詞的數而定。 There are a lot of people in the classroom. Three-fourths of the surface of the earth is sea. 50 percent of the students in our class are girls. 此外，還有a number of +復數名詞有類似的用法（用復數），但the number of +復數名詞的數就得依number 而定（用單數）。 A number of students have gone to the farm to help the farmer pick apples. The number of pages in this book is three hundred. 在倒裝句中，謂語動詞的數應與其後的主語一致 There comes the bus. On the wall are many pictures. Such is the result. Such are the facts. Between the two hills stands a monument. 邏 輯 意 義 一 致 原 則 What, who, which, any, more, all 等代詞可以是單數，也可是復數， 主要靠意思來決定。 Which is your bag? Which are your bags? Are any of you good at English? Has any of you got a pen? All can be done has been done. All is going well. All have been taken out. All have gone to Beijing. 表示時間重量長度價值等的名詞的復數作主語時，謂語動詞通常用單數形式，這是由於作主語的名詞在概念上是一個整體。 Thirty minutes is enough for the work.. Twenty pounds is too dear. 如強調這類詞的復數意義，則謂語動詞要用復數形式 Forty kilos of water are used every day. 若英語是書名名格言劇名報名國名等的復數形式，其謂語動詞通常用單數形式。 The United States is smaller than China. 「The Arabian Nights」 is an interesting story-book. 表數量的短語「one and a half」後面接復數名詞作主語時，其謂語動詞要用單數形式。 One and a half apples is left on the table. 一些學科名詞是以-ics結尾，如：mathematics, politics, physics 以及news, works 等。都屬於形式上是復數的名詞， 實際意義為單數名詞， 它們作主語時，其謂語動詞要用單數形式。 The paper works was built in 1990.這家造紙廠建於1990年。 I don』t think physics is easy to study. trousers, glasses, clothes, shoes, scissors (剪刀)等詞作主語時，謂語用復數，但如果這些名詞前有a(the) pair of 等量詞修飾時（clothes被a suit of 修飾）謂語動詞用單數。 My glasses are broken. The pair of shoes under the bed is his. 「定冠詞the+形容詞或分詞」，表示某一類人動詞用復數；若表示某一類東西時，動詞用單數。 The old are taken good care of there. The beautiful gives pleasure to all. 就 近 /遠 一 致 原 則 當兩個主語由either or, neither nor, not only but also ,whether or 連接時，謂語動詞和鄰近的主語保持一致,即就近一致。 Either the teacher or the students are our friends. Neither he nor they are wholly right. Neither they nor he is wholly right. Is neither he nor they wholly right? there be 句型中be 動詞的單復數取決於其後的主語。如果其後是由and 連接的兩個主語，則應與靠近的那個主語保持一致，即就近一致。 There are two chairs and a desk in the room. There is a desk and two chairs in the room. 主語後面跟有with, together with, except, but, like, as well as, no less than, rather than, more than, besides, along with, including, in addition to 等引起的短語， 謂語動詞要跟主語一致，即就遠一致。 Mr. Green, together with his wife and children, has come to China. A woman with a baby was on the bus. Nobody but Jim and Mike was on the playground. She, like you and Tom, is very tall. The girls as well as the boy have learned to speak Japanese. No one except my teachers knows anything about it.