❶ 新目標八年級上冊英語每單元課文與語法
動詞
一. 動詞是表示動作或處於某種狀態的詞，它分為行為動詞，系動詞、助動詞和情態動詞，動詞種類多，變化又復雜，是學習英語的難點之一，下面根據動詞的特點進行歸類，並提供一些辨別方法，以便於理解和掌握。
1. 行為動詞在動詞中數量最多，它含有實在的意義（又叫實義動詞），表示動作或狀態，在句中可以單獨作謂語，行為動詞又分為及物動詞和不及物動詞，及物動詞後面必須加賓語，意義才完整，不及物動詞後面不能直接帶賓語，常需要在賓語前加介詞才能帶賓語。
eg:
We study English very hard.
She has a book in her hand.
The sun rises in the east.
2. 連系動詞本身有一定詞義，但不能獨立作謂語，必須與表語一起構成謂語，常見的連系動詞有：be, look, sound, get, become等。
eg:
My parents are both farmers.
The milk tastes terrible.
The song sounds good.
3. 助動詞本身無詞義，不能獨立作謂語，必須和主要動詞構成謂語，表示疑問，否定，時態或其它語法形式。常見的助動詞有：be, have, do, will, shall等。
eg:
Do you have a brother?
Have you got an English-Chinese dictionary?
I didn』t go to the cinema yesterday.
4. 情態動詞本身有詞義，但不能獨立作謂語，只能和主要動詞一起構成謂語，表示說話者的語氣和情態，情態動詞沒有人稱和數的變化，情態動詞本身可以構成疑問和否定，常見的情態動詞有：can, may, must, will, shall, need等。
eg: Can you sing the English song?
Everyone must get to school on time.
二. 動詞的時態：
（一）時態概述：作謂語的動詞用來表示動作（情況）發生時間的各種形式稱為時態，英語中的時態，就是通過特殊的動詞詞尾或加一些相關的助動詞be, have（has）等，用來表示動作或事件發生的不同時間和方面。
eg: He reads newspapers every day.
He read the newspaper yesterday.
He is going to read the newspaper tomorrow.
（二）一般現在時：
1. 動詞變化：一般現在時主要用動詞原形表示，但第三人稱單數後要加詞尾-s，另外be和have有特殊的人稱形式。
在加詞尾-s時要注意：
情況 加法 例詞
一般情況 加-s reads, writes, says
以ch, sh, s, x, 或o收尾的詞 加-es teaches, washes, guesses, fixes, goes
以「輔音字母+y」結尾的詞 變y為i再加-es try－tries
carry－carries
讀音：
情況 讀法 例詞
在[p][t][k][f]等清輔音後 〔s〕 helps, hates, asks, laughs
在[s][z][ ][t ][d3]等音後 〔iz〕 faces, rises, wishes, watches, urges
在其他情況下 〔z〕 plans, cries, shows
2. 一般現在時主要表示：
（1）經常性或習慣性的動作，常與這樣的時間狀語連用：always, often, usually, sometimes等
eg: We always help each other.
It often snows in winter.
I get up early every morning.
（2）表示主語現在的特徵、性格、能力等。
eg: He loves sports.
Jane is an outgoing girl.
Tom and Tim both have medium height.
（3）表示客觀、普遍真理
eg:
Two and four makes six.
Water boils at 100℃
The moon moves round the earth.
3. 一般現在時的疑問句一般以在句首加助動詞do，does的方式構成。第三人稱單數加does，其他加do，這時動詞一概用原形；動詞be只需與主語位置對調就行了。
eg: Do you like English?
Do they have story books?
What does she do every evening?
Is she at home?
Are you good at English?
4. 一般現在時的否定式是do not（don』t）或does not （doesn』t）＋動詞原形來構成的，be動詞做謂語動詞只需在be後加not構成否定。
eg:
I don』t like oranges at all.
She doesn』t work in the TV station.
They aren』t students.
I』m not busy every weekend.
三. 現在進行時：
1. 動詞變化：現在進行時由「am /is /are＋動詞現在分詞」構成。加-ing的規則如下：
（1）一般在動詞原形末尾加-ing。如：
stay－staying do－doing
listen－listening suffer－suffering
work－working spend－spending
look－looking
（2）以不發音的字母e結尾的動詞，先去掉e，再加-ing。如：
make－making take－taking
give－giving ride－riding
please－pleasing refuse－refusing
close－closing operate－operating
（3）以一個輔音字母結尾的重讀閉音節詞，先雙寫這個輔音字母，再加-ing。如：
put－putting sit－sitting
run－running win－winning
begin－beginning
2. 現在進行時的用法
（1）表示說話時正在進行或發生的動作，這時可以不用時間狀語，也可以和now, at present, at the moment等時間狀語連用。有時用一個動詞，如look（看），listen（聽）。
eg: What are you reading now?
Listen! Someone is singing in the classroom.
（2）表示當前一段時期的活動或現階段正在進行的動作。
eg: They are working in a factory these days.
More and more people are giving up smoking.
（3）表示最近按計劃或安排要進行的動作。
現在進行時有時可表示一個在最近按計劃或安排要進行的動作，即可以用來代替將來時。
eg: When are you leaving?
Are you going to Tibet tomorrow?
3. 現在進行時的否定句和疑問句比較簡單。否定句在be（am, is, are）後面加not；疑問句把be動詞移到主語前。
eg:
I am not working.
What are you reading now?
How are you feeling today?
The train isn』t arriving soon.
四. 一般過去時：
1. 動詞變化：一般過去時主要表示過去的動作或狀態，在句中由主語＋動詞的過去式來表達。
構成規則 原形 過去式
一般在動詞末尾加-ed work
plant
play worked
planted
played
結尾是e的動詞在末尾加-d like
live
change liked
lived
changed
末尾只有一個輔音字母的重讀閉音節詞，先雙寫這個輔音字母，再加-ed plan（計劃）
stop
drop planned
stopped
dropped
以輔音字母加y結尾的，先變y為i再加-ed carry
study
cry carried
studied
cried
否定式 疑問式 否定疑問式 簡單回答
I did not work. Did I work? Did I not work? Yes, you did.
No, you didn』t.
You did not work. Did you work? Did you not work? Yes, I did.
No, I didn』t.
He / She / It did not work. Did he / she / it work? Did he / she / it not work? Yes, he / she / it /did.
No, he /she /it didn』t.
We did not work. Did we work? Did we not work? Yes, you did.
No, you didn』t.
You did not work. Did you work? Did you not work? Yes, we did.
No, we didn』t.
They did not work. Did they work? Did you they not work? Yes, they did.
No, they didn』t.
2. 一般過去時的基本用法：
（1）帶有確定的過去時間狀語時，要用過去時。（eg: yesterday, last year, just now, two days ago, in the old days等）
eg: He left just now.
Lei Feng was a good soldier.
What did you have for breakfast this morning?
（2）表示過去某一段時間內經常或反復發生的動作，這時常和表示頻度的狀語連用。
eg: Last term we often did experiments.
He always went to work by bus.
五. be going to 表示一般將來
1. 用法：表示現在打算在最近或將來要做的事，或表示說話人根據已有的跡象認為很有可能要發生的事情，be隨著人稱的變化變成（am, is, are）
eg: We are going to have a new subject this year.
It』s going to rain this afternoon.
I』m going to be a pilot when I grow up.
