㈠ 初一英語上冊，每個單元知識語法總結點
初一英語語法總結
一、 詞法 1、名詞A）、名詞的數
我們知道名詞可以分為可數名詞和不可數名詞，而不可數名詞它沒有復數形式，但可數名詞卻有單數和復數之分，復數的構成如下：
一）在後面加s。如：fathers, books, Americans, Germans, apples, bananas
二）x, sh, ch, s, tch後加es。如：boxes, glasses, dresses, watches, wishes, faxes
三）1）以輔音字母加y結尾的變y為i再加es 如：baby-babies, family-families, ty-ties, comedy-comedies, documentary-documentaries, story-stories
2）以母音字母加y結尾的直接加s。如：day-days, boy-boys, toy-toys, key-keys, ways
四）以o結尾加s（外來詞）。如：radios, photos, 但如是輔音加o的加es：如: tomatoes西紅柿, potatoes馬鈴薯
五）以f或fe結尾的變f為v再加es(s)。如：knife-knives, wife-wives, half-halves, shelf-shelves, leaf-leaves, yourself-yourselves
六）單復數相同（不變的）有：fish, sheep, deer鹿子, Chinese, Japanese
七）一般只有復數，沒有單數的有：people,pants, shorts, shoes, glasses, gloves, clothes, socks
八）單詞形式不變，既可以是單數也可以是復數的有：police警察局，警察, class班，同學, family家，家庭成員
九）合成的復數一般只加主要名詞，多數為後一個單詞。如：action movie-action movies, pen pal-pen pals; 但如果是由man或woman所組成的合成詞的復數則同時為復數。如：man doctor-men doctors, woman teacher-women teachers
十）有的單復數意思不同。如：fish魚 fishes魚的種類, paper紙 papers報紙，卷子，論文, work工作 works作品，工廠, glass玻璃 glasses玻璃杯，眼鏡, orange桔子水 oranges橙子, light光線 lights燈, people人 peoples民族, time時間 times時代, 次數, chicken 雞肉 chickens 小雞
十一） 單個字母的復數可以有兩種形式直接加s或』s。如：Is (I』s), Ks (K』s)。但如是縮略詞則只加s。如：IDs, VCDs, SARs
十二） 特殊形式的有：child-children, man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, mouse-mice, policeman-policemen, Englishman-Englishmen
B）名詞的格
當我們要表示某人的什麼東西或人時，我們就要使用所有格形式。構成如下：
一）單數在後面加』s。如：brother』s, Mike』s, teacher』s
二）復數以s結尾的直接在s後加』，如果不是以s結尾的與單數一樣處理。如：Teachers』 Day教師節, classmates』; Children』s Day六一節, Women』s Day三八節
三）由and並列的名詞所有時，如果是共同所有同一人或物時，只加最後一個』s，但分別擁有時卻分別按單數形式處理。如：Mike and Ben』s room邁克和本的房間（共住一間），Mike』s and Ben』s rooms邁克和本的房間（各自的房間）
2、代詞 項目 人稱代詞 物主代詞 指示代詞 反身代詞
人稱 主格 賓格 形容詞 名詞性
第一人稱 單數 I me my mine myself
復數 we us our ours ourselves
第二人稱 單數 you you your yours yourself
復數 you you your yours yourselves
第三人稱 單數 she her her hers herself
he him his his himself it it its its this that itself
復數 they them their theirs these those themselves
3、動詞 A） 第三人稱單數
當動詞是第三人稱單數時，動詞應該像名詞的單數變動詞那樣加s，如下：
一）一般在詞後加s。如：comes, spells, waits, talks, sees, dances, trains
二）在x, sh, ch, s, tch後加es。如：watches, washes, wishes, finishes
三）1）以輔音字母加y結尾的變y為i再加es。如：study-studies, hurry-hurries, try-tries
2）以母音字母加y結尾的直接加s。如：plays, says, stays, enjoys, buys
四）以o結尾加es。如：does, goes 五）特殊的有：are-is, have-has
B） 現在分詞
當我們說某人正在做什麼事時，動詞要使用分詞形式，不能用原形，構成如下：
一）一般在後加ing。如：spell-spelling, sing-singing, see-seeing, train-training, play-playing, hurry-hurrying, watch-watching, go-going, do-doing
二）以不發音e的結尾的去掉e再加ing。如：dance-dancing, wake-waking, take-taking, practice-practicing, write-writing, have-having
三）以重讀閉音節結尾且一個母音字母＋一個輔音字母（注意除開字母組合如show –showing, draw-drawing）要雙寫最後的輔音字母再加ing。如：put-putting, run-running, get-getting, let-letting, begin-beginning
