A. 高中英語語法知識點重點有哪些啊
高中英語語法知識重點：定語從句，名詞性從句，狀語從句，反意疑問句，名詞與主謂一致，情態動詞，非謂語動詞，虛擬語氣，省略和倒裝。
B. 人教版高一英語必修一各個單元的語法知識點
一． 一般現在時
1. 表示主語現在所處的狀態及其所具備的特徵、性格、能力等
例如：I am a girl.
2. 表示習慣性、經常性的動作
例如：I usually go to bed at 9:00.
3. 標志性的詞語
Always often sometimes now and then
4. 若助於為第三人稱單數（he she it）則動詞要用單三現
二． 現在進行時
1． 說話時正在進行的動作
例如：I am reading.
2.表示即將發生的動作，多用於go come start leave return arrive stay fly等詞語之中，句子中常常有時間狀語
例如：The plane is going to Beijing.
3.當句子中出現了always 、forever 、constantly 、continually 、
All the time等
例如：I am always thinking of you.
三． 倍數比較
1.A+系動詞+倍數詞+as+ adj \adv的原型+as+B
例如：The class is twice as big as that one.
2.A+系動詞+倍數詞+adj\adv的比較級+than+B
例如：The class is twice bigger than that class.
3.A+系動詞+倍數詞+the size\amount(數量)\ength\width\height
\depth\+of+B
例如：The class is twice the size of that class.
四． With的復合結構
1． With+賓語+賓語補足語
賓語補足語根據邏輯意義的不同可以是不同的詞語，如形容詞、現在分詞、過去分詞、副詞、介詞短語、不定式等，with在復合結構中常作狀語
2.常用結構
○1with+賓語+doing
表主動與進行
例如：Tom was quite safe with Lucy standing behind him.
○2with+賓語+done
表被動與完成
例如：With all things she need bought,she went home.
○3with+賓語+to do
表將來
例如：With so many thing to deal with.
五． 現在完成進行時
現在完成進行時
1．基本表達式（I have been doing ）
I/ we/ you/ they have been doing sth.
he/ she/ it has been doing sth.
2．表示從過去某時開始一直持續到現在的動作，並且還將持續下去。
The Chinese have been making paper for two thousand years.
中國有2000年的造紙歷史。（動作還將繼續下去）
I have been learning English since three years ago.
自從三年前以來我一直在學英語。（動作還將繼續下去）
3．表示在說話時刻之前到現在正在進行的動作。
We have been waiting for you for half an hour.
我們已經等你半個鍾頭了(人還沒到，如同在電話里說的，還會繼續等)
4．有些現在完成進行時的句子等同的句子。
例如：They have been living in this city for ten years.
They have lived in this city for ten years.
他們在這個城市已經住了10年了。
I have been working here for five years.
I have worked here for five years.
我在這里已經工作五年了。
5．大多數現在完成進行時的句子不等同於現在完成時的句子。
例如：I have been writing a book.（動作還將繼續下去）
我一直在寫一本書。
I have written a book.（動作已經完成）
我已經寫了一本書。
They have been building a bridge.
他們一直在造一座橋。
They have built a bridge.
他們造了一座橋。
6．表示狀態的動詞不能用於現在完成進行時。
例如：I have known him for years.
我認識他已經好幾年了。
I have been knowing...
這類不能用於現在完成進行時的動詞還有：love愛，like喜歡， hate討厭，等。
注意：比較過去時與現在完成時
1．過去時表示過去某時發生的動作或單純敘述過去的事情，強調動作；現在完成時為過去發生的，強調過去的事情對現在的影響，強調的是影響。
2．過去時常與具體的時間狀語連用，而現在完成時通常與模糊的時間狀語連用，或無時間狀語。
一般過去時的時間狀語:
yesterday, last week，…ago, in1980, in October, just now, 具體的時間狀語
共同的時間狀語:
this morning, tonight,this April, now, once，before, already, recently，lately
現在完成時的時間狀語
for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till / until, up to now, in past years, always,
不確定的時間狀語
3．現在完成時可表示持續到現在的動作或狀態，動詞一般是延續性的，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.
過去時常用的非持續性動詞有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。
例如： I saw this film yesterday.
（強調看的動作發生過了。）
I have seen this film.
（強調對現在的影響，電影的內容已經知道了。）
Why did you get up so early?
（強調起床的動作已發生過了。）
Who hasn't handed in his paper?
