① 高二英語都學習哪些語法
非謂語的四種形式;倒裝
② 高二英語主要有哪些語法點
英語語法,本質復上不分什麼小制學語法,中學語法,大學語法,更沒有所謂的高二語法。這樣分都是瞎搞,誤人子弟。
我們講中文會分小學語法,中學語法,大學語法嗎?現在有的小學生的語言能力都像大人一樣。小學生一樣看紅樓夢,看水滸。那國外的小學生不是也同樣如此嗎?
推薦華東理工的《英語思維——英語語法的原理》,該書是國內第一本系統講解英語語法原理和思維內涵的書,書中第一次真正揭示了「時」和「態」的本質,第一次給出了英語完整的時態框架體系、被動語氣的框架體系、虛擬語氣的框架體系、從句的框架體系,句法分析等,是第一本從語言原理層面完整系統的呈現英語語法全貌和完整框架體系的書。
也可以網路同名視頻課程,短平快,十節課真正理解英語語法,適合那些英語語法混亂毫無章法同學,也適合那些英語還不錯,但是沒學透無體系遭遇瓶頸無法突破的同學,看完後,對英語的理解有脫胎換骨之感。
③ 高二英語語法
您好!希望能夠幫助您!
非限制性定語從句只是對主句內容,或先行詞的補充、解釋或附加說明。主句與先行詞或從句之間一般用逗號分開,常常單獨翻譯。沒有它,主句意思仍然完整。引導非限制性定語從句的關系代詞有as,which,who, whom,whose等,作定語從句的主語、賓語、表語及定語。關系副詞有when,where等,作定語從句的狀語。關系代詞和關系副詞在定語從句中一般不能省。
一、as引導非限制性定語從句時,可以代主句的全部或部分內容。常表說話人關於說話的依據、態度、評論、看法等。有「正如、像」等意思。定語從句可以置主句句首、句中或句末。as後常接expect,know,report,say,see等動詞的主、被動語態句。
1. ____is known to everybody,the moon travels round the earth once every month.
A.It B.As C.That D.What
2.Mike,as we expected,attended the meeting.像我們所期望的那樣,邁克參加了會議。
3.He wasn't unconsicious,as could be judged from his eyes.他並未失去知覺,這從他的眼神可以判斷出來。
二、which引導非限制性定語從句的情況很多。
I.指代主句的全部或部分內容時,常表事實、狀態、起因等,有「這就使得、這一點」等意思,常置主句末。主句與定語從句用逗號分開。
1.Dorathy was always speaking highly of her role in the play,,of course,madethe others unhappy.
A.who B.which C.this D.what
II.指代先行詞有多種情況。定語從句置先行詞後面。
1.在「n./pron./num....+prep.+ which」,「prep.+which」定語從句里。 1)They talked about a movie,the name of which I've never forgotten.他們談論過一部電影,我決不會忘記片名。
2)In Sydney the Chinese team got 28 gold medals,16.5 of which were won by women.在悉尼奧運會,中國隊奪得了28枚金牌,其中16.5枚是女子奪得的。
3)China has thousands of islands,the largest of which is Taiwan.中國有數千個島嶼,其中最大的是台灣島。
4)Chaplin went to the states in 1910,by which time he had learnt to dance and act in comedies.卓別林1910年去了美國,那時他已學會跳舞和演喜劇了。
2.表唯一性,或者就是指代先行詞的事物時。
The dam,which is the biggest in the world,is 3,830 metres long.大壩長3,830米,是世界上最大的壩。
3.先行詞是獨一無二的事物時。
The moon,which doesn't give out light itself,is only a satellite of the earth.月球本身不發光,它只是地球的一個衛星。
4.先行詞表示類屬的事物時。
Football,which is a very interesting game,is played all over the world.足球是一項非常有趣的運動,全世界都踢足球。
5.先行詞是專有名詞時。
1)Three of the biggest man-made projects in the world are the Great Wall of China,the Pyramids of Egypt and the Aswan High Dam, which is also in Egypt.世界上最大的三項人造工程是中國的長城,埃及的金字塔和阿斯旺高壩,它也在埃及。
2)The Nile,which used to flood every year,now runs more regularly below the dam.尼羅河年年漲洪水,現在比較正常地在大壩下面流過了。
6.先行詞是表人的職業、品質、身份等名詞,作定語從句的表語時。主句和定語從句之間含有對比的意思。
Mike's brother is a policeman,which he isn't.邁克的哥哥是警察,他可不是。
7.先行詞是形容詞作定語從句的表語時。主句和定語從句含有對比的意思。
Li Ling is very clever,which Li Long isn't.李玲很聰明,李瓏可不是。
8.先行詞是集體名詞表整體意思時。
My family,which has 35 people,is a large one.我家有35口人,是一個大家庭。
9.先行詞是國家名詞表地域概念時。
Last year he went to Egypt,which is in Africa.他去年去了埃及,埃及在非洲。
三、as,which是指代主句內容的非限制性定語從句時,表依據、評論與表事實、狀態等沒有多大差別,又在主句末時,有時可以通用。
