『壹』 初中英語常用語法和短語
1 初中英語常用片語復習\
初中英語常用片語復習
1.初中英語教材中共出現近500個片語，其中有一部分為常用片語，要求能熟練運用。
2.在學習中，要注意片語的積累，特別要注意介詞片語和短語動詞的積累。
3.對固定片語的意義，切不可望文生義。例如，動詞look願意為「看」，但look after意為「照料」，look up (a word in a dictionary)意為「(在詞典中)查找(單詞)」。
4.要十分注意固定片語中冠詞的使用。有時冠詞可引起詞義的變化，例如，go the school意為「上學」，而go to the school意為「到學校里去」；take place意為「發生」，而take the place意為「取代」。有些片語中須用冠詞，而另一些則不用。例如，in the evening, at night。
一、動詞片語(包括短語動詞)、介詞片語和其他片語
(一)由be構成的片語
1)be back/in/out 回來/在家/外出
2)be at home/work 在家/上班
3)be good at 善於，擅長於
4)be careful of 當心，注意，仔細
5)be covered with 被……復蓋
6)be ready for 為……作好准備
7)be surprised (at) 對……感到驚訝
8)be interested in 對……感興趣
9)be born 出生
10)be on 在進行，在上演， （燈）亮著
11)be able to do sth. 能夠做……
12)be afraid of (to do sth. that…) 害怕……(不敢做……，恐怕……)
13)be angry with sb. 生(某人)的氣
14)be pleased (with) 對……感到高興(滿意)
15)be famous for 以……而著名
16)be strict in (with) (對工作、對人)嚴格要求
17)be from 來自……，什麼地方人
18)be hungry/thirsty/tired 餓了/渴了/累了
19)be worried 擔憂
20)be (well) worth doing (非常)值得做……
21)be covered with 被……所覆蓋……
22)be in (great) need of (很)需要
23)be in trouble 處於困境中
24)be glad to do sth. 很高興做……
25)be late for ……遲到
26)be made of (from) 由……製成
27)be satisfied with 對……感到滿意
28)be free 空閑的，有空
29)be (ill) in bed 卧病在床
30)be busy doing (with) 忙於做……(忙於……)
(二)由come、do、get、give、go、have、help、keep、make、looke、put、set、send、take、turn、play等動詞構成的片語
1)come back 回來
2)come down 下來
3)come in 進入，進來
4)come on 快，走吧，跟我來
5)come out出來
6)come out of 從……出來
7)come up 上來
8)come from 來自……
9)do one's lessons/homework 做功課/回家作業
10)do more speaking/reading 多做口頭練習/朗讀
11)do one's best 盡力
12)do some shopping (cooking reading, cleaning)買東西(做飯菜，讀點書，大掃除)
13)do a good deed (good deeds)做一件好事(做好事)
14)do morning exercises 做早操
15)do eye exercises 做眼保健操
16)do well in 在……某方面幹得好
17)get up 起身
18)get everything ready 把一切都准備好
19)get ready for (=be ready for) 為……作好准備
20)get on (well) with 與……相處(融洽)
21)get back 返回
22)get rid of 除掉，去除
23)get in 進入，收集
24)get on/off 上/下車
25)get to 到達
26)get there 到達那裡
27)give sb. a call 給……打電話
28)give a talk 作報告
29)give a lecture (a piano concert)作講座(舉行鋼琴音樂會)
30)give back 歸還，送回
31)give……some advice on 給……一些忠告
32)give lessons to 給……上課
33)give in 屈服
34)give up 放棄
35)give sb. a chance 給……一次機會
作者：rzsilent 2007-3-14 20:52 回復此發言
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2 初中英語常用片語復習<申精>
36)give a message to…… 給……一個口信
37)go ahead 先走，向前走，去吧，干吧
38)go to the cinema 看電影
39)go go bed 睡覺(make the bed 整理床鋪)
40)go to school (college) 上學(上大學)
41)go to (the) hospital 去醫院看病
42)go over 過一遍，復習/ go over to 朝……走去
43)go fishing/skating/swimming/shopping 去鉤魚/滑冰/游泳/買東
44)go home (there) 回家去(去那兒)
45)go round 順便去，繞道走
46)go up 上去
47)go out for a walk 外出散步
48)go on (doing) 繼續(做……)
49)go on with one's work 繼續某人的工作
50)go upstairs/downstairs 上/下樓
51)(the lights) go out (燈)熄了
52)have a lesson (lessons)/a meeting 上課/開會
53)have a football match (basketball match) 舉行一場足球(藍球)賽
54)have dictation 聽見
55)have a try 試一試
56)have a good/wonderful time 玩得很高興
57)have a lecture (a piano concert) 聽講座(聽鋼琴音樂會)
58)have a report (talk) on 聽一個關於……的報告
59)have a glass of water (a cup of tea) 喝一杯水，(一杯茶)
60)have breakfast/lunch/supper 吃早飯/午飯/晚飯
61)have a meal (three meals) 吃一頓飯(三餐飯)
62)have a dinner 吃正餐
63)have bread and milk for breakfast 早飯吃麵包和牛奶
64)have (have got) a headache 頭痛
65)have a fever 發燒
66)have a cough (a cold) 咳嗽(感冒)
67)have a look (at) 看一看……
68)have a rest (a break) 休息一會兒(工間或課間休息)
69)have a talk 談話
70)have a swim/walk 游泳/散步
71)have sports 進行體育鍛煉
72)have a sports meet (meeting) 開運動會
73)have something done 讓人(請人)做……
74)have a test/an exam 測驗/考試
75)have an idea 有了個主意
76)had better do sth. (not do sth.) 最好做……(最好不要做……)
77)have a word with 與……談幾句話
78)help sb. with sth. help sb. do sth. 在……方面幫助…… 幫助……做
79)help oneself to some chicken/fish/meat 請隨便吃點雞/魚/肉
80)help each other 互相幫助
81)keep up with 跟上……，不落後於……
82)keep silent/quiet 保持沉默/安靜
83)keep sb. doing sth. 使……一直做……
84)keep one's diary 記日記
85)make a noise (a lot of noise, much noise, noises)吵鬧(十分嘈雜，響聲)
86)make a living 謀生
87)make sb. do sth. 迫使某人做……
88)make faces (a face)做鬼臉
89)make friends (with)與……交朋友
90)make a mistake (mistakes)犯錯誤
91)make room/space for 給……騰出地方
92)make a sentence (sentences)with 用……造句
93)make a fire 生火
94)be made from/of 由……製成
95)be made in 在……地方製造
96)look out of (outside) 往外看(看外面)
97)look up a word (in the dictionary) 查字典
98)look up 往上看，仰望
99)look after 照管，照看，照顧
100)look for 尋找
101)look like 看上去像
102)look fine/well/tired/worried 看起來氣色好/健康/疲勞/憂慮
103)look out 當心，小心
104)look on …as… 把……當作……看待
105)look around 朝四周看
106)look at 看著……
107)put on 穿上(衣服)，戴上(帽子)，上演(戲劇)
108)put up 建造，搭起，掛起，舉起，張帖
109)put into 使進入，輸入
110)put one's heart into 全神貫注於
111)put…down… 把……放下
112)put…into… 把……譯成
112.5)put…away…. 收好
113)set up 豎起，建起
114)set off 出發，動身
115)set out 出發
116)set an example for 為……樹立榜樣
117)send for 派人去請(叫)
118)send out 放出，發出
119)send up 把……往上送，發射
120)take one's advice 聽從某人勸告
121)take out 拿出，取出
122)take down 拿下
123)take place 發生
124)take one's place 坐……的座位，代替某人職務
125)take the place of 代替……
126)take a walk/rest 散步/休息
127)take it easy 別緊張
128)take sth.with sb. 隨身帶著
129)take sb. to a park/London for one's holidays 帶某人去公園/倫敦度假
130)take care of 關心，照顧，保管
131)take a look (a last look) at 看一看(最後看一眼)
『貳』 初中實用英語語法劉有敏練習參考答案
把具體的題目寫出來，大家才能幫你解答。
『叄』 新潮實用英語語法教程答案
貌似無敵的答案都是沒有詳解的...你直接往前翻看這一章的語法要點就好了內，不會超過這些范圍的容。這本書涵蓋的知識點很全面，我高中的語法基本上都是參考這本書，大學英語語法也不過這點內容，所以個人認為這本書很實用。
『肆』 劉銳誠主編的學生實用(初中)英語語法指南與實踐好嗎高中版的呢
應該還是不錯的，像高中的話，我買了一本《五年高考，三年模擬》，雖然是高考備考用書，但語法總結的很詳細。希望可以幫到你。
『伍』 初中英語動詞、介詞的用法及其固定搭配；初中英語的常用語法
初中英語動詞的固定用法和搭配
1. allow sb. to do sth. 允許某人去做某事
My father allowed me to go out for a walk after finishing my homework.