四）以ie結尾的變ie為y再加ing。如：tie-tying系 die-dying死 lie-lying 位於
4、形容詞的級
我們在對兩個或以上的人或物進行對比時，則要使用比較或最高級形式。構成如下：
一） 一般在詞後加er或est(如果是以e結尾則直接加r或st)。如：greater-greatest, shorter –shortest, taller –tallest, longer –longest, nicer- nicest, larger -largest
二）以重讀閉音節結尾且1個母音字母＋1個輔音字母(字母組合除外，如few-fewer fewest)結尾的雙寫結尾的輔音再加er /est。如：big-bigger biggest, red-redder reddest, hot-hotter hottest
三） 以輔音字母＋y結尾的變y為i加er/est。如：happy-happier happiest, sorry-sorrier sorriest, friendly-friendlier friendliest(more friendly most friendly), busy-busier busiest, easy-easier easiest
四）特殊情況：(兩好多壞，一少老遠)
good/well - better best many/much - more most bad/ill – worse worst
little- less least old- older/elder oldest/eldest far- farther/further farthest/furthest
5、數詞 (基變序，有規則；一、二、三，自己背；五、八、九、十二；其它後接th；y結尾，變為i, eth跟上去。) first, second, third; fifth, eighth, ninth, twelfth; seventh, tenth, thirteenth, hundredth; twenty-twentieth, forty-fortieth, ninety-ninetieth
二、句式
1.陳述句 肯定陳述句
a) This is a book. (be動詞)
b) He looks very young. (連系動詞)
c) I want a sweat like this. (實義動詞)
d) I can bring some things to school. (情態動詞)
e) There』s a computer on my desk. (There be結構)
否定陳述句
a) These aren』t their books. b) They don』t look nice. c) Kate doesn』t go to No. 4 Middle School.
d) Kate can』t find her doll. e) There isn』t a cat here. (=There』s no cat here.)
2. 祈使句
肯定祈使句 a) Please go and ask the man. b) Let』s learn English! c) Come in, please.
否定祈使句a) Don』t be late. b) Don』t hurry.
3. 疑問句
1) 一般疑問句 a) Is Jim a student? b) Can I help you? c) Does she like salad? d) Do they watch TV? e) Is she reading?
肯定回答: a) Yes, he is. b) Yes, you can. c) Yes, she does. d) Yes, they do. e) Yes, she is.
否定回答: a) No, he isn』t. b) No, you can』t. c) No, she doesn』t. d) No, they don』t. e) No, she isn』t.
2) 選擇疑問句 Is the table big or small? 回答 It』s big./ It』s small.
3) 特殊疑問句
① 問年齡 How old is Lucy? She is twelve.
② 問種類 What kind of movies do you like? I like action movies and comedies.
③ 問身體狀況 How is your uncle? He is well/fine.
④ 問方式 How do/can you spell it? L-double O-K.
How do we contact you? My e-mail address is [email protected].
⑤ 問原因 Why do you want to join the club?
⑥ 問時間 What』s the time? (=What time is it?) It』s a quarter to ten a.m..
What time do you usually get up, Rick? At five o』clock.
When do you want to go? Let』s go at 7:00.
⑦ 問地方 Where』s my backpack? It』s under the table.
⑧ 問顏色 What color are they? They are light blue. What』s your favourite color? It』s black.
⑨ 問人物 Who』s that? It』s my sister.
Who is the boy in blue? My brother.
Who isn』t at school? Peter and Emma.
Who are Lisa and Tim talking to?
⑩ 問東西 What』s this/that (in English)? It』s a pencil case.
What else can you see in the picture? I can see some broccoli, strawberries and hamburgers.
11問姓名 What』s your aunt』s name? Her name is Helen./She』s Helen.