1.He is quite pleased,as /which can be seen from his face.他非常高興,從他的表情可以看出來。
2.You always work hard,as /which everyone knows.大家都知道,你一向勤奮學習。
但是,上面兩句把定語從句置主句句首時,就只能用as。
3.This elephant is like a snake,as anybody can see.像任何人都能看見那樣,這頭象像條蛇。
4.Bamboo is hollow,which makes it very light.竹子是空的,這就使得它很輕。 在否定意義的非限制性定語從句里,一般用which引導。
5.He came to my birthday party,which I didn't expect at all.我完全沒有想到,他來參加我的生日聚會了。
四、who,whom,whose等引導非限制性定語從句時,指代人的普通名詞、專有名詞等。表示正是或專指先行詞等情況。在定語從句中作主語、賓語、定語等。
1.Bob's father,who worked on the project,spent four years in Egypt.鮑勃的父親從事這項工程,在埃及度過了四年。
2.Dad,this is Zheng Jie,who I knew in Paris.爸,這是鄭傑,我在巴黎認識的。 這一句是用主格who代替賓格 whom。
3.His mother,whom he loved dearly, died in 1818.他非常愛戴他的母親,她死於 1818年。
4.Mr King,whose legs were badly hurt, was quickly taken to hospital.金先生的腿受了重傷,他很快就被送去住院了。
n./pron./num....prep.whom;prep. whom;in whose +n.;the +n.of whom等引導非限制性的定語從句。
5.He spoke of a pen-friend,the name of whom /whose name I've never forgotten.他提到過一個筆友,他的名字我從未忘記。
6.About 2,000people,many of whom were Europeans,worked on the project.大約兩千人從事過這項工程,其中很多是歐洲人。
7.In his office there are nine clerks,the youngest of whom is Mr Liu.他辦公室有9個職員,其中最年輕的是劉先生。
8.I decided to write about Chaplin,one of whose films I had seen several years before.我決定寫有關卓別林的文章,他的一部電影我幾年前就看過了。
9.We went to hear this famous singer, about whom we had heard many stories.我們去聽這個著名的歌唱家演唱。我們已經聽說了有關他的很多故事。 品黃黑MYK
10.Mr Pattis,in whose office Ms King was working,was very surprised when he found out her secret.金女士在帕蒂思辦公室工作。他發現她的秘密時感到非常驚奇。
五、when,where引導非限制性定語從句時,作定語從句的狀語。when =and then, where =and there。why不引導非限制性定語從句。
1.He was quickly taken to hospital,where a doctor wanted to examine Mr King's legs.金先生很快被送去住院,在那裡一個醫生要檢查他的腿。
2.We will put off the outing until next week,when we won't be so busy.我們把郊遊推遲到下個星期,那時我們不會那麼忙了。
3.He went to America in 1912,where and when he was noticed by an important film director.他在1912年去了美國,當時他在那裡引起了一個重要電影導演的注意。
在prep.where /when非限制性定語從句里,where =there,when =then。
4.His head soon appeared out of the second storey windows,from where he could see nothing but trees.他的頭很快從第二層樓的一個窗戶伸出來了,從那裡他只能看見樹木。
5.That was in 1929,since when things have been better.那是在1929年,從那時起情況就已經好轉了。
6.I went to bed at ten,before when I was reading for an hour.我10點去睡覺,在那時以前我看了1小時的書。
有時候where /when可以用prep.which替換。
7.The southern states wanted to set up a country of their own,where they would be free to keep black slaves.南方各州要建立一個屬於他們自己的國家,在那裡他們將自由地保留黑人奴隸。
8.I still remembered January 10,on which /when he came to see me.我仍然記得1月10日,那一天他來看我了。
練習題:用所給的詞語填空。少數可以用多次。
A.as B.which C.who D.whom E.whose F.when G.where H.by which time I.from which J.from whom K.north of which L.some of whom M .the biggest of which
1.Dick is going to join in the football game,____was agreed at the meeting.