2. asked sb. (not) to do sth. 叫某人做事某事(叫某人不要去做某事)
My father asked me to study hard. He asked me not to swim alone. be asked to do sth. 被叫去做某事/被邀請去做某事
I was asked to have a dinner with them yesterday.
3. be afraid to do sth. 害怕做某事 She is afraid to ask me questions.
4. be afraid of doing sth. 害怕做某事 I am afraid of going out at night.
5. be afraid of sth. 害怕某物 He is afraid of snakes.
6. be amazed to do sth. 對做某事感到驚訝 He was amazed to meet the girl there.
be amazed at sth. 對某事感到驚訝 they were amazed at the news
7. be busy doing/with sth. 忙於做某事 (常考) e.g: I was busy washing my car at that time. 那時候我正忙於清洗我的車子。 I am busy with my work.
8. be coming/going/leaving/fiying/moving/dying(某些位移動詞用進行時態時表將來) the bus is coming/the dog is dying.
9. be excited to do sth. 對做……感到興奮 Jacky was excited to travel there by plane. be excited at sth. Lily was excited at his words. be excited about doing sth. he was excited about passing the exam without going overing books.
10. be frightened to do sth. 害怕去做某事 Sam is frightened to ride a horse.
11. be glad/happy to do sth. 高興去做某事 she is happy to clean the
blackboard with me. be pleased to do sth. 高興做某事 she was pleased to help the old man yesterday be pleased with sth. 對某事感到高興/滿意 the teacher was pleased with my answer.
12. be interested in sth./doing sth. 對某事感興趣/對做某事感興趣 she is interested in swimming in the river. My brother is interested in Chinese.
13. be/get ready for/to do sth. Be ready for sth. 為某事做好了准備 We are ready for the exam. Be ready to do sth. 為做某事做好了准備We are ready to have a birthday party for her. get ready for sth.為某事在做准備 We are getting ready for the exam.
get ready for sth. 為做某事而做准備
13. be sorry to do sth. 對做某事感到抱歉
14. be surprised to do sth. 對做某事感到驚奇 be surprised at sth. 對某事感到驚奇
15. be worth doing sth. 值得做某事 (worth 後接動詞-ing形式，常考)
16. begin to do sth. begin/start to do/doing sth.
17. can/be able to afford (to buy) sth. 有能力購買(供)……
18. can/may/must do sth. could/would/should/might do sth.
19. can』t wait to do sth. 迫不急待地去做某事
20. decide to do sth. 決定去做某事 make up one』s mind to do sth. 下決心去做某事 (常考) make a decision to do sth. 對做某事作出決定
21. deserve to do sth. 值得/應該做……
22. encourage sb. to do sth. 鼓勵某人去做某事
23. enjoy doing sth. 樂意去做某事
24. expect (sb.) to do sth. 期望去做某事
25. fail to do sth. 做某事失敗 succeed doing sth. 成功做了某事
26. finish doing sth. 做完某事(後接動詞-ing形式) (常考)
27. follow sb to do sth. 跟隨某人去做某事
28. get sb. to do sth. make sb. do sth. let sb. do sth.
29. get/have a chance to do sth. 得到一個做某事的機會
30. give/pass/show/lend/sell sb. sth./ sth. to sb. buy/get/bring sb. sth. / sth. for sb.
31. go on to do sth. 繼續做事(常考) go on doing sth. 繼續做事(常考)
32. hate to do/doing sth. 討厭/不喜歡做某事
33. have fun doing sth.
34. have problems doing sth. 做某事遇到困難
35. have sb. do sth. have sth. done have sth. to do 有事要做
36. hear sb. do sth. 聽到某人做某事(後接動詞原形，常考) hear sb. doing sth. 聽到某人正在做某事(常見)
37. help to do sth. 幫忙做某事help sb. (to) do sth. 幫助某人做某事
38. hope/wish to do sth. 希望做某事 wish sb. to do sth. 希望某人做某事
39. I t seems that 這像是……（後接從句） seem to do sth. seem +adj.
40. It』s + adj.+(for sb.) to do sth.
It』s + adj. +(of sb.) to do sth e.g: It』s glad for him to hear the news.
41. It takes sb. some time/money to do sth. 花費某人多長時間做某事(常考)
42. pay …for… cost spend…on….. it take …to do sth.
43. It』s best for sb to do sth.. 對某人來說做某事是最好的
had better do sth. 最好做某事 (注意had沒有時態和人稱的變化，better後接動詞原形)
44. It』s time for sb. to do sth. 是某人做某事的時候了
45. keep (on)doing sth. 堅持做某事(常考) keep sb. doing sth. 讓某人做某事(常考)
keep sb. from doing sth. 阻止某人做某事(常考) keep sb./ sth. +adj. keep the book for 2 days 借這本書兩天(不要用borrow或lend)
46. learn to do sth. 學做某事 learn sth. from sb. 向某人學習
47. like to do/doing sth. 喜歡做某事 like sb. to do sth. 喜歡某人做某事
48. need to do sth. need doing sth./to be done need sth . needn』t do sth.
49. prefer to do sth. rather than do sth. 寧願……而不願……(常考)
prefer doing sth. to doing sth. 喜歡做……勝過做……
e.g: I prefer reading books to going shopping. 比起購物來，我更愛讀書。
50. refuse to do sth. 拒絕做……
51. remember/forget to do sth. 記得/忘記做某事 remember/forget doing sth. 記得/忘記做過某事
52. see sb. do sth. 看見某人做某事 (結果)
see sb. doing sth. 看見某人正在做某事(正在進行中)
be seen to do sth. 做某事被看見
53. something to eat/drink 一些吃/喝的東西 (詞不定式放在something等後修飾這些詞)
e.g: I need something to eat. 我要一些吃的東西。
54. spend some time (in)doing sth. /on sth. 花費時間做某事(注意動詞要用ing形式)(常考)
spend some money on sth./ doing sth. 買……花了多少錢
55. Sth. is hard/difficult/easy to do. 做好某事很難/容易
56. stop to do sth. 停下來去某事(兩件事) (常考)
stop doing sth. 停止做某事(一件事) (常考)
stop sb. (from) doing sth. 阻止某人做某事(常考)
57. take turns to do sth. 輪流做……
58. tell sb. (not) to do sth. 叫某人去(不要)做某事 be told to do sth. 被告知不要做某事
59. There is no need (for sb.) to do sth. 對某人來說沒必要做某事
60. There is no time (for sb.) to do sth.
have no time to do sth. 沒時間做某事
61. too…(for sb.) to …太……以致不能……
so… that… not… enough to do
e.g: The boy is too young to go to school. 那男孩太小了以致不能上學。
62. try/do one』s best to do sth. 盡力去做某事 try to do sth. 試著(圖)做某事
63. used to do sth. 過去常做某事( used to be + adj./ a +n)
e.g: Mr. wang used to be a teacher worker. 王先生過去是一位工人。 I used to live in the country. 過去我住在農村
64. want/would like to do sth. 想做…… want/would like sb. to do sth. 想某人做……
feel like doing sth. 喜愛做某事(注意like後接動詞ing形式
65. warn sb. (not) to do sth. 警告某人做某事(或不要做某事
66. Why don』t you do sth.? Why not do sth ?
表示建議的句型還有：What How about……? (如果是動詞，要用ing形式) Shall we……?
