A. 求一篇關於英語語法的論文
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Coordination of to-infinitive clauses
In English, the to-infinitive clause is a very important structure, by which a sentence may become compact, orderly, or even metrical. And the use of a coordination of two or more to-infinitive clauses in a sentence does more help to the expressing of the meaning of the sentence, different clauses with the same structure indicating different meanings. Now, I』 m going to talk about its use in the English language.
(A)The position of syntax function of coordinate to-infinitive clauses.
If coordinate to-infinitive clauses of a sentence is regarded as a whole, they can be used as any part of the sentence except predicate verb.
(1) Subject
To enjoy the things we ought and to hate the things we ought has the greatest bearing on excellence of character. [Aristotle]
(2) Object
He loved to run down dry watercourses, and to creep and spy upon the bird life in the woods.
[The Call of the Wild]
He knew how to take advantage of every cover, to crawl on his belly like a snake, and like a snake to leap and strike. [The Call of the Wild]
(3) Subject complement
To fight was to disobey the law, to risk his head, to make at once an enemy of a minister more powerful than the king himself, all the young men perceived, and yet, to hid praise be it said, he did not hesitate a second. [The Three Musketeers]
It is to make the worlds fairer, and to liberate it from the distorting influence of antiquated beliefs---at the very least, by removing them from the public arena, allowing everyone there to be an indivial human being rather than a label, and inviting our respect accordingly.
[ Disaster crushes one man now, afterwards others---Euripides]
(4) Object complement
「His eminence; then orders me---「said the lady, 「 To return instantly to England and to inform him immediately should the ke leave Lundon」 [The Three Musketeers]
As Francois' whip backed him up, Buck found it to be cheaper to mend his ways than to retaliate. [The Call of the Wild]
(5) Adverbial
To understand, to observe, to draw conclusions, a man must first of all be conscious of himself as living. [War and Peace]
It is better to keep your mouth closed and not to have them than to have them and not to deserve them. [Mark Twain]
(B) The function of coordinate to-infinitive clauses in respect of meaning in a sentence.
To-infinitive clauses can show diverse meanings in sentences. Most of the times, some other structures can also convey the same meanings, such as ing-participles, subordinate clause and so on, but in some special situations, the use of infinitive clauses may favor the sentence immensely better.
(1) Indicating time
The general stood with Major Ekonomov at the bridge, watching the retreating companies go by, a soldier to run up to him and to hold of his stirrup, almost clinging to it. [War and Peace]
In the days, nine suitors to gather up and to kneel round her in a circle, she guarded her nakedness apprehensively, as though trying to express the value of her body in terms of the modesty she accorded it. [The Unbearable Lightness of Being]
(2) Explaining reason
Either he to have stolen wine orgave away the secrets of Zeus，or he to have become so proud as to test the gods by serving up the flesh of his son Pelopsto them，he incurred the wrath of Zeus and was hurled down to the everlasting darkness of Tartarus. [Ancient Greek Stories]
I call him my neighbour, his plantation to lay next to mine and we to have gone on very sociably together. [The Fortunes and Misfortunes of the Famous Moll Franders Robinson Crusoe]-
(3) Expressing conditions or qualifications
If he be not apt to beat over matters, and to call up one thing to prove and illustrate another, let him study the lawyers』 case; so every defect of the mind may have a special receipt.
[Of Studies Francis Bacon]
(4)Expressing intention or purpose
You will make some desirable acquaintances, and from time to time you can call upon me, just to tell me how you are getting on, and to say whether I can be of any service to you.
[The Three Musketeers]
(5)Denoting or implying result
When Buck earned sixteen hundred dollars in five minutes for John Thornton, he made it possible for his master to pay off certain debts and to journey with his partners into the East after a fabled lost mine, the history of which was as old as the history of the country. Many men had sought it; few had found it; and more than a few there were who had never returned from the quest.
[The Call of the Wild]
To be sure, it was an unwonted performance but he had learned to trust in men he knew, and to give them credit for a wisdom that outreached his own. [The Call of the Wild]
(6)Expressing a kind of concomitance or method
D』 Artagnan and Cahusac sprang forward at the same instant, the one to recover, the other to obtain, the sward; but D』 Artagnan, being the more active, reached it first and placed his foot upon it. [The Three Musketeers]
Did you ever expect a corporation to have a conscience, when it has no soul to damned, and no body to be kicked? [Edward Thurlow]
(7) complementary explanation or supplementary information
I came to these words: He is exalted a prince and a saviour, to give repentance, and to give remission. [The Fortunes and Misfortunes of the Famous Moll Franders Robinson Crusoe]
I had a great desire to make a mare perfect discovery of the island, and to see what other proctions I might find, which I yet knew nothing of.
[The Fortunes and Misfortunes of the Famous Moll Franders Robinson Crusoe]
(C)The relationship on function or meaning between the coordinate to-infinitive clauses themselves.
In many cases, the to-infinitive clauses are often connected with some conjunctions or some conjunctional structures. Maybe sometimes the conjunctions are the same, but the meanings expressed by the to-infinitive clauses are different.
(1)Option
But M.de Tre』ville promised this favour after a novitiate of two years---a novitiate which might, besides, be abridged if an opportunity should present itself for D』 Artagnan to render the king any signal service, or to distinguish himself by some brilliant action. [The Three Musketeers]
And now I was to launch out into the ocean, and either to venture, or not to venture.