2. be going to 的否定句在be動詞後加上not；be going to 的疑問句把be動詞移到主語前。
eg:
He isn』t going to see his brother tomorrow.
I』m not going to tell you about it.
Who』s going to use it?
Is your sister going to bring your lunch?
What are you going to do next Sunday.
【模擬試題】（答題時間：70分鍾）
一. 改錯：
例1：The rose dark red. →The rose is dark red.
1. He very likes swimming.
2. He can helps you.
3. We haven』t a good time.
4. What are you do after school every day?
5. Sometimes I listen music. sometimes I play outside.
6. The fish smells not good.
7. We should buy some chicken. There are little left.
8. There have many birds in the sky.
9. My mother』s glasses is broken.
10. A pair of shoes are nearly one thousand.
11. What colour are her hair?
12. Does he his homework?
13. A: Do you like your class?
B: Yes. I like.
14. He always do his shopping on Friday evening.
15. I very sorry I forgot your birthday.
16. I have no brother and sister.
二. 連片語句：
1. listen, morning, the, to, I, radio, the, in, often
2. of, men, nurses, good, sick, hospital, care, in, take, the
3. weekdays, he, the, goes, cinema, never, ring, the, to
4. computer, got, new, you, a, have?
5. weekends, he, rest, does, a, got, have, on?
6. good, Li Ming, do, and, often, I deeds
7. museum, they, the, often, science, visit, how, do?
8. the, in, any, there, kitchen, food, is?
9. homework, does, day, when, Tom, his, every, where, and, do?
10. a, there, vegetables, many, but, apples, aren』t, lot, there, of, are, there
三. 用括弧里的動詞的適當形式填空：
1. There （be）______some glasses on it.
2. He （go）______to the park every day.
3. My uncle （live）______ in Nanjing now.
4. ______ Lucy and Lily （like）______China?
5. Li Lei（not like）______ to drink orange soda.
6. The girl （go）______ home at 4:30 in the afternoon.
7. ______ Kate （speak）______ French? Yes, she does.
8. Jim （not ride）______his bike often.
9. If he （be）______ free tomorrow, he （go）______ with us.
10. As soon as they （get）______ there next month, he （call）______me.
11. ______Li Ming』s father （have）______ his lunch at home?
12. Tom （not do）______the morning exercises often.
13. I （be）______ hungry and my sister （be）______ thirsty.
14. The baby （have）______ curly hair.
15. Everybody （have）______ a chance to win.
16. I （clean）______ my room once a week.
17. Nobody（tell）______ them anything.
18. There （be）______ a lot of chicken on the plate.
19. Mr. Li （teach）______ the second grade.
20. The boy （watch）______ TV every evening.
21. Mary （play）______the violin quite well.
22. David （study）______Chinese and I （study）______ English.
23. The game （be）______ interesting.
24. Many children （be）______ on the playground.
25. He （have）_______ a good time at your party.
26. I （have）______ a new bicycle.
四. 用所給詞的適當形式填空：
1. Tom and his father ______（swim）now.
2. Look! They ______（run）along the street.
3. We ______（practice）hard these days because we will have a big match next month.
4. What ______he ______（do）at nine o』clock last night?
5. They ______（listen）to the music at that time.
6. When the headmaster came in, the students______（read）the text.
7. We ______（watch）TV when suddenly the telephone rang.
8. She ______（make）the paper flowers the whole night.
9. A: _______ you ______（studying）English?
B: Yes, I am.
10. Let』s go out. It ______（not rain）now.
11. Hurry up! Everybody ______（wait）for you.
12. A: ______（you / listen）to the radio?
B: No, You can turn it off.
13. I ______（watch）TV at seven o』clock yesterday evening.
14. A: What ______（you / look）for?
B: I ______（look）for my wallet. There is something important in it.
15. Look. It ______（rain）hard. We』ll get wet if we go out.
五. 選詞填空：
（一）選詞填空：
1. I ______（am, is, was, were）busy last week.
2. Tom and I ______（am, are, was, were）late for school yesterday.
3. I ______（walk, walks, walked, walking）to school the other day.
4. Rose ______（does not, didn』t, has been, has to）visit her uncle the month before last（month）
5. There ______（is, was, are, were）a lot of people in this village ten years ago.
6. Mother ______（am, is, was, were）ill in bed last night.
7. It ______（rain, rains, rained, raining）a lot last year.
（二）用括弧中動詞的適當形式填空：
1. My uncle in London ______（send）a birthday present to me yesterday.
2. When ______（be）you born?
3. As soon as he arrived in the country, he ______（phone）me.
4. When I ______（knock）at his door, he was cooking.
5. We were watching TV when the light ______（go）out.
6. He said he ______（not like）maths at all.
（三）用括當的詞完成下列句子。
1. ______you make this cake last night? Yes. I did. I _______it for you.
2. Did Tom _______ home at five yesterday?
No, he _______. He came home at six.
3. What _______ you _______ at the store? I bought a camera.
4. Were you at home yesterday? Yes, I _______.
5. Where did you catch the fish? I _______ it in the river near my house.
六. 完成下列句子：
1. 你長大了想當什麼？我打算當個電腦程序員。
What _____ you ______ ______ _______ when you ______ _______?
I』m ______ to _______ a _______ _______.
2. 你哥哥長大了打算當什麼？他打算當個專業的籃球運動員。
What _____ your brother _____ _________ ______ when he ______ _______?
He』s _____ to ______ a _______ _________ player.
3. 你打算怎麼做？我打算學計算機學。
_____ are you ______ ________ ________ that?
I』m _____ _______ _______ computer _______.
4. 你哥哥打算怎麼做？他打算每天練籃球。
_____ is your brother _____ _____ _____?
He』s _____ ______ _________ basketball every day.
5. 她打算下學期上一些表演課嗎？是的。
______ she ______ _______ _________ some ______ lessons?
Yes, she ________.
【試題答案】
1. He likes swimming.
2. He can help you.
3. We don』t have a good time.
4. What do you do after school every day?
5. Sometimes I listen to music, sometimes I play outside.
6. The fish doesn』t smell good.
7. We should buy some chicken. There is little left.
8. There are many birds in the sky.
9. My mother』s glasses are broken.
10. A pair of shoes is nearly one thousand.
11. If he doesn』t feel well he will go to visit the History Museum.
12. What colour is her hair?
13. Does he do his homework?
14. A: Do you like your class?
B: Yes. I do.
15. He always does his shopping on Friday evening.
16. I am sorry I forgot your birthday.
二.
1. I often listen to the radio in the morning.
2. Nurses take good care of sick men in the hospital.
3. He never goes to the cinema ring the weekdays.
4. Have you got a new computer?
5. Does he have a rest on weekends?
6. Li Ming and I often do good deeds.
7. How often do you visit the science museum?
8. Is there any food in the kitchen?
9. When and where does Tom do his homework every day?
10. There are a lot of vegetables but there aren』t many apples there.
Or: There are a lot of apples but there aren』t many vegetables there.
三. 1. are 2. goes 3. lives 4. Do, like 5. doesn』t like
6. goes 7. Does, speak 8. doesn』t ride
9. is, will go 10. get, will call 11. Does, have
12. doesn』t do 13. am, is 14. has
15. has 16. clean 17. tells 18. is
19. teaches 20. watches 21. plays 22. studies, study
23. is 24. are 25. has 26. have
四. 1. are swimming 2. are running 3. are practicing
4. was, doing 5. were listening 6. were reading
7. were watching 8. was making 9. Are, studying
10. isn』t raining 11. is waiting 12. Are you listening
13. was watching 14. are you looking, am looking
15. is raining
五.