67. Would you like (sb.) to do sth.? Yes, I』d love to.
68. Would you mind doing sth.? 你介意做某事嗎？
69. Would you please (not) do sth. 你可不可以不做……？
70. finish doing sth. enjoy doing sth. practise doing sth. be good at doing sth. be good at doing sth. thank you f
or doing sth. stop doing sth. be good at doing sth. give up doing sth mind doing sth stop sb from doing sth go on doing sth be busy doing sth see/hear/watch sb doing sth feel like doing sth hate
doing sth like doing sth do well in doing sth be afraid of doing sth be interested in doing sth make a contribution to sth/doing sth
71. 非延續性動詞(終止性動詞)
1) buy---have(has)had 2) borrow---have(has)kept 3)
leave---have(has)been away
4) go ---have(has)been away/in… 5) come ---have(has)here/in…
6) die ---have(has)been dead 7) join---have(has)been a member of/in…
8) begin---have(has)on 9) stop---have(has)been over
例如: 他的狗死了3天了.: His dog has been dead for three days. It is three days since his dog died. His dog died three days ago.
72. 感官動詞:(主動語態不帶to)1.hear/see/watch sb do sth 或 2.
hear/see/watch sb doing sth
1)We often hear him sing the song.
2)I saw him swimming in the river just now.
被動語態帶to:
He is often heard to sing the song.
役使動詞: (主動語態不帶to) make/let sb do sth.
His father often makes him do this and that.
被動語態帶to:
He is often made to do this and that by his father.
『陸』 初中英語語法
一般過去時 Ved
一般將來時 Be going to + V / Will + V
過去將來時 Be的過去時 going to +V/ Would +V
現在進行時 Be +doing
過去進行時 was/were doing/ was /were not doing
將來進行時 Will +be+doing/ will not be doing
現在完成時 have +done/ have not done
過去完成時 Had+done/ had not done
現在完成進行時 have/has been doing/ have has not been doing
過去完成進行時 had been doing/ had not been doing
一、一般時態
1、一般現在時
(1)一般現在時表示沒有時限的持久存在的動作或狀態或現階段反復發生的動作或狀態，常和副詞usually，often，always sometimes， regularly，near，occasionally，every year, every week等連用。例如：
1)The moon moves round the earth..
2)Mr. Smith travels to work by bus every day.
(2)在由after，until，before，once，when，even if，in case，as long as，as soon as，the moment以及if，unless等引導的時間狀語從句或條件狀語從句中，通常用一般現在時代替將來時。例如：
1)I will tell him the news as soon as I see him.
2)I will not go to countryside if it rains tomorrow.
(3)某些表示起始的動詞，可用一般現在時表示按規定、計劃或安排要發生的動作，這類動詞有：be，go，come，start，depart，arrive，begin，leave等。例如：
1)The plane leaves at three sharp.
2)The new teachers arrive tomorrow.
(4)在由why，what，where，whoever，who，that，as等引導的從句中，也常用一般現在時代替將來時。例如：
1)Free tickets will be given to whoever comes first.
2)You』ll probably be in the same train as I am tomorrow.
2.一般過去時
(1)表示過去某一特定時間所發生的、可完成的動作或狀態，常與表示確切過去時間的詞、短語或從句連用。例如：
We went to the pictures last night and saw a very interesting film.
(2)表示過去習慣性動作。例如：
1)He always went to class last.
2)I used to do my homework in the library.
(注意與be used to doing短語的區別)
3.一般將來時
1)表示將來打算進行或期待發生的動作或狀態。例如：
I shall graate next year.
2)幾種替代形式：
1)be going to +v在口語中廣泛使用，表示准備做或將發生的事情。例如：
I』m going to buy a house when we』ve saved enough money.
2)be to +v表示計劃安排要做的事，具有「必要」的強制性意義。例如：
I am to play tennis this afternoon.
3)be about to +v表示即將發生的事情。例如：
He was about to start.
4)be e to +v表示預先確定了的事，必定發生的事。例如：
The train is e to depart in ten minutes.
5)be on the point/verge of +v – ing強調即將發生的某種事態。例如：
The baby was on the point of crying when her mother finally came home.
二、進行時態
1.現在進行時
(1)表示現在正在進行的動作，常與now，right now，at the mother，for the time being，for the present等連用。例如：
Don』t disturb her. She is reading a newspaper now.
(2)表示現階段經常發生的動作，常與always，continually，forever，constantly等連用。例如：
My father is forever criticizing me.
(3)表示根據計劃或安排在最近要進行的事情。具有這種語法功能的動詞僅限於過渡性動詞。即表示從一個狀態或位置轉移到另一個狀態或位置上去的動詞。常用的有：go，come，leave，start，arrive，return等。例如：
They are leaving for Hong Kong next month.
(4)有些動詞不能用進行時，這是一類表示「感覺，感情，存在，從屬」等的動詞。如：see，hear，smell，taste，feel，notice，look，appear，(表示感覺的詞)；hate，love，fear，like，want，wish，prefer，refuse，forgive(表示感情的動詞)；be，exist，remain，stay，obtain(表示存在狀態的動詞)；have，possess，own，contain，belong，consist of，form(表示佔有與從屬的動詞)；understand，know，believe，think，doubt，forget，remember(表示思考理解的動詞)。但是如果它們詞義改變，便也可用進行時態。例如：
1)Tom looks pale. What』s wrong with him?
(look在此為聯系動詞，意為「顯得，看上去」)
2)Tom is looking for his books.
(look在此為實義動詞，意為「尋找」)
2.過去進行時
過去進行時表示一個過去的動作發生時或發生後，另一個過去的動作正在進行，或表示過去反復的習慣，常與always，continually，constantly等動詞連用。例如：
1)We were discussing the matter when the headmaster entered.
2)Whenever I visited him, he was always writing at the desk.
3.將來進行時
將來進行時主要表示將來某一時刻正在進行的動作，或表示要在將來某一時刻開始，並繼續下去的動作。常用來表示禮貌的詢問、請求等。例如：
1)This time next day they will be sitting in the cinema.
2)What will you be doing at six tomorrow evening?
4.完成進行時
(現在、過去、將來)完成進行時是(現在、過去、將來)完成時的強調形式，將放在完成時態部分講述。
三、完成時態
完成時態通常表示已完成或從事的動作。它可分為：
1.現在完成時
(1)現在完成時用來表示對目前狀況仍有影響的，剛剛完成的動作(常與yet，already，just連用)，或者過去某一時刻發生的，持續到現在的情況(常與for，since連用)。例如：
1)I have just finished my homework.
2)Mary has been ill for three days.
(2)常與現在完成時連用的時間狀語有：since, for, ring, over等引導出的短語；副詞already, yet, just, ever, now, before, often, lately, recently等；狀語片語this week (morning, month, year), so far, up to now, many times, up to the present等。例如：
1)I haven』t been there for five years.
2)So far, she hasn』t enjoyed the summer vacation.
3)There have been a lot of changes since 1978.
(3)完成時態可用在下列結構中：
This (That, It) is (was) the first (second…) time +定語從句；This (That, It) is (was) the only (last) + n +定語從句；This (That, It) is (was) +形容詞最高級+ n +定語從句。如果主句的謂語動詞是一般現在時，從句的謂語動詞通常用現在完成時；如果主句謂語動詞是一般過去時，從句謂語動詞通常用過去完成時。例如：
(1)This is one of the rarest questions that have ever been raised at such a meeting.
(2)There was a knock at the door. It was the second time someone had interrupted me that evening.
2.過去完成時
(1)表示過去某時間前已經發生的動作或情況，這個過去的時間可以用by，before等介詞短語或一個時間狀語從句來表示；或者表示一個動作在另一個過去動作之前已經完成。例如：
1)We had just had our breakfast when Tom came in.
2)By the end of last year they had turned out 5, 000 bicycles.
(2)動詞expect, hope, mean, intend, plan, suppose, wish, want, desire等用過去完成時，表示過去的希望、預期、意圖或願望等沒有實現。例如：
I had meant to take a good holiday this year, but I wasn』t able to get away.
