① 關於英語語法被動語態
1. After days of exhausting march they finally saw the high brown spire on the hilltop and they knew that ___.
A. they arrived at their destination
B. their destination was arrived at
參看答案給的是A。這里A和B的意思都是一樣,為什麼B不是正確答案呢?請解釋,謝謝。
答:樓回主首先要改答變一個觀念,英語中的單項選擇題,選的是最佳答案,並不是唯一的正確答案。
其次,不是所有的動介片語+賓語,都可能改為被動語的。
這道題目,A是最佳。B。不說它是錯誤的,至它不是最佳。用漢語來思考也能想通:
A。他們知道,他們到達了他們的目的地。
B。他們知道,他們的目的地被到達了。
外國人可能也會問,B為什麼不是正確答案呢?你作為一個中國人,你感覺二句話那一句更符合語言習慣呢?
② 英語被動語態語法詳解及例句分析
在主動句中,主語作為動作的執行者:masked
thieves
stole
a
valuable
painting
from
the
museum
last
naght.(昨天夜裡蒙面竊賊從博物館里盜走了專一幅價值連城的油屬畫。)
將這個句子變為被動句時,動詞的賓語就成為主句:a
valuable
painting
was
stolen
from
the
museum
last
night.(昨天夜裡博物館里一幅價值連城的油畫被盜了)
被動語態由助動詞be+動詞過去分詞構成:museum
security
to
be
improved.(博物館安全有待加強)
③ 初三英語語法
呵呵 希望對你有所幫助 祝樓主進步哈 記得採納O(∩_∩)O哈!
九年級英語復習---語法講解(1-7單元)
Unit1
By是個很常用的介詞(有時也用作副詞),在初中英語中的用法有以下幾種: 1.意為「在……旁」、「靠近」。如: Some are singing and dancing under a big tree . Some are drawing by the lake. 有的在大樹下唱歌跳舞,有的在湖邊畫畫兒。 2.意為「不遲於」、「到……時為止」。如: Your son will be all right by supper time. 你的兒子在晚飯前會好的。 How many English songs had you learned by the end of last term? 到上個學期末你們已經學了多少首英語歌曲? 3.表示方法、手段,可譯作「靠」、「用」、「憑借」、「通過」、「乘坐」等。如: The monkey was hanging from the tree by his tail and laughing.
猴子用尾巴吊在樹上哈哈大笑。 The boy』s father was so thankful that he taught Edison how to send messages by railway telegraph.
孩子的父親是那麼的感激,於是他教愛迪生怎樣通過鐵路電報來傳達信息。 4.表示「逐個」、「逐批」的意思。如: One by one they went past the table in the dark.
他們一個一個得在黑暗中經過這張桌子。5.表示「根據」、「按照」的意思。如:What time is it by your watch? 你的表幾點了? 6.和take , hold等動詞連用,說明接觸身體的某一部分。如: I took him by the hand. 我拉住了它的手。 7.用於被動句中,表示行為主體,常譯作「被」、「由」等。如: English is spoken by many people. 英語被許多人所說。(即「許多人講英語。」) 8.組成其它短語。 1) by the way : 意為「順便說」、「順便問一下」,常做插入語。如: By the way , where』s Li Ping , do you know?
順便問一下,李平在哪兒。你知道嗎? 2) by oneself : 意為「單獨」、「自行」。如: I can』t leave her by herself. 我不能把她單獨留下。 3) by and by : 意為「不久以後」、「不一會兒」。如: But by and by , more and more people began to study English. 但是不久以後,越來越多的人開始學英語了。
二、動名詞的構成動詞後加動名詞doing,相當於名詞,在句子中可以做主語、賓語、表語定語等。1)★作主語(這種用法常考)
Fighting broke out between the South and the North.南方與北方開戰了。2)作賓語Would you mind turning down your radio a little, please?
請問你介意調小一點收音機的音量嗎?3)作表語Babysister』s job is washing,cooking and taking care of the children。保姆的工作是洗衣服,作飯和照看孩子。
Unit2
used to 的用法:(1)肯定句:used這個詞沒有人稱的變化,to後面接動詞原形。
否定句是didn』t use to….
When I was a child, I didn』t use to like apples.當我還是孩子的時候我不喜歡蘋果.
疑問形式是Did you use to…?Where did you use to live before you came here?當你來這兒之前你住哪兒?