（強調有卷子，可能為不公平競爭。）
She has returned from Paris.
她已從巴黎回來了。
She returned yesterday.
她是昨天回來了。
He has been in the League for three years.
(在團內的狀態可延續)
He has been a League member for three years.
(是團員的狀態可持續)
He joined the League three years ago.
( 三年前入團，joined為短暫行為。)
I have finished my homework now.
---Will somebody go and get Dr. White?
---He's already been sent for.
句子中如有過去時的時間副詞（如 yesterday, last, week, in 1960）時，不能使用現在完成時，要用過去時。
（錯）Tom has written a letter to his parents last night. （對）Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.
六．過去完成時
1． 概念：表示過去的過去
其構成是had +過去分詞構成。
那時以前 那時 現在
2． 用法
a. 在told, said, knew, heard, thought等動詞後的賓語從句。
She said (that) she had never been to Paris.
b. 狀語從句
在過去不同時間發生的兩個動作中，發生在先，用過去完成時；發生在後，用一般過去時。
When the police arrived, the thieves had run away.
c. 表示意向的動詞，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用過去完成時表示"原本…，未能…"
We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't.
3．過去完成時的時間狀語before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。
例如：He said that he had learned some English before.
By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself.
Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.
七．現在完成進行時
1．其構成形式如下：
I / we / they have been + 動詞的現在分詞
He / she / it has been + 動詞的現在分詞 功用如下：
2． 表示一個在過去開始而在最近剛剛結束的行動，如：
Ann is very tired. She has been working hard.
Why are you clothes so dirty? What have you been doing?
3．表示一個從過去開始但仍在進行的行動，如：
It has been raining for two hours. (現在還在下)
Jack hasn』t been feeling very well recently.
4． 表示一個從過去開始延續到現在，可以包括現在在內的一個階段內，重復發生的行動，如：
She has been playing tennis since she was eight.
5． 現在完成時強調動作行為的結果、影響，而現在完成進行時只強調動作行為本身，如：
Tom』s hands are very dirty. He has been repairing the car.
The car is going again now. Tom has repaired it.
注意：
現在完成時有否定結構、而現在完成進行時沒有否定結構。 現在完成時態可表示做完的時期以及已有的經驗、但現在完成進行時不可以 現在完成進行時的否定結構 現在完成進行時有時也可用否定結構。
如： Since that unfortunate accident last week, I haven』t been sleeping at all well. 自從上周發生了那次不幸事故之後，我一直睡得很不好.
He hasn』t been working for me and I haven』t has that much contact with him. 他並沒有給我工作過，我和他沒有過那許多接觸。
6．否定句構成：
主語+has/have+not+been+現在分詞
7．一般疑問句構成:
Have/has+主語+been+現在分詞+其他
C. 求高中英語語法知識點總結
以我教語法這么久以來的經驗看，別人給你總結的語法，你學了基本沒用回。語法一定要想辦法自答己總結。總結語法最好的方法，是做單項訓練。比如想了解定語從句，就一口氣做幾百道定語從句的題目。每10道題為一輪，做一次總結。
我舉個例子，你總結了定語從句的5條基本規則，那麼做題的時候如果錯了，就要問自己：這個錯了的題目，是5條里的哪一條？如果不是這10條里的，那麼我就補充進第6條。也就是說，做題的時候，形成自己的「pattern」，所有的題目，都要能歸入你自己的「pattern」。已經在自己pattern里的面的題目，不允許錯。不在自己pattern裡面的題目，就要納入pattern。
這樣總結100題，一個語法點就搞定了。高考大大小小的考點，大約也就是考10個點左右，列舉如下：
詞法：
1，冠詞的用法（主要是類指泛指）
2，代詞的用法
3，定語從句
4，狀語
5，特殊句式：強調句，倒裝句，虛擬語氣
6，名詞性從句：賓語從句，主語從句，表語從句，同位語從句
7，非謂語動詞（大考點：非謂語動詞做定語，做狀語，其他）
每一個知識點建立一個pattern圖，語法就搞定了。搞定語法之後，你的閱讀也會提高很快。
D. 高中英語語法知識。不會的不要來回答，謝謝
given是過去分詞。
本句中having been given是動名詞完成形式的被動形式，在句中作賓語。
該動名詞形式 表示已經發生過的被動。
E. 蘇教版高一英語必修一語法知識點總結