[The Fortunes and Misfortunes of the Famous Moll Franders Robinson Crusoe]
(2)Order of the preceding and the following
So I resolved to stay at home, and if I could find means for it, to dispose of my plantation.
[The Fortunes and Misfortunes of the Famous Moll Franders Robinson Crusoe]
(3)Comparison
It is better to keep your mouth closed and let people think you are a fool than to open it and remove all doubt. [Mark Twain]
In short, the things he did were done because it was easier to do them than not to do them.
[The Call of the Wild]
(4)Juxtaposition
Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested; that is, some books are to be read only in parts; others to be read, but not curiously; and some few to be read wholly, and with diligence and attention. [Of Studies Francis Bacon]
I always tried to keep things moving in the right direction, to give more people a chance to live their dreams, to lift people』s spirits, and to bring them together. [My Life Bill Clinton]
(5)Sequence of going forward one by one
Remember not only to say the right thing in the right place, but far more difficult still, to leave unsaid the wrong thing at the tempting moment. [Benjamin Franklin]
These examples show us the great power of to-infinitive clauses, which are rather complicated in some cases and relate to many interesting phenomena.
B. 用英語語法檢查軟體會使論文被作為抄襲處理嗎
國外大學用的一般都是turnitin服務，之前確實有謠言說用turnitin多了會導致直接進turnitin的資料庫，影響最後的專剽竊屬檢查。
但
剽竊認定是人工決定的，機器只是給出相似文章的來源。如果不是公開發表的論文或網頁或者其他學校遞交的學校論文，人工不可能判定剽竊。這種謠言都太想當然了。
據我所知易改並沒有提供任何剽竊檢查的功能，也不大可能利用turnitin的資料庫（用那個是需要付錢的，易改好像是免費的吧），所以從經濟上考慮，也不會有這種問題。
C. 寫關於英語語法的論文選怎樣的題目更好寫一些呢
很簡單,語言學語言理論五大類中擇一二比較並舉例再描述歸類。各類語言版學書籍第一二權章都有這五類，如Bahaviorism或Conceptualism or Extentialism等。或者語言學萬能句法公式Subject-X等可以詳細舉例並就不同動賓結構展開或延伸。或者語音新詞發展前言類外來語同化歸並類學科比較。或者英語語法類語句句型結構歷史。
D. 求一篇新聞專業的論文的範文
新聞報道中的語法隱喻分析
內容提要]從功能語言學的角度，新聞報道中包含大量的語法隱喻，解讀新聞報道中的語法隱喻能加深對文
章的理解。本文從功能語言學的角度分析新聞報道中的隱喻現象如概念隱喻和人際隱喻，指出其在篇章中的作用。
[關鍵詞]功能語言學；新聞報道；隱喻
一、系統功能語言學對語法隱喻的研究
系統功能語言學認為語言是一個社會意義系統，意義是
理論語按舊的核心問題（Halliday）。因此語言學家研究的
不是詞的意義，相反他們研究的是一個詞或句的社會意義。
功能語法對語法隱喻的研究始於韓禮德。他在1985年的《功
能語法導論》一書中專門討論了語法隱喻的問題。外部世界
的各種物質或事件可稱作「外部事實」，外部事實在人腦中
的反映稱作「概念語義」，體現概念語義的詞彙和語法形式
稱作「表達形式」。本體和喻體的關系實際上是相同或相似
的外部事實和不同表達形式之間的關系。詞彙方面的比喻表
現在外部實體用不同的詞彙來表達。在實際生活中，人們除
了用不同的詞彙手段外，往往還要動用不同的語法形式來表
達相同或相似的外部事實。例:
1997 witnessed the development of China.
在外部事件中，見證人首先是人，他親眼見證了某事件
的發生。和外部事實相似的表達形式應該是:
We witnessed the development of China in 1997.
兩句雖然表示的意思相同，都表達了1997年中國的發
展，但卻用了不同的語法手段。第一句用1997做主語;而後
句用we做主語，1997則作了附屬語。如果將表達形式和外
部事實相似的現象稱作語法主體，那麼以年份來表達目睹者
做主語，是一種偏離外部事實的語法表達形式方面的變異，
這種變異可看作是和語法主體相對的喻體，這種語法表達偏
離現象稱作「語法隱喻」[1]。功能語言學將詞彙語法和語義
之間的體現關系分為「一致關系」和「非一致關系」。「一
致關系」指語義和語法的自然范疇，人們用動詞來表達人類
活動或客觀事物的過程，而名詞體現活動或事物的參加者，
而用形容詞表達事物的特徵。「非一致關系」體現的是語義
和語法范疇之間的非自然關系。功能語言學家將人類語言中
的「非一致關系」表達稱為語法隱喻式表達[3]。各種語法現
象是語言不同元功能的具體體現，各種語法形式的變異和語
言的三元功能有著密切的關系。為此，語法隱喻和三元功能
也有密切的關系。韓禮德(1985)基於語言的元功能將語法
隱喻分作兩類：概念隱喻和人際隱喻。概念隱喻包括過程變
體和名詞化現象；人際隱喻包含情態隱喻和語氣隱喻。在報
刊英語中出現頻率最高的是過程變體以及名詞化現象，本文
將對其一一討論。
二、概念隱喻中的過程化
Halliday認為人類主客觀世界的活動可描寫為六個過程:
物質過程、心理過程、關系過程、言語過程、行為過程和存
在過程。在概念隱喻中，Halliday認為及物性系統中的各種
過程都可以隱喻化，即一個過程可以隱喻為另一個過程。隨
著過程的轉換，與過程有關的功能成分(如參與者、環境因
子等)也發生變化，並在詞彙語法層面體現為另一個形式[2]。
如：
a.They arrived at the village on the second day.