另外兩種表示「過去想做而未做的事」的表達方式是：
1)was / were + to have done sth,例如：
We were to have come yesterday, but we couldn』t.
2)intended (expected, hope, meant, planned, supposed, wished, wanted, desired) + to have done sth,例如：
I meant to have told you about it, but I forgot to do so.
(3)過去完成時常用於以下固定句型：
1)hardly, scarcely, barely + 過去完成時+ when + 過去時。例如：
Hardly had I got on the bus when it started to move.
2)no sooner +過去完成時+ than +過去時。例如：
No sooner had I gone out than he came to see me.
3)by (the end of ) +過去時間，主句中謂語動詞用過去完成時。例如：
The experiment had been finished by 4 o』clock yesterday afternoon.
3.將來完成時
將來完成時表示在將來某一時刻將完成或在另一個未來的動作發生之前已經完成的動作；也可以用來表示一種猜測。常與將來完成時連用的時間狀語有：by (the time / the end of ) +表示將來時間的短語和句子；before (the end of ) +表示將來時間的詞語或句子；when, after等加上表示將來動作的句子等。例如：
1)By this time tomorrow you will have arrived in Shanghai.
2)I shall have finished this composition before 9 o』clock.
3)When we get on the railway station, the train will probably have left.
4.完成進行時
完成進行時是完成時的強調形式，有現在完成進行時，過去完成進行時，將來完成進行時。
(1)現在完成進行時表示過去某一時刻之前開始的動作或狀態一直延續到過去某一時刻。例如：
I have been looking for my lost book for three days, but I still haven』t found it.
(2)過去完成進行時表示過去某一時刻之前開始的動作或狀態一直延續到過去某一時刻。例如：
It had been raining cats and dogs for over a week and the downpour had caused landslides in many places.
(3)將來完成進行時表示在將來某一時刻之前開始的一個動作或狀態一直延續到將來某一時刻。例如：
By the time you arrive tonight, she will have been typing for hours.
四：時態一致
時態一致是英語四、六級考試的一個重要內容。通常應由主句謂語的時態決定從句的謂語時態。一般原則是：
1、當主句謂語使用現在時或將來時，從句的謂語根據具體情況使用任何時態
He says that he lives in Wuhan.
We hope that there will be many people at your party today.
「Did you hear that Bill finally sold the house?」 「Yes, but I don』t know who bought it.」
「There』s a lot of excitement on the street.」
「There certainly is. Do you suppose the astronauts have returned?」
2、當主句謂語使用過去時的時候，從句的謂語必須使用過去范圍的時態
He said he was writing a novel.
The teacher wanted to know when we would finish the experiment.
He said his father had been an engineer.
3、當從句是表示沒有時間概念的真理時，從句的謂語應使用一般現在時。例如：
The teacher told them since light travels faster than sound, lightning appears to go before thunder.
註：在此種情況下，即使主句謂語用了過去式的各種時態，從句謂語也應用一般現在時。
4、從句謂語只能用虛擬語氣的情況
利用時態一致原則確定從句動詞時態時，還應注意，若主語動詞是表示命令、請求、要求、建議、勸告等的動詞，從句謂語只能用虛擬語氣，不能遵循時態一致原則。例如：
We insisted that we do it ourselves.
動詞的語態
語態也是動詞的一種形式，英語有兩種語態：主動語態和被動語態。主動語態表示主語是動作的執行者，而被動語態表示主語是動作的承受者。
1)We use electricity to run machines. (主動語態)
2)Electricity is used to run machines. (被動語態)
1.不能用於被動語態的動詞和短語
(1)在英語中，不及物動詞不能用於被動語態，但有些不及物動詞(包括短語)容易引起誤用。如：appear, belong, belong, die, escape, fall, happen, last, remain, succeed, occur, come true, take place, consist of。
(2)某些表示狀態或特徵的及物動詞，如：become, contain, cost, fit, have, resemble, suit也沒有被動語態。
2.被動語態的時態形式
常用的被動語態有表1所列的幾種時態形式。
表1
時?SPAN lang=EN-US> 一般時進行時完成時
現在 am asked am being asked
is asked is being asked
are asked are being asked
過去
was be asked was being asked
were be asked were being asked
將來 shall be asked shall have been asked
will be asked will have been asked
過去 should be asked should have been asked
將來 would be asked would have been asked
3.短語動詞的被動語態
短語動詞轉換為被動語態時，通常被看作是一個動詞，後面的介詞或副詞不能拆開或省略。例如：
1)So far no correct conclusion has arrived at.
2)All the rubbish should be got rid of.
4.「get + -ed分詞」的被動語態
「get + -ed分詞」結構強調動作的結果，而非動作本身，常用來表示突發性的，出乎意料的偶然事件。例如：
The boy got hurt on his way home from work.
另外，「get + -ed分詞」還可用於談論為自己做的事，是主動的行為而不是被動的行為。例如：
get dressed(穿衣服) get divorced(離婚)
get engaged(訂婚) get confused(迷惑不解)
get lost(迷路) get washed(洗臉)
get married(結婚)
5.能帶兩個賓語和復合賓語的動詞改為被動語態
(1)能帶兩個賓語的動詞改為被動語態時，一次只能由一個賓語作主語，另一個賓語被保留下來。例如：
1)We showed the visitors our new procts.(主動語態)
2)The visitors were shown our new procts.(被動語態)
3)Our new procts were shown to the visitors.(被動語態)
(2)能帶復合賓語的動詞改為被動語態時，原來的賓語補足語變為主語補足語。例如：
1)The teacher appointed him League secretary.(主動語態)
2)He was appointed League secretary.(被動語態)
6.被動語態與系表結構的區別
(1)The novel was well written.(系表結構)
(2)The novel was written by Diskens.(被動語態)
7.少數動詞的主動語態有時有被動的意思
例1：The book is selling remarkably well.
例2：The song sounds very beautiful.
能這樣用的動詞還有read(讀起來)，clean(擦起來)，wash(洗起來)，write(寫起來)。
例3：My watch needs cleaning. (= My watch needs to be cleaned).
能像need這樣用的動詞還有：want, require, deserve, do, owe, bind等。
例4：The meat is cooking.
例5：The book written by the professor is printing
『柒』 初中英語常用語法
1. It』s time for sth. 該到做某事的時間了.
It』s time to do sth.(It』s time for sb. to do sth) 該到(某人)做某事的時間了.
2. can』t wait to do sth. 迫不及待地要求做某事.
3. ask (tell)sb. (not )to do sth . 請(告訴)某人(不)做某事.
4. make/let sb. to do sth. 讓某人做某事.
5. hear/see/sb. do sth 聽見/看見某人做某事.
6. had better(not )do sth 最好不做某事.
7. It』s better to do sth最好做某事
8. It』s best to do sth最好做某事
9. enjoy 喜歡做某事
10. finish 結束做某事
11. keep 繼續做某事
12. keep on doing sth. 繼續做某事
13. carry on 繼續做某事
14. go on 繼續做某事
15. feel like 喜歡做某事
16.stop to do sth 與stop doing sth 停下來去做某事(與)停止做某事.
17. forget/remember to do 與 forget/remember doing sth.忘記/記得去做某事(與) 忘記/記得曾經做過事.
18. keep(precent,stop)sb. from doing sth阻止/防止/阻欄栽人做某事
19. prefer….to ……喜歡…..勝過……
20. prefer to do sth. rather than do ath.寧願做某事,而不原做某事.
21. used to do sth.過去常常做某事.
22. What』s wong with……? …..出了問題(事)?
23. have nothing to do with….. 與…..無關
24. be busy doing sth . 在忙於做某事
25. too…..to….. 太……以致知於不……
26. so ……that ….. 如此….. 以致知於不……
27. such…..that…… 如此….. 以致知於不……
28. It take sb. some time to do sth .某人做某事用了一些時間.
29. spend …..on sth.(doing sth.)花錢/時間做某事.
30. pay…..for sth.花費(錢)買某物.