一. 直接引語和間接引語 （一）直接引述別人的原話，叫做直接引語；用自己話轉述別人的話，叫做間接引語。間接引語一般構成賓語從句。直接引語必須放在引號內，間接引語則不用引號。直接引語改為間接引語時，除將引語部分變成賓語從句外，還必須對直接引語中的人稱、時態、指示代詞、時間狀語、地點狀語等進行改變。 1. 時態的變化：直接引語變為間接引語時，通常受轉述動詞said, asked等的影響而使用過去化的時態，即把原來的時態向過去推，也就是一般現在時變為一般過去時，現在進行時變為過去進行時，等等。例如： Tom said to me,「My brother is doing his homework.」 →Tom said to me that his brother was doing his homework. 2. 人稱代詞、指示代詞、時間狀語、地點狀語等等的變化： 根據意義進行相應的變化，例如： She asked Jack,「Where have you been?」 →She asked Jack where he had been. He said,「These books are mine.」 →He said that those books were his. （二）直接引語改為間接引語時，都使用陳述語序，但是因為原句的句式不同，所以變成間接引語時所用的連詞會有所不同。直接引語如果是一般疑問句，用連接詞whether或if；如果是特殊疑問句，則用疑問詞引導間接引語。轉述的動詞一般用asked，可以在其後加上一個間接賓語me, him, her, us等。如： She said,「Is your father at home?」 →She asked me if/whether my father was at home. 「What do you do every Sunday?」My friend asked me. →My friend asked me what I did every Sunday. 直接引語如果是祈使句，改為間接引語時，要將祈使句的動詞原形變為帶to的不定式，並在不定式的前面根據原句的語氣（即請求或命令）加上ask, tell, order等動詞，如果祈使句為否定式，則在不定式前加not。其句型為：ask / tell / order someone (not) to do something. 例如： She said to us,「Please sit down.」 →She asked us to sit down. He said to him,「Go away!」 →He ordered him to go away. He said, 「Don』t make so much noise, boys.」 →He told the boys not to make so much noise. 二. 各種時態的被動語態 被動語態概述 被動語態的概念：它是動詞的一種形式，表示主語與謂語之間的執行或被執行關系。主動語態表示主語是謂語動作的執行者，例如：They saw the little boy crying by the river. 被動語態表示主語是謂語動作的承受者，例如：The little boy was seen crying by the river. 被動語態的構成 被動語態的形式是由「助動詞be+動詞的過去分詞」構成。助動詞be隨著主語的人稱、數、時態等的不同而變化。幾種常見時態的被動語態形式如下： 1. 一般現在時 am/is/are + 過去分詞 例如：Rice is planted in the south of China. 2. 一般過去時 was/were + 過去分詞 例如：These trees were planted the year before last. 3. 一般將來時 will/shall + be + 過去分詞 例如：A sports meeting will be held next week in our school. 4. 現在進行時 am/is/are + being + 過去分詞 例如：Your radio is being repaired now. 5. 過去進行時 was/were + being + 過去分詞 When he got there, the problem was being discussed. 6. 現在完成時 have/has + been + 過去分詞 His work has been finished. Has his work been finished? Yes, it has. / No, it hasn』t. 7. 過去完成時 had + been + 過去分詞 注意： 1．除了be之外的其它系動詞如get, stay等也可以和過去分詞構成被動語態。例如：Their questions haven』t got answered. 2. 含有情態動詞的謂語變成被動語態使用「情態動詞+ be + 過去分詞」結構。例如： More attention should be paid to the old in this country. This work can』t be done until Mr. Black comes. 3. 含有「be going to」, 「be to」等結構的謂語，其被動語態分別用「be going to + be + 過去分詞」和「be to + be + 過去分詞」。例如： The problem is going to be discussed at the next meeting. All these books are to be taken to the library. 4. 被動語態與系表結構的區別：「連系動詞+用作表語的過去分詞」構成的系表結構，與被動語態的形式完全一樣，所以應注意它們的區別。被動語態中的過去分詞是動詞，多強調動作；系表結構中的過去分詞相當於形容詞，多強調狀態。前者通常可用by 引出動作的執行者，而後者則不可以。例如： The map was changed by someone.（被動結構） That custom remained unchanged for many centuries.（系表結構） 系表結構中的過去分詞通常可被very修飾，被動語態中的過去分詞往往要用much修飾。 例如： He was very excited.（系表結構） He was much excited by her words.（被動結構） 5. 主動形式表被動意義。有些動詞的主動形式有被動意味，如 open, read, sell, shut, wash, wear, write等。此時句子的主語一般是物。例如： These books sell well. 這些書很暢銷。 The door won』t shut. 這門關不上。 The clothes wash well. 這些衣服很好洗。
Unit 11. 片語： add up add up to add… to… add to calm… down have got to be concerned about / with walk the dog cheat … of go through go ahead go by set down set up set off set out a series of on purpose by accident/ chance in order to so as to in order that so as that at sk at dawn at midnight at noon face to face no longer not … any longer settle down suffer from recover from get/ be tired of make a list of list pack… up get along/ on with fall in love be grateful to sb. for sth. join in take part in join attend make sb/ sth + 賓語補足語 have something/ anything/ everything /nothing to do with it』s because….. +原因 it』s why…. + 結果 dare + (to) do (實義動詞) do (情態動詞) a