（一）1. was 2. were 3. walked 4. did not
5. were 6. was 7. rained
（二）1. sent 2. were 3. phoned 4. knocked 5. went
6. didn』t like
（三）1. Did, made 2. come, didn』t 3. did, buy 4. was
5. caught
六.
1. are, going, to, be, grow, up, going, be, computer, programmer
2. is, going, to, be, grows, up, going, be, professional, basketball.
3. How, going, to, do, going, to, study, science
4. How, going, to, do, that, going, to, play
5. Is, going, to, take, acting, is
❷ 蘇教版七年級上冊英語第1單元、第2單元復習資料！語法、習題、選擇、閱讀、完形填空、………………全部都
同學們，在各單元的學習過程中，如能抓住單元的知識重點、突破其語法難點、不失為一種高效的學習方法。為幫助同學們掌握該法，現結合第1部分的內容，詳細地介紹給同學們，供你們學習時參考。
[點擊重點1] Would you like to live in a palace, Eddie? (P2)
[突破難點] would like 意為\"想；要\"，其同義詞是want。由其構成的三個重要的句型是：
①would like sth. 想要某物
②would like to do sth. 想要做某事
③would like sb. to do sth. 想要某人做某事
[點擊重點2] We sit on the big floor cushions and look out at the beach and the sea. (P4)
[突破難點]在該句中，look out意為\"向外看\"。另外，它還有\"當心\"的含義。常見的含有look的片語還有：
look around 環顧四周 look for 尋找 look after 照料 look forward to 盼望 look like 看起來像
[點擊重點3] I climb a ladder to get into my house. (P4) 我爬梯子進到屋子裡。
[突破難點] (1) get into在句中的意思是\"進入\"，這個短語的用法較廣，它還可表示\"陷入、染上（習慣）；穿上（衣、鞋）\"等含義，同時注意比較：get in\"抵達、收獲、請......來\"。例如：
A dog is outside the room. I can\'t get into it. 一條狗在房間的外面。我無法進到裡面。
The train got in late. 火車晚點了。
(2)特別要注意句中的動詞不定式用法，to get into my house是表示動詞climb的目的。
[點擊重點4] It\'s very beautiful and quiet here. (P4) 這兒非常美麗和安靜。
[突破難點] quiet是一個形容詞，意為靜止的，寧靜的，用在連系動詞後。注意其詞形與quite相似，後者表示\"很、十分、相當\"，修飾形容詞、副詞。
❸ 初一英語上冊，每個單元知識語法總結點
初一英語語法總結
一、 詞法 1、名詞A）、名詞的數
我們知道名詞可以分為可數名詞和不可數名詞，而不可數名詞它沒有復數形式，但可數名詞卻有單數和復數之分，復數的構成如下：
一）在後面加s。如：fathers, books, Americans, Germans, apples, bananas
二）x, sh, ch, s, tch後加es。如：boxes, glasses, dresses, watches, wishes, faxes
三）1）以輔音字母加y結尾的變y為i再加es 如：baby-babies, family-families, ty-ties, comedy-comedies, documentary-documentaries, story-stories
2）以母音字母加y結尾的直接加s。如：day-days, boy-boys, toy-toys, key-keys, ways
四）以o結尾加s（外來詞）。如：radios, photos, 但如是輔音加o的加es：如: tomatoes西紅柿, potatoes馬鈴薯
五）以f或fe結尾的變f為v再加es(s)。如：knife-knives, wife-wives, half-halves, shelf-shelves, leaf-leaves, yourself-yourselves
六）單復數相同（不變的）有：fish, sheep, deer鹿子, Chinese, Japanese
七）一般只有復數，沒有單數的有：people,pants, shorts, shoes, glasses, gloves, clothes, socks
八）單詞形式不變，既可以是單數也可以是復數的有：police警察局，警察, class班，同學, family家，家庭成員
九）合成的復數一般只加主要名詞，多數為後一個單詞。如：action movie-action movies, pen pal-pen pals; 但如果是由man或woman所組成的合成詞的復數則同時為復數。如：man doctor-men doctors, woman teacher-women teachers
十）有的單復數意思不同。如：fish魚 fishes魚的種類, paper紙 papers報紙，卷子，論文, work工作 works作品，工廠, glass玻璃 glasses玻璃杯，眼鏡, orange桔子水 oranges橙子, light光線 lights燈, people人 peoples民族, time時間 times時代, 次數, chicken 雞肉 chickens 小雞
十一） 單個字母的復數可以有兩種形式直接加s或』s。如：Is (I』s), Ks (K』s)。但如是縮略詞則只加s。如：IDs, VCDs, SARs
十二） 特殊形式的有：child-children, man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, mouse-mice, policeman-policemen, Englishman-Englishmen
B）名詞的格
當我們要表示某人的什麼東西或人時，我們就要使用所有格形式。構成如下：
一）單數在後面加』s。如：brother』s, Mike』s, teacher』s
二）復數以s結尾的直接在s後加』，如果不是以s結尾的與單數一樣處理。如：Teachers』 Day教師節, classmates』; Children』s Day六一節, Women』s Day三八節
三）由and並列的名詞所有時，如果是共同所有同一人或物時，只加最後一個』s，但分別擁有時卻分別按單數形式處理。如：Mike and Ben』s room邁克和本的房間（共住一間），Mike』s and Ben』s rooms邁克和本的房間（各自的房間）
2、代詞 項目 人稱代詞 物主代詞 指示代詞 反身代詞
人稱 主格 賓格 形容詞 名詞性
第一人稱 單數 I me my mine myself
復數 we us our ours ourselves
第二人稱 單數 you you your yours yourself
復數 you you your yours yourselves
第三人稱 單數 she her her hers herself
he him his his himself it it its its this that itself
復數 they them their theirs these those themselves
3、動詞 A） 第三人稱單數
當動詞是第三人稱單數時，動詞應該像名詞的單數變動詞那樣加s，如下：
一）一般在詞後加s。如：comes, spells, waits, talks, sees, dances, trains
二）在x, sh, ch, s, tch後加es。如：watches, washes, wishes, finishes
三）1）以輔音字母加y結尾的變y為i再加es。如：study-studies, hurry-hurries, try-tries
2）以母音字母加y結尾的直接加s。如：plays, says, stays, enjoys, buys
四）以o結尾加es。如：does, goes 五）特殊的有：are-is, have-has
B） 現在分詞
當我們說某人正在做什麼事時，動詞要使用分詞形式，不能用原形，構成如下：
一）一般在後加ing。如：spell-spelling, sing-singing, see-seeing, train-training, play-playing, hurry-hurrying, watch-watching, go-going, do-doing
二）以不發音e的結尾的去掉e再加ing。如：dance-dancing, wake-waking, take-taking, practice-practicing, write-writing, have-having
三）以重讀閉音節結尾且一個母音字母＋一個輔音字母（注意除開字母組合如show –showing, draw-drawing）要雙寫最後的輔音字母再加ing。如：put-putting, run-running, get-getting, let-letting, begin-beginning
四）以ie結尾的變ie為y再加ing。如：tie-tying系 die-dying死 lie-lying 位於
4、形容詞的級
我們在對兩個或以上的人或物進行對比時，則要使用比較或最高級形式。構成如下：
一） 一般在詞後加er或est(如果是以e結尾則直接加r或st)。如：greater-greatest, shorter –shortest, taller –tallest, longer –longest, nicer- nicest, larger -largest
二）以重讀閉音節結尾且1個母音字母＋1個輔音字母(字母組合除外，如few-fewer fewest)結尾的雙寫結尾的輔音再加er /est。如：big-bigger biggest, red-redder reddest, hot-hotter hottest
三） 以輔音字母＋y結尾的變y為i加er/est。如：happy-happier happiest, sorry-sorrier sorriest, friendly-friendlier friendliest(more friendly most friendly), busy-busier busiest, easy-easier easiest
四）特殊情況：(兩好多壞，一少老遠)
good/well - better best many/much - more most bad/ill – worse worst
little- less least old- older/elder oldest/eldest far- farther/further farthest/furthest
5、數詞 (基變序，有規則；一、二、三，自己背；五、八、九、十二；其它後接th；y結尾，變為i, eth跟上去。) first, second, third; fifth, eighth, ninth, twelfth; seventh, tenth, thirteenth, hundredth; twenty-twentieth, forty-fortieth, ninety-ninetieth
二、句式
1.陳述句 肯定陳述句
a) This is a book. (be動詞)
b) He looks very young. (連系動詞)
c) I want a sweat like this. (實義動詞)
d) I can bring some things to school. (情態動詞)
e) There』s a computer on my desk. (There be結構)
否定陳述句
a) These aren』t their books. b) They don』t look nice. c) Kate doesn』t go to No. 4 Middle School.