31. What /how about……? …….怎麼樣(好嗎)?
32. would like to do sth .想要/願意做某事..
33. I don』t think that我認為……不…..
34. Why not do sth.? Why don』t you do sth .?為什麼不做某事呢?
35. What do you mean by….?你….是什麼意思?
36. What do you think of …..(How do you like ….)你認為….怎麼樣?
37. Mike enjoys collecting stamps . So do I.邁克喜歡集郵.我也也喜歡.
38. The more, the better . 越多越劇好.
39. Thanks for doing sth.謝謝你做了某事.
40. It is said that….. 據說……
另還有 :
1. Subject (主語) ＋ Verb (謂語)
這種句型中的動詞大多是不及物動詞，這些動詞常見的有：appear, apologize,arrive, come, die, disappear, exist, fall, happen, rise,等等。如：
The students work very hard.學生們學習很努力。
She apologized to me again. 她再次向我道歉。
The accident happened yesterday evening.事故是昨天晚上發生的。
2. Subject (主語) ＋ Link. V(系動詞) ＋ Predicate(表語)
這種句型中的系動詞一般可分為下列兩類： (1)表示狀態的連系動詞。這些詞有：be, look, seem, appear, smell, taste, sound, keep, remain, 等等。如：
Several players lay flat on the playground.幾個隊員平躺在操場上。
We should remain modest and prudent any time.我們在任何時候都應該保持謙虛謹慎。
This kind of food tastes terrible.這種食物吃起來很糟糕。
The picture looks more beautiful at a certain distance.這幅畫在一定的距離看更漂亮一些。
(2)表示轉變或結果的系動詞。這些詞有：become, get, grow, turn, go, come, prove,等等。如：
Spring comes. It is getting warmer and warmer.春天到了，天氣變得越來越暖和。
Don』t have the food. It has gone bad.不要吃那種食物，已經變質了。
The facts prove true.事實證明是正確的。
3. Subject(主語) ＋ Verb (謂語) ＋ Object (賓語)
這種句型中的動詞應為及物動詞或者可以後接賓語的動詞短語。同時，句子中有時含有與賓語有關的狀語。作賓語的成分常是：名詞、代詞、動詞不定式、動名詞或從句。如：
You can put the books in your bag.你可以把書放在書包里。
Farmers in our area grow lots of vegetables.我們這里的農民種很多種蔬菜。
She lost the chance to make her appearance on the stage.她失去了在舞台上露面的機會。
I prefer to make web pages.我更喜歡做網頁。
4. Subject(主語)＋Verb(謂語)＋ Indirect object(間接賓語)＋Direct object (直接賓語)
這種句型中作間接賓語的常常指「人」，直接賓語常常指「物」。如：
Yesterday her father bought her a bicycle as a birthday present.昨天她父親給她買了一輛自行車作為生日禮物。
The old man is telling the children stories in the Long March.老人正在給孩子們講長征中的故事。
這種句型還可轉換為其他兩種句型：1)動詞 ＋ 賓語 ＋ for sb.； 2)動詞 ＋ 賓語＋to sb.。如：
Please show me your picture.
－Please show your picture to me.
『捌』 初中語法全解，英語常用單詞
1、動詞的分類：
類 別 意 義 例 句
實義動詞 含有實在的意義,表示動作或狀態,在句子中能獨立作謂語。 She has some bananas. 她吃些香蕉。
They eat a lot of potatoes. 他們常吃土豆。
I』m reading an English book now.
我現在正看一本英文書。
連系動詞 本身有一定的詞義,但不能獨立作謂語,必須和表語一起構成謂語。 His father is a teacher.他父親是教師。
Twins usually look the same.
雙胞胎通常看起來一樣。
The teacher became very angry. 老師變得很生氣。
助動詞 本身沒有詞義,不能獨立作謂語,只能和主要動詞一起構成謂語動詞,用來表示否定、疑問、時態、語態或其它語法形式,助動詞自身有人稱、單復數和時態的變化。 He doesn』t speak English. 他不說英語。
We are playing basketball. 我們在打籃球。
Do you have a brother? 你有兄弟嗎？
情態動詞 本身有一定的意義,不能獨立作謂語,只能和主要動詞一起構成謂語動詞,表示說話人的語氣和情態。情態動詞沒有人稱和單復數的變化,有些情態動詞有過去式。 You can keep the books for two weeks.
這些書你可以借兩個星期。
May I smoke here? 我可以在這兒抽煙嗎？
We must go now. 我們現在得走了。
★重要註解：
(1) 關於實義動詞：
① 英語的實義動詞又可分為及物動詞和不及物動詞兩大類：
後面必須跟賓語意義才完整的叫及物動詞；本身意義完整,後面不需跟賓語的叫不及物動詞。
② 有些動詞通常只作不及物動詞。如：go,come,happen,lie,listen,rise,arrive,hall等。
有些動詞通常用作及物動詞。如：say, raise, lay, find, buy等。
③ 大多數動詞可以兼作及物動詞和不及物動詞。如：study, sing等。
④ 有些動詞作及物動詞與作不及物動詞時的意義有所不同。如：know, wash等。
⑤ 有些動詞常和介詞 、副詞或其它詞類一起構成固定片語,形成短語動詞。如：listen,reply,wait,look.
(2) 關於連系動詞：
① 連系動詞用來連接主語和表語,連系動詞後面常為形容詞。
② 常見的連系動詞有：be、become、look、feel、sound、smell、taste、seem、turn、grow、get、 go、fall、sit、stand、lie 等。
③ 有些連系動詞來源於實義動詞,意思也跟著變化：look(看→看起來)、feel(感覺、摸→感到)、 smell(聞、嗅→聞起來)、taste(嘗→嘗起來)、turn(翻轉、轉動→變得)、grow(生長→變得)、get(得到、到達→變得)、go(去→變得),所不同的是,作為實義動詞時,後面不能跟形容詞。
[注釋]
become、get、go、be、grow、turn的用法區別：become表示「變成」,比較正式,通常不用將來時表示動作已經完成。get也表示動作已經完成,但是更加口語化,通常表示溫度、時間、歲數等變化。go表示「變得」,常見於某些短語中,後面常有形容詞bad、blind、hungry等。be表示「是、成為、當」,多用於將來時、祈使句或不定式中。grow表示「變得」,常指逐漸的變化,表示身高、歲數的增長。turn表示「變得」,指變為與原先不同的情況,通常指顏色等變化。如：I was caught in the rain and I became ill.(我淋雨感冒了)/ He has got rich.(他變富了)/ He will be a scientist in the future.(將來他將成為科學家)/ My little brother has grown much taller in the past year.(在過去的一年裡我的弟弟長得高多了)/ The sandwich has gone bad.(那塊三明治已經變壞)/ Her face turned red after her mother criticized(批評) her.(媽媽批評了他以後他的臉變紅了)
(3) 關於助動詞：
①常見的助動詞有：用於進行時和被動語態的be (am, is, are ,was, were, been, being ) ;用於完成時的have(has,had,having) ;用於將來時的shall (should) ; will (would)和用於一般時的do(does,did) .
②助動詞必須同主語的人稱和數一致,也就是說因主語人稱、數的不同而採用不同的形式,其中有些助動詞也可作情態動詞。如：shall, will, should, would.