2.My brother had been an engineer,____ was what he wanted to be.
3.He reached Beijing in 1998,____, some time later,he became a professor.
4. ____is said above,the number of the students in our school has increased.
5.Write a letter to a friend,____has some difficulties with his studies.
6.There are four rooms in the house,____ is a drawing room.
7.We will move into the new house next week,____it will be completed.
8.When lost in work,he often was,____he would forget all about eating and sleeping.
9.He is a model worker,____we can learn a lot.
10.They had to delay the sports meet till next week,____the weather will be fine.
11.The workers,____stayed there for two years,came from Africa.
12.The building over there is a hospital,____ is a small river.
13.We shall have to make a decision about Ms King,____story I've just told you.
14.Mr Liu,____I spoke of just now, would go to Australia.
15.The Nile,____electricity is proced,now runs regularly below the dam.
Keys:1.A/B2.B3.G4.A(As)5.C6.M 7.H 8.A 9.J10.F 11.L 12.K 13.E 14.C /D 15.I
④ 高二英語語法的重點和難點!
非謂語動詞(包括不定式,現在分詞,過去分詞)
虛擬語氣
倒裝句
復習被動語態(包括各種常見的時態的被動語態和非謂語動詞的被動形式)
復習IT的用法
⑤ 人教版 高二英語 上冊中 語法有哪些 十分感謝的了~~~
上冊?是指必修5嗎?
非謂語動詞,省略句,倒裝句。
⑥ 高一及高二上學期英語的重要知識點整理
對不起,我是教理科的。專業是化學和數學。對英語是外行。不好意思,幫不了你。請原諒。
⑦ 高二英語語法
一.語法倒裝
1.當句首為here,there,now ,then,such,等副詞,謂語動詞為be, go, come等時要倒裝。
Here is the book you want. 你要的書在這兒。
There goes the bell. 鈴響了。
Now comes your turn. 現在輪到你了。
★當主語為人稱代詞,則不用倒裝。
There he comes! 他來了!
Here they are. 他們在這兒。
Here it is. 給你。
Behind the desk she stood. 他站在桌子後面。
2.The more……,the more結構的倒裝。
The more you study, the more you know. (賓語前置)
3.感嘆句中的倒裝
How happy the children are! (表語前置)
4.表示次數,順序的副詞位於句首要倒裝。
Twive within her lifetime has she been to England. 她一生已兩次到過英國。
Next came a man in his forties. 下一個來的是一個40幾歲的人。
5.與前面的句子相同,表示「也」,後面句子開頭常用「so, neither, nor,either,no more」等引導的倒裝句,並用do, have, be, can代替實義動詞。
They can leave now, so can we. 他們現在可以離開了,我們也能。
You have helped her, and so has she you. 你幫助過她,她也幫助過你。
★但是如果表示對前面句子的肯定則不用倒裝。
He is a good student, so he did. 他是個好學生,他的確是.
*6.than或as引導的分句,表示兩個句子的主語相比較時,要用倒裝,用法與前一個相似.
John will give you more than will Jack. Jonh給你要比Jack多.
He travelled a great deal as did most of his friends. 他到過很多地方旅行,他的多數朋友也是這樣.
7.從句中關系副詞的倒裝
He could tell where his home was.
*8.well等表示方式,程度的副詞位於句首要倒裝。
Well did I know her. 我很了解她。
*9.有情態動詞的謂語中,行為動詞的倒裝表示強調。
Write a poem I can』t, let me write an essay instead.
二.修辭倒裝
1. Only在句首引導的狀語從句表示強調要倒裝。如果句子為主從復合句,則主句倒裝,從句不倒裝
Only in this way can we learn English well.
Only when one falls ill does one know the value of the health.
2.never等具有否定意義的詞和片語居於句首要倒裝。(緊跟否定詞後的句子倒裝,其他句子為正常語序。)
常見的否定詞有:never、rarely、seldom、little、hardly、not、nowhere等
常見的否定片語有:not until、not often、hardly…when、no sooner…than、neither…nor、not only… but also
Little did I know that she had already left. 我一點也不知道她離開了。
Not often do they meet. 他們不常見面。
Not only is he rich but also he is very kind.
