㈠ 初三英語語法總結
沒什麼難的地方.
1.不定代詞(some any,all both,either neither,no none,each every,many much,few little的區別與聯系)
A復合不定代詞12個
Bsome any的用法
2.時態
A一般現在、過去、將來時
B現在、過去完成時
C過去、現在、將來進行時
D現在完成進行時
3.賓語從句(3種)
4.定語從句(以that為主)
5.構詞法,主要詞綴(un dis bi ab inter tele re ful tion less ese y ing ed ly able al等)
6.主要縮寫
7.形容詞與副詞的比較級,最高級
A特殊變化與一般變化
B用法
8.動詞的種類
行為、情態、聯系、助動詞
9.句子的成分
主語、謂語、賓語、表語、定語、狀語、補語
10.簡單句5大基本句型(順便掌握及物與不及物動詞的區別)
11.動詞不定式
A基本結構(to+動詞原型,否定式為not to+動詞原型)
B用法
C疑問詞+不定式
12.被動語態
A主動與被動的概念
B構成
C情態動詞被動語態
13.虛擬語氣(以「現在不可能發生」為主)
結構為If+主+V-ed,主+would do。
注意從句裡面be用were
14.雙賓語
15.情態動詞
caN could,should,would,would like,might may,have to must,need
特別注意掌握情態動詞表推測
16.直接引語,間接引語
注意指示代詞、時間與地點詞、動詞轉換的情況
注意不轉換的情況
注意主從一致
17.狀語從句(特別是IF ,WHEN和UNTIL)
注意主句一般將來時,從句用一般現在表將來。
18.名詞
A專有名詞與普通名詞
B可數與不可數
C可數名詞單數與復數
D所有格
19.代詞
A人稱代詞
B物主代詞
C指示代詞
20.數詞
A基數詞
B序數詞
21.動詞縮略形式
22.介詞
A時間介詞
B地點介詞
C其他
23.冠詞
24.分詞
A現在與過去分詞
B現在分詞做主語等
C分詞做定語
25.倒裝
A so+動詞+主語
B部分倒裝
26.特殊
A季節,星期,月份,年份讀法
B報時
C動詞+介詞,動詞+副詞的各種特殊意義
D其他(如7大洲,4大洋,撲克花色,電影.音樂的類型,國家與首都等)
{你是老師就很容易看懂上面這些了,如果是學生.那就去查查語法書吧.}
㈡ 初三上學期英語語法和固定用語總結
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㈢ 初三英語語法總結~~~~
句子成分:主語、謂語、賓語、表語、定語、賓語補足語和狀語
1、主語:
(1)由名詞、代詞(人稱代詞用主格)、動詞不定式、動名詞等充當,說明動作是「誰」發出的,主語是句子陳述的對象,說明是誰或什麼,表示句子說的是「什麼人」,或」什麼事「,如「我寫字」中的「我」,做出寫字這個動作。「寫」則是謂語,「字」是賓語,是接受謂語「寫」這個動作的對象,因此是賓語。如:The painter painted a very nice picture. (畫家畫了一幅漂亮的畫。) / They fought against SARS bravely. (他們勇敢地與非典搏鬥。) / To see is to believe. (耳聽為虛眼見為實). / Helping animals is to help people. (幫助動物就是幫助人類。)
(2)動詞不定式或動名詞做主語時可用it代替,而不定式或動名詞移至表語或賓語之後。如:It is very comfortable to have a Class A seat ring the long journey. (在長途旅行中能有個甲等座位簡直太舒服了。) / Eating too much is bad for your health.(=It is bad for your health eating too much.) (吃得太多對你的身體不利。)(比較好看,避免頭重腳輕)
(3)口語中常見主語或「主--系」省略:(It is) nothing. ((那)沒有什麼。)/ (It) doesn』t matter. ((那)沒有關系。) / (I) thank you. ((我)謝謝你。)
(4)反意問句的附加問句,主語必須是代詞:The man looks worried, doesn』t he? (這個人看上去很著急不是嗎?) / Tigers are dangerous animals, aren』t they? (老虎是危險的動物不是嗎?)