year and a half it』s no pleasure+ doing sth happen to do sth have trouble with sb (in) doing sth exactly find it + adj. + to do sth make friends with swap … with it is / was + 序數詞 + that + has done / had done ….unit 2片語： because of come up come up with come in come on come out actually in fact as a matter of fact in reality be based on at present make use of make full/ good use of such as play a part/ role in recognize … as more than one + 謂語用單數 at the end of in the end at an end voyage tour travel journey than ever before even if / though communicate with those + 定語從句 用who 1600』s 1980s in + 物主代詞 + 數字的復數 in his forties the former the latter a number of the number of make sense usage VS use believe it or not there is no such + 名詞 （不加冠詞） the way + in which / that /省略 especially specially straight adj/ advunit 3片語： prefer to do , rather than do would rather do , than do would do , rather than do fare VS fee ever since it』s is / has been + 時間段 + since 從句 graate from/ in be fond of cut across cut up cut down care about care for determine to do sth = be determined to do sth change one』s mind make up one』s mind at an altitude of give in give up give off give out give away keep pace with as usual bend over take the advantage of persuade sb to do sth / into doing sth not to do sth/ out of doing sth advise sb to do sth try to persuade sb to do sth although though grow up insist on put up put down put off put on put away can hardly wait to do sth bend over take the advantage of persuade sb to do sth / into doing sth not to do sth/ out of doing sth advise sb to do sth try to persuade sb to do sth although though grow up insist on put up put down put off put on put away can hardly wait to do sth unit 4片語：right away at once immediately burst into laughter/ tears burst out doing sth as if / though in ruins injure wound hurt destroy damage be trapped in dig out bury oneself in doing sth rise raise arise too… to be away it seems as if + 陳述語氣/ 虛擬語氣 act out be pleased / willing/ glad to do sthhonor in honor of be proud of express my thanks to unit 5片語： of high/ good quality devote to + doing found VS set up in principle in peace out of work in work out of control in control vote for vote against be equal to in trouble turn to turn on / off turn up / down lose heart lose one』s heart escape from / + doing sth come to power / in power be sentenced to in one』s opinion fight for / against blow up dream of/ about imagine doing sth the first time for the first time 語法點1. whether VS if 的用法2. tell sb to do sth ask sb not to do sth 3. be + doing 表將來4. 定語從句： 只用that 的情況 只用who 的情況 只用which的情況 as VS which the same … as / that… such… as as … as 介詞+ which/ whom which 引導一個句子的用法 非限制性定語從句which 引導一個句子的用法 非限制性定語從句 插入語 I think I believe I guess I thought 間隔式定語從句 Is this car the one he bought last year? Is this the car he bought last year? What 的用法5. will be done be about to be done be to be done be going to be done 6. has/ have been done 7. be being done 加always 表示一種厭煩等語氣8. 強調句 it is + 被強調部分 + that 從句 It is not until + 時間 + that 從句 特殊疑問詞 + is it that 從句 9. 倒裝句 部分否定，含有否定詞的 hardly never little only seldom 等， 把情態動詞，be 動詞， 助動詞提到主語 的前面10. as if , insist suggest request command ,從句用虛擬語氣， 用（should） do 。