參與者過程環境時間
b.The second day witnessed them at the village.
參與者過程環境
例a中on the second day原為表環境的成分，表達的意義
符合現實情況，是一致式;但是在例b中on the second day隱
喻成了思維過程的感覺者，因此物質過程隱喻為了心理過程，
因此b句是隱喻式。總之，語法隱喻突出的是功能的思想，即
語法隱喻主要體現在及物性的過程和功能成分的相互隱喻化，
最後才見之於詞彙語法層的體現轉換[3]。由此可見功能語法所
講的規劃實際上是一個由大量可選項組成的系統。功能決定形
式，形式體現於意義，形式不同其意義也就不同，但不同的形
式可以表達同一概念意義[4]。在平常生活中，人們習慣於使用
「一致式」表達，因為這是我們呀呀學語時首先掌握的表達方
式；然而在報刊文體中，出於文體和敘述的需要，記者通常使
用「非一致式」過程的變體來吸引讀者的眼球。
三、詞化
詞彙語法層上最常見的隱喻是名詞化。韓禮德將語言的
「非一致式」表達稱作語法隱喻，它表達語義與語法范疇之
間非自然關系，這種「非一致式」表達除了表達過程變體之
外，還可以用名詞片語表達事物的過程和特徵[1]。名詞化是
將表示過程的動詞和表特性的形容詞經過隱喻化，使它們不
再體現它們本應擁有的功能，相反它們以名詞的形式表現實
物。如：
They are able to reach the computer——their access to the
computer.
Technology is getting better——advances in technology.
名詞化通過把小句變為名詞，或名詞片語，從而使小句
的信息密度增大，表達內容增多[2]。
四、際隱喻
人們使用語言時除了如實地表述主、客觀世界外，同時
也是為了建立人際關系，確定說話的輪次，對一些事情表示
自己的主觀判斷和評價。這些都是系統功能語法的人際元功能。在體現其中一些功能范疇時，我們發現一些語法形式是
可以互為隱喻的。
人際功能可以分成語氣部分和情態部分。相應地，人際
隱喻也分為語氣類和情態類兩種。我們以「請某人開窗」的
請求為例來說明語氣類語法隱喻。
(1)Open the window.
(2)I want you to open the window.
(3)Will you open the window?
(4)Can you open the window?
(5)Would you mind opening the window?
(6)Could you possibly open the window?
這六個句子都表達了說話者希望對方能打開窗戶。第一句
最直接，可為語法主體。從第二句到第六句語義逐漸變得相對
間接。根據里奇的禮貌原則表達語義越間接，越顯得有禮貌。
(2)到(7)句均為語氣類語法隱喻形式。情態部分是對語言內容
的態度，即對某事件的可能性、經常性或就某人的義務或意願
所表明的態度。表達形式可以是相對主觀的或相對客觀的，兩
者還可以分作隱性的和顯性的[2]。以可能性表達為
例：
主觀
顯性:I am sure that John has done it.
隱性:John must have done it.
客觀
隱性:John definitely has done it.
顯性:It』s certain that John has done it.
人際成分是一種說話者主觀的成分，和外部事實有一定
距離。所以說，客觀性最強的表達方式最接近外部事實，最
有資格作為語法主體，而主觀性最強的表達形式偏離外部事
實最遠，最適合作為人際語法隱喻句。上述四句中，顯性客
觀句It』s certain that John has done it離客觀事實最近因此它
最有資格成為語法主體。而I am certain that John has done it.
為離外部事實最遠的人際情態隱喻現象。
五、報刊中的隱喻現象
報刊英語的寫作目的決定了報刊英語獨特的文體特點，
其中語法隱喻是新聞文體的主要特點。本文通過概念隱喻強
調新聞里要表達的重點，利用動詞名詞或名詞片語來實現新
聞語篇的銜接，調整主謂關系；通過情態隱喻使新聞報道更
加客觀和真實。
5.1新聞報道中的變體。為強調重點，記者經常選擇
非一致的過程。選擇非一致的過程，一方面可以將所要強調
的內容放在最重要的位置，另一方面可以隱藏記者的主觀意
識，因此可以使文章顯得更加客觀，更具有說服力。
例如：a.The problem facing TV stations is:despite the
high number of shows，it』s very difficult to find proctions
that they believe the audience would like to watch.(北京周報，
2008年6月)
b.The TV stations faces a problem which is despite the
high number of shows，it』s very difficult to find proctions
that they believe the audience would like to watch.
a摘自《北京周報》，b是作者改寫的一種比較直白的
表達方式。a和b表述了同一概念，但選擇了不同的表達方
式。從過程的角度看a是b的變體，是隱喻表達方式。為什
么新聞英語習慣於繞開一致式表達方式而使用語法隱喻式
表達呢？這主要因為隱喻式表達能夠加大巨資信息密度，符
合新聞文體的需要。在第一個句子中記者選擇了強調類型的
關系過程來描述一件事件，因為信息密度增大了適合表達信
息含量豐富的概念，符合新聞英語的表達需要。總之在新聞
英語中概念隱喻的大量使用調整了信息中心，突出重點，增
加了文章的可觀程度，形成了新聞英語的特色。
5.2新聞報道中的名詞化。Hallidy曾經指出隱喻選擇
本身是一個有意義的選擇，因為所選的隱喻有語意特徵，小
句名詞化後其信息含量增加，經常作為引導新信息的主位出
現在句首[3]。小句名詞化後，信息含量也隨之增多，經常作
為引導新信息的主位出現在句首。而新聞英語正需要高信息
放在主位。
例如:Merck』s decision to withdraw Vioxx cast suspicion
on the safety of drugs in that class
[3]
.