(2)含有used to 的句子的反意疑問句不要usedn』t + 主語,而用didn』t + 主語。He used to smoke, didn』t he? 他過去常常吸煙,是嗎?Yes, he did./ No, he didn』t. 是的,他吸。/ 不,他不吸。
(3)used to 表示過去的習慣動作, 而不是現在的。I am used to the weather here. 我已經習慣於這里的天氣了。He is used to hard work. 他習慣於艱苦的工作。
(4)used to 可以和be, have 以及其他狀態動詞連用,描寫過去的狀態。 I used to be a waiter, but now I』m a taxi-driver.我過去是一個服務員,但現在我是計程車司機。
★ 本單元的許多運用used to 的句子屬於描述過去的狀態。Mario used to be short.馬力奧過去總是很矮。Amy used to be outgoing.愛米過去性格外向。Tina used to have long and straight hair.蒂娜過去有一頭直的長頭發。He used to wear black shoes. 他過去常穿黑鞋。
Unit3
本單元重點講到了被動語態的用法英語動詞的被動語態由助動詞be加及物動詞的過去分詞構成。助動詞be有時態,人稱和數的變化,其變化規則與連系動詞be完全一樣。
一、被動語態的句式變化: 以一般現在時和動詞invite為例,列表說明被動語態的句式變化:
二、各種時態的被動語態結構總結如下: 被動語態的時態是由be的時態決定的,be是什麼時態,全句就是什麼時態,be動詞後面的過去分詞不變。一般現在時的被動語態為:主+am / is / are (not)+過去分詞一般過去時的被動語態為:主+was / were +過去分詞
例如:我們學過的was / were born 生於,就是一個被動語態.born是個過去分詞(bear)-When were you born ? -I was born in 1989. 現在進行時被動語態的構成為: 主語+is / am / are + being +過去分詞
現在完成時被動語態的構成為: 主語+have / has +been +過去分詞
情態動詞的被動語態: 情態動詞+be+過去分詞
一般將來時的被動語態: 主語+will +be +過去分詞
過去將來時的被動語態: 主語+would / should + be +過去分詞
過去進行時的被動語態: 主語+was / were + being +過去分詞
過去完成時的被動語態: 主語+had + been +過去分詞
三、被動語態的用法:(1)不知道或沒有必要說明動作的執行者是誰,不用by+動作執行者短語 Football is played widely all over the world. 全世界都廣泛地踢足球。
(2)強調動作的承受者,這時應用by短語。The bank was robbed yesterday afternoon. 昨天下午這家銀行遭到搶劫。
(3)作客觀說明時,常採用一種被動語態句型It is reported that about twenty children have died of flu in the USA.
據報道美國大約二十名兒童死於流感。
四、主動語態的句子變為被動語態的方法是:(1)把原句中的賓語變為主語(2)動詞改為被動形式,即be+過去分詞(3)原來的主語,如果需要的話,放在by後面,如果沒必要,可省略。請看下錶:
主動語態 被動語態
They make trains in Zhuzhou. They use this key for locking the classroom door.Many people speak English.He wrote a letter.They are building a road. Trains are made in Zhuzhou.This key is used for locking the classroom door(by them).English is spoken by many people.A letter was written by him.A road is being built (by them).
Unit4
虛擬語氣:如果我們所說的不是事實,也不是要求、命令、勸告等,而只是一種假設、願望、建議或是一種實現不了的空想就用虛擬語氣
注意:條件句分兩種,真實條件句和虛擬條件句。只有在虛擬(非真實)條件句中,才用虛擬語氣,而在真實條件句中,要用陳述語氣。
請比較:
(1)If it is sunny tomorrow , we』ll go to the zoo.
如果明天天氣好,我們將會去公園。在這句話中,明天天氣好是完全有可能實現的,並非虛擬、幻想,因此是真實條件句。在本句中,適用「主將從現。」
(2)If I were you , I would go at once.
(如果我是你的話,我立刻就走。)在這句話中,條件句,「如果我是你」,但事實上,我不可能成為你,這只是假設的情況,沒有實現的可能。當條件實現的可能性很小,甚至可以說沒有時,就需要用虛擬語氣來表示,動詞發生了變化。
也就是說虛擬語氣表示和現實的事實相反時,從句用一般過時。
主句用 「should/would/could/ might +動詞原形。
1.If I had time, I would go for a walk.
2.If I were invited, I would go to the dinner party.
3.If I won a million dollars in the lottery, I would put it in the bank.
知識點2. He doesn』t know if he should bring a present.
此處if表示「是否」,引導賓語從句。Should此處表示「應該」。不是虛擬語氣。
E.g.1. I don』t know if I should go to the party.
2.If I have enough money, I will go to Hainan .
知識點3.If I were you , I』d wear a shirt and tie.
if 引導的條件狀語從句表示與現在事實相反的虛擬語氣時,be動詞只能用were,而不能用was。
E.g. If he were here, he would not agree with you .
知識點4. I don』t have a present. What if everyone else brings a present?
What if… 「如果……怎麼辦?」相當於 what would happen if…
E.g. What shall I do if it snows?
知識點5.Well, dogs can be a lot of trouble.
Trouble 麻煩事 ,名詞
常用搭配 :get (sb)into trouble get out of trouble what』s the trouble
「if」引導的條件句。
Unit5
It must be--- (肯定是,100%)
It might/could be… (有可能,20-80%)
It can』t be… (肯定不是,0%)
程度 肯定句 否定句 疑問句
must ★ ★ ★ ★ √
may ★ ★ ★ √ √
might
/could ★ ★ √
√
√
√
can』t
can ★ √
√
1. --- Whose book is this?
--- It must be Mary』s. (肯定; 一定)
It must belong to Mary.
2. --- Whose French book is this?
--- It could be Ali』s. She studies French. (可能)
3. The hair band might belong to Linda.
might be Linda』s. (可能)
4. The T-shirt can』t be John』s. (不可能)
It』s much too small for him.
練習:1. --- Whose pen is this?
--- It ____ Liu Mei because I saw her use it the other day.
A. can』t be B. might be C. must belong to
2. That』s a piece of good news. They ___ glad to hear that.
A. can be B. might be C. must be D. can』t be
3. Mary ______ be in Paris. I saw her in town only a few minutes ago.
A. mustn』t B. shouldn』t C. can』t D. may not
Unit6
定語從句
1. who 指人,作主語或賓語 (作賓語可省略)
The man who I talked with is our teacher.
A person who steals things is called a thief.
2. whom指人,作賓語 (作賓語可省略,如介詞提前則不能省)
The man (whom/who) I nodded to is Mr. Li.
The man to whom I nodded is Professor Li.
3. which 指物,作主語或賓語 (作賓語可省略, 如介詞提前則不能省)
These are the trees which were planted last year.
This recorder (which) he is using is made in Japan.
Is this the library (which) you borrow books from?
Is this the library from which you borrow books?