(5)祈使句一般省略主語。加主語時往往用來指定某個人。Keep the keyboards clean, children. (孩子們請保持鍵盤的清潔。) (省略了主語) / You go there and fetch me a glass of water. (你去給我弄一杯水來。)
(6)主語一般在句首,但在問句中會處於第二位和句尾;倒裝句及there be句型主語在動詞之後。如:Computers are made in this factory. (計算機生產於這家工廠。) / Where are they? (他們在哪兒?) / Does the boy like staying home? (這個男孩喜歡呆在家裡嗎?)
(7)主語與謂語必須保持單、復數的一致, 而謂語與表語或賓語之間沒有這一要求。Neither Jim nor Rose has passed the exam. (Jim和Rose都沒有通過考試。) / The Chinese people are a hardworking and brave people. (中華民族是一個勤勞勇敢的民族。)
(8)主語可以由從句充當,詳見「主語從句」。
2、謂語:是對主語動作或狀態的陳述或說明,指出「做什麼」,「是什麼」或「怎麼樣」,在主語後接賓語,又稱受詞,是一個動作的接受者。
(1)由「不及物動詞」、「及物動詞+賓語」或「系動詞+表語」等構成,說明主語所表示的人物「干什麼」或「怎麼樣」。如:
He travelled in space for the first time .(他首次在太空旅行。) / Who teaches you English this year?(今年誰教你們的英語?) / The pizza has gone bad. (那塊烤餡餅已經變壞。) /
(2)謂語動詞必須反映出人稱、單復數、時態等信息,謂語動詞往往由下列詞語依序排列構成:[情態動詞]+[時態助動詞](現在完成時)+[語態助動詞](如被動語態)+[主要動詞](不一定全部出現)。(見動詞的時態和語態構成表)記住:謂語部分第一個動詞往往是變形動詞。如:
I am sorry I am making so much noise but I have to. (對不起我發出了太大的聲音但是只能這樣。) / He can』t have finished reading the 800-page-long novel. (他不可能讀完了那本長達800頁的小說。) / Something must be done to stop the fowl flu from spreading out. (該採取措施防止禽流感蔓延。)
(3)謂語動詞切忌用「行為動詞1 + 原形動詞」、「be + 原形動詞」。
記住使用下列正確形式:
①情態動詞+原形動詞。如:You』d better go over the lesson.(你最好復習這一課。)
②shall/ will/ would+原形動詞。如:They should have been there once.(他們應該去過那兒。)
③be+現在分詞或者過去分詞。如:What are you doing this evening?(今晚你打算做什麼?)---表示一般將來時/ Many trees have been cut down since 1970s.(自從20世紀70年代大批樹木被砍伐。)
④have+過去分詞。如:Many trees have been cut down since 1970s.(意思同上)
⑤一般時問句和否定句中:do/does/did+原形動詞。如:He does not enjoy himself very much.(他日子過的不好。)/ Did any of you see dinosaur eggs?(你們當中有誰見過恐龍蛋嗎?)
⑥行為動詞1+行為動詞2 (不定式、動名詞、現在分詞、過去分詞等形式)。如:He made up his mind to be a vet.(他拿定主意要做個獸醫。)/ Feeling good about yourself is essential to feeling good about life.(自尊自愛是享受生活的根本。)/ They wake up the other family members, calling,「Merry Christmas!」(他們叫醒家庭的其他成員,呼喊著:聖誕快樂!)/ The kings of ancient Egypt had strong tombs built for themselves.(古代的埃及國王讓人給他們自己修建堅固的墳墓。)
(4)不可用形容詞、名詞、代詞、副詞、介詞短語等獨立作謂語,必須在此之前加連系動詞。
(5)謂語動詞單復數形式:單數形式的動詞有:is,was,has,does以及「動詞+s」;復數形式的動詞有:are,were,have以及動詞原形。其他動詞不分單、復數。
謂語部分第一個動詞的形式 單數形式 復數形式
一般現在時be(是)動詞;
現在某些時態和語態的助動詞be am (單一); are (單二); is (單三); are
一般過去時be(是)動詞;
過去某些時態和語態的助動詞be was (單一); were (單二); was;(單三) were