What』s your first name? My first name』s Ben.
What』s your family name? My family name』s Smith.
12 問哪一個 Which do you like? I like one in the box.
13 問字母 What letter is it? It』s big D/small f.
14 問價格 How much are these pants? They』re 15 dollars.
15 問電話號碼 What』s your phone number? It』s 576-8349.
16 問謂語(動作) What』s he doing? He』s watching TV.
17 問職業(身份) What do you do? I』m a teacher.
What』s your father? He』s a doctor.
三、時態
1、一般現在時
表示普遍、經常性的或長期性的動作時使用一般現在時，它有：
Be 動詞：She』s a worker. Is she a worker? She isn』t a worker.
情態動詞：I can play the piano. Can you play the piano? I can』t play the piano.
行為動詞：They want to eat some tomatoes. Do they want to eat any tomatoes? They don』t want to eat any tomatoes.
Gina has a nice watch. Does Gina have a nice watch? Gina doesn』t have a watch.
2、現在進行時
表示動詞在此時正在發生或進行就使用進行時態，結構為sb be v-ing sth + 其它.
I』m playing baseball. Are you playing baseball? I』m not playing baseball.
Nancy is writing a letter. Is Nancy writing a letter? Nancy isn』t writing a letter.
They』re listening to the pop music. Are they listening the pop music? They aren』t listening to the pop music. 望採納 ..
㈡ 英語中語言點和語法點什麼意思
就是學習英語的時候會遇到的與語法相關的問題
㈢ 英語常用的幾個語法點有什麼，
英語常用的幾個語法點有什麼， 中學語法大全 代詞
目錄
人稱代詞的用法 2
人稱代詞之主、賓格的版替換權 2
代詞的指代問題 3
並列人稱代詞的排列順序 3
物主代詞 4
雙重所有格 4
反身代詞 4
相互代詞 5
指示代詞 6
疑問代詞 7
關系代詞 8
every, no, all, both,... 9
none, few, some, any,... 10
代詞比較辯異one, that和it 11
one/another/the other 11
"the"的妙用 12
anyone/any one;... 12
both, either, neither,... 13
many, much 14
few, little, a few,... 14
㈣ 感嘆句是初中英語哪個單元的語法點
英語中，感嘆句是抒發強烈感情的句子，如歡樂、興奮、驚奇、憤怒、悲傷等。一般讀降調，書面語中句末用感嘆號。 一、感嘆詞(以及副詞、形容詞)表示的感嘆句： Alas!哎呀! Oh!啊!哦!哎喲! Well!好啦! Why!什麼(話)!嗯!豈有此理!好好! Excellent!好極了! 二、短語表示的感嘆句： Dear me!哎呀! Great Heavens!天哪! My goodness!噯呀! None of your nonsense!不要胡扯了! 三、從句表示的感嘆句： As if it were my fault!好像是我的過錯似的! To think a scandal of this sort should be going on under my roof!真想不到這種醜事竟然出在我們家裡! 四、表語表示的感嘆句： Just my luck!唉，又倒霉了! Sorry，my mistake!對不起，是我的錯! 五、How用於感嘆句的幾種句型： 1.How+形容詞 How lovely!多可愛啊! How nice!多好啊! How kind of you!您好客氣! 2.How+形容詞+主語+謂語 How tall she is!她個子多高啊! How fond he was of it!他多麼喜歡它啊! 3. How+副詞+主語+謂語 How well George writes!喬治寫得多好啊! How beautifully she sings!她唱歌唱得多美啊! 4. How+主語+謂語 How he ran!他跑得多快啊! How they shout!他們叫喊得多厲害呀! 5.How+形容詞(+名詞)+謂語+主語 How strange and impressive was life!人生是多麼奇妙動人啊! How precise and thorough are her observations!她的觀察是多麼准確和透徹啊! For how many years have I waited!我等了多少年呀! 六、What用於感嘆句的幾種句型： 1.What+a/an/the+名詞 What a fool!真是個傻瓜! What a pity!真是遺憾! What the heck/dickens!(你講的)什麼玩意啊! 2.What+名詞 What luck!多幸運啊! What fun!多麼好玩啊! 3.What+(a/an)+形容詞+名詞 What funny stories!多麼好笑的故事! What terrible luck!太不走運了! What a rotten day!多倒霉的一天! 4. What+ a/an+形容詞+名詞(+主語)+謂語 What an enormous crowd came!來了多麼大的一群人呀! 5. What+名詞+主語+謂語 What lovely flowers those are!那些花多美啊! 七、such用於感嘆句的句型： We have had such sport!我們玩得好極了! 八、肯定的修辭問句表示的感嘆句： Am I tired!(= I』m extremely tired.)我累極了! Can he run!(=He can run exceptionally well.)他真會跑! Was she angry!(=she was very angry indeed.)她氣極了! Did he look annoyed!他看來很煩惱! Has she grown!她長大了! 九、否定的修辭問句表示的感嘆句： Aren』t they sweet!(=They are very sweet.)他們多可愛啊!