4. that 指人/物,作主語或賓語 (作賓語可省略)
A plane is a machine. It can fly.→A plane is a machine that can fly.
He is the man. I told you about him. →He is the man (that) I told you about.
The scientist is very famous in the world. We met her yesterday.
↓
The scientist Ø we met yesterday is very famous in the world.
who
whom
that
The dress is new. She is wearing it.
↓
The dress that she is wearing is new.
which
Ø
(3) He is the kind person. I have ever worked with him.
↓
He is the kind person that I have ever worked with.
who
whom
Ø
This is the best film. I have ever seen this film.
↓
This is the best film that I have ever seen.
Ø
在選擇引導定語從句的關系代詞時,有如下要點:
1 由於關系代詞在主句與從句間既起到聯系作用,又在從句中充當一個成分,因此, 要正確判斷關系代詞在從句中的功能,如作主語還是賓語等。
2 當先行詞指人時,關系代詞可用who(做主語,賓語),that(做主語,賓語),whom(作賓語),whose(作定語)
3 當先行詞指物時,關系代詞可用that(做主語,賓語),which(做主語,賓語)
4 再定語從句中,作賓語的關系代詞長可省略,但在介詞後面的關系代詞不能省略。指人時,介詞後只用whom,指物時,介詞後只用which。
5 在非限制性定語從句中,指人時,只用who,指物時,只用which。
1.定語從句中that與who、which的區別
2.定語從句中關系詞的省略
典型例題
1. The first job ________I found was to be a cleaner.
A. where B. why C. which D. that
解析:指事物的先行詞前有序數詞修飾時,只能用關系代詞that。故本題的正確答案是D。
2. I don』t think history is as interesting as English.(改為同義詞)
I think history is ___________ interesting _________ English.
解析:答案是:less; than。意思是「我認為歷史不如英語有趣」。
3. The woman who is wearing the hat is my mother.(改為同義句)
The woman ________ the hat is my mother.
解析:讀題後可知:上句含義是「戴帽子的那個婦女旭我的媽媽」,對應下句,可知空格處應填「戴」,故正確答案是in。
選擇填空
1. The poor boy ________ lost both his parents last year is called Mike.
A.which B.what C.who D./
2. The bridge ________ has been there for nearly fifty years still looks nice.
A.which B.what C./ D.who
3. I』m one of the students _______well in English in my class.
A.who does B.who do C.which does D.who did
4. Is this factory ________ some foreign friends visited last Friday?
A.that B.where C.which D.the one
5. All______ they have done is good for us.
A.what B.which C.why D.that
Unit7
表達意願的幾個基本句子
a. _______ _______ _________ go to France some day.
b. _______ _______ _________ go to France some day.
c. _______ _______ _________ go to France some day.
d. _______ _______ _________ go to France some day.
答案:a. I hope to b. I』d like to c. I』d love to d. I want to
She would like to go to New York. (對劃線部分提問)
答案:Where would she like to go?
注意:where在本句中為副詞,go後面不能再加to,而Which city would she like to go to? 中which為代詞。
九年級英語復習---語法講解(Units8-15)
Unit8
1、短語動詞小結
常見短語動詞結構有下面幾種:
1.動詞+副詞 如:give up 放棄 turn off 關掉 stay up 熬夜
這種結構有時相當於及物動詞,如果其賓語是代詞,就必須放在動詞和副詞之間,如果是名詞,則既可插在動詞和副詞之間,也可放 在短語動詞後。
2. 動詞+介詞 如:listen of 聽 look at 看 belong to 屬於
這種結構相當於及物動詞,後面跟賓語。
3. 動詞+副詞+介詞 如:come up with 提出,想出 run out of 用完,耗盡
4. 動詞+名詞(介詞) 如:take part in參加 catch hold of 抓住
2、倒裝句
not only … but (also) … 不但… 而且… 用來連接兩個並列的成分
(1)引導以 not only …but (also)… 開頭的句子往往引起部分倒裝。
因此 ⑴Not only do I feel good but (also)…. 是倒裝句。也是說得要
把前面的句子中的助動詞或者是情態動詞放在主語的前面。如:
①Not only can I do it but (also) I can do best. 我不僅能做到而且做得最好。
⑵Not only…but (also)… 接兩主語時,謂語動詞隨後面的主語人稱和數的變化 也就是就近原則 如:
①Not only Lily but (also) you like cat. 不僅莉莉而且你也喜歡貓。
②Not only you but (also) Lily likes cat. 不僅你而且莉莉喜歡貓。
常見的就近原則的結構有:
Neither… nor…即不…也不… (兩者都不)
Neither you nor I like him. 我和你都不喜歡他。
Either… or… 不是…就是… (兩者中的一個)
Either Lily or you are a student.
Not only …but (also)…
There be
④ 誰有初中英語語法被動語態的筆記,最好越詳細越好
其實,初中的被動語態,結構記清楚,就非常可以了,然後把中考要背的幾個被動語態的短語記下。被動語態全部和VPP有關,所以最後的動詞都用VPP形式。那個變化的只有BE動詞了
初中只分一般:一般現在am is are+vpp一般過去:was were+vpp一般將來will be+vpp
然後是進行時:現在進行時:am is are +being+vpp過去進行時:was were+being+vpp
然後是完成時:have /has+been+vpp過去完成時 had+been+vpp,結構背完了就記得by+SB。
如果你就把所有主動語態當作把字句,被動語態當成漢語的被字句,就比較好改了。然後區別找be made of ,be made from ,be made in ,be made by.還有最關鍵的use這個用法考試比較常考不be used to doing,used to do .be used to do .這三個中考考試特別注意。什麼有許多樹被鍾啊,樓被蓋啊,誰誰誰被送往醫院啊,劉翔被訓練啊。工作必須做啊。還有be allowed to do .
be asked to do還要記得那些詞不能用語被動語態比如happen belong to等.