d) Kate can』t find her doll. e) There isn』t a cat here. (=There』s no cat here.)
2. 祈使句
肯定祈使句 a) Please go and ask the man. b) Let』s learn English! c) Come in, please.
否定祈使句a) Don』t be late. b) Don』t hurry.
3. 疑問句
1) 一般疑問句 a) Is Jim a student? b) Can I help you? c) Does she like salad? d) Do they watch TV? e) Is she reading?
肯定回答: a) Yes, he is. b) Yes, you can. c) Yes, she does. d) Yes, they do. e) Yes, she is.
否定回答: a) No, he isn』t. b) No, you can』t. c) No, she doesn』t. d) No, they don』t. e) No, she isn』t.
2) 選擇疑問句 Is the table big or small? 回答 It』s big./ It』s small.
3) 特殊疑問句
① 問年齡 How old is Lucy? She is twelve.
② 問種類 What kind of movies do you like? I like action movies and comedies.
③ 問身體狀況 How is your uncle? He is well/fine.
④ 問方式 How do/can you spell it? L-double O-K.
How do we contact you? My e-mail address is [email protected].
⑤ 問原因 Why do you want to join the club?
⑥ 問時間 What』s the time? (=What time is it?) It』s a quarter to ten a.m..
What time do you usually get up, Rick? At five o』clock.
When do you want to go? Let』s go at 7:00.
⑦ 問地方 Where』s my backpack? It』s under the table.
⑧ 問顏色 What color are they? They are light blue. What』s your favourite color? It』s black.
⑨ 問人物 Who』s that? It』s my sister.
Who is the boy in blue? My brother.
Who isn』t at school? Peter and Emma.
Who are Lisa and Tim talking to?
⑩ 問東西 What』s this/that (in English)? It』s a pencil case.
What else can you see in the picture? I can see some broccoli, strawberries and hamburgers.
11問姓名 What』s your aunt』s name? Her name is Helen./She』s Helen.
What』s your first name? My first name』s Ben.
What』s your family name? My family name』s Smith.
12 問哪一個 Which do you like? I like one in the box.
13 問字母 What letter is it? It』s big D/small f.
14 問價格 How much are these pants? They』re 15 dollars.
15 問電話號碼 What』s your phone number? It』s 576-8349.
16 問謂語(動作) What』s he doing? He』s watching TV.
17 問職業(身份) What do you do? I』m a teacher.
What』s your father? He』s a doctor.
三、時態
1、一般現在時
表示普遍、經常性的或長期性的動作時使用一般現在時，它有：
Be 動詞：She』s a worker. Is she a worker? She isn』t a worker.
情態動詞：I can play the piano. Can you play the piano? I can』t play the piano.
行為動詞：They want to eat some tomatoes. Do they want to eat any tomatoes? They don』t want to eat any tomatoes.
Gina has a nice watch. Does Gina have a nice watch? Gina doesn』t have a watch.
2、現在進行時
表示動詞在此時正在發生或進行就使用進行時態，結構為sb be v-ing sth + 其它.
I』m playing baseball. Are you playing baseball? I』m not playing baseball.
Nancy is writing a letter. Is Nancy writing a letter? Nancy isn』t writing a letter.
They』re listening to the pop music. Are they listening the pop music? They aren』t listening to the pop music. 望採納 ..
❹ 有誰知道新目標英語七年級上冊11單元的語法總結，急需，謝謝！
1、名詞
A）、名詞的數
我們知道名詞可以分為可數名詞和不可數名詞，而不可數名詞它沒有復數形式，但可數名詞卻有單數和復數之分，復數的構成如下：
一）在後面加s。如：fathers, books, Americans, Germans, apples, bananas
二）x, sh, ch, s, tch後加es。如：boxes, glasses, dresses, watches, wishes, faxes
三）1）以輔音字母加y結尾的變y為i再加es 如：baby-babies, family-families, ty-ties, comedy-comedies, documentary-documentaries, story-stories
2）以母音字母加y結尾的直接加s。如：day-days, boy-boys, toy-toys, key-keys, ways
四）以o結尾加s（外來詞）。如：radios, photos, 但如是輔音加o的加es：如: tomatoes西紅柿, potatoes馬鈴薯
五）以f或fe結尾的變f為v再加es(s)。如：knife-knives, wife-wives, half-halves, shelf-shelves, leaf-leaves, yourself-yourselves
六）單復數相同（不變的）有：fish, sheep, deer鹿子, Chinese, Japanese
七）一般只有復數，沒有單數的有：people,pants, shorts, shoes, glasses, gloves, clothes, socks
八）單詞形式不變，既可以是單數也可以是復數的有：police警察局，警察, class班，同學, family家，家庭成員
九）合成的復數一般只加主要名詞，多數為後一個單詞。如：action movie-action movies, pen pal-pen pals; 但如果是由man或woman所組成的合成詞的復數則同時為復數。如：man doctor-men doctors, woman teacher-women teachers
十）有的單復數意思不同。如：fish魚 fishes魚的種類, paper紙 papers報紙，卷子，論文, work工作 works作品，工廠, glass玻璃 glasses玻璃杯，眼鏡, orange桔子水 oranges橙子, light光線 lights燈, people人 peoples民族, time時間 times時代, 次數, chicken 雞肉 chickens 小雞
十一） 單個字母的復數可以有兩種形式直接加s或』s。如：Is (I』s), Ks (K』s)。但如是縮略詞則只加s。如：IDs, VCDs, SARs
十二） 特殊形式的有：child-children, man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, mouse-mice, policeman-policemen, Englishman-Englishmen
B）名詞的格
當我們要表示某人的什麼東西或人時，我們就要使用所有格形式。構成如下：
一）單數在後面加』s。如：brother』s, Mike』s, teacher』s
二）復數以s結尾的直接在s後加』，如果不是以s結尾的與單數一樣處理。如：Teachers』 Day教師節, classmates』; Children』s Day六一節, Women』s Day三八節
三）由and並列的名詞所有時，如果是共同所有同一人或物時，只加最後一個』s，但分別擁有時卻分別按單數形式處理。如：Mike and Ben』s room邁克和本的房間（共住一間），Mike』s and Ben』s rooms邁克和本的房間（各自的房間）
2、代詞
項目 人稱代詞 物主代詞 指示代詞 反身代詞
人稱 主格 賓格 形容詞 名詞性
第一人稱 單數 I me my mine myself
復數 we us our ours ourselves
第二人稱 單數 you you your yours yourself
復數 you you your yours yourselves
第三人稱 單數 she her her hers herself
he him his his himself
it it its its this that itself