F. 高一旳英語重點語法昰什麼,.
語法方面：主謂一致，only
引導的半倒裝，定語從句，非限制性定語從句，it
的用法，強調句，v.ing
的用法
基礎知識：每個單元的單詞，片語，短語，句子
G. 高中英語語法知識
非謂語動詞
在英語中，動詞不定式、動名詞和分詞（包括現在分詞和過去分詞）可以出現在句子中除謂語以外的任何一個位置上，充當句子的主語、賓語、表語、定語、狀語、補語等成分，這些動詞形式稱為非謂語動詞。
非謂語動詞主要的句法功能一覽表：
非謂語動詞 功能
主語 賓語 表語 定語 狀語 補語
不定式 √ √ √ √ √ √
動名詞 √ √ √ √
分詞 √ √ √ √
Ⅰ). 作主語----doing/ to do：
⒈ 沒有多大區別。動詞原形不能在句中作主語
To see is to believe 百聞不如一見。=Seeing is believing.
⒉ doing抽象籠統的一般行為
to do具體的特別是將來的動作
Smoking is bad for health. 吸煙對人身體有害。 （籠統地談吸煙問題）
To finish the job in two days is impossible. 要在兩天之內完成這項工作是不可能的。（具體地談這項工作）
⒊ it用形式主語於句首常用不定式置於句尾
* It is /was + adj./ n. /-ed +to do
* It is no use/good/a waste of time + doing sth.
It is impossible to finish the job in two days.
It is no good/ use having a car if you can』t drive.如果你不會開車，有車也沒用。
It is a waste of time watching TV. 看電視是浪費時間。
⒋ There is no…句型中，常用doing作主語。
There is no saying what will happen. 無法估計將會發生什麼事。
There is no use making an excuse for this.為這事編造借口沒用。
Ⅱ). 作賓語-------doing/ to do：
⒈ 有些及物動詞後面只能接doing作賓語，不能接不定式，常見的有：
void 避免/ miss錯過/ postpone 推遲/ suggest 建議/ finish 完成/ practise練習/ enjoy 喜歡/ imagine 想像/ can』t help禁不住/ admit 承認/ deny 否認/ envy 嫉妒/escape 逃脫/ risk 冒險/ forgive 原諒/ stand 忍受/ keep保持/ mind 介意/ appreciate 感激,贊賞/ consider 認為/ delay 耽誤/ detest 討厭/ miss 想念/ resist 抵抗/ understand 理解/ feel like想要
I』m sorry I missed seeing you while in Shanghai.很遺憾，我在上海時沒看到你。
He suggested discussing the problem at the class meeting. 他建議在班會上討論這個問題。
Would you mind closing the window? 你介意把窗戶關上嗎？
Will you admit having broken the window?你承不承認打破了窗戶了？
He avoided giving us a definite answer.他避免給我們一個肯定的回答。
I was afraid to let the boy risk climbing the tree.我不敢讓這個男孩冒險爬那棵樹。
I couldn』t help crying when I heard the news.聽到這個消息我不禁哭起來。
⒉有些動詞後面只能跟to do作賓語，不能接動名詞，如：wish, hope, expect, offer, manage, decide, refuse, agree, pretend, promise, seem, fail
I don』t wish to be disturbed in my work.我不願在工作中被打攪。
We managed to get there in time.我們設法及時到了那裡。
He pretended to be reading a book.他假裝在讀書。
They promised to get up early.他們答應早起床。
He refused to do that job.他拒絕做那工作。
⒊ 有些動詞後面既可以接動名詞，也可以接不定式作賓語，其意義基本一樣，如： begin, start, continue, like, love, dislike, hate, prefer, can』t stand, 但like, love 和would 或should 連用時，接不定式作賓語。