推薦一本書給你吧:五年中考三年模擬。它不會像其他語法書一樣,包含了超過初中的東西,它只是針對初中,針對中考。語法帶習題。
⑤ 英語被動語態語法詳解及例句分析
一、語態概述
英語的語態是通過動詞形式的變化表現出來的。英語中有兩種語態:主動語態和被動語態。
主動語態表示主語是動作的執行者。巧記為:主動、主動、主去動。
例如:Many people speak English.
謂語:speak的動作是由主語many people來執行的。
被動語態表示主語是動作的承受者,即行為動作的對象。巧記為:被動、被動、主被動。例如:English is spoken by many people.主語English是動詞speak的承受者。
主動態和被動態指的是動詞形式,是詞法概念;而主動句和被動句則指的是句子結構,從而是句法概念。所謂主動句就是由主動態動詞(片語)作謂語動詞的句子,而被動句則是由被動態動詞(片語)作謂語動詞的句子。
例如:He opened the door.他開了門。(主動句)
The door was opened.門被開了。(被動句)
二、被動語態的構成
被動語態由「助動詞be+及物動詞的過去分詞」構成。人稱、數和時態的變化是通過be的變化表現出來的。現以teach為例說明被動語態在各種時態中的構成。
一般現在時:am/is/are+taught
一般過去時:was/were+taught
一般將來時:will/shall be+taught
現在進行時:am/is/are being+taught
過去進行時:have/has been+taught
現在完成時:have/has been+taught
歌訣是:被動語態be字變,過去分詞跟後面。
三、被動語態的用法
(1)不知道或沒有必要說明動作的執行者是誰。
例如:
Some new computers were stolen last night.
一些新電腦在昨晚被盜了。(不知道電腦是誰偷的)
This book was published in 1981.這本書出版於1981年。
(2)強調動作的承受者,而不強調動作的執行者。
例如:the window was broken by Mike.窗戶是邁克打破的。
This book was written by him.這本書是他寫的。
Eight hours per day for sleep must be guaranteed.每天8小時睡眠必須得到保證。
歌訣:誰做的動作不知道,說出誰做的沒有必要;
動作承受者需強調,被動語態運用到。
四、主動語態變被動語態的方法
(1)把主動語態的賓語變為被動語態的主語。
(2)把謂語變成被動結構(be+過去分詞)
(根據被動語態句子里的主語的人稱和數,以及原來主動語態句子中動詞的時態來決定be的形式)。
(3)把主動語態中的主語放在介詞by之後作賓語,將主格改為賓格。例如:
All the people laughed at him.
He was laughed at by all people.
They make the bikes in the factory.
The bikes are madeby themin the factory.
歌訣是:賓變主,主變賓,by短語後面跟。
謂語動詞變被動,be後「過分」來使用。
五、含有情態動詞的被動語態
含有情態動詞的主動句變成被動句時,由「情態動詞+be+過去分詞」構成,原來帶to的情態動詞變成被動語態後「to」仍要保留。
歌訣是:情態動詞變動,情態加be加「過分」,原來帶to要保留。例如:
We can repair this watch in two days.
This watch can be repaired in two days.
You ought to take it away.
It ought to be taken away.
They should do it at once.
It should be done at once.
這位朋友,以上是我為你解答的關於被動語態的語法詳解及例句分析,希望是你滿意答案。要採納哦。
⑥ 九年級英語基本語法知識
呵呵 希望對你有所幫助 祝樓主進步哈
By是個很常用的介詞(有時也用作副詞),在初中英語中的用法有以下幾種: 1.意為「在……旁」、「靠近」。如: Some are singing and dancing under a big tree . Some are drawing by the lake. 有的在大樹下唱歌跳舞,有的在湖邊畫畫兒。 2.意為「不遲於」、「到……時為止」。如: Your son will be all right by supper time. 你的兒子在晚飯前會好的。 How many English songs had you learned by the end of last term? 到上個學期末你們已經學了多少首英語歌曲? 3.表示方法、手段,可譯作「靠」、「用」、「憑借」、「通過」、「乘坐」等。如: The monkey was hanging from the tree by his tail and laughing.
猴子用尾巴吊在樹上哈哈大笑。 The boy』s father was so thankful that he taught Edison how to send messages by railway telegraph.
孩子的父親是那麼的感激,於是他教愛迪生怎樣通過鐵路電報來傳達信息。 4.表示「逐個」、「逐批」的意思。如: One by one they went past the table in the dark.
他們一個一個得在黑暗中經過這張桌子。5.表示「根據」、「按照」的意思。如:What time is it by your watch? 你的表幾點了? 6.和take , hold等動詞連用,說明接觸身體的某一部分。如: I took him by the hand. 我拉住了它的手。 7.用於被動句中,表示行為主體,常譯作「被」、「由」等。如: English is spoken by many people. 英語被許多人所說。(即「許多人講英語。」) 8.組成其它短語。 1) by the way : 意為「順便說」、「順便問一下」,常做插入語。如: By the way , where』s Li Ping , do you know?
順便問一下,李平在哪兒。你知道嗎? 2) by oneself : 意為「單獨」、「自行」。如: I can』t leave her by herself. 我不能把她單獨留下。 3) by and by : 意為「不久以後」、「不一會兒」。如: But by and by , more and more people began to study English. 但是不久以後,越來越多的人開始學英語了。
二、動名詞的構成動詞後加動名詞doing,相當於名詞,在句子中可以做主語、賓語、表語定語等。1)★作主語(這種用法常考)
Fighting broke out between the South and the North.南方與北方開戰了。2)作賓語Would you mind turning down your radio a little, please?