Merck has decided to withdraw Vioxx and this made
people suspect the safety of drugs.
兩個句子表達了同樣的意思，但第一個例句是含有名詞
化的語法隱喻，信息密度較高，而第二個例句是一致性句子
信息密度相對而言較低；從主述角度來看，第二個句子有兩
個主語Merck和this，它們各自有著不同的謂語敘述著不同
的事件。前一個句子描述了一個事件而後面的句子是前面一
件事發生的結果。然而第一個句子只有一個主語，包含了所
有的概念意義；同時它的述位名詞化也包含了所有的信息，
相比較而言，第一個句子比第二個句子更加邏輯化，信息密
度更加緊湊，因此在新聞里名詞化的句子相對較多。
5.3新聞報導中的情態隱喻。新聞報導要求客觀性，可
在報紙中多多少少包含作者的主觀情感。語言的情態意義體現
說話人看待某一命題的角度[5]。當作者直接表達自己對某件事
的感受時，他會用直接引語表達；而在描述客觀事物時，或多
或少的隱藏自己的觀點如：
a.In the debates，though，I don』t think there』s any doubt
that Kerry won.
b.It is fully justifiable that a country would defend itself
when its territorial integrity is threatened.
第一句話是主觀性的情態隱喻，表達了說話人的鮮明觀
點。新聞媒體經常採用這種方式發布觀點，提出建議，貌似
出自他人之口，其實表達了報道人的情態傾向。而第二句是
客觀顯性的情態隱喻，等同於I believe that a country would
defend itself when its territorial integrity is threatened.這種表
達方式即隱含表達了報道者的觀點，又隱含包含了作者的主
觀思想。在我們平常閱讀過程中，我們經常會遇見這樣類似
的句子，因此理解作者的主觀思想對我們理解一篇文章起著
至關重要的作用。
四、結語
隱喻成為新聞英語中最為顯著的特點，趙德全先生說語
篇的難易程度和語法隱喻的多少密不可分，語法隱喻越多，
文章所含的意思就越多，因而理解的難度就加深。在文章的
連貫程度重，名詞化隱喻起了關鍵性作用；而概念隱喻更讓
文章顯得客觀。
[參考文獻]
[1]趙德全，寧志敏.解讀報刊英語中的語法隱喻[J].國外外語教
學，2005.
[2]林敏.從系統功能角度看新聞標題中的隱喻[J].外語藝術教育
研究，2008.
[3]胡壯麟，朱永生，張德祿，李戰子.系統功能語言學概論[M].北
京：北京大學出版社，2005.
[4]李發根.小句警言功能與翻譯[J].外語與外語教學，2004.
[5]周大軍.英語的情態隱喻及其語篇解釋力[J].四川外語學院學
報，2006.
E. 怎麼樣糾正英語論文中的語法錯誤
推薦一個國外的語法檢查網站，可以直接使用。我期末論文也是參照這個網站修改的，感覺還不錯，當然還是要有自己的判斷啦~
NOUNPLUS
好用請採納~
F. 英語語法論文
論英語語法與修辭
語法和修辭既是相通的，又是有區別的。語法是語言的組織規律，講的是語言的結構形式；因此語法學家研究的對象是語言本身規律的一部分，是研究如何造出合乎語法的句子。因為只有合乎語法規則的句子才具有可理解的性質，才有可能被用作表達思想的基本語言單位。修辭不同於語法，它是研究語言使用的規律，是和語言的使用目的和使用場合密切相關的。因此，修辭學研究的對象是如何在具體交際場合中取得最好的語言表達效果，即如何根據不同的對象和場合把話說好，把文章做好，以便更好地達到交際目的。但是，修辭和語法又密切相關，可以說，修辭知識是語法知識的延伸，前者是建築在後者基礎上。因為語法告訴我們，同一個意思可以有不同的合乎語法的表達方式，而修辭則告訴我們如何恰當地選用語法形式，以達到最好的語言表達效果。語法結構形式的選用，關繫到使用領域（即語體）的問題。比如在學術論文中，不可用適合於口頭的表達方式；在法律文書中，不可用形象生動的文學語言；對上級或者長輩講話，用語不可太隨便；跟朋友談心，用語又不可太莊重。因此，一本好的語法書必然要涉及修辭問題。我們學習語法不能只重視分析語言的能力；更重要的是要培養自覺、恰當地運用語言的能力。從這個角度來看，語法必須結合修辭，語法書的編寫不能局限於詞法和句法而必須超越句法的范圍，講一點如何恰當地使用語法知識的規律。恰當地使用語法知識規律可以簡單地歸納為以下內容：
表達思想，分清主次；關系明確，避免歧義；言語簡練，用詞經濟；句式多樣，靈活交替。
一、表達思想，分清主次
這是修辭的第一條要求。在使用語言進行交際時，總是要把主要的住處突出起來，以便引起對方的注意，能為對方所理解並把握住意義的重心。這就涉及語法中一系列強調手段的運用問題。這些強調手段包括後置和前置、主從句、分裂句、層進法等，只要用之得當，便可在組詞成句中突出主要的信息，分清主要次要的意思。
1、後置
後置，作為一種突出主要思想的手段，是現代英語的詞序特徵。眾所周知，英語在其長期發展中形成一種相對固定的詞序。根據這種詞序，句子的意義重心往往落在句子的尾部分，從而句尾成為一種受到強調的部位。根據這條原則，說話人要強調什麼意思，便可讓它出現在句尾，從而傳遞信息便主次分明了。在前面提到的句尾信息焦點和尾重原則就是採用的這一原理。
對比下面兩句話：
The patient was taken good care of, and began to recover immediately.