復數 they them their theirs these those themselves
3、動詞
A） 第三人稱單數
當動詞是第三人稱單數時，動詞應該像名詞的單數變動詞那樣加s，如下：
一）一般在詞後加s。如：comes, spells, waits, talks, sees, dances, trains
二）在x, sh, ch, s, tch後加es。如：watches, washes, wishes, finishes
三）1）以輔音字母加y結尾的變y為i再加es。如：study-studies, hurry-hurries, try-tries
2）以母音字母加y結尾的直接加s。如：plays, says, stays, enjoys, buys
四）以o結尾加es。如：does, goes
五）特殊的有：are-is, have-has
B） 現在分詞
當我們說某人正在做什麼事時，動詞要使用分詞形式，不能用原形，構成如下：
一）一般在後加ing。如：spell-spelling, sing-singing, see-seeing, train-training, play-playing, hurry-hurrying, watch-watching, go-going, do-doing
二）以不發音e的結尾的去掉e再加ing。如：dance-dancing, wake-waking, take-taking, practice-practicing, write-writing, have-having
三）以重讀閉音節結尾且一個母音字母＋一個輔音字母（注意除開字母組合如show –showing, draw-drawing）要雙寫最後的輔音字母再加ing。如：put-putting, run-running, get-getting, let-letting, begin-beginning
四）以ie結尾的變ie為y再加ing。如：tie-tying系 die-dying死 lie-lying 位於
4、形容詞的級
我們在對兩個或以上的人或物進行對比時，則要使用比較或最高級形式。構成如下：
一） 一般在詞後加er或est(如果是以e結尾則直接加r或st)。如：greater-greatest, shorter –shortest, taller –tallest, longer –longest, nicer- nicest, larger -largest
二）以重讀閉音節結尾且1個母音字母＋1個輔音字母(字母組合除外，如few-fewer fewest)結尾的雙寫結尾的輔音再加er /est。如：big-bigger biggest, red-redder reddest, hot-hotter hottest
三） 以輔音字母＋y結尾的變y為i加er/est。如：happy-happier happiest, sorry-sorrier sorriest, friendly-friendlier friendliest(more friendly most friendly), busy-busier busiest, easy-easier easiest
四）特殊情況：(兩好多壞，一少老遠)
good/well - better best many/much - more most bad/ill – worse worst
little- less least old- older/elder oldest/eldest far- farther/further farthest/furthest
5、數詞 (基變序，有規則；一、二、三，自己背；五、八、九、十二；其它後接th；y結尾，變為i, eth跟上去。) first, second, third; fifth, eighth, ninth, twelfth; seventh, tenth, thirteenth, hundredth; twenty-twentieth, forty-fortieth, ninety-ninetieth
二、句式
1.陳述句
肯定陳述句 a) This is a book. (be動詞)
b) He looks very young. (連系動詞)
c) I want a sweat like this. (實義動詞)
d) I can bring some things to school. (情態動詞)
e) There』s a computer on my desk. (There be結構)
否定陳述句 a) These aren』t their books. b) They don』t look nice.
c) Kate doesn』t go to No. 4 Middle School. d) Kate can』t find her doll.
e) There isn』t a cat here. (=There』s no cat here.)
2. 祈使句
肯定祈使句 a) Please go and ask the man. b) Let』s learn English!
c) Come in, please.
否定祈使句a) Don』t be late. b) Don』t hurry.
3. 疑問句
1) 一般疑問句 a) Is Jim a student? b) Can I help you? c) Does she like salad?
d) Do they watch TV? e) Is she reading?
肯定回答: a) Yes, he is. b) Yes, you can. c) Yes, she does. d) Yes, they do. e) Yes, she is.
否定回答: a) No, he isn』t. b) No, you can』t. c) No, she doesn』t. d) No, they don』t. e) No, she isn』t.
2) 選擇疑問句 Is the table big or small? 回答 It』s big./ It』s small.
3) 特殊疑問句
① 問年齡 How old is Lucy? She is twelve.
② 問種類 What kind of movies do you like? I like action movies and comedies.
③ 問身體狀況 How is your uncle? He is well/fine.
④ 問方式 How do/can you spell it? L-double O-K.
How do we contact you? My e-mail address is [email protected].
⑤ 問原因 Why do you want to join the club?
⑥ 問時間 What』s the time? (=What time is it?) It』s a quarter to ten a.m..
What time do you usually get up, Rick? At five o』clock.
When do you want to go? Let』s go at 7:00.
⑦ 問地方 Where』s my backpack? It』s under the table.
⑧ 問顏色 What color are they? They are light blue.
What』s your favourite color? It』s black.
⑨ 問人物 Who』s that? It』s my sister.
Who is the boy in blue? My brother.
Who isn』t at school? Peter and Emma.
Who are Lisa and Tim talking to?
⑩ 問東西 What』s this/that (in English)? It』s a pencil case.
What else can you see in the picture? I can see some broccoli, strawberries and hamburgers.
11問姓名 What』s your aunt』s name? Her name is Helen./She』s Helen.
What』s your first name? My first name』s Ben.
What』s your family name? My family name』s Smith.
12 問哪一個 Which do you like? I like one in the box.
13 問字母 What letter is it? It』s big D/small f.
14 問價格 How much are these pants? They』re 15 dollars.
15 問電話號碼 What』s your phone number? It』s 576-8349.
16 問謂語(動作) What』s he doing? He』s watching TV.
17 問職業(身份) What do you do? I』m a teacher.
What』s your father? He』s a doctor.
三、時態
1、一般現在時 表示普遍、經常性的或長期性的動作時使用一般現在時，它有：
Be 動詞：She』s a worker. Is she a worker? She isn』t a worker.
情態動詞：I can play the piano. Can you play the piano? I can』t play the piano.
行為動詞：They want to eat some tomatoes. Do they want to eat any tomatoes? They don』t want to eat any tomatoes.
Gina has a nice watch. Does Gina have a nice watch? Gina doesn』t have a watch.
2、現在進行時 表示動詞在此時正在發生或進行就使用進行時態，結構為sb be v-ing sth + 其它.
I』m playing baseball. Are you playing baseball? I』m not playing baseball.
Nancy is writing a letter. Is Nancy writing a letter? Nancy isn』t writing a letter.