(4) 關於情態動詞：
①常見的情態動詞有：can (could) ,may (might), must ,shall (should), will (would), dare (dared) , need等,另外,have to、had better也當作情態動詞使用。情態動詞後面必須加動詞的原形。
②can表示體力、腦力方面的能力或客觀的可能性。口語中, 在詢問或說明一件事可不可以做時,常用「can」代替「may」。情態動詞「can」的過去式是「could」,否定式是「cannot」通常縮寫成「can』t」,「could」的否定式是「could not」,通常縮寫成「couldn』t」。如：Can I help you?(要幫忙嗎？)/ He can swim.(他會游泳)/ That can』t be Mr Li.(那不可能是李先生)
③ may表示允許、請求或可能性,用may提問時,肯定回答一般用Certainly或Yes,you may.;否定回答一般用can』t或mustn』t. 如：May I ask you a question?—Certainly.(可以問你一個問題嗎？當然可以)/ You may go now.(現在你可以走了)/ It may be in your pocket.(它可能在你的衣袋裡)
④ must表示「必須」、「一定」的意思。表示「必須」時否定形式是mustn』t；表示「一定」時,否定形式是「can』t」 如：We must be very careful when we cross the road.(我們過馬路時一定要非常小心)/ It must be Jack.(那準是傑克)/ I haven』t seen Kate today. She can』t be here.(我今天沒有看到過凱特,她不可能在這里)
[注意]用must(必須)進行提問時,肯定回答用must,否定回答用needn』t；用must(一定)進行提問時,肯定回答仍用must,但是否定回答用can』t.如：Must we clean the room before we leave? –Yes,you must.或No,you needn』t.(我們走之前必須要打掃房間嗎？是的,必須打掃。/ 不,不需要。) / Must she be in the romm? –Yes,she must.或No,she can』t.(她一定在房間里嗎？是的,一定。/ 不,不可能在。)
⑤ 「have to」表示「不得不」、「必須」。We』ll have to leave now for it is very late at night.
have to的疑問形式是：助動詞+…+have to,否定形式是：助動詞+not+have to或者用needn』t.如：Do you have to stay until 8 o』clock?(你得呆到8點鍾嗎？)/ You don』t have to do so.(=You needn』t do so.)(你不用這么做)
⑥ shall在問句中,可表示徵求對方意見,與第一人稱連用；在陳述句的第二、三人稱的主語後或表示「命令」、「警告」、「允許」等。如：Shall we go to the zoo this weekend?(我們這個周末去動物園好嗎？)/ He shall bring his own book next time.(他下次必須帶自己的書來)
⑦ should可表示「勸告」、「建議」、「驚奇」等意思。We should speak to old people politely.(我們應該禮貌地對老人講話)
⑧ will表示「意願」、「決心」等意思,一般與第二人稱連用。如：Will you please close the door for me?(請你替我把門關上好嗎？)/ I will teach you a lesson.(我要教訓你一頓)
⑨would表示過去的「意願」、「決心」等。He would sit near the fire every time he returned home.(每次他回到家中總要坐在火爐邊)
would也可以表示現在的情況,表達說話人向對方提出的要求,語氣比「will」婉轉、客氣。在日常會話中,「我想要…」通常用「I would like to」或「I should(I』d) like to」來表示。如：Would you like to have a rest at the moment?(你現在想要休息一下嗎？)
would還可以表示過去經常發生的事情。如：Every year parents would tell their children about the boy who would save his people.(每一年父母們總是向孩子們講述這個將會拯救他的人民的男孩的事)
⑩ need表示「需要」,用於疑問句或否定句。「need」作實義動詞時,在肯定、否定、疑問句中都可以用。如：He needn』t do it in such a hurry.(他不需要如此匆忙地做這件事)/ He needs some help.(他需要一些幫助)/ He doesn』t need to bring his football socks then.(那麼他就無須帶上足球襪了)
⑾ dare是「敢」的意思,用法幾乎與「need」完全相同,即在疑問句和否定句中,可以作情態動詞,後面用不帶「to」的動詞不定式。在肯定句中和實義動詞一樣,後面的動詞不定式要帶「to」。How dare you say I am a fool?(你竟敢說我是個傻瓜？)/ He didn』t dare to touch the red button.(他不敢觸碰那個紅色的按鈕)
⑿ 『d better (do)(「最好是」)一般也當作情態動詞使用,否定式是：』d better not (do). 如：You』d better sit here and say nothing.(你最好坐在這兒不講話)/ You』d better not speak because he is sleeping.(你最好不要講話因為他正在睡覺)
2、動詞詞形變化一覽表：
(1)規則動詞變化表：
規 則變 化 原形動詞結尾情況 現在時單三人稱 現 在 分 詞 過去式和過去分詞
一般情況 +s +ing +ed
s,x,ch,sh,o結尾 +es +ing +ed
輔音字母+y結尾 y→i,+es +ing y→i,+ed
重讀閉音節一元一輔結尾 +s 雙寫輔音字母,+ing 雙寫輔音字母,+ed
不發音的e結尾 +s 去掉e,+ing +d
ie結尾 +s ie→y,+ing +d
不規則變化 have→has；be→is (無) (見不規則動詞變化表)
注意：①在加ing或ed時動詞如果以「r」結尾,尾音節又重讀的動詞,「r」應雙寫。
②s/es的讀音規則：在清輔音後讀[s]；在濁輔音後和母音後讀[z]；在[ s ]、[ F]、[z]、[tF]、[dV]後讀[iz].
③ed的讀音規則：在清輔音後讀[t]；在濁輔音後和母音後讀[d]；在[t]、[d]後讀[id].
(2)不規則動詞變化表：( 原形 → 過去式 → 過去分詞)
be(am,is) was been lose lost lost
be(are) were been make made made
beat beat beaten may might
become became become mean meant meant
begin began begun meet met met
blow blew blown mistake mistook mistaken
break broke broken must must
bring brought brought pay paid paid
build built built put put put
buy bought bought read read Read
can could ride rode ridden
catch caught caught ring rang rung
choose chose chosen rise rose risen
come came come run ran run
cost cost cost say said said
cut cut cut see saw seen
dig g g sell sold sold
do did done send sent sent
draw drew drawn set set set
drink drank drunk shall should
drive drove driven shine shone shone
eat ate eaten show showed shown
fall fell fallen shut shut shut
feel felt felt sing sang sung
find found found sink sank/sunk sunk/sunken
fly flew flown sit set set
forget forgot forgot/forgotten sleep slept slept
freeze froze frozen smell smelt smelt
get got got speak spoke spoken
give gave given spend spent spent
go went gone spill spilt spilt
grow grew grown spoil spoilt spoilt
hang hung/hanged hung/hanged stand stood stood
have(has) had had sweep swept swept
hear heard heard swim swam swum
hide hid hidden take took taken
hit hit hit teach taught taught
hold held held tell told told
hurt hurt hurt think thought thought
keep kept kept throw threw thrown
know knew known understand understood understood
lay laid laid wake woke/waked woken/waked
learn learnt/learned learnt/learned wear wore worn
leave left left will would
lend lent lent win won won
let let let write wrote witten
lie lay lain
3、be(「是/存在」)動詞的各種時態變化：
一 般 現 在 時 一 般 將 來 時 現 在 完 成 時
I am….
You are.…
He/She/It is….
We/You/They are…. (I等各人稱) will be….
I am
He/She/It is going to be…
We/You/They are I have been….
You have been….
She/he/It has been….
We/You/They have been….
一 般 過 去 時 過 去 將 來 時 過 去 完 成 時
I was….
You were.…
He/She/It was….
We/You/They were…. (I等各人稱) would be….
I was
He/She/It was going to be…
We/You/They were I had been….
You had been….
She/he/It had been….
We/You/They had been….
注意：句型變化時,
否定句在am /is /are /will /have /has /was /were /had /would 後面加not,而且not都可以縮寫為n』t (am後面not不可以縮寫)；
疑問句將am /is /are /will /have /has /was /were /had /would 提前到句首。
『玖』 初中實用英語語法答案
初中英語語法總結
( 動詞的時態)
11.1 一般現在時的用法
1） 經常性或習慣性的動作，常與表示頻度的時間狀語連用。時間狀語： every…, sometimes, at…, on Sunday。例如：
I leave home for school at 7 every morning. 每天早上我七點離開家。
2） 客觀真理，客觀存在，科學事實。例如：
The earth moves around the sun. 地球繞太陽轉動。
Shanghai lies in the east of China. 上海位於中國東部。
3） 表示格言或警句。例如：
Pride goes before a fall. 驕者必敗。
注意：此用法如果出現在賓語從句中，即使主句是過去時，從句謂語也要用一般現在時。
例：Columbus proved that the earth is round. 哥倫布證實了地球是圓的。
4） 現在時刻的狀態、能力、性格、個性。例如：
I don't want so much. 我不要那麼多。
Ann writes good English but does not speak well.