例 句 解 析
1. It began to rain. It began raining.
2. It was beginning to snow.
3. I love lying (to lie)on my back.
4. I like listening to music, but today I don』t like to.
5. I don』 t prefer to swim in the river now.
1. 意思無差別，但謂語動詞用進行時，後面只跟不定式。
2. 表示一種傾向多接動名詞作賓語，如果表示某一特定的或具體的行動，多接不定式。
⒋有些動詞後面既可接動名詞又可接不定式作賓語，但意義不同。如：
⑴mean to do sth. 打算干某事mean doing 意味著…
I didn』t mean to hurt you.我沒打算傷害你。
Missing the bus means waiting for an hour.誤了車就意味著等一個小時。
⑵stop to do sth.停下來去做某事stop doing sth. 停止做某事
I was lost and had to stop to ask the way.我迷路了只好停下來問路。
They stopped talking.他們停止了談話。
⑶go on to do sth. （做完一件事之後）接著做（另一件事）go on doing sth.繼續做某事
After learning history, we went on to learn geography.學完歷史之後，我們接著學地理。
You shouldn』t go on living this way.你不應當繼續過這樣的生活了。
⑷try to do sth. 試圖做某事try doing sth.試試做某事（往往表示某種方法或方式）
Let』s try knocking at the back door.咱們敲敲後邊的門試試。
We tried to solve the problem.我們努力想解決這個問題。
⑸forget, regret, remember後接to do表示尚未發生的動作，接doing表示已經發生動作。
I forgot to write him a letter.我忘了給他寫信。（ 以前沒寫信）
I forgot writing him a letter.我忘了以前曾寫信給他。 （曾寫過信）
I remember seeing you before. 我記得以前見過你。（ 曾見過）
Please remember to write to me.請記住要給我寫信。 （目前還沒寫）
I regretted speaking to them about it.我後悔跟他們講過那件事。 （以前講過）
I regret to tell you that you didn』t pass the exam.我遺憾地告訴你，你考試沒及格。 （以前沒告訴過你）
⑹be used to do sth. 被用來做…be used to doing sth. 習慣於做…
We are used to going to bed early.我們習慣於早睡。
Wood can be used to make paper.木材可以用來造紙。
⑺can』t help（to）do sth. 不能幫助做某事can』t help doing sth. 不禁…
We can』t help to solve the problem.我們不能幫助解決這個問題。
On hearing the news, we couldn』t help laughing. 一聽到這個消息，我們忍不住大笑起來。
⑻allow, permit, advise, forbid, consider + doing /+ sb to do
We don』t allow smoking here.我們這里不允許吸煙。
We don』t allow them to smoke.我們不允許他們吸煙。
He advised having a rest.他建議休息。
He advised me to have a rest.他建議我休息。
I considered going to Canada.我考慮去加拿大。
I consider him to be honest.我認為他誠實。
⑼need, require, want + to be done/ doing 「需要（被作某種處置）」
The bridge needs/ requires/ wants repairing.
=The bridge needs/ requires/ wants to be repaired. 這個橋梁需要修一修了。
⒌介詞（除but以外）後面的動詞賓語一律用doing形式。
They are interested in singing.
他們愛好唱歌。（ 動名詞singing作介詞in的賓語）
* but 與no, not any, all 等詞連用時為介詞，但其後面的動詞用to do，
如果but前面有實義動詞do 的任何形式，則but 後面用動詞原形do
He did nothing but cry.
他什麼也沒做，只是哭。（but 前面有實義動詞did, 所以but後面要接動詞原形）
I had no choice but to cry.
我別無辦法，只好哭。（but前面沒有實義動詞do,所以but後面要跟不定式形式）
⒍ 「wh- + to do，這一結構可轉換成該疑問詞引導的從句。
It hasn』t been decided where to go. 還沒決定到哪裡去。（主語）
I found out where to buy fruit cheaper.我找到了廉價買水果的地方。（賓語）
The question is what to write about.問題是應寫什麼。（表語）
Ⅲ. 作表語---doing/ to do/ done：
⒈ doing比較抽象籠統的一般行為
to do具體某次動作，特別是將來動作
有時兩者都可以用，在意思上沒多大區別。
My job is typing letters and papers.
我的工作就是打信件和文件。（打信件和文件是我日常的工作）
The next step is to discuss the suggestion raised by him.
下一步將是討論他提出的問題。
⒉ 主表一致
當主語是doing形式時，表語一般也用doing，如主語是to do，表語一般也用to do
Saving is having. =To save is to have. 節約即是收入。
（不能說Saving is to have.或To save is having.）
Teaching is learning.=To teach is to learn. 教書是學習。
(不能說Teaching is to learn.或To teach is learning.)
⒊ doing作表語多表示主語所具有的特徵，有時可譯為「令人…的」；
done作表語多表示主語所處的狀態，有時可譯為「感到…的」。
interesting 令人有興趣的，有趣的 interested 感興趣的
tiring 令人疲勞的 tired 感到疲倦的
moving 令人感動的 moved 受到感動的
exciting 令人激動的 excited 感到激動的
puzzling 令人迷惑的 puzzled 感到迷惑的
disappointing 令人失望的 disappointed 感到失望的
She felt a bit disappointed. 她感到有點失望。
The result is disappointing. 結果令人失望。
The news is exciting. 消息令人興奮。
I was excited at the news. 聽到這個消息我很興奮。
**⒋ 過去分詞作表語與被動語態的區別：(be + p.p)
被動語態表示一個動作，過去分詞作表語表示主語的特點或所處的狀態。如：
The window is broken.