★*Not 放在句首修飾句子的主語,構成主語的一部分,則不需要倒裝。
Not a word was said.
Not a word did I say at the meeting. (not 修飾謂語動詞)
→I didn』t say a word at the meeting.
3. as / though引導的讓步從句(就是as/though表「雖然、盡管」的意思)必須將表語或狀語(形容詞, 副詞, 分詞,動詞,名詞)提前
形容詞Young as/thought she is, she has seen much of the world. 她雖然年輕,但卻見過許多世面。
副詞Hard though he tried, he still failed. 他雖然努力了,但仍然失敗了
動詞Object hard as you may/do/will, I ' ll go. 縱使你反對,我也要去.
◆句首是實義動詞, 其他助動詞放在主語後。如果實義動詞有賓語和狀語, 隨實義動詞一起放在主語之前。
分詞:Situated as it was near the market, the house was very quiet. 房子雖然坐落在市場附近,但它很安靜。
名詞:Quiet student as he may be, he talks a lot after class.
◆句首名詞不能帶任何冠詞,但可帶定語.
*」that」引導原因狀語從句從句中的表語一定要用倒裝。
Pretty that she is, she attracks many men. 因為她漂亮,因此她吸引了很多男人。
4.為加強語氣,「so…that」的結構中的so, such放在句首是要倒裝
He walked so fast that none of us could catch up with him.
→So fast did he walked that none of us could catch up with him.
5.為使句子平衡,用倒裝。
(1)主語較長,倒裝表語
On the floor were piles of books, magazines and newspaper. 地板上是一堆堆的書,雜志和報紙。
Happy are those who are contented. 知足者常樂。
(2)倒裝賓語以求強調
What he did, I can』t imagine.
Every word he spoke to her, she felt as a insult. 他對她說的每一個字,她都認為是侮辱。
6.為了生動地描寫動作,「in, out, away, up, down,off」等副詞可以放在句首倒裝.用法與第一個相似.
Away flew the bird! → The bird flew away. 鳥(一下子)飛走了
Off went Jack! → Jack went off. Jack去了.
★主語是代詞,則用正常語序。
7.*某些習慣用法中的倒裝.
How goes it with you? 你好么?
What mattered it? 這有什麼關系?
What care I? 關我什麼事?
⑧ 高二英語語法有哪些
剛給你查我高中書 可惜沒有了 高二的語法很多 高三少了 高中基本把語法學的差不多了 大學沒有多少重點語法 全在高中
⑨ 求高二上學期,語法內容。
高二上學期英語語法總結
Grammar focus語法重點
1.The simple passive form of the infinitives.
不定式被動態的一般形式的內涵及用法。
2.Four functions of the infinitives used as subject,attribute,object and adverbial.用作主語、定語、賓語和狀語的不定式的四種功能的用法。
本單元的語法項目是不定式的被動式,具體講解如下:
①當不定式的邏輯主語是不定式所表示動作的承受者時,不定式一般用被動形式。不定式被動形式在句中可作主語、表語、狀語、補語等。如:
To be obeyed was natural to her.她生性讓別人聽命於她。(作主語)
The problem remained to be solved.這個問題還有待解決。(作表語)
It needs not to be said that they are very happy together.
不必說他們在一起非常幸福。(作賓語)
There were plans to be made at once.要立即制定計劃。(作定語)
He has returned only to be sent away again.
他回來以後又被打發走了。(作狀語)
The captain ordered the flag to be hoisted.
船長命令升旗。(作賓語補足語)
The book is intended to be read and not to be torn.
這書是供人閱讀的而不是供人撕毀的。(作主語補足語)
②在某些句子中,不定式雖表被動,但仍用主動形式。如:
What is to pay?要付多少錢?
The reason is not far to seek.道理很淺顯。
He gave me some books to read.他給了我一些書讀。
We found the report easy to understand.我們發現這些報告很容易懂。
不定式作主語、定語、賓語和狀語的功能和用法講解如下:
由於不定式有名詞、形容詞和副詞的特點,所以它在句中可做主語、表語、賓語、定語、同位語、狀語、補語等。但由於時間關系,今天我只把不定式作主語、定語、賓語和狀語的用法講解一下。
1)作主語。如:
To see is to believe.眼見為實。
To serve the people is our ty.為人民服務是我們的職責。
在日常英語中,常用it作為語法上的主語,即形式主語,而將真正的主語放在後面。
It is our ty to serve the people.為人民服務是我們的職責。
2)作賓語。如:
I couldn't afford to buy a new car.我買不起汽車。
Have you decided to marry him?你決定嫁給他嗎?