一般現在時have(有)動詞;
現在完成時態的助動詞have have (單一); have (單二); has (單三); have
一般現在時行為動詞和助動詞do do (單一、單二); does (單三) do
實意動詞和連系動詞的一般現在時動詞(否定和疑問句除外) 原形動詞(單一、單二); 動詞+s /es (單三) 原形動詞
其他各時態語態的謂語動詞 單復數形式相同
記住:主語、謂語單復數必須保持一致。(參見「4、名詞或代詞作主語時和謂語之間的單復數的一致問題:」) Air and water is necessary to us all.(空氣和水對於我們大家是必不可少的。)
(6)一般問句和反意問句的回答不使用行為動詞,應該使用「是」動詞、情態動詞、助動詞(be,will,have,do以及變形)。如:The Olympic Games is held every other year, isn』t it? ----Yes, it is.(奧運會每兩年舉辦一次,是嗎?----是的。)
3、賓語:又稱受詞,是指一個動作(動詞)的接受者。賓語分為直接賓語和間接賓語兩大類,其中直接賓語(經常指被做的人)指動作的直接對象,間接賓語說明動作的非直接,但受動作影響的對象。一般而言,及物動詞後面最少要有一個賓語,而該賓語通常為直接賓語,有些及物動詞要求兩個賓語,則這兩個賓語通常一個為直接賓語,另一個為間接賓語。
(1) 由名詞、代詞(人稱代詞要用賓格)、不定式、動名詞、(賓語)從句充當,表示動作的承受者是「誰」或者是「何物」。如: The angel also came to Joseph and told him the same thing.(那個天使同樣來到約瑟夫面前並且告訴他同樣的事情。)(代詞和名詞充當兩個賓語) / He told me that the company could not afford to pay him so much money.(他告訴我說公司付不起他那麼多的錢。) (不定式作賓語) / They enjoy watching football games so much that they often forget their lessons. (他們如此喜愛看足球以至於常常忘記了他們的功課。) (動名詞作賓語) / I think to be a children』s doctor is very rewarding.(我認為當個兒童醫生是很值得的。) (從句作賓語)
(2) 只有及物動詞或介詞才有賓語,不及物動詞沒有賓語,如果涉及到事物,則必須在不及物動詞後面加合適的介詞。Listen to the radio. (listen不是及物動詞,故加to。) / Can you hear anything exciting?(你能聽到什麼令人興奮的消息嗎?)
(3) 賓語一般放在及物動詞或介詞的後面,但是在疑問句中,如果賓語是疑問詞,則賓語要放在句首。介詞的賓語如果是疑問詞,則可以放在介詞後或句首。如:What did he see? (他看見了什麼?) / What does he write a letter with? (他用什麼寫的信?) / With what does he write a letter? (他用什麼寫的信?)
(4)「動詞+副詞+賓語」結構中,如果賓語是代詞,則代詞必須放在「動」「副」之間。如:Please put the shoes away. (請把鞋子收起來。) / Please put away the shoes. (請把鞋子收起來。) / Please put them away. (請把它們收起來。)
(5) 動詞後面跟雙賓語時可以採用兩種結構:
①動詞+間接賓語(人)+直接賓語(物)。如:He often gives me some help. (他常常幫我。)
②動詞+直接賓語+介詞+間接賓語。注意,一般情況介詞用to,但動詞是make, buy, borrow時,介詞用for.如: Please make me a kite. (請給我做個風箏。)或Please make a kite for me.
(6) 在「動詞+賓語+賓補」結構中,如果賓語是不定式、動名詞、賓語從句,則常用it做形式賓語,而將實際的賓語移到補語後面去。如:I found the job rather difficult. (我發覺這個工作相當難做。) / I found it rather difficult to do the job.
(7) 賓語可以由從句充當,詳見「賓語從句」。
4、表語:
(1) 說明主語的身份、性質、狀況等含義的成分,通常由形容詞、副詞、介詞短語、名詞、代詞等充當。如:He became a doctor after he left high school.(高中畢業他當上了醫生。) / The rubber wheels are over there.(橡膠輪子在那邊。) / He does not feel like eating anything today because he has caught a bad cold.(他今天不想吃任何東西因為他得了重感冒。) / Who is it?(誰呀?)