窗戶打破了。（分詞作表語，表示現在窗戶處於破碎的狀態）
The window was broken by the boy.
窗戶是被那個小男孩打破的。（被動語態，表窗戶是被誰打破的，表動作）
The book is well written.
這本書寫得不錯。（分詞作表語，表狀態）
The book was written by her.
這本書是她寫的。（被動語態，表動作）
The tree is fallen.
樹倒了。（分詞作表語，表狀態）
Ⅳ. 作定語----to do/ doing/ done：
⒈ to do 做後置定語，與中心詞構成邏輯上的動賓關系，表示將要發生的動作或狀態
I have something important to tell you. (something important 是tell you的邏輯賓語)
我有重要的事情要告訴你。
I want to get something to read ring the winter vacation. （something 是read的邏輯賓語）
我想找點書在寒假讀。
** 若to do是不及物動詞介詞不可省略
We are looking for a paper to write on.
我們正在找寫字用的紙。
I』m not sure which restaurant to eat at.
我對在哪家餐館吃飯沒有把握。
It would be a comfortable room to live in.
這房間住起來會很舒適。
** 常用to do作定語的情況
1)名詞前有序數詞、最高級所修飾This is the first building to be designed by him.
這是由他設計的第一棟樓房。
They are the first to come, and the last to leave.
他們是最先來而最後離開。
He is the oldest athlete ever to win an Olympic gold medal.
他贏得奧運金牌的年齡最大的運動員。
2) 只能接to do 做賓語的動詞轉化的名詞
⒉ 動名詞作定語表示該名詞的用途，
現在分詞作定語表示該名詞正在進行的動作或存在的狀態。
a reading room (=a room for reading ) 閱覽室（動名詞）
a swimming pool (=a pool for swimming)游泳池（動名詞）
a swimming girl (=a girl who is swimming)在游泳的女孩（現在分詞）
a sleeping car (=a car for sleeping)一節卧車 （動名詞）
a sleeping girl (=a girl who is sleeping)在睡覺的女孩（現在分詞）
⒊ doing作定語，多表示動作正在進行/與謂語動詞同時進行/經常性的動作或狀態；
done作定語，則多表示分詞動作「先於謂語動詞表示的動作」，表「被動」
⑴Did you see the boy dancing with the girl?
= the boy who was dancing with the girl (表正在進行)
⑵There were 50 children returning from school.
= 50 children who were returning from school（表正在進行）
⑶The factory making the cars is a small one.
= The factory which makes the cars (表示經常性)
⑷I live in a house facing the north.
=a house that faces the north (表狀態)
⑸It is the problem left over by history.
= which have been left over by history. (先於謂語動詞的動作、表被動)
⑹He is a leader respected by the people.
= who is respected by the people. (表被動)
⒋ being +done作定語時，表示一個正在進行的、被動的動作
The freeway being built will lead to Xingang Seaport.= which is being built (表正在被修建的)
⒌having + done不能作定語，此時可以用一個定於從句代替
完成作業的那些人現在可以回家了。
誤：Those having finished their homework can go home now.
正：Those who have finished their homework can go home now.
Ⅴ. 作狀語---- to do/ doing/ done：
⒈ doing作狀語往往和邏輯主語之間存在主動關系，表示時間、原因、方式、結果、條件、伴隨情況
Walking down the street, I met an old friend of mine.(時間狀語，walk 和meet 同時發生)
Hearing the cry for help, they all rushed out.(原因狀語，hear 和rush out 幾乎同時發生)
We sat by the window, talking about what had happened.(伴隨狀語，talk 和sit同時發生)
Having brushed my teeth, I came downstairs for breakfast.(時間狀語，brush teeth 在come downstairs 之前發生)`
Thinking it over, you will not take the job.= If you think it over (條件狀語)
Having been there many times, he offered to be our guide.(原因狀語，be there在offer之前發生)
⒉ done作狀語表示被動或完成的動作，表示原因、時間、條件、伴隨等。
⑴Encouraged by the teacher, we worked still harder than ever.