有些動詞常常跟不定式作賓語,它們是:want,wish,hate,prefer,hope,continue,manage,try,ask,offer,start,forget,remember,begin,decide,agree,choose,learn,pretend,promise,mean,expect,desire等。
另外,在一些復合賓語中,常用it代表不定式作為形式賓語,而將真正的賓語不定式放在後面。如:
I thought it right to do this test.我認為做這項實驗是對的。
3)作定語。通常都置於被修飾名詞或代詞之後。如:
This is the best way to solve this problem.
這是解決這個問題的最好辦法。
I have a lot of work to do.我有許多工作要做。
如果不定式和它所修飾的詞有邏輯上的動賓關系,且這個不定式是不及物動詞,則它後面需有必要的介詞。如:
He is a good comrade to work with.他是一個很好共事的同志。
There is nothing to think about.沒什麼值得考慮的。
4)作狀語,表示目的、結果、原因等。如:
He went home to see his parents.他回家看望父母。(表目的)
I turned the radio down so as not to disturb you.
我把收音機音量調小,以免打擾你。(表目的)
The problem is too hard to understand.
這問題太難了,理解不了。(表結果)
What have I done to make you unhappy?
我做了什麼事使你不高興?(表結果)
I'm glad to hear the news.聽了這消息,我很高興。(表原因)
I was surprised to see him there.
我真想不到會在那裡見到他。(表原因)
Grammar focus語法重點
The past participle used as attribute and predicative
用作定語和表語的過去分詞
本單元的語法項目是過去分詞作定語、表語。它們的用法講解如下:
1)過去分詞作定語。如果是及物動詞的過去分詞作定語,過去分詞與被修飾詞有邏輯上的被動關系,且表完成的狀態;如果是不及物動詞的過去分詞作定語,過去分詞與被修飾詞在邏輯上沒有主被動關系之說,所以不及物動詞的過去分詞只表完成的狀態。但有些表示思想感情的過去分詞如astonished,disappointed,excited,frightened,interested,pleased,surprised,tired,worried等既不表主動,又不表完成。此外,作定語的過去分詞如果是單詞,一般放在被修飾詞的前面;作定語的過去分詞如果是動詞短語,一般放在被修飾詞的後面。如:
We need more qualified teachers.我們需要更多的合格老師。
He stepped carelessly on some broken glass.
他不小心踩到了碎玻璃上了。
The letter written by my brother is on the desk.
我兄弟寫的信在桌子上。
The TV set made in China are good quality.
中國製造的電視機質量很好。
You can drink boiled water,not boiling water.
你可以喝白開水,但不可以喝沸騰的水。
From his disappointed look,I knew he didn't pass the examination.
從他的失望表情看,我知道他沒通過考試。
2)作表語,過去分詞作表語,多表示主語的狀態。如:
This machine part is broken.這個機器零件壞了。
He looked very excited.他看起來很激動。
有些過去分詞實際上已被看成形容詞了,常見的有:delighted,disappointed,discouraged,drunk,amused,astonished,hurt,interested,crowded,tired,satisfied,pleased,surprised,worried,excited,married,puzzled,upset等。
Grammar focus語法重點
The Past Participle used as Object Complement
用作賓補的過去分詞
本單元的語法項目是過去分詞作賓補,你能把它的用法講解一下嗎?
師:過去分詞作賓補,與前面的賓語有邏輯上的被動關系且表動作的完成。
1)作表感覺或心理狀態的動詞的賓補,它們是:see,hear,watch,feel,find,think等
We hear the music played by the band.我們聽了樂隊演奏這首樂曲。
I found her greatly changed.我發現她變化很大。
Everybody thought the battle lost.人人都認為這場戰役輸掉了。
2)作使役動詞的賓補,它們是:make,keep,leave,have,get,help等
When you speak,you have to make yourself understood.
說話時要讓人聽懂。
Please keep us informed of the latest development.
請隨時向我們通報事態的最新發展。
I must get my bike repaired.我必須請人修自行車。
3)作表希望或要求的動詞的賓補,它們是:want,like,wish,prefer,need,declare,report,order,acknowledge等。這種用法與不定式的被動形式作賓補基本相同。
I don't want any of you(to be)involved in the scandal.