安英語寫得不錯，講的可不行。
比較：Now I put the sugar in the cup. 把糖放入杯子。
I am doing my homework now. 我正在做功課。
第一句用一般現在時，用於操作演示或指導說明的示範性動作，表示言行的瞬間動作。第二句中的now是進行時的標志，表示正在進行的動作的客觀狀況，所以後句用一般現在時。
11.2 一般過去時的用法
1）在確定的過去時間里所發生的動作或存在的狀態。例如：時間狀語有：yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。例如：
Where did you go just now? 剛才你上哪兒去了？
2）表示在過去一段時間內，經常性或習慣性的動作。例如：
When I was a child, I often played football in the street.
我是個孩子的時候，常在馬路上踢足球。
Whenever the Browns went ring their visit, they were given a
warm welcome.
那時，布朗一家無論什麼時候去，都受到熱烈歡迎。
3）句型：It is time for sb. to do sth "到……時間了" "該……了"。例如：It is
time for you to go to bed. 你該睡覺了。
It is time that sb. did sth. "時間已遲了" "早該……了" ，例如It is time you
went to bed. 你早該睡覺了。
would （had） rather sb. did sth. 表示'寧願某人做某事'。例如：I'd rather you
came tomorrow.還是明天來吧。
4） wish, wonder, think, hope 等用過去時，作試探性的詢問、請求、建議等，而一般過去時表示的動作或狀態都已成為過去，現已不復存在
。例如：I thought you might have some. 我以為你想要一些。
比較：Christine was an invalid all her life.（含義：她已不在人間。）
Christine has been an invalid all her life.（含義：她現在還活著）
Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years.
（含義：達比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。）
Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years.
（含義：現在還住在肯塔基州，有可能指剛離去）
注意： 用過去時表示現在，表示委婉語氣。
1）動詞want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。例如：
Did you want anything else? 您還要些什麼嗎？
I wondered if you could help me. 能不能幫我一下。
2）情態動詞 could, would。例如：
Could you lend me your bike? 你的自行車，能借用一些嗎？
11.3 used to / be used to
used to + do："過去常常"表示過去習慣性的動作或狀態，但如今已不存在。例如：
Mother used not to be so forgetful. 老媽過去沒那麼健忘。
Scarf used to take a walk. 斯卡夫過去常常散步。
be used to + doing：對……已感到習慣，或"習慣於"，to是介詞，後需加名詞或動名詞。例如：
He is used to a vegetarian diet.
Scarf is used to taking a walk. 斯卡夫現在已習慣於散步了。
典型例題
---- Your phone number again? I ___ quite catch it.
---- It's 69568442.
A. didn't B. couldn't C. don't D. can't
答案A. 本句雖沒有明確的時間狀語，但從語意上看出，在聽的時候沒有聽懂這個動作發生在過去，因此應用過去時。
11.4 一般將來時
1） shall用於第一人稱，常被will 所代替。will 在陳述句中用於各人稱，在徵求意見時常用於第二人稱。例如：
Which paragraph shall I read first？ 我先讀哪一段呢？
Will you be at home at seven this evening? 今晚七點回家好嗎？
2） be going to +不定式，表示將來。
a. 主語的意圖，即將做某事。例如：What are you going to do tomorrow? 明天打算作什麼呢？
b. 計劃，安排要發生的事。例如：The play is going to be proced next
month。這出戲下月開播。
c. 有跡象要發生的事。例如：Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a
storm. 看那烏雲，快要下雨了。
3） be +不定式表將來，按計劃或正式安排將發生的事。例如：
We are to discuss the report next Saturday.我們下星期六討論這份報告。
4） be about to +不定式，意為馬上做某事。例如：
He is about to leave for Beijing. 他馬上要去北京。
注意：be about to do 不能與tomorrow, next week 等表示明確將來時的時間狀語連用。
11.5 be going to / will 用於條件句時，be going to表將來,will表意願。例如：
If you are going to make a journey, you'd better get ready for it as soon as possible.
Now if you will take off your clothes, we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror.
11.6 be to和be going to
be to 表示客觀安排或受人指示而做某事，be going to 表示主觀的打算或計劃。例如：
I am to play football tomorrow afternoon. 明天下午我去踢球。（客觀安排）
I'm going to play football tomorrow afternoon.
明天下午我想去踢球。（主觀安排）
11.7 一般現在時表將來
1）下列動詞come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般現在時可以表示將來，主要用來表示在時間上已確定或安排好的事情。例如：
The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. 火車明天上午六點開。
When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes. 汽車什麼時候開？十分鍾後。
2）以here, there等開始的倒裝句，表示動作正在進行。例如：
Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming. 車來了。
There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing. 鈴響了。
3）在時間或條件句中。例如：
When Bill comes （不是will come）, ask him to wait for me. 比爾來後，讓他等我。
I'll write to you as soon as I arrive there. 我到了那裡，就寫信給你。
4）在動詞hope, take care that, make sure that等的賓語從句中。例如：
I hope they have a nice time next week. 我希望他們下星期玩得開心。
Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room. 離開房間前，務必把窗戶關了。
11.8 用現在進行時表示將來
下列動詞come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return等現在進行時可以表示將來。例如：
I'm leaving tomorrow. 明天我要走了。
Are you staying here till next week? 你會在這兒呆到下周嗎？
11.9 現在完成時
現在完成時用來表示之前已發生或完成的動作或狀態，其結果的影響現在還存在；也可表示持續到現在的動作或狀態。其構成：have（has） +過去分詞。
11.10 比較一般過去時與現在完成時
1）一般過去時表示過去某時發生的動作或單純敘述過去的事情，強調動作；現在完成時為過去發生的，強調過去的事情對現在的影響，強調的是影響。
2）一般過去時常與具體的時間狀語連用，而現在完成時通常與模糊的時間狀語連用，或無時間狀語。
一般過去時的時間狀語：yesterday, last week，…ago, in1980, in October, just
now等，皆為具體的時間狀語。
現在完成時的時間狀語：for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in past years, always等，皆不確定的時間狀語。
共同的時間狀語：this morning, tonight, this April, now, already, recently, lately 等。
3）現在完成時可表示持續到現在的動作或狀態，動詞一般是延續性的，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.。
一般過去時常用的非持續性動詞有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。例如：
I saw this film yesterday. （強調看的動作發生過了）
I have seen this film. （強調對現在的影響，電影的內容已經知道了）
Why did you get up so early? （強調起床的動作已發生過了）
Who hasn't handed in his paper? （強調有卷子未交，疑為不公平競爭）
He has been in the League for three years. （在團內的狀態可延續）
He has been a League member for three years. （是團員的狀態可持續）
句子中如有過去時的時間副詞（如yesterday, last, week, in 1960）時，不能使用現在完成時，要用過去時。
（錯）Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.
（對）Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.
11.11 用於現在完成時的句型
1）It is the first / second time.... that…結構中的從句部分，用現在完成時。例如：
It is the first time that I have visited the city. 這是我第一次訪問這城市。
This is the first time （that） I've heard him sing. 這是我第一次聽他唱歌。
注意：It was the third time that the boy had been late.
2）This is +形容詞最高級+that…結構，that 從句要用現在完成時。例如：
This is the best film that I've （ever） seen. 這是我看過的最好的電影。
典型例題
（1） ---Do you know our town at all? ---No, this is the first time I ___ here.
A. was B. have been C. came D. am coming
答案B. This is the first time 後面所加從句應為現在完成時，故選B。
（2） ---Have you ____ been to our town before? ---No, it's the first time I ___ here.
A. even, come B. even, have come C. ever, come D. ever, have come
答案D. ever意為曾經或無論何時，反意詞為never，此兩詞常用於完成時。
注意：非延續性動詞的否定形式可以與表示延續時間的狀語連用。即動作不發生的狀態是可以持續的。
（錯）I have received his letter for a month.
（對）I haven't received his letter for almost a month.