The patient was taken good care of, and immediately began to recover.
這兩個句子的意思都是病人受到很好的照顧，很快開始康復。但第一句的意義重心是immediately, 強調了康復之快，而第二句的意義重心則在於「康復」而不強調「馬上」。
再如：
Though we started off early, we were late for the last bus.
We were late for the last bus, though we started off early.
We were late for the last bus. We started off early, though.
以上三個句子所表達的意思是一致的，但所強調的重點是不一樣的。第一句強調我們晚了，第二句強調我們的確出發不晚，第三句突出強調了出發得早然而卻晚了這一驚訝。
We had a long enough holiday on the beach.
We had a holiday, long enough, on the beach.
兩個句子的意義差別不大，但第一句只是普通的句子，而第二句強調了long enough。
2、主從結構
在主從結構中（這里主要指主句與從句），主句通常攜帶主要的信息，從句表達次要的信息。因此，人們在交流思想時，可以把主要意思放在主句中表達，而把次要意思放在從句中。這也可以成為表達思想分清主次的手段。如：
After I had visited this country, I was even more struck by its beauty.
Having visited this country, I was even more struck by its beauty.
After my visit to this country, I was even more struck by its beauty.
I was even more struck by its beauty, after I had visited this country.
以上四個句子意思上的差別是不大的，但所要表達的具體內涵和感情就有些差異了。第一句after從句是個時間狀語從句，為了更加突出主要的意思，通常它放於主句的前面，從而突出主句的信息。第二句把時間狀語從句改為了非限定分句，那就加重了它的從屬地位，從而主句的意思也就更加突出。如果再把非限定分句改為介詞片語，那末，主句的意思進一步得到突出。第四句把從句置於句末，根據末端中心的原則，從句的意義比在句首是加重了，它相當於一種補敘，為主句表達的思想內容提供某種比較重要的條件，意思相當於「只有當我參觀了這個國家之後，才被這個國家的美更加深深地打動了。」
在這樣的結構中，有兩條語法規則在交叉地起作用：主從結構的表意作用和詞序的作用。正由於從屬的意思能以各種方式增加其分量，使之能夠對主句所表達的意思起一定的平衡作用，有時甚至起到修改和對抗作用，這種「主句＋從句」的結構往往可在修辭上取得幽默、諷刺或戲劇性等特殊效果，在閱讀時您不妨仔細體味。如：
We don』t bother much about dress and manners in England, because as a nation we don』t dress well and we』ve no manners.
這句話是主句在前，從句在後。主句的意思是：在英國，我們不為衣著和禮貌而煩神，為什麼不煩神呢？都穿得很好嗎？都很講禮貌嗎？不是的。請看下文：因為，作為一個民族，我們穿得不好，而且不講禮貌。這樣一來，後置的原因狀語分句便對主句的意思起抵消的作用，從而帶有辛辣的諷刺味道。
再如：
Even though men may deny it, women may soon be able to compete with men in most sporting events.
Women may soon be able to compete with men in most sporting events, though men may not deny(否定)it.
Women may soon be able to compete with men in most sporting events, but men may deny it.
第一句，主句位於從句之後，突出了主句的意思，對婦女在體育運動中不斷提高的地位持肯定態度；第二句，從句位於主句之後，抵消了或削弱了主句的意思，但是主要意思還是認為婦女即將在大多數體育運動項目中與男子進行競爭，只是這種意思被後面的從句削弱了一；第三句是個並列句，其意義主要受著分句順序的支配。這句話的主要意思是媽婦女能否在大多數體育運動項目中與男了相抗衡表示一種懷疑的態度。
3、前置
除採用後置和主從結構來突出主要思想外，語法還提供了第三種方法，這就是前置。由於句首也是一種引人注目的位置，如果把一個通常不出現在句首的成分前移至句首，這也會起強調作用，產生特殊的修辭效果。例如句子的賓語和補足語通常出現在謂語動詞之後，如果由於某種原因，比如為了與上文相銜接，而把賓語或補語移至句首，這時，前置的賓語或補語就會特別引人注目。如：
Mr White fried two small pieces of fish. One of these he fed to his cat. The other he ate himself. 懷特先生煎了兩條魚，一條餵了狗，另一條他自己吃了。
It is important to prevent pollution. Equally important is to take measures to check the rise in prices. 阻止污染是非常重要的。同時同等重要的是採取措施核實價格是不能提高。
有時狀語的前置也能起強調作用。比如在否定結構中，否定詞及其強調詞通常是比較貼近謂語動詞的。如：
The manager will not in any case stand rudeness from his employees.
在這里，not in any case 是「決不」之意，位於句子當中，這是不受強調的位置。如果把這個結構移至句首並引起倒裝：
In no case will the manager stand rudeness from his employees.