請問你介意調小一點收音機的音量嗎?3)作表語Babysister』s job is washing,cooking and taking care of the children。保姆的工作是洗衣服,作飯和照看孩子。
Unit2
used to 的用法:(1)肯定句:used這個詞沒有人稱的變化,to後面接動詞原形。 否定句是didn』t use to….
When I was a child, I didn』t use to like apples.當我還是孩子的時候我不喜歡蘋果.
疑問形式是Did you use to…?Where did you use to live before you came here?當你來這兒之前你住哪兒?
(2)含有used to 的句子的反意疑問句不要usedn』t + 主語,而用didn』t + 主語。He used to smoke, didn』t he? 他過去常常吸煙,是嗎?Yes, he did./ No, he didn』t. 是的,他吸。/ 不,他不吸。
(3)used to 表示過去的習慣動作, 而不是現在的。I am used to the weather here. 我已經習慣於這里的天氣了。He is used to hard work. 他習慣於艱苦的工作。
(4)used to 可以和be, have 以及其他狀態動詞連用,描寫過去的狀態。 I used to be a waiter, but now I』m a taxi-driver.我過去是一個服務員,但現在我是計程車司機。
★ 本單元的許多運用used to 的句子屬於描述過去的狀態。Mario used to be short. 馬力奧過去總是很矮。Amy used to be outgoing. 愛米過去性格外向。Tina used to have long and straight hair.蒂娜過去有一頭直的長頭發。He used to wear black shoes. 他過去常穿黑鞋。
Unit3
本單元重點講到了被動語態的用法 英語動詞的被動語態由助動詞be加及物動詞的過去分詞構成。助動詞be有時態,人稱和數的變化,其變化規則與連系動詞be完全一樣。
一、被動語態的句式變化:
Unit4
虛擬語氣:如果我們所說的不是事實,也不是要求、命令、勸告等,而只是一種假設、願望、建議或是一種實現不了的空想就用虛擬語氣
注意:條件句分兩種,真實條件句和虛擬條件句。只有在虛擬(非真實)條件句中,才用虛擬語氣,而在真實條件句中,要用陳述語氣。
請比較:
(1)If it is sunny tomorrow , we』ll go to the zoo.
如果明天天氣好,我們將會去公園。在這句話中,明天天氣好是完全有可能實現的,並非虛擬、幻想,因此是真實條件句。在本句中,適用「主將從現。」
(2)If I were you , I would go at once.
(如果我是你的話,我立刻就走。)在這句話中,條件句,「如果我是你」,但事實上,我不可能成為你,這只是假設的情況,沒有實現的可能。當條件實現的可能性很小,甚至可以說沒有時,就需要用虛擬語氣來表示,動詞發生了變化。
也就是說虛擬語氣表示和現實的事實相反時,從句用一般過時。
主句用 「should/would/could/ might +動詞原形。
1.If I had time, I would go for a walk.
2.If I were invited, I would go to the dinner party.
3.If I won a million dollars in the lottery, I would put it in the bank.
知識點2. He doesn』t know if he should bring a present.
此處if表示「是否」,引導賓語從句。Should此處表示「應該」。不是虛擬語氣。
E.g.1. I don』t know if I should go to the party.
2.If I have enough money, I will go to Hainan .
知識點3.If I were you , I』d wear a shirt and tie.
if 引導的條件狀語從句表示與現在事實相反的虛擬語氣時,be動詞只能用were,而不能用was。
E.g. If he were here, he would not agree with you .
知識點4. I don』t have a present. What if everyone else brings a present?
What if… 「如果……怎麼辦?」相當於 what would happen if…
E.g. What shall I do if it snows?
知識點5.Well, dogs can be a lot of trouble.
Trouble 麻煩事 ,名詞
常用搭配 :get (sb)into trouble get out of trouble what』s the trouble
定語從句
1. who 指人,作主語或賓語 (作賓語可省略)
The man who I talked with is our teacher.
A person who steals things is called a thief.
2. whom指人,作賓語 (作賓語可省略,如介詞提前則不能省)
The man (whom/who) I nodded to is Mr. Li.
The man to whom I nodded is Professor Li.
3. which 指物,作主語或賓語 (作賓語可省略, 如介詞提前則不能省)
These are the trees which were planted last year.
This recorder (which) he is using is made in Japan.
Is this the library (which) you borrow books from?
Is this the library from which you borrow books?
4. that 指人/物,作主語或賓語 (作賓語可省略)
A plane is a machine. It can fly.→A plane is a machine that can fly.
He is the man. I told you about him. →He is the man (that) I told you about.
The scientist is very famous in the world. We met her yesterday.
↓
The scientist Ø we met yesterday is very famous in the world.
who
whom
that
The dress is new. She is wearing it.
↓
The dress that she is wearing is new.
which
Ø
(3) He is the kind person. I have ever worked with him.
↓
He is the kind person that I have ever worked with.
who
whom
Ø
This is the best film. I have ever seen this film.
↓
This is the best film that I have ever seen.