They』re listening to the pop music. Are they listening the pop music? They aren』t listening to the pop music
❺ 初一上1-6單元英語語法總結
初一英語語法總結
初一英語語法雖然是從簡單的一些日常用語出發的，但語法中常會有一些知識點看起來很細小，容易被忽視，但這些知識點掌握不熟練，往往會造成一些語法應用上的錯誤。因此在學習初一英語語法時，要認真、細心，不要覺得一些地方不重要而得過且過。
下面從幾個方面，總結出了初一英語語法，如果要復習英語句法的同學，可以參考一下，
一、初一英語語法——詞法
1、名詞
A）、名詞的數
我們知道名詞可以分為可數名詞和不可數名詞，而不可數名詞它沒有復數形式，但可數名詞卻有單數和復數之分，復數的構成如下：
一）在後面加s。如：fathers, books, Americans, Germans, apples, bananas
二）x, sh, ch, s, tch後加es。如：boxes, glasses, dresses, watches, wishes, faxes
三）1）以輔音字母加y結尾的變y為i再加es 如：baby-babies, family-families, ty-ties, comedy-comedies, documentary-documentaries, story-stories
2）以母音字母加y結尾的直接加s。如：day-days, boy-boys, toy-toys, key-keys, ways
四）以o結尾加s（外來詞）。如：radios, photos, 但如是輔音加o的加es：如: tomatoes西紅柿, potatoes馬鈴薯
五）以f或fe結尾的變f為v再加es(s)。如：knife-knives, wife-wives, half-halves, shelf-shelves, leaf-leaves, yourself-yourselves
六）單復數相同（不變的）有：fish, sheep, deer鹿子, Chinese, Japanese
七）一般只有復數，沒有單數的有：people,pants, shorts, shoes, glasses, gloves, clothes, socks
八）單詞形式不變，既可以是單數也可以是復數的有：police警察局，警察, class班，同學, family家，家庭成員
九）合成的復數一般只加主要名詞，多數為後一個單詞。如：action movie-action movies, pen pal-pen pals; 但如果是由man或woman所組成的合成詞的復數則同時為復數。如：man doctor-men doctors, woman teacher-women teachers
十）有的單復數意思不同。如：fish魚 fishes魚的種類, paper紙 papers報紙，卷子，論文, work工作 works作品，工廠, glass玻璃 glasses玻璃杯，眼鏡, orange桔子水 oranges橙子, light光線 lights燈, people人 peoples民族, time時間 times時代, 次數, chicken 雞肉 chickens 小雞
十一） 單個字母的復數可以有兩種形式直接加s或』s。如：Is (I』s), Ks (K』s)。但如是縮略詞則只加s。如：IDs, VCDs, SARs
十二） 特殊形式的有：child-children, man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, mouse-mice, policeman-policemen, Englishman-Englishmen
B）名詞的格
當我們要表示某人的什麼東西或人時，我們就要使用所有格形式。構成如下：
一）單數在後面加』s。如：brother』s, Mike』s, teacher』s
二）復數以s結尾的直接在s後加』，如果不是以s結尾的與單數一樣處理。如：Teachers』 Day教師節, classmates』; Children』s Day六一節, Women』s Day三八節
三）由and並列的名詞所有時，如果是共同所有同一人或物時，只加最後一個』s，但分別擁有時卻分別按單數形式處理。如：Mike and Ben』s room邁克和本的房間（共住一間），Mike』s and Ben』s rooms邁克和本的房間（各自的房間）
2、代詞
項目 人稱代詞 物主代詞 指示代詞 反身代詞
人稱 主格 賓格 形容詞 名詞性
第一人稱 單數 I me my mine myself
復數 we us our ours ourselves
第二人稱 單數 you you your yours yourself
復數 you you your yours yourselves
第三人稱 單數 she her her hers herself
he him his his himself
it it its its this that itself
復數 they them their theirs these those themselves
3、動詞
A） 第三人稱單數
當動詞是第三人稱單數時，動詞應該像名詞的單數變動詞那樣加s，如下：
一）一般在詞後加s。如：comes, spells, waits, talks, sees, dances, trains
二）在x, sh, ch, s, tch後加es。如：watches, washes, wishes, finishes
三）1）以輔音字母加y結尾的變y為i再加es。如：study-studies, hurry-hurries, try-tries
2）以母音字母加y結尾的直接加s。如：plays, says, stays, enjoys, buys
四）以o結尾加es。如：does, goes
五）特殊的有：are-is, have-has
B） 現在分詞
當我們說某人正在做什麼事時，動詞要使用分詞形式，不能用原形，構成如下：
一）一般在後加ing。如：spell-spelling, sing-singing, see-seeing, train-training, play-playing, hurry-hurrying, watch-watching, go-going, do-doing
二）以不發音e的結尾的去掉e再加ing。如：dance-dancing, wake-waking, take-taking, practice-practicing, write-writing, have-having
三）以重讀閉音節結尾且一個母音字母＋一個輔音字母（注意除開字母組合如show –showing, draw-drawing）要雙寫最後的輔音字母再加ing。如：put-putting, run-running, get-getting, let-letting, begin-beginning
四）以ie結尾的變ie為y再加ing。如：tie-tying系 die-dying死 lie-lying 位於
4、形容詞的級
我們在對兩個或以上的人或物進行對比時，則要使用比較或最高級形式。構成如下：
一） 一般在詞後加er或est(如果是以e結尾則直接加r或st)。如：greater-greatest, shorter –shortest, taller –tallest, longer –longest, nicer- nicest, larger -largest
二）以重讀閉音節結尾且1個母音字母＋1個輔音字母(字母組合除外，如few-fewer fewest)結尾的雙寫結尾的輔音再加er /est。如：big-bigger biggest, red-redder reddest, hot-hotter hottest
三） 以輔音字母＋y結尾的變y為i加er/est。如：happy-happier happiest, sorry-sorrier sorriest, friendly-friendlier friendliest(more friendly most friendly), busy-busier busiest, easy-easier easiest
四）特殊情況：(兩好多壞，一少老遠)
good/well - better best many/much - more most bad/ill – worse worst
little- less least old- older/elder oldest/eldest far- farther/further farthest/furthest
5、數詞 (基變序，有規則；一、二、三，自己背；五、八、九、十二；其它後接th；y結尾，變為i, eth跟上去。) first, second, third; fifth, eighth, ninth, twelfth; seventh, tenth, thirteenth, hundredth; twenty-twentieth, forty-fortieth, ninety-ninetieth
二、初一英語語法——句式
1.陳述句
肯定陳述句 a) This is a book. (be動詞)
b) He looks very young. (連系動詞)
c) I want a sweat like this. (實義動詞)
d) I can bring some things to school. (情態動詞)
e) There』s a computer on my desk. (There be結構)
否定陳述句 a) These aren』t their books. b) They don』t look nice.
c) Kate doesn』t go to No. 4 Middle School. d) Kate can』t find her doll.
e) There isn』t a cat here. (=There』s no cat here.)
2. 祈使句
肯定祈使句 a) Please go and ask the man. b) Let』s learn English!
c) Come in, please.
否定祈使句a) Don』t be late. b) Don』t hurry.
3. 疑問句
1) 一般疑問句 a) Is Jim a student? b) Can I help you? c) Does she like salad?
d) Do they watch TV? e) Is she reading?
肯定回答: a) Yes, he is. b) Yes, you can. c) Yes, she does. d) Yes, they do. e) Yes, she is.
否定回答: a) No, he isn』t. b) No, you can』t. c) No, she doesn』t. d) No, they don』t. e) No, she isn』t.
2) 選擇疑問句 Is the table big or small? 回答 It』s big./ It』s small.
3) 特殊疑問句
① 問年齡 How old is Lucy? She is twelve.