這時，狀語in no case便處於突出的地位，受到了強調。當然，在這種結構中，句尾仍然起著信息中心的作用。
4、分裂句
語法向我們提供的另一強調手段是一種特殊的、專門突出主要意思的句子結構――分裂句（又稱強調句型）。分裂句的基本結構是：
It is/was＋中心成分＋that-分句
在這種句式中，中心成分是最受強調的部位，它可以是一個句子中主語、賓語、狀語和賓語補足語等。（本部分詳細請參閱本章《強調部分》）
During the summer vacation I worked in a hotel as a part-time job to make some money for ecation. 在暑假裡，為了嫌點錢上學，我在一家旅館找了份業余工作。
這個句子可以改用分裂句式強調除謂語動詞以外的任何成分。如：
It was ring the summer vacation that I worked in a hotel as a part-time job to make some money for ecation.
It was I that/who ring the summer vacation worked in a hotel as a part-time job to make some money for ecation.
It was in a hotel ring the summer vacation I worked as a part-time job to make some money for ecation.
It was as a part-time job that During the summer vacation I worked in a hotel to make some money for ecation.
對於謂語及其後續成分突出出來就得採用另外一種分裂句：
What-分句＋is＋不定式結構。
如：
What I did ring the summer vacation was to work in a hotel as a part-time job to make some money for ecation.
由此可見分裂句It is/was＋中心成分＋that-分句的主要強調重心不在句尾而在句中；分裂句What-分句＋is＋不定式結構的主要強調重心仍然在句尾。
5、層進法
還有一種強調的方法就是採用「層進法」，即在排列兩個以上並列成分時，採取由次要到重要到最重要的排列方式，從而突出位於句尾的成分。如：
Einstein was a fair violinist, a great mathematician, and a deeply philosophical (哲理的)man.
愛因斯坦三重身份：他既是偉大的數學家，又是個懂得精深哲理的人，同時還是個業余小提琴手。在這三重身份中，哪一種最重要呢？當然，精通哲理最重要，數學家次之，會演奏小提琴又次之，所以按照a vilionist, a great mathematician, and a deeply philosophical man 這樣的排列，是符合一般修辭原則的，即要求由次要到重要至最重要的排列。這是故意違反一般修辭原則，而把不太重要的意思放在最後最重要的位置上，從而達到諷刺、幽默的修效果。
He referred his success to hard work, his parents and his teachers.
一個人事業的成功，最重要因素本應為「埋頭苦幹」，可是現在卻把「父母、老師」放在最重要的位置，這無疑就是一種人際交流的需要。
層進法不僅適用於句子成分之間，而且適用於句子和句子、語段和語段、段落和段落之間。
二、關系明確，避免歧義
修辭的另一條重要原則是要求表意明確，而不是模稜兩可。一句話如果既可作這樣解釋，又可作那樣解釋，這就叫做歧義。引起歧義的原因是多種多樣。其中重要的一種是句子成分之間的關系不明確，特別是照應關系、修飾關系、比較關系不明確往往引起歧義。照應必須有被照應的對象，修飾也必有被修飾的對象，如果這些關系搞不清，意思就含糊不明。因此，關系明確是避免歧義的重要方法。
1、要處理好照應關系
英語中代詞照應是照應關系中最重要的。處理好照應關系是理解篇章的最基本的前提。如：
? Since my grandfather was a doctor, it is not surprising that I have chosen that for a job.
在這里that所指不明，不論是指doctor, 還是指my grandfather was doctor, 在本句中都講不能。因此在這個句中，have chosen 的賓語以不用代詞為宜：
Since my grandfather was a doctor, it is not surprising that I have chosen medicine for my job.
再如：
? The players and umpires (裁判)know one another well and sometimes they call them by their first names.
這個並列句後半部的they, them, their含義不明。如果是運動員對他們認識的裁判員有時直呼其名，可以說：
Players who know umpires well sometimes call them by their first names.
如果是裁判員對他們認識的運動員有時直呼其名，那就說：
Knowing the players well, the umpires sometimes call them by their first names.
2、要處理好修飾關系
關於名詞修飾語和狀語(特別是副詞)的位置問題分別相關章節，這里再從修辭角度作一些補充。
狀語的位置如果處理不當往往會引起歧義。如：
? I have followed the advice sincerely given by the teacher.
? The woman scolded the boy for playing with fire bitterly.
上述諸句中，sincerely, bitterly 叫「偏斜修飾語」，因為它們在句中位置不正，以致sincerely既可理解為修飾follow, 也可理解為修飾given；bitterly 本應修飾scolded，但在句中卻好象在修飾playing，從而產生了歧義。這些修飾語的位置應作如下調整：
I have sincerely followed the advice given by the teacher.
The woman bitterly scolded the boy for playing with matches.
再如：
He sent us the full story of his rescue from Lake of the Ozarks(美國奧沙克湖).
在這里from Lake of the Ozarks既可理解為修飾sent，也可理解修飾his rescue。根據「靠近」的原則，可將該句調整如下：
He sent us from the Ozarks the full story of his rescue.
3、要避免中途改變語態或主語
在主動結構和被動結構的使用上，一般修辭原則是要保持前後一致。如果中途改變語態，則往往意義不明。如：
? He left the examination after his answer had been checked.
這句話，主句用了主動結構，從句忽然改為被動結構，這樣一來，到底是誰「核對子答案」便不明確了。要改進這個句子，最好把前後的動詞語態一致起來，從而主語也一致了：
He left the exmination after he had checked his answer.