Ø
在選擇引導定語從句的關系代詞時,有如下要點:
1 由於關系代詞在主句與從句間既起到聯系作用,又在從句中充當一個成分,因此, 要正確判斷關系代詞在從句中的功能,如作主語還是賓語等。
2 當先行詞指人時,關系代詞可用who(做主語,賓語),that(做主語,賓語),whom(作賓語),whose(作定語)
3 當先行詞指物時,關系代詞可用that(做主語,賓語),which(做主語,賓語)
4 再定語從句中,作賓語的關系代詞長可省略,但在介詞後面的關系代詞不能省略。指人時,介詞後只用whom,指物時,介詞後只用which。
5 在非限制性定語從句中,指人時,只用who,指物時,只用which。Unit8
1、短語動詞小結
常見短語動詞結構有下面幾種:
1.動詞+副詞 如:give up 放棄 turn off 關掉 stay up 熬夜
這種結構有時相當於及物動詞,如果其賓語是代詞,就必須放在動詞和副詞之間,如果是名詞,則既可插在動詞和副詞之間,也可放 在短語動詞後。
2. 動詞+介詞 如:listen of 聽 look at 看 belong to 屬於
這種結構相當於及物動詞,後面跟賓語。
3. 動詞+副詞+介詞 如:come up with 提出,想出 run out of 用完,耗盡
4. 動詞+名詞(介詞) 如:take part in參加 catch hold of 抓住
2、倒裝句
not only … but (also) … 不但… 而且… 用來連接兩個並列的成分
(1)引導以 not only …but (also)… 開頭的句子往往引起部分倒裝。
因此 ⑴Not only do I feel good but (also)…. 是倒裝句。也是說得要
把前面的句子中的助動詞或者是情態動詞放在主語的前面。如:
①Not only can I do it but (also) I can do best. 我不僅能做到而且做得最好。
⑵Not only…but (also)… 接兩主語時,謂語動詞隨後面的主語人稱和數的變化 也就是就近原則 如:
①Not only Lily but (also) you like cat. 不僅莉莉而且你也喜歡貓。
②Not only you but (also) Lily likes cat. 不僅你而且莉莉喜歡貓。
常見的就近原則的結構有:
Neither… nor…即不…也不… (兩者都不)
Neither you nor I like him. 我和你都不喜歡他。
Either… or… 不是…就是… (兩者中的一個)
Either Lily or you are a student.
Not only …but (also)…
There be
Unit 9 When was it invented ?
被動語態
被動語態基本用法:當句子的主語是動作的執行者時,謂語的形式是主動語態。當句子的主語是動作的承受者時,謂語要用被動語態。被動語態由助動詞be+過去分詞構成,時態通過be表現出來。
被動語態基本結構:be+及物動詞的過去分詞 (如果是不用物動詞,其過去分詞應帶有相應的介詞)
各種時態的被動語態構成
一般現在時:S(主語)+am/is /are +P.P(動詞的過去分詞)
一般過去時:S+was/were +P.P.
情態動詞:S+ can/may/must/should + be+ P.P.
一般將來時:S+ will+be+ P.P.
現在進行時:S+am/is /are+being +P.P
現在完成時:S+ have/has + been+ P.P.
過去進行時:S+ was/were+being+ P.P.
被動語態基本結構:be+及物動詞的過去分詞
(如果是不用物動詞,其過去分詞應帶有相應的介詞)
被動語態中的be 是助動詞,有人稱、數和時態的變化。
被動語態中動作的發出者或執行者做介詞by的賓語,放在句末,by 表示「由,被」的意思
漢語中含有「據說」、「據悉」、「有人說」、「大家說」等時。例如:
It is believed that …… 人們認為 …… It is said that …… 據說 ……
It is thought that …… 人們認為 …… It is known that …… 眾所周知 ……
It is reported that ……據報道 …… It is proved that ……據證明 ……
It is announced that ……據宣布 …… It is suggested that ……據建議 ……
It is requested that ……據要求 …… It is demanded that ……據要求 ……
典型例題
1、 These eggs ______ in the Gobi Desert by a group of scientists.
A. are founded B. were founded C. found D. were found
此題應該選用D項。從「 These eggs… 」中可知前面的主語是「find」動詞的承受者,而 「…by a group of scientists.」更加證明了這一點,「 were founded」意思為「被成立」,故應該選用「were found」。
2、 I _____ a present by my father on my birthday every year.
A. give B. was given C. will be given D. am given
此題應該選用D項。從「by my father 」中可知前面的主語是「give」動詞的承受者,而 「… . every year」證明了要用現在時態的被動語態結構,故應該選用「am given」。
3、 He was _________ in the open air just now .
A. hearing singing B. heard sing C. heard to sing D. hearing sing
此題應該選用C項。從「He was… 」中可知前面的主語是「hear 」動詞的承受者,而 動詞不定式當中的「hear sb do sth」在被動語態中要加「to 」,故應該選用「heard to sing」。
4、 Several man-made satellites ________ by China in the last few years.
A. have been sent up B. have sent up C. are sent up D. were sent up
此題應該選用A項。從「…by China in the last few years. 」中可知前面的主語是「 send up」動詞的承受者,而 「in the last few years.」意思為「在過去的幾年中」,應該用完成時態, 而不是過去時態,故應該選用「have been sent up」。
5、 Another new road ______in our home town next year.
A. will build B. is built C. will be built D. has been built
此題應該選用C項。從「…next year. 」中可知是將來時態,而前面的主語是「 Another new road」是「 build」動詞的承受者,故應該選用「 will be built」。
Unit 10 By the time I got outside, the bus had already left
1. 過去完成時
(1) 構成:由助動詞had + 過去分詞 構成
否定式:had not + 過去分詞 縮寫形式:hadn』t
(2) 用法
過去完成時表示在過去某一時間或動作之前已經發生或完成了
的動作。
(3) 它所表示的時間是「過去的過去」。
①表示過去某一時間可用by, before 等構成的短語來表示
②也可以用when, before, after 等引導的時間狀語從句來表示
③還可以通過賓語從句或通過上下文暗示。
When I got there, you had already eaten you meal.