11.12 比較since和for
Since 用來說明動作起始時間，for用來說明動作延續時間長度。例如：
I have lived here for more than twenty years.我住在這兒二十多年了。
I have lived here since I was born. 我從出生起就住在這兒了。
注意：並非有for 作為時間狀語的句子都用現在完成時。
I worked here for more than twenty years. （我現在已不在這里工作。）
I have worked here for many years.（現在我仍在這里工作。）
注意：用句型轉換的方法，很容易排除非延續動詞在有for/since結構的完成時中的誤用。
1）（對） Tom has studied Russian for three years. = Tom began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now.
2）（錯） Harry has got married for six years. = Harry began to get married six years ago, and is still getting married now.
顯然，第二句不對，它應改為 Harry got married six years ago. 或 Harry has been married for six years.
11.13 since的四種用法
1） since +過去一個時間點（如具體的年、月、日期、鍾點、1980, last month, half past
six）。例如：
I have been here since 1989. 1989起，我一直在這兒。
2） since +一段時間+ ago。例如：
I have been here since five months ago. 我在這兒，已經有五個月了。
3） since +從句。例如：
Great changes have taken place since you left. 你走後，變化可大了。
Great changes have taken place since we were here. 我們走後，變化可大了。
4） It is +一段時間+ since從句。例如：
It is two years since I became a postgraate student. 我考上研究生有兩年了。
11.14 延續動詞與瞬間動詞
1） 用於完成時的區別
延續動詞表示經驗、經歷； 瞬間動詞表示行為的結果，不能與表示段的時間狀語連用。例如：
He has completed the work. 他已完成了那項工作。 （表結果）
I've known him since then. 我從那時起就認識他了。（表經歷）
2） 用於till / until從句的差異
延續動詞用於肯定句，表示"做……直到……" 瞬間動詞用於否定句，表示"到……，才……"。例如：
He didn't come back until ten o'clock. 他到10 點才回來。
He slept until ten o'clock. 他一直睡到10點。
典型例題
1. You don't need to describe her. I ___ her several times.
A. had met B. have met C. met D. meet
答案B. 首先本題後句強調對現在的影響，我知道她的模樣，你不用描述。再次，several
times告知為反復發生的動作，因此用現在完成時。
2. ---I'm sorry to keep you waiting.
---Oh, not at all. I ___here only a few minutes.
A. have been B. had been C. was D. will be
答案A. 等待的動作由過去開始，持續到現在，應用現在完成時。
11.15 過去完成時
1） 概念：表示過去的過去
----|----------|--------|----> 其構成是had +過去分詞構成。 那時以前 那時 現在
2） 用法
a. 在told, said, knew, heard, thought等動詞後的賓語從句。例如：
She said （that）she had never been to Paris. 她告訴我她曾去過巴黎。
b. 狀語從句
在過去不同時間發生的兩個動作中，發生在先，用過去完成時；發生在後，用一般過去時。例如：
When the police arrived, the thieves had run away. 警察到達時，小偷們早就跑了。
c. 表示意向的動詞，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用過去完成時表示"原本…，未能…"。例如：
We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't. 那時我們希望你能來，但是你沒有來。
3） 過去完成時的時間狀語before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon
as。例如：
He said that he had learned some English before. 他說過他以前學過一些英語。
By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself. 到了十二歲那年，愛迪生開始自己謀生。
Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.
湯姆失望了，因為他到達晚會時，大部分客人已經走了。
典型例題
The students ___ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she ___ in the office.
A. had written, left B，were writing, has left C. had written, had left D. were writing, had left
答案D.
"把書忘在辦公室"發生在"去取書"這一過去的動作之前，因此"忘了書"這一動作發生在過去的過去，用過去完成時。句中when表示的是時間的一點，表示在"同學們正忙於……"這一背景下，when所引導的動作發生。因此前一句應用過去進行時。
注意： had hardly… when 還沒等…… 就……。例如：
I had hardly opened the door when I he hit me. 我剛打開門，他就打了我。
had no sooner…than 剛…… 就……。例如：
He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it. 他剛買了這輛車，轉眼又賣了。
11.16 用一般過去時代替過去完成時
1） 兩個動作如按順序發生，又不強調先後，或用then，and，but 等連詞時，多用一般過去時。例如：
When she saw the mouse，she screamed. 她看到老鼠，就叫了起來。
My aunt gave me a hat and I lost it. 姑媽給了我一頂帽子，我把它丟了。
2 ） 兩個動作相繼發生，可用一般過去時；如第一個動作需要若干時間完成，用過去完成時。例如：
When I heard the news, I was very excited.
3） 敘述歷史事實，可不用過去完成時，而只用一般過去時。例如：
Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492.
11.17 將來完成時
1） 構成will have done
2） 概念
a. 狀態完成：表示某事繼續到將來某一時為止一直有的狀態。例如：
They will have been married for 20 years by then. 到那時他們結婚將有二十年了。
b. 動作完成：表示將來某一時或另一個將來的動作之前，已經完成的動作或獲得的經驗。例如：
You will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow. 明天此時，你已經到達上海了。
11.18 現在進行時
現在進行時的基本用法：
a. 表示現在（指說話人說話時）正在發生的事情。例如： We are waiting for you. 我們正在等你。
b. 習慣進行：表示長期的或重復性的動作，說話時動作未必正在進行。例如：
Mr. Green is writing another novel. 他在寫另一部小說。（說話時並未在寫，只處於寫作的狀態。）
c. 表示漸變，這樣的動詞有：get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等。例如：
The leaves are turning red. 葉子在變紅。
It's getting warmer and warmer. 天越來越熱了。
d. 與always, constantly, forever 等詞連用，表示反復發生的動作或持續存在的狀態，往往帶有說話人的主觀色彩。例如：
You are always changing your mind. 你老是改變主意。
典型例題
My dictionary ___, I have looked for it everywhere but still___ it.
A. has lost, don't find B. is missing, don't find C. has lost, haven't found D. is missing, haven't found.
答案D. 前句是一個仍在持續的狀態，應用進行時，由於沒有找到，其影響仍然存在，應用完成時，瞬間動詞用於否定式時可用於完成時。
11.19 不用進行時的動詞
1）表示事實狀態的動詞，如have, belong, possess, cost, owe, exist, include,
contain, matter, weigh, measure, continue等。例如：I have two brothers. 我有兩兄弟。
This house belongs to my sister. 這房子是我姐的。
2）表示心理狀態的動詞，如know, realize, think see, believe, suppose, imagine, agree, recognize, remember, want, need, forget, prefer, mean, understand, love, hate等。例如：I need your help. 我需要你的幫助。
He loves her very much. 他愛她很深。
3）瞬間動詞，如accept, receive, complete, finish, give, allow, decide, refuse等。例如：
I accept your advice. 我接受你的勸告。
4）系動詞，如seem, remain, lie, see, hear, smell, feel, taste, get, become, turn等。例如：
You seem a little tired. 你看上去有點累。
11.20 過去進行時
1）概念：表示過去某時正在進行的狀態或動作。
2）過去進行時的主要用法是描述一件事發生的背景；一個長動作延續的時候，另一個短動作發生。
3） 常用的時間狀語有this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten last evening, when, while等。例如：
My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself. 我兄弟騎車時摔了下來，受了傷。
It was raining when they left the station. 他們離開車站時，正下著雨。
When I got to the top of the mountain, the sun was shining. 我到達山頂時，陽光燦爛。
典型例題
1） Mary ___ a dress when she cut her finger.
A. made B. is making C. was making D. makes
答案C.
割傷手指是已發生的事情，應用過去時。同時，when表時間的同時性，"瑪麗在做衣服時"提供事情發生的背景，因此用過去進行時。
2） As she ___ the newspaper, Granny ___ asleep.
A. read；was falling B. was reading； fell C. was reading； was falling D. read；fell
答案B.句中的as = when, while，意為"當……之時"。描述一件事發生的背景時，用過去進行；一個長動作發生的時候，另一個短動作發生。句意為 "在她看報紙時，奶奶睡著了。"句中的 fell（fall的過去時），是系動詞，後跟形容詞，如：fall sick
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我覺得到這個時候應該練習中考真題,即使不會也沒有關系,找找感覺總是好的。
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