我不要你們任何人牽涉到丑聞中去。
The viewers wish the serial film(to be)continued.
觀眾們希望這部系列片繼續下去。
She needs the work(to be)done before tomorrow.
他要此項工程明天以前完成。
Grammar focus語法重點
The Past Participle used as Adverbial
用作狀語的過去分詞
本單元課文中出現了許多過去分詞作狀語的句子,您能把這一語法現象講解一下嗎?
師:無論過去分詞作狀語還是現在分詞作狀語,分詞的邏輯主語都要和主句的主語一致。過去分詞與主句的主語應是被動關系。過去分詞作狀語,表示時間、原因、讓步或伴隨等,這種過去分詞通常相當於狀語從句。下面我將舉例說明。
1)表時間
(When the metal is)Heated,the metal expands.加熱後,這種金屬會膨脹。(The couple took good care of the baby while(the couple was)occupied by their work.這對夫婦一邊工作,一邊很好地照顧這個嬰兒。
像第二句那樣當強調實踐概念時,過去分詞之前可用連詞when,while。
2)表原因
(As he was)Greatly surprised,he couldn't say a word.
他大吃一驚,一時說不出話來。
(Because she was)Scolded by the teacher,the girl felt unfair.
那姑娘因受老師責備,而憤憤不平。
3)表讓步
Even if(I were)invited,I wouldn't go.即使受邀請,我也不願去。
Though(they were)defeated again and again,they went on fighting.盡管一再遭受挫敗,他們仍然繼續戰斗。
4)表伴隨
He stared at me(he was)astonished.他兩眼瞪著我,驚恐萬狀。
Einstein walked along the street,(he was)lost in thought.愛因斯坦漫步街頭,沉浸在思索中。
Grammar focus語法重點
Noun Clauses introced by relating pronoun「that」
由關系代詞「that」引導的名詞性從句
本單元的語法項目是關聯詞「that」引導的名詞性從句,你能把它的內涵及用法講解一下嗎?
that引導名詞性從句時,本身沒有什麼意思,它只起一個連接作用。①that引導主語從句時,一般不可省略,且可把that所引導的主語從句放在後面,前面用it代替that從句;當然,當主句用了被動語態或是一般疑問句時多用it作形式主語;如主句是感嘆句時,必須用it作形式主語,把that從句放在後面。②引導及物動詞的賓語從句時,在不引起歧義的情況下,that可以省略;that很少引導介詞的賓語從句(中學階段常見的能引導that從句的介詞有:except、but、in等),如介詞引導that從句作賓語,常常在其後加it,在加that從句作賓語。③that從句作表語從句,一般不可省略。④that從句作同位語從句,一般不可省略。請看下列例句:
That we shall be late is certain.=It is certain that we shall be late.
我們要晚了,這是確定無疑的。
It is said that he's got married.聽說他結婚了。
How strange it is that the children are so quiet!
真奇怪孩子們如此安靜。
He told me(that)he would come to Gu'an the next day.
他告訴我第二天他來固安。
He did come here in that he had another thing to do.
他沒來是因為他有其他事要做。
You can depend on it that he is a millionaire.
你就放心吧,他是百萬富翁。
The fact is that he doesn't understand English at all.
事實上他根本不懂英語。
I know the fact that the doesn't understand English at all.
我知道他根本不懂英語(那個事實)。
如何區別 where 引導的定語從句與狀語從句
1.where 引導定語從句時,where 是關系副詞,在從句中作地點狀語,其前面有表示地點的先行詞,where 引導的從句修飾先行詞。例如:
The bookshop where I bought this book is not far from here.
我買這本書的那個書店離這里不遠。
This is the house where I lived two years ago.
這就是我兩年前住的那所房子。
We will start at the point where we left off.
我們將從上次停下來的地方開始。
2.where 引導狀語從句時,where 是從屬連詞,where 引導的從句修飾主句的謂語動詞,where 前面沒有表示地點的先行詞。例如:
Wuhan lies where the Changjiang River and the Han Jiang River meet.