當我到達那裡時,你已經開始吃了。
By the time he got here, the bus had left.
到他到達這里時,汽車已經離開了
典型題例
1、He said he had never seen that film before. Instead,he_____many novels.
A. has read B. had readed C. had wrote D. had read
此題應該選用D項。從「He said he had never seen that film before 」中
可知是過去完成時態,而從「 Instead,」中可以知道與前面的賓語從句是並列的內容,故應該選用「had read」。
2、The train ______ for a while when they got to the station.
A. had left B. had been away C. had gone D. has been away
此題應該選用B項。從「for a while 」中可知要用完成時態的持續性動
詞連接,而從「when they got to the station. 」中可以知道過去時間點以前的事情,應該用故應該選用「had been away 」。
3、A week later, I received a book that I _____ on line.
A. has ordered B. had ordered C. would order D. was ordering
此題應該選用B項。從「I received a book 」中可知與動詞「order 」的
前後關系,應該是在「收到書以前已經預訂了」,故應該用「order」的過去完成時態結構表示「過去的過去」這一概念。故應該選用「had ordered」。
4、The boy told his mother that he ____ ill since he came back from the school.
A. has been B. would be C. had been D. was
此題應該選用C項。從「 …since he came back from the school.」中可知前面的主句是完成時態,但是從「The boy told his mother 」結構中可以知道應該用相應的過去時態,,故應該選用「had been」。
5、When we got to the field, the football match ____ already ______.
A. has started B. had started C. will begin D. is going to start
此題應該選用B項。從「already 」中可知是完成時態,但是從「 When we got to the field」結構中可以知道應該用相應的過去時態,故應該選用「had started 」。
Unit 11 Could you please tell me where the restrooms are ?
1、賓語從句
A.賓語從句:賓語從句在復合句中作主句的賓語,引導賓語從句的關聯詞有that, if/whether, what, who, whose, which, why, when, where, how等。
1、連接詞
1)由連接詞that引導陳述句,在口語中that常省略。
eg. He said that he would like to see the headmaster.
2)由連接詞whether/if引導一般疑問句,whether和if 常可互換,但下列場合一般用whether.
①介詞後的賓語從句:I'm thinking of whether he'll come.
②與or not連用:I don't know whether I should go or not.
3)由連接代詞what, who(whom,whose)which或連接副詞when, where, why,how引導特殊疑問句。 eg. Do you know who/whom she is waiting for?
2、語序:
不管賓語從句是陳述句、一般疑問句或特殊疑問句,都要用陳述句語序,也就是說主謂次序不能顛倒。連接詞+主謂結構
(1).Bill wanted to know who did this. (2).I don't know what's the matter with Bob?
(3).I don't know what's wrong with them?
3、時態:
一般說來,主從句時態要統一。如果主句是一般現在時,從句可根據需要用其它任何時態;如果主句是一般過去時,從句應該用相應的過去時態范疇(也就是用一般過去時,過去進行時,過去將來時,過去完成時)。
eg.①Lily wanted to know whether her grandma liked the handbag. ②I asked the teacher where we would have the meeting. ③Could you tell me how I can get to the zoo?
如果從句表明的是一個客觀事實或真理,那麼無論主句是什麼時態,從句都只能用一般現在時。 eg. The teacher told us that light travels much faster than sound.
注意:在think後的賓語從句,如果需要表示否定意義,一般不在賓語從句中否定,而是在主句中否定。 eg. I don』t think that English is easy. I think that English is not easy. ( 誤)
Could you tell me how to get to the park?
請你告訴我怎麼才能去郵局好嗎?中的how to get to the park
是疑問詞與動詞不定式連用,用作賓語,但不是賓語從句,可是
相當於how I can get to the park(賓語從句)如:
I don』t know how to solve the problem. ==
I don』t know how I can solve the problem.我不知道如何解決這個問題
Can you tell me when to leave? ==
Can you tell me when I ill leave? 你能告訴我什麼時候離開?
Unit12 You are supposed to shake hands.
should have asked」是「情態動詞+現在完成時」表示過去本應該做某事,事實上沒有做
I find it difficult to remember everything.
形式賓語 真正賓語
常見的形式賓語有:
find / think + it/them +形容詞 to do sth. 如:
I think it hard to study English.
Unit 13 Rainy days make me sad.
make sb./sth. + adj. 使某人(感到),使……處於某種狀態
(make的賓語之後可跟名詞,形容詞,分詞來充當賓語的補足語)
make sb. / sth. + do …使某人做某事(不能帶不定式符號to)
make it 習慣用語,及時趕到,到達目的地
make of /from./out of
★Make of 原材料製成成品後,原材料未經任何化學變化,仍保持原有性質. 例如: The chair is made of wood. At first people believed that air was made of only one gas.★Make from 當原材料製成成品後,經過了化學變化,失去了原有性質.
make up of 常用於被動結構:be made up of相當於consist of(由…組成) make up from 由…所製造
Unit 14 Have you packed yet?
現在完成時是由「助動詞have(has)+動詞過去分詞」構成。
用法: 1.表示過去發生的某一動作對現在造成的影響或結果,常與一些時間狀語,如:already, yet, ever, never, just, before, once, twice等連用,也可以和包括現在在內的時間狀語,如these days, today, this year, so far等連用.eg.I have already posted the letter. (信已經不在我這兒了)
★注意:在這里要注意already和yet的辨析:
★①already通常用於肯定句。 I have already told him.我已經告訴他了. I have already put it in my suitcase. 我已經把它放進我的手提箱了.