㈤ 英語中什麼是語法（具體點）!!!
語法是語言學的一個分支,研究按確定用法來運用的詞類、詞的屈折變化或表示相互關系的其他手段以及詞在句中的功能和關系
語言的結構規律。包括詞法和句法。詞法指詞的構成及變化規律；句法指短語和句子的組織規律。
語法是語言表達的規則。各種語言都有不同的語法，包括人類語言和計算機語言等。語法學是語言學的一部分。
現代語法學包括語音學、音系學（見音韻學）、形態學（詞法）、句法學、語義學。
數據通信中的意思
語法：數據及控制信息的格式、編碼及信號電平等。
rules of a language governing the sounds, words, sentences, and other elements, as well as their combination and interpretation. The word grammar also denotes the study of these abstract features or a book presenting these rules. In a restricted sense, the term refers only to the study of sentence and word structure (syntax and morphology), excluding vocabulary and pronunciation.
A common contemporary definition of grammar is the underlying structure of a language that any native speaker of that language knows intuitively. The systematic description of the features of a language is also a grammar. These features are the phonology (sound), morphology (system of word formation), syntax (patterns of word arrangement), and semantics (meaning). Depending on the grammarian's approach, a grammar can be prescriptive (i.e., provide rules for correct usage), descriptive (i.e., describe how a language is actually used), or generative (i.e., provide instructions for the proction of an infinite number of sentences in a language). The traditional focus of inquiry has been on morphology and syntax, and for some contemporary linguists (and many traditional grammarians) this is the only proper domain of the subject.
In Europe the Greeks were the first to write grammars. To them, grammar was a tool that could be used in the study of Greek literature; hence their focus on the literary language. The Alexandrians of the 1st century BC further developed Greek grammar in order to preserve the purity of the language. Dionysus Thrax of Alexandria later wrote an influential treatise called The Art of Grammar, in which he analyzed literary texts in terms of letters, syllables, and eight parts of speech.
The Romans adopted the grammatical system of the Greeks and applied it to Latin. Except for Varro, of the 1st century BC, who believed that grammarians should discover structures, not dictate them, most Latin grammarians did not attempt to alter the Greek system and also sought to protect their language from decay. Whereas the model for the Greeks and Alexandrians was the language of Homer, the works of Cicero and Virgil set the Latin standard. The works of Donatus (4th century AD) and Priscian (6th century AD), the most important Latin grammarians, were widely used to teach Latin grammar ring the European Middle Ages. In medieval Europe, ecation was concted in Latin, and Latin grammar became the foundation of the liberal arts curriculum. Many grammars were composed for students ring this time. Aelfric, the abbot of Eynsham (11th century), who wrote the first Latin grammar in Anglo-Saxon, proposed that this work serve as an introction to English grammar as well. Thus began the tradition of analyzing English grammar according to a Latin model.
The modistae, grammarians of the mid-13th to mid-14th century who viewed language as a reflection of reality, looked to philosophy for explanations of grammatical rules. The modistae sought one 「universal」 grammar that would serve as a means of understanding the nature of being. In 17th-century France a group of grammarians from Port-Royal were also interested in the idea of universal grammar. They claimed that common elements of thought could be discerned in grammatical categories of all languages. Unlike their Greek and Latin counterparts, the Port-Royal grammarians did not study literary language but claimed instead that usage should be dictated by the actual speech of living languages. Noting their emphasis on linguistic universals, the contemporary linguist Noam Chomsky called the Port-Royal group the first transformational grammarians.