武漢位於長江和漢江的匯合處。
Mark a mark where you have any doubts or questions.在有疑問的地方做一個記號。
I found my books where I had left them.我在我原來放書的地方找到了我的書。
有時,where 引導的地點狀語從句兼有抽象條件含義,可放在主句的前面,而 where 引導的定語從句則不能。例如:
Where there is a will,there is a way.(諺語)有志者事竟成。
Where there is water,there is life.有水的地方就有生命。
3.在有些情況下,where 引導的定語從句可轉換為 where 引導的地點狀語從句。例如:
A tall building was put up at the place where there used to be a desert.( = A tall building was put up where there used to be a desert.)在以前曾是沙漠的地方蓋起了一幢高樓。
Bamboo grows best in places where it is warm and where it rains often.( = Bamboo grows best where it is warm and where it rains often.溫暖而多雨的地方最適合於竹子生長。
Grammar focus語法重點
Noun Clauses Introced by Question Words
由疑問詞引導的名詞性從句
[講解]由疑問詞引導的名詞性從句多作主語從句、賓語從句或表語從句,偶爾也作同位語從句。在作上述從句時,其句型結構應該採用以下兩種:
1.疑問詞 + 主語 + 謂語動詞 + 其他
2.本身是主語的疑問詞 + 謂語動詞 + 其他
不管採用哪種句型,其詞序總是正裝的,即主語必須置於謂語動詞前面。
[例句]
1)What you need is more practice.(主語從句)
2)What is hard is to do good all one's life and never do anything bad.(主語從句)
3)I can't imagine when we will be able to travel in space.(動詞賓語從句)
4)This reminded me of what he had once told us.(介詞賓語從句)
5)The problem is whether robots will be smarter than humans.(表語從句)
6)Scientists have not found answers to the question why there is no life on Mars.(同位語從句)
Grammar focus語法重點
虛擬語氣
語氣是一種動詞形式,表示說話人對某一行為或事情的看法和態度。英語中共有三種語氣:陳述語氣、祈使語氣、虛擬語氣。本單元所講的是虛擬語氣。
虛擬語氣是一種特殊的動詞形式,用來表示說話人所說的話不是一個事實,而只是一種願望、假設、懷疑、建議、猜測、可能或純粹的空想等。
本單元要學習關於虛擬語氣的以下三個用法:
1.虛擬語氣在一般現在時的條件句和主句中的謂語動詞的形式如下:
從 句 主 句
過去式(be用were) would + 動詞原形
[例句]
1)If I knew German,I would read Das Capital in the original.
要是我懂德文,我就讀《資本論》的原文。
2)If he were here now,everything would be all right.
要是他現在在這兒,一切就都沒問題了。
3)How nice it would be if I could stay a bit longer!
2.虛擬語氣在wish後的賓語從句中的應用。
如果該賓語從句表示一般現在時,其動詞一律用其過去式形式,be用were;如果該從句表示一般過去時,其動詞形式要用:had + 過去分詞;如果該從句表示現在進行時,其動詞形式要用were/was + 現在分詞;如果該從句表示一般將來時,其動詞形式要用:would/could + 動詞原形。
[例句]
1)I wish I were/was as strong as you.
2)I wish I remembered his phone number.
3)I wish I had not forgotten his address the other day.
4)How I wish it weren't/wasn't raining now!
5)I wish he would try again.
3.虛擬語氣在含有as if引導的從句中的動詞形式與wish後的賓語從句中的動詞形式相同。
1)He acts as if he were/was an expert.
2)It seems as if it were/was spring.
3)They are talking as if they had been friends for years.
Grammar focus語法重點
Subjunctive Mood in the Past Tense and the Future Tense
一般過去時與一般將來時中的虛擬語氣
[ ]表示過去情況的虛擬條件句的主句與從句中謂語動詞的主要形式如下:
從 句 主 句
had + 過去分詞 would have + 過去分詞
[例句]
1.If we had left a little earlier,we would have caught the train.
2.If I hadn't taken your advice,I would have made a bad mistake.
3.You wouldn't have caught cold if you had put on more clothes.
[ ]表示將來情況的虛擬條件句的主句與從句中的謂語動詞的主要形式如下:
從 句 主 句
were to/should + 動詞原形 would + 動詞原形
[例句]
1.If I were to study at Harvard University next year,I would major in biology.
2.If he were to/should travel on Mars in the future,he would drive a space wagon all over it.
註:在虛擬條件中,有時可以把表示假設的從屬連詞if省掉不用,在此語境中,就把從句中的助動詞had,should或were移至其主語前,如:
1.Had we made enough preparations,we might have succeeded in doing the experiment.