② 問種類 What kind of movies do you like? I like action movies and comedies.
③ 問身體狀況 How is your uncle? He is well/fine.
④ 問方式 How do/can you spell it? L-double O-K.
How do we contact you? My e-mail address is [email protected].
⑤ 問原因 Why do you want to join the club?
⑥ 問時間 What』s the time? (=What time is it?) It』s a quarter to ten a.m..
What time do you usually get up, Rick? At five o』clock.
When do you want to go? Let』s go at 7:00.
⑦ 問地方 Where』s my backpack? It』s under the table.
⑧ 問顏色 What color are they? They are light blue.
What』s your favourite color? It』s black.
⑨ 問人物 Who』s that? It』s my sister.
Who is the boy in blue? My brother.
Who isn』t at school? Peter and Emma.
Who are Lisa and Tim talking to?
⑩ 問東西 What』s this/that (in English)? It』s a pencil case.
What else can you see in the picture? I can see some broccoli, strawberries and hamburgers.
11問姓名 What』s your aunt』s name? Her name is Helen./She』s Helen.
What』s your first name? My first name』s Ben.
What』s your family name? My family name』s Smith.
12 問哪一個 Which do you like? I like one in the box.
13 問字母 What letter is it? It』s big D/small f.
14 問價格 How much are these pants? They』re 15 dollars.
15 問電話號碼 What』s your phone number? It』s 576-8349.
16 問謂語(動作) What』s he doing? He』s watching TV.
17 問職業(身份) What do you do? I』m a teacher.
What』s your father? He』s a doctor.
三、初一英語語法——時態
1、一般現在時 表示普遍、經常性的或長期性的動作時使用一般現在時，它有：
Be 動詞：She』s a worker. Is she a worker? She isn』t a worker.
情態動詞：I can play the piano. Can you play the piano? I can』t play the piano.
行為動詞：They want to eat some tomatoes. Do they want to eat any tomatoes? They don』t want to eat any tomatoes.
Gina has a nice watch. Does Gina have a nice watch? Gina doesn』t have a watch.
2、現在進行時 表示動詞在此時正在發生或進行就使用進行時態，結構為sb be v-ing sth + 其它.
I』m playing baseball. Are you playing baseball? I』m not playing baseball.
Nancy is writing a letter. Is Nancy writing a letter? Nancy isn』t writing a letter.
They』re listening to the pop music. Are they listening the pop music? They aren』t listening to the pop music.
❻ 仁愛版英語八年級下冊第五單元——第六單元topic1的語法
六年級英語語法知識匯總
一、詞類：
動詞、名詞和形容詞不太容易區分，如不能一眼看出，可用如下方法：
先用「一（量詞）」（如：一個、一張等）和這個詞連起來說，如說得通，一般認為是名詞；說不通再用「很」去判斷，就是把「很」和為個詞連起來說，說得通一般就是形容詞；都說不通就是動詞。（目前我們學過的，以後可能不同）（另外一些很明顯的，如人稱代詞、數詞、情態動詞等一下就可以知道）
1、 動詞
這里所說的動詞是指各種動詞總稱，其中包括行為動詞（就是我們平時總說的那種動詞）、be動詞、情態動詞。
（1）行為動詞
就是我們平時上課時說的動詞，表示某一動作或行為。如：sweep、live等。
行為動詞我們已學過它們的四種形式：
原形、+s/es、+ed、+ing，具體判斷方法如下：
↗有，就加ing
讀句子→讀該單詞→認識該單詞→理解意思→看有無be動詞 （若是be going to 就用原形）
↘沒有，再看情態動詞
↗有，就用原形
↗有，就加ed
↘沒有，再看有無表示過去的時間狀語 ↗是第三人稱單數就加s或es
↘沒有，再看主語
↘不是第三人稱單數就用原形
（2）be動詞
a、Am--was Is --was Are--were 口訣：我用am, 你用are, is用在他她它，所有復數全用are。
b、肯定和否定句 I am (not) from London. He is(not) a teacher. She is(not) in the dining room. My hair is(not) long. Her eyes are(not) small.
c、 一般疑問句 Am I a Chinese? Yes, you are. No, you aren』t. Are they American? Yes, they are. No, they aren』t. Is the cat fat? Yes, it is. No, it isn』t.
我們現在學過的be動詞大致分兩類：is、am、are為一類，一般用於一般現在時、現在進行時和一般將來時中，was和were為另一類，一般用於一般過去時。
判斷步驟： ↗第一、三人稱單數，就用was
↗有，再看人稱
↘第二人稱單數和所有復數，就用were
看有無表示過去的時間狀語
↗第一人稱單數，就用am
↘沒有，再看人稱→第三人稱單數，就有is
↘第二人稱單數和所有復數，就用are
（3）情態動詞
情態動詞也是一類特殊的動詞，平時我們不把它說成是動詞。情態動詞可以和行為動詞同時出現在同一個句子中。
我們現在學過的情態動詞有：can、must、should、would、may。接觸最多的是can。
情態動詞後動詞總是用原形。（不受其他任何條件影響）
2、 名詞
表示某一事物，有具體的和抽象的之分。判斷的關鍵詞往往是be動詞，be動詞如果是am、is或was，名詞就用原形；be動詞如果是are或were，名詞就加s或es。
這里強調兩點：不可數名詞都默認為單數，所以總是用is或者was；最好不要根據some、any、a lot of等詞去作判斷，以免受誤導。
如何加後綴：
a．一般情況下，直接加-s，如：book-books, bag-bags, cat-cats, bed-beds
b．以s. x. sh. ch結尾，加-es，如：bus-buses, box-boxes, brush-brushes, watch-watches
c．以「輔音字母+y」結尾，變y為i, 再加-es，如：family-families, strawberry-strawberries
d．以「f或fe」結尾，變f或fe為v, 再加-es，如：knife-knives
e．不規則名詞復數： man-men, woman-women, policeman-policemen, policewoman-policewomen, mouse-mice child-children foot-feet ,.tooth-teeth fish-fish, people-people, Chinese-Chinese, Japanese-Japanese
判斷步驟：
↗如是am、is或was→原形
讀句子→讀該單詞→認識該單詞→理解意思→看be動詞
↘如是are或were→加s或es
3、 形容詞（包括副詞）
形容詞表示某一事物或的特徵，副詞表示某一動作的特徵。
形容詞和副詞只有兩種形式：原形和+er。
未作比較的情況下就用原形，比較時就+er。