( = As we were encouraged by the teacher)
受到老師的鼓勵，我們比以前更努力地學習。（原因狀語）
⑵Considered from this point of view, the question will be of great importance.
( = If it is considered from the point of view)
若從這個角度考慮，那個問題很重要。（條件狀語）
⑶Seen from the hill, the town looks nice.
(= When the town is seen from the hill) (時間狀語)
⑷He turned away disappointed.
( = and he was disappointed) (伴隨狀語)
⒊ to do/ in order to do /so as to do(不於句首)用不定式作目的狀語
I studied hard to pass the exam.為了通過這次考試我努力讀書。
為了強調目的，有時可把不定式放在句首，或在不定式前加。如：
In order to /To be there on time, we got up early.為了按時到那兒，我們起的很早。
He sold them so as to /in order to/ to have money to buy some food.他把它們賣掉是為了有錢買食物。
⒋ (only/ never) to do 表示出人意料的結果。
I came in only to find nobody here.
我走進來，卻發現這兒一個人都沒有。（表意外結果,加only用來強調意外）
He hurried to the station to find the train had gone.
他匆忙趕往車站，結果發現火車開走了。（表意外結果）
The song is sung all over the country, making it the most popular song.
= and made it the most popular song
全國到處在傳唱這首歌曲，使它成了一首最受人歡迎的歌曲。（沒有意外結果的意思）
⒌ 獨立主格
1) 「名詞（主格代詞）+doing」相當於一個狀語從句，表示條件、原因、結果、伴隨等。
⑴The bus being very crowded, he had to stand.
=As the bus was very crowded…
公共汽車很擠，他只好站著。（表原因）(分詞的邏輯主語是the bus，句子的主語是he)
⑵All the guests having left, we began cleaning up the room.
= After all the guests had left…
所有的客人走了之後，我們開始打掃房間。（表時間）（分詞的邏輯主語是all the guests,句子的主語是we）
⑶ 「Mama！」 she cried suddenly, tears rolling down her cheeks.
= …，and tears rolled down her cheeks.
「媽媽」，她突然哭了，眼淚順著臉頰流下來。(表伴隨)（分詞的邏輯主語是tears,句子的主語是she）
2) 分詞的獨立結構作狀語
assuming
admitting
according to /owing to/judging by/from
considering/seeing/given/allowing for
concerning/regarding
generally speaking
saving/expecting
supposing/providing/provided
talking to/about
Ⅵ. 作補足語----to do/ doing/ done：
⒈ to do作補足語表主動的動作，
doing作補足語表正在進行的動作，
done/to be done作補足語表被動的動作。
Would you like us to go with you?你願意我們和你一起去嗎？ （我們去）
She could fell her heart beating violently.她可以感到自己的心跳得很厲害。（心正在跳動）
Please get your baby examined.請讓你的孩子檢查一下。（孩子被檢查）
⒉
感官動詞 do→做了某事 (被動還原 to have/ let 除外)
S．+ + 賓語 + doing→正在做某事 (being done 被動)
使役動詞 done→被動 完成
I saw him crossing the road.
我看到他正在過馬路。（指在馬路中間或過馬路的途中）
I saw him cross the road.
我看見他過了馬路。（指看見他過了馬路這個過程）
I saw him beaten black and blue.
我看到他被打得青一塊紫一塊。（指看見他被打）
**巧記感官動詞和使役動詞----「一感二聽三讓五看」
feel,/ hear, listen to, / let, make, have, /look at, see, , watch, notice, observe
*①以上動詞接to do作賓補時不帶to。被動語態時要還原to
help 後面的to do 做賓補 to 可帶可不帶 *They were made to pay back the money.他們被迫還錢。
He was noticed to leave the office.有人注意到他離開了辦公室。
*②* have +賓語+doing
常和will/would not連用，表示「不允許某人總是或反復地做某事」
I won』t have him speaking to me like that.我不允許他那樣對我講話。
⒊ 要求接帶to 的不定式作其賓補的動詞有：
force, tell, invite, expect, wish, advise, warn, cause, order, encourage, persuade, beg, permit, allow等
He advised me to give up smoking.他建議我戒煙。
We encouraged him to try again.我們鼓勵他再試試。
At the meeting they invited me to speak.在會議上他們邀請我發言。
4. with 復合結構
with + 賓語 + to do (將來， 主動表被動)
with + 賓語 + doing (現在或過去主動， 現在被動：being done)
with + 賓語 + done (過去，被動)