2.Were they to act like that again,we would/should criticize them severely.
3.Should we fail again next time,we wouldn't lose courage.
Grammar focus語法重點
Inversion 倒裝
主語與謂語有兩種順序:一是主語在前,這和漢語是一致的,稱為自然語序或正裝語序。反之,如果謂語的全部或一部分置於主語之前,就是倒裝語序。
產出倒裝語序主要有兩個原因:語法結構的要求;第二種則是修辭上措辭和安排的需要。下面就是按兩種要求講授本單元有關倒裝語序的知識。
1.主謂倒裝
A)凡表方位、方向或時間的副詞或介詞片語處於句首時往往引起主謂倒裝。如:
1)There exist different opinions on this question.
關於這個問題存在著不同的意見。
2)Here comes the old lady.那位老太太來了。
3)Then came the hour we had been looking forward to.
我們期待的時刻到來了。
4)Up went the arrow into the air.
颼的一聲箭射上了天空。
5)Now comes your turn.現在輪到你了。
6)Through the air hurtled a jet-plane.
呼地一聲在天空中飛過一架噴氣式飛機。
B)否定詞置於句首,引起部分倒裝(助動詞或情態動詞移至主語前),如:
1)Never before has our country been so prosperous.
我們的國家從來沒有這樣繁榮昌盛。
2)Hardly did I think it possible.我幾乎認為這是不可能的。
3)On no account should we follow blindly.我們決不應盲從。
C)「only + 狀語」置於句首引起部分倒裝,如:
1)Only after a bitter struggle was the aim achieved.
只有在艱苦鬥爭之後這一目標才得以實現。
2)Only in this way can we hope to improve the situation there.
只有用這種方式我們才有可能改善那裡的局勢。
D)省略了if的虛擬條件句中要用部分倒裝,如:
1)Should anyone phone me,tell him to call me again in two hours' time.
萬一有人給我打電話,叫他兩小時以後再給我打。
2)Had I been informed earlier,I might not have bought the air ticket.
要是早點通知我,我就可能不買那機票了。
2.表語倒裝
當表語置於句首,其系動詞也就隨之移至主語前形成完全倒裝,如:
1)Near the southern end of the village was a large apple orchard.
靠近村子南頭是一個很大的蘋果園。
2)Among its exhibits are computers and mobile phones made in China.
在展品中有中國製造的電腦和手機。
3)Their grandparents are very warm-hearted,as are their parents.
他們的祖父母是非常熱心的人,他們的父母也一樣。
Grammar focus語法重點
Ellipsis省略
在有些英語句子中,某些成分被省略掉了,這樣的句子稱為省略句(Elliptical Sentences)。一般說來在上下文已經交待清楚的情況下,可以省略那些已經提到的或不言而喻的部分。
省略是避免重復、突出重要內容和使上下文緊密連接的一種語言手段。
省略可出現於簡單句、並列復合句和主從復合句中。
一、常被省略的部分
1.省略主語
Beg your pardon?請再說一遍。(省略I)
2.省略謂語或謂語的一部分
He is a doctor and his wife a teacher.
他是醫生,他妻子是老師。(省略is)
I will do the best I can.我將盡力而為。(省略do)
3.省略表語
表語的省略指的是:在主系表句子中,回答其問句時省略表語。這種省略已成固定格式,如果不省略反而不成句子習慣。There be句型的回答以及其反意問句的後半部分也要用省略式。
—Are you hungry?你餓嗎?
—Yes,I am.(hungry).我餓。
4.省略賓語
This is the book(that)you're looking for.
5.主語和謂語(系動詞)一起省略
—What would you like to eat?—你要吃什麼?
—(I would like)Rice and meat.—米飯和肉。
6.在if,when,though,as if等引導的從句中,如果其謂語動詞是be,可將主語一起省略。Don't speak while(you are)eating.吃飯時別說話。
7.一般疑問句的省略回答中動詞只用系動詞、情態動詞、助動詞
Can you swim?Yes,I can/No,I can't.
8.只保留一個主要句子成分,其餘全部省略。
What did you get?A book.(保留賓語)
Wait!(保留謂語)
9.the reason why,the time when等限定性定語從句中可省略關系副詞。
This is the place(where)we came last month.
這就是我們上個月來過的地方。
That was the reason(why)he had not arrived on time.
這就是他沒按時到達的原因。