兩個重要特徵：as……as中間一定用原形，有than的時候一定+er。
4、 人稱代詞和物主代詞
人稱代詞 物主代詞
單數 復數 單數 復數
主格 賓格 主格 賓格 形容詞性（短） 名詞性（長） 形容詞性（短） 名詞性（長）
第一人稱 I me we us my mine our ours
第二人稱 you you you you your yours your yours
第三人稱 he him they them his his their theirs
she her her hers
it it its its
人稱代詞：
有主格和賓格之分。
一般動詞前用主格，動詞後用賓格。
物主代詞：
有兩類：形容詞性物主代詞（短的）和名詞性物主代詞（長的）
一般看後面有沒有名詞，如有，就用形容詞性物主代詞（短的）；如無，就用名詞性物主代詞（長的）。
5、 數量詞
我們學過兩類：基數詞和序數詞。基數用於表示數量多少，而基數詞用於表示次序，常在日期中出現。
6、冠詞
有a、an、the。a和an有具體的意思，一（個…），the沒有具體意思，有時翻譯為這、那。確定用a、an還是the時可根據漢語意思。a和an的區別：an用於母音音素（一般就是母音字母aeiou）前，a用於輔音音素前。
二、否定句：
表示某一否定意思。句中一定有not。
有三種可能：be動詞（am、is、are、was、were）+not、情態動詞（can、must、should）+ not、助動詞（do、does、did） + not
如何將一個肯定的陳述句改為否定句：
1、看句中有無be動詞，如有，直接在be動詞後+ not。
2、看句中有無情態動詞，如有，直接在情態動詞後+ not。
3、如上述二者都沒有，就應用助動詞+ not。分四個步驟：
（1）肯定陳述句中本來是沒有助動詞的，要加上去，位置在主語（某人或某物）後，動詞前。
（2）確定助動詞用do、does還是did，根據句中動詞，動詞是原形的助動詞就用do，動詞是第三人稱單數的助動詞就用does，動詞用過去式的助動詞就有did。
（3）在助動詞後加not。
（4）原句中動詞假如發生變化就要恢復成原形。
強調一點，有some的要考慮是否要用any。
三、一般疑問句。
表示疑問，一般回答只有兩種可能Yes，……或No，……句中沒有疑問詞。
如何將一個肯定的陳述句改為否定句：
1、看句中有無be動詞，如有，把be動詞提到句首即可。
2、看句中有無情態動詞，如有，把情態動詞提到句首即可。
3、如上述二者都沒有，就應把助動提到句首。分四個步驟：
（1）肯定陳述句中本來是沒有助動詞的，要加上去，位置在主語（某人或某物）後，動詞前。
（2）確定助動詞用do、does還是did，根據句中動詞，動詞是原形的助動詞就用do，動詞是第三人稱單數的助動詞就用does，動詞用過去式的助動詞就有did。
（3）把助動詞後提到句首。
（4）原句中動詞假如發生變化就要恢復成原形。
強調一點，有some的要考慮是否要用any。
四、特殊疑問句。
表示疑問，有疑問詞（在開頭），回答有很多種可能。
常用疑問詞：
What、When、Which、Who、Whose、Why、How
如何對劃線部分提問：
1、將原問句翻譯為漢語（在讀中要將劃線部分重讀）。
如：His birthday is on the 5th of May .
他的生日在五月五日。
2、用漢語進行提問。
如上句，應該問：他的生日在什麼時候？
3、根據漢語將所要提問的句子補充完整。
如上句When is his birthday ?
五、祈使句
表示請求或命令別人做某事或不要做某事。
肯定祈使句一定是以動詞原形開頭（有時有please），否定的祈使句一定是don』t加動詞原形開頭（有時有please）。
把祈使句改為否定句只需在動詞前加don』t即可。
六、時態
1、一般現在時
（1）句中be動詞和動詞一般情況下只能有一種而且也必須有一種。如：
The children are very happy on Christmas Day .
She often does some housework at the weekend .
（2）一般現在時中的be動詞：
一般用原形：am is are
am用於第一人稱單數（I）；is用於第三人稱單數（he she it和其他人名或稱謂，如：Ben his sister等）；are用於第二人稱單數（you）和所有復數（包括第一人稱復數we、第二人稱復數you；第三人稱復數they和其他復數，如the children 、 his parents等）。
（3）一般過去時中的動詞：
有兩種情況：
第一種情況：主語是第三人稱單數（he she it 和其他，如Helen 、her cousin 等），動詞後一般加s或es。
第二種情況：主語不是第三人稱單數，動詞都用原形。
（4）一般現在時判斷依據（如何判斷一個句子是一般現在時）：
△be動詞是am、is、are
△動詞用原形或加s、es
△沒有時間狀語或有usually、often、everyday、sometimes等不是具體的時間
（5）有用的的依據：
Be動詞是is、am ←→ 名詞用原形（這里包括可數名詞的單數和不可數名詞）
Be動詞是are ←→ 名詞加s或es
動詞加s或es ←→ 主語是第三人稱單數
動詞用原形 ←→ 主語不是第三人稱單數
（6）情態動詞：
我們現在學過的情態動詞有：can、must、should、would。
情態動詞後動詞總是用原形。（不受其他任何條件影響）
2、一般過去時
（1）句中be動詞和動詞一般情況下只能有一種而且也必須有一種。如：
The girls were on the grass just now .
They visited my parents last weekend .
（2）一般過去時中的be動詞：
一般用過去式：was were
was用於第一人稱單數（I）和第三人稱單數（he she it和其他人名或稱謂，如：Ben 、 his sister等）；were用於第二人稱單數（you）和所有復數（包括第一人稱復數we、第二人稱復數you；第三人稱復數they和其他復數，如the children 、 his parents等）。
（3）一般過去時中的動詞：
一般只有一種情況：+ed
這里強調一點，和一般現在時不同的是這里不管主語是第幾人稱，也不管是單數和復數都加ed。
（4）一般過去時判斷依據（如何判斷一個句子是一般過去時）：
△be動詞是was、were
△動詞加ed
△有表示過去的時間狀語
現在學過的常用的表示過去的時間狀語有：
just now a moment yesterday last week last night last weekend last year last month three days ago two weeks ago
five years ago
（5）有用的的依據：
Be動詞是was或were 該句是一般過去時
動詞加ed 有表示過去的時間狀語
3、一般將來時
（1）構成形式：
Be going to +動詞原形。
這里強調一點，be動詞、going、to以及動詞原形共四個單詞缺少其中任何一種都不可以構成一般將來時。
（2）一般將來時表示動作即將發生或某人打算做某事。
（3）有用的依據：
一個句子中既有be動詞，又有going、to和動詞，且動詞用的是原形←→ 該句是現在進行時
（4）句中往往有tomorrow、soon、next week等詞。
4、現在進行時
（1）構成形式：
Be動詞+動詞的ing形式
這里強調一點，兩者缺少其中任何一種都不可以構成現在進行時。
（2）現在進行時表示動作正在進行或事情正在發生。
（3）有用的依據：
一個句子中既有be動詞，又有動詞，且動詞加了ing ←→ 該句是現在進行時
（4）句中往往有now、look、listen等詞。
七、Have、Has和There be結構
1、There be結構包括there is there are there was there were
2、意思都是「有」。
3、和have、has、had的區別：
（1）There be 句型表示：在某地有某物（或人）
（2）在there be 句型中，主語是單數，be 動詞用is ; 主語是復數，be 動詞用are ; 如有幾件物品，be 動詞根據最近be 動詞的那個名詞決定。
（3）there be 句型的否定句在be 動詞後加not , 一般疑問句把be 動詞調到句首。
（4）there be句型與have(has) 的區別：there be 表示在某地有某物（或人）；have(has) 表示某人擁有某物。
（5）some 和any 在there be 句型中的運用：some 用於肯定句， any 用於否定句或疑問句。
（6）and 和or 在there be句型中的運用：and 用於肯定句， or 用於否定句或疑問句。
（7）針對數量提問的特殊疑問句的基本結構是： How many + 名詞復數 + are there + 介詞短語？ How much + 不可數名詞 + is there + 介詞短語？
（8）針對主語提問的特殊疑問句的基本結構是： What』s + 介詞短語？
（9）There be結構一般用在句子的開頭，而have等詞只能用於某一個主語後面。