Structural description of the sentence 「The man will hit the ball,」 assigned by the …
By 1700 grammars of 61 vernacular languages had been printed. These were written primarily for purposes of reforming, purifying, or standardizing language and were put to pedagogical use. Rules of grammar usually accounted for formal, written, literary language only and did not apply to all the varieties of actual, spoken language. This prescriptive approach long dominated the schools, where the study of grammar came to be associated with 「parsing」 and sentence diagramming. Opposition to teaching solely in terms of prescriptive and proscriptive (i.e., what must not be done) rules grew ring the middle decades of the 20th century.
The simplification of grammar for classroom use contrasted sharply with the complex studies that scholars of linguistics were concting about languages. During the 19th and early 20th centuries the historical point of view flourished. Scholars who realized that every living language was in a constant state of flux studied all types of written records of modern European languages to determine the courses of their evolution. They did not limit their inquiry to literary languages but included dialects and contemporary spoken languages as well. Historical grammarians did not follow earlier prescriptive approaches but were interested, instead, in discovering where the language under study came from.
As a result of the work of historical grammarians, scholars came to see that the study of language can be either diachronic (its development through time) or synchronic (its state at a particular time). The Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure and other descriptive linguists began studying the spoken language. They collected a large sample of sentences proced by native speakers of a language and classified their material starting with phonology and working their way to syntax.
Generative, or transformational, grammarians of the second half of the 20th century, such as Noam Chomsky, studied the knowledge that native speakers possess which enables them to proce and understand an infinite number of sentences. Whereas descriptivists like Saussure examined samples of indivial speech to arrive at a description of a language, transformationalists first studied the underlying structure of a language. They attempted to describe the 「rules」 that define a native speaker's 「competence」 (unconscious knowledge of the language) and account for all instances of the speaker's 「performance」 (strategies the indivial uses in actual sentence proction). See generative grammar; transformational grammar.