★②yet常用於疑問句和否定句。 ----Have you watered the tree yet? 你澆樹了嗎? ----Yes,I have already watered it. 我澆了. ----Have you fed the dog? 你喂過狗了嗎? ----No. I haven』t fed it yet.沒有,我沒喂. 2.表示過去發生的動作或存在的狀態,一直持續到現在,也許還將繼續下去,可以和表示從過去某一時刻延續到現在的一段時間的狀語連用,即for +時間段,since+時間點/從句, in the last ten years等,謂語只可用延續性動詞.
解析: 1.英語動詞根據詞義可分為兩種,一種是延續性的,一種是終止性的,終止性動詞(也可稱為非延續性動詞,瞬間動詞,或點動詞),如begin,start,die,buy,leave, come等,表示動作的發生與結束於一瞬間完成,不能再延續,所以它的現在完成時不能和表示延續的時間狀語連用,即不能與表示一段時間的狀語,for+時間段, since+時間點/從句連用,也不能用在how long引導的特殊疑問句中.
eg. I've left Shanghai for three days.(×) I've been away from Shanghai for three days.( √ ).
I left Shanghai three days ago. ( √ ) It is /has been three days since I left Shanghai.( √ )
2.初中英語課本中常見終止性動詞有:leave, go, come, arrive, begin, buy, borrow, die, join, become等.終止性動詞要表示持續時, 可用以下方法:
⑴.將時間狀語改為時間段 + ago,句中謂語動詞用一般過去時.
eg.我弟弟參軍兩年了. My brother joined the army two years ago.
⑵.若保留for+時間段,since+時間點/從句, 或用在 how long 句型中,則需將終止性動詞改為相應的狀態動詞或延續性動詞
★常見終止性動詞與延續性動詞(或狀態動詞)的對應關系如下:
come/go/arrive/get/reach/move------be in/at open-----be open
die------be dead close----be closed become---be borrow---keep begin/start-----be on put on----wear leave-----be away (from)
buy-----have fall asleep----be asleep end/finish-----be over
catch a cold-----have a cold join the army----be in the army be a soldier
join the Party----be in the Party be a Party member
→My brother has been in the army for two years. →My brother has been a soldier for two years.
3.現在完成時中been to, gone to和been in/at been to去過某地,表示某人的一種經歷,可以和once, twice, already, ever, never等連用.
4.現在完成時中的 for 與 since
for + 時間段 與延續性動詞的現在完成時連用 since + 時間點/從句
I have kept the library book for a week.= I have kept the library book since a week ago. 5. It is /has been +一段時間 + since 從句.自從某事發生已有一段時間了. eg. It is /has been two years since my brother joined the army. 注意:1.since 引導的從句中動詞用過去時
2.when 引導 的特殊問句不與現在完成時連用.
3.have got,has got 雖然是現在完成時,但have got=have has got==has
⑦ 初中英語語法被動語態
第一類:be(「是/存在」)動詞的各種時態結構:
一 般 現 在 時
I am….
You are.…
He/She/It is….
We/You/They are….
一 般 將 來 時
(1)(I等各人稱) will be….
(2)I am going to be…
He/She/It is going to be…
We/You/They are going to be…
現 在 完 成 時
I have been….
You have been….
She/he/It has been….
We/You/They have been….
一 般 過 去 時
I was….
You were.…
He/She/It was….
We/You/They were….
過 去 將 來 時
(1)(I等各人稱) would be….
(2)I was going to be…
He/She/It was going to be…
We/You/They were going to be…
過 去 完 成 時
I had been….
You had been….
She/he/It had been….
We/You/They had been….
第二類:行為動詞的各種時態結構:
一 般 現 在 時
動詞用原形(單三人稱動詞加s / es)
(問句和否定句借用助詞do / does)
一 般 過 去 時
動詞用過去式
(問句和否定句借用助詞did)
現 在 進 行 時
am +動詞-ing
is +動詞-ing
are +動詞-ing
過 去 進 行 時
was +動詞-ing
were +動詞-ing
一 般 將 來 時
(1)will + 動詞原形
(2)am +going to+動詞原形
Is +going to+動詞原形
are +going to+動詞原形
過 去 將 來 時
(1)would + 動詞原形
(2)was +going to+動詞原形
were +going to+動詞原形
現 在 完 成 時
have +過去分詞
has +過去分詞
過 去 完 成 時
had +過去分詞
⑧ 中考英語語法被動語態考點都有哪些
一、各種時態的被動語態
被動語態由"be+過去分詞"構成,be隨時態的變化而變化,高考對被動語態的考查通常從以下九種時態人手。
1.一般現在時
表示現在或經常發生的被動動作時,用一般現在時的被動語態。一般現在時的被動語態由"am/is/are+及物動詞的過去分詞(+by+實施者)"構成。
【考例1.The 01ympk Games ___________every four years. [北京市]
A are held B were held C.are holding D.will ho1d
[答案]A 。[解析]考查被動語態,根據句意,"奧運會每四年舉行一次"可見須用一般現在時的被動語態,故排除了B、C、D。
In the art show,a lot of enjoyment __to foreign friends by the Chinese paintings.[沈陽市]
A. is giving B is given C will give D has given
[答案]B。[解析]本題考查被動語態,句中a lot of enjoyment是動作的承受者。"在這次藝術展中,一些有趣的東西通過中國國畫展示給外國朋友。"
Today Chinese is becoming more and more popular. It ___________in. many schools around the world. [南京市]
A. teaches B. is teaching C. has taught D. is taught
[答案]D。[解析]考查被動語態。物作主語,一般要考慮被動語態。但如果動詞指的是物的特性,不能用被動語態。 更多知識點也可關注下北京新東方的初中英語課程~