再如：
As the guests entered the church, proper seats were arranged by the ushers leading them.(迎客的人).
這句話的毛病是中途改變主語，以致「座位指定給誰」，含義不明。應將前後主語一致起來，盡管語態有變，但不影響意義：
As the guests entered the church, they were led to the proper seats by the ushers.
4、要處理好比較關系
比較關系也是一種修飾關系。比較結構如果不完整或不確切也會引出歧義。請觀察：
? He is as tall, if not taller, than his brother.
在這句話中，比較結構不完全，因為不可能說He is as tall than his brother, 而只能說as tall as his brother。 所以這句話應該調整為：
He is as tall as his brother, if not taller.
或調整為：
He is as tall as, if not taller than his brother.
再如：
Leonardo had one of the greatest, if not the greatest minds of all times.
這個最高級結構也是不完全的，從而非常費解，因為在這里有兩個名詞片語「one of the greatest minds」和「the greatest mind」。應補足為：
Leonardo had one of the greatest minds, if not the greatest mind, of all times.
有時，比較結構不完全，導致表意不合邏輯。如：
?Her salary was lower than a typist.
怎麼會一個人的薪水比打字員低呢？應該說成：
Her salary was lower than that of a typist.
或者：Her salary was lower than a typist』s.
再如：
?The food here costs no more than any other resaurant.
這句話從字面上看可以理解為The food here costs no more than any other restaurant costs, 這樣以來，就變成拿食品價格和其它飯店的相比了，顯然不合邏輯。應該拿這里的食品價格和任何其它飯店的食品相比：
The food here costs no more than (it does) at any other restaurant.
由上述諸例可以看出，在使用比較結構時，必須把被比較的對象明確起來。如果被比較的對象不明確，那就意義含糊。如：
?Claremont is farther from Los Angeles than Pomona.
這句話的意思很含糊。到底是Claremont 距離Los Angeles 比Pomona 距離Los Angeles 遠呢？還是Claremont距離Los Angeles 比Claremont距離Pomona遠呢？如果是前一種意思，應該說成：Claremont is farther from Los Angeles than Pomona is.
如果是後一種意思，則應該說：
Claremont is farther from Los Angeles than it is from Pomona.
有時，在比較結構中使用than any…不當，其表意不合邏輯。如：
?For many years the Empire State building was taller than any building in New York.
這句話不合邏輯，因為Empire State Building 坐落在紐約市。它怎能和包括它自己在內的紐約市建築物相比呢？處理這類問題，只要在any之後加個other就可以了：
From many years the Empire State Building was taller than any other building in New York.
三、言語簡練，用詞經濟
言語簡練，用詞經濟是修辭的另一條重要原則。所謂「簡練」就是不用多餘的詞，即在表情達意中每一個詞都起到自己的表意作用，而沒有冗長、累贅的現象。「簡練」和「簡短」是兩個不同的概念。「簡練」是修辭上的優點；「簡短」有時是優點，但有時就不一定是優點。一個簡短的句子或者一篇簡短的文章有時鏗鏘有力，擲地有聲，便有時也可能言之無物，讀來無味；文章長而空固然不妙；而空也未嘗足取。一個句子或者一篇文章可能比較長，但內容充實，組織嚴密，沒有廢話，沒有敗筆，照樣可以算是「簡練」。因此「簡練」是修辭的一個努力方向，它和「簡短」是有區別的。
1、要避免冗贅
盡管一個句子或者一篇文章並不一定是「越短越好」，但是小題而大作，短話而連篇，言之無物，總是要不得的。講一句話，造一個句子，在能充分表達思想的前提下，用詞應該十分經濟，必須避免使用多餘的詞。如：
Whenever anyone called for someone to help him do something, Jim was always the first to lend his help for the cause.
這個句子如果變為下面的句子就更加簡練：
Whenever anyone called for help, Jim was always the first to lend his help.
這個句子即是「簡練的」，又是「簡短」的。在這里，這二者就一致起來了。
2、要避免不必要的重復
重復有時是修辭的需要，但是，不必要的重復往往會造成言語累贅，表達無力。語法為我們提供了避免重復的手段，這重要是省略和替代。一般原則是，在能充分表意的前提下，能省略的就應省略，能替代的就應替代。省略和替代不僅能夠避免不必要的重復，而且可使主要的思想內容得到應有的突出。反之，如果該省略而不省略，該替代而不替代，反而會沖淡主要的內容，贊成煩冗無力的表達。如：
My father planned (all these houses) and my brother built all these houses.
Brian can (do the work well) and (he) should do the work well, but he won』t (do the work well).
Mary is going to sweep the floor though Alice won』t (sweep the floor).