The study of grammatical theory has been of interest to philosophers, anthropologists, psychologists, and literary critics over the centuries. Today, grammar exists as a field within linguistics but still retains a relationship with these other disciplines. For many people, grammar still refers to the body of rules one must know in order to speak or write 「correctly.」 However, from the last quarter of the 20th century a more sophisticated awareness of grammatical issues has taken root, especially in schools. In some countries, such as Australia and the United Kingdom, new English curricula have been devised in which grammar is a focus of investigation, avoiding the prescriptivism of former times and using techniques that promote a lively and thoughtful spirit of inquiry.
語法在大英網路全書的定義：統攝聲音,文字，句子和其他要素，以及它們的組合和解釋的語言規范。「語法」這個詞也指對這些抽象特徵的研究，或這些規則的指南手冊。嚴格意義上說，「語法」這個術語是指對於句子和詞語結構（句法和形態學）的研究，但不包括詞彙和發音。
一個普遍接受的當代語法定義是：以一種語言為母語的任何人靠直覺就知道的語言結構。對語言特徵的系統描述也是一種語法，而這些特徵包括音位學（聲音） ，形態學（系統構詞） ，句法（詞語安排模式）和語義（意思） 。根據語法學家的研究，語法可以規范（即提供一些正確用法的規則） ，描述（即，描述了語言實際上是如何使用的） ，或生成（即提供一種指導，使無限的句子在一種語言中產生） 。傳統的調查重點，在於形態學和句法，對於一些當代語言學家（和許多傳統的語法學家），這是唯一正確的研究領域。
在歐洲，希臘人最早寫關於語法的著作。對他們來說，語法是一個工具，可以用來研究希臘文學，因此他們的重點是文學語言。公元前一世紀的Alexandrians進一步發展希臘語法，以保持純凈的語言。亞歷山大的狄俄尼索斯後來寫出一篇影響深遠的論文，稱為《語法的藝術》，他在其中分析文學文本中的字母，音節，和八段話語。
古羅馬人接受了希臘人的語法體系，並運用於拉丁語。除了公元前一世紀的瓦羅Varro認為語法學家應該發現結構，而不是強行指定結構，大多數拉丁語法學家沒有試圖改變希臘系統，還設法保護他們的語言避免衰敗。希臘人和亞歷山大人的語言模型是荷馬的語言，西塞羅和維吉爾的作品設定了拉丁語的語法標准。最重要的拉丁語語法學家多納圖斯（公元4世紀）和普里西安（公元6世紀）的作品在歐洲中世紀被廣泛用於拉丁文語法教學。中世紀的歐洲的教育使用的是拉丁文，拉丁語語法成為人文教育的基礎課程。 恩斯罕的修道院長，阿爾弗里克Aelfric（ 11世紀） ，第一個寫拉丁語語法的盎格魯撒克遜人，建議以此引入英語語法。從此，開始了依據拉丁語法的英語語法分析的傳統。
第13世紀中葉至14世紀中葉的語法學家認為語言是現實的反映，從哲學中尋求解釋語法的規則。他們尋求一個「普遍」的語法universal grammar，以此作為了解存在being的手段。在十七世紀的法國，來自羅亞爾港的一些語法學家也對這種普遍語法感興趣。他們聲稱，思想的共同要素可以在所有語言的語法類別中辨識出來。與希臘語和拉丁語的語法學家不同，羅亞爾港語法學家沒有研究文學語言，他們認為語言的用法應當取決於實際的生活語言。當代語言學家喬姆斯基也注意到對語言的共性的強調，他稱羅亞爾港派為第一批轉型語法學家。
到1700年，61種方言語法書已經印製。這些書的目的主要是改革，凈化，或規范語言，並用於教學。當時語法規則通常僅僅用於正式，書面，文學的語言，並不適用於紛繁復雜的實際口語。這一規范性的手段長期在學校佔主導地位，學生們對語法的學習往往和「解析」以及句子圖解聯系在一起。在20世紀的中後期，對於這種僅僅關注規范性和禁止性（即，什麼不能做）規則的語法教育，出現了越來越多的反對聲音。
課堂語法的簡化和語言學家的復雜研究形成了鮮明對比。19世紀到20世紀初，歷史主義觀點蓬勃發展。認識到每一種現存的語言都是在不斷變化中的學者們研究了歐洲語言所有類型的書面記錄，以確定其演變路徑。他們沒有局限於文學語言，還研究了方言和當代口頭語。歷史主義的語法學家沒有採用先前的規范性辦法，但更加關注他們研究的語言的來源。
由於歷史主義語法學家的工作，學者們看到，語言的研究可以是歷時性的（其貫穿歷史的發展）或同步性的（在特定的時間段的狀態）。瑞士語言學家索緒爾和其他描述性語言學家開始研究口頭語。他們收集了大量操母語者的語句樣本，對這些材料進行分類，從音位學入手，一直研究到句法。
20世紀後半葉的轉換生成語法學家，如喬姆斯基，研究了操母語者能生成和理解無限句子所需要的知識。而像索緒爾那樣的描述語言學家則去審查單個話語樣本，以求達到描述一種語言的目的。轉換生成語法學家首先研究了語言的潛在結構。他們試圖描述一種能夠定義操母語者語言「能力」（底層的語言知識）的「規則」，解釋說話人的種種「表現」（語言生成時的實際策略）。
在過去的千百年裡，語法理論引起了哲學家，人類學家，心理學家和文學批評家的興趣。今天，語法存在於語言學領域之內，但仍保留了與其他許多學科的聯系。對於很多人來說，語法仍然指的是一整套必須知道，以保證「正確」語言輸出的規則，然而，從20世紀後25年以來，對語法研究的更為復雜的意識，已經在學校生根發芽。在一些國家，如澳大利亞，英國，新的英語課程中語法是重點，而且避免之前僵硬的規范，提倡生動而深刻的調查精神。
㈥ 英語中什麼叫做知識點和語法點
英語中,一些常考的地方,考試出題的地方叫知識點……易錯的地方,理解比較難的地方叫難點,語法點是英語知識點中主要考試語法的地反
希望樓主,英語能有新提高,一覽眾山小……
㈦ 什麼是英語語法點
詞有詞法，句有句法，大的比如名詞、冠詞、數詞、時態語態、賓語從句、定語從句等專題，小的如每個專題里的語法知識點