以上各句中括弧內為省略的部分。第一句中，省略了all these houses, 便突出了planned; 第二句省略了do the work well和he，突出了can, should和won』t; 同樣地，第三句省略了sweep the floor, 便強調了Alice won』t。
再如：
Here is a white silk blouse and a pink one. (one替代silk blouse)
He said he would tell me the news, but he didn』t do so. (do so替代tell me the news)
We are told that he will come back tonight, and if so our meeting will be held tomorrow. (if so替代if he comes back tonight)
在上述第一句中，用了名詞替代詞one, 不僅避免了silk blouse的重復，而且使pink的意義突出起來；第二句用do so替代tell me the news, 突出了didn』t 的意義；第三句用if so替代if he comes back tonight, 突出了其後主句的含義。
3、要避免拖沓現象
句尾是傳遞最重要信息的位置。因此，通常不宜在句尾附加過多的補敘。如果在句尾加上長串的並不重要的細節，往往會出現拖沓現象。「拖沓句」也是累贅的一種表現。如：
It was 7:15 on the morning of February 8, 2000, when I was walking along Park Road towards the east when an elderly amn came out of the park on the other side of the street. Then I saw a yellow car drive up Third Street and make a right turn into Park Road. The next moment the car hit the man while he was crossing the road. The man was badly hurt and he fell with a cry. The car didn』t stop but drove off at great speed which was heading west. I noticed the driver wa a young woman who pretended not to be noticing all of this and the plate number was AC 864. About two minutes later I stopped a car which was passing near here and took the old man to the nearest hospital where the old man could be taken good care of.
在這篇短文中，似乎用了太多的定語從句，從而使讀者的視線容易因為讀這些長句子而轉移對整個交通事故的描述。如若改成下面的短文，就會顯得簡潔明了。
I was walking along Park Road towards the east on the morning of February 8, 2000 when an elderly man came out of the park on the other sde of the street. Then a yellow car drove up Third Street and made a right trun into Park Road. The next moment the car hit the man while he was crossing the road. He fell with a cry. The car didn』t stop but drove off at great speed heading west. I noticed the dirver was a young woman and the plate number was AC864. About two minutes later I stopped a passing car and took the old man to the nearest hospital where he was taken good care of.
這樣整篇短文中含有一個定語從句，兩個並列句，一個時間狀語從句，一個賓語從句，一個分詞結構，四個並列謂語，調整了主要信息的位置，刪除了多餘的詞，主句和從句的次序進行了調換，使句式錯落有致、重點突出。
四、句式多樣，靈活交替
修辭的另一個要求是，言語要生動活潑，形式，最忌單調乏味，平淡無奇。避免單調可以通過各種不同的手段來實現。從語法角度看，多種句式的靈活交替是達到生動活潑，避免單調的重要方法。寫一篇文，講一段話，如果通篇用的都是簡單句或者通篇都是很長很長的復雜句，往往會給人以句式單調的感覺。如下面一篇短文：
My name is Li Hua. I was born in Dalian, Liaoning province in February 1977. I started school in 1984 at 7. I studied in Guangming Primary School from 1984 to 1990. After that I went to No. 62 Middle school of Dalian and graated this summer. The main subjects I studied at school included Chinese, maths, English, physics, chemistry and computer.I like English and computer best. I am very good at them. Last year I won first prize in the school computer competition. In my spare time I enjoy listening to popular music and collecting stamps. My favourite sports are swimming in summer and skating in winter.
上面的短文是對自己作的一個簡介，內容很全面，但句式太單調，不活潑不生動，給人一種平淡之感。如果將這篇短文的句式進行調整，充分運用分詞結構，使句式靈活多樣，本短文將會變得活潑，讀起來朗朗上口。修改如下：
My name is Li Hua and I was born in Dalian, Liaoning province in February 1977. In 1984 when I was seven years old, I started school. From 1984 to 1990 I studied in Guangming Primary School. And after that I went to No. 62 Middle School of Dalian, where I graated this summer. The main subjects I studied at school included Chinese, maths, English, physics, chemistry and computer. I like best English and compuer which I am very good at. Last year I won first prize in the school computer competition. In my spare time, what I enjoy doing is listening to music, collecting stamps, swimming and skakting, of which I love swimming and skating most.
修改過的短文包括一個並列句，五個定語從句，一個分裂句，同時在上下文的銜接上注意了關聯詞的運用，從而使整個短文句式靈活多變，思路清晰，讀起來朗朗上口。
G. 求一篇關於英語語法對英語學習重要性的論文，英文論文！
怎樣寫論文？ 建議你先去知網找相關論文研究，不會弄的話可以去我空間參考下網路找論文的介紹
H. 求一篇英語語法論文
用情景教學法教語法(XX中學個案研究)[英語論文]
Teaching Grammar with Situational Approach
Content
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 The Understanding of Situational Language Teaching Method 1
1.1.1 The definition of situational language teaching method 1
1.1.2 The advantages of situational language teaching method 2
1.2 The Status of English Grammar Teaching in Rural Area 3
1.2.1 The problems of grammar teaching in rural middle school 3
1.2.2 The possible reasons for the problems 4
2 LITERATURE REVIEW 5
2.1 Theoretical Background 5
2.1.1 J. R. Firth and M. K. Halliday』s theory 5
2.1.2 Pittman』s theory 5
2.2 Review of the Literature 6
2.2.1 The views conception visual and active teaching 6
2.2.2 The views of the improvement of communicative ability 7
3 METHODOLOGY 9
3.1 The Research Method 9
3.2 The Research Subjects 9
3.3 Instruments and the Data Collection Procere 10
3.3.1 Classroom observation 10
3.3.2 Grammar test 10
4 DISCUSSION 12
4.1 The Comparison of the Grammar Scores 12
4.2 The Analysis of the Data 14
4.2.1 Students』 learning interests and motivation 14
4.2.2 Students』 classroom interaction and behavior 16
4.3 The Comparison of the Two Teaching Plans 17
4.4 Suggestions to the Grammar Teaching 18
5 CONCLUSION 19
5.1 Implication 19
5.2 Limitation 20
REFERENCES 21
APPENDICES 23
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 28