(2) 表語只能放在連系動詞(如:be,look,become,turn get,grow,feel,seem) 之後,對表語進行提問的句子除外。
(3) 代詞做表語一般用主格,口語中常用賓。如:It』s I. (It』s me.)是我。
(4) 只能作表語的形容詞有:sorry,afraid,alone,asleep,awake,ill,well,sure,interested等等。He was terribly sorry for his carelessness.(他很為他的粗心而歉疚。) / Please make no noise here; the baby is asleep.(請不要發出響動,嬰兒正熟睡呢。) / I am only interested in sitting in a boat and doing nothing at all!(我只是對獨坐孤舟無所事事感興趣。) / I am not alone in thinking so.(並非只有我才這樣想的。)
(5) 表語也可以由從句充當,詳見「表語從句」。
5、定語:
(1) 修飾名詞或代詞的成分,常由形容詞、名詞(含所有格)、代詞(物主、指示、疑問、不定)、介詞短語、不定式(短語)充當,在初三階段還學習了定語從句做定語的知識。如:Put it in the top drawer.(把它放在最上層的抽屜里。) / France and Switzerland are European countries. (法國和瑞士是歐洲國家。) / His mother and father are both college teachers.(他的父母都是大學教師。) / This is the day that I can never forget in my life.(這是我一輩子難忘的日子。)
(2) 單詞做定語時一般放在被修飾的名詞前面,而且有一定的次序:
冠詞/
物代 年齡/形狀/
大小/溫度 色彩 來源 質地/
材料 目的/
用途 被修飾的名詞(中心詞)
a
the
my
his
… old,young,… red,
yellow,
blue,
… Chinese,
English,
American,
… wooden,
woolen,
glass,
silk,
paper
… meeting,
tennis,
sports,
reading,
swimming,
… box,
shoes,
room,
pig
…
long,short,
round, square…
big, large,
small, little…
hot, cold,
warm, cool…
(3) 時間副詞(now,then,today,yesterday,...)、地點副詞(here,there,back,in,out,home,...作定語時放在被修飾的名詞後面。如:I could not find my way out, so I stayed there all along. (我找不到出去的路,所以就一直呆在那兒。)
(4) 介詞短語修飾名詞時只能放在名詞的後面:The monkey in the cage was caught yesterday. (籠子里的猴子是昨天逮著的。)
(5) 形容詞修飾復合不定代詞時,往往後置。如:He remembered everything unusual. (他記得所有不尋常的事情。)
(6) 定語還可以用從句充當,詳見 定語從句。
(7) 注意:由於定語屬於修飾性的成分,因此它常歸入主語、賓語、表語之中,不作為句子的主要成分。
6、狀語:
(1) 說明動作「何時」、「何地」、「如何」發生,或者說明形容詞或副詞的程度,一般由副詞、介詞短語、不定式、狀語從句等充當。如:I was not born yesterday.(我又不是昨天才出世的娃娃。)/ For many of these families a college ecation was something new.(對其中的許多家庭來說,大學教育是件新事物。)/ He woke up to find his house on fire.(他醒來發現房子著火了。) / You cannot leave until your work is finished.(在你的工作被完成以前你不能離開)
(2) 副詞作狀語位置較為靈活,詳見《六•2》「副詞在句子中的位置以及作用」;介詞短語作狀語,位置基本固定,詳見《七•4》「介詞短語在句子中的位置」;不定式作狀語,一般表示目的、結果,詳見《八•7》「動詞的非謂語形式」;從句作狀語,詳見《主從復合句》的「狀語從句」。
(3) 多個狀語相連時,一般先單詞、後短語,先地點、後時間,先小概念、後大概念。如:He went ouf of the room at a quarter to 23:00 last night and then disappeared into the dark.(他昨夜22點3刻從房間里出來,然後消失在黑暗之中。) /
(4) 狀語還可以用從句來充當,有時間狀語從句、地點狀語從句、原因狀語從句、目的狀語從句、結果狀語從句、比較狀語從句、讓步狀語從句、條件狀語從句等。詳見「狀語從句」。
(5) 注意:由於狀語屬於修飾性的成分,常歸入謂語,因此不作為句子的主要成分。
7、賓語補足語:
(1) 補充說明賓語的動作、狀態的成分為賓語補足語,常由名詞、形容詞、動詞非謂語形式(不定式、現在分詞、過去分詞等)、介詞短語等充當。如:Call him Jim, please. (請叫他Jim。) / I tried my best to make him happy. (我竭盡所能讓他開心。) / Ask her to come to dinner tomorrow. (請他明天來。) / He let the smaller animals bring food to him. (他讓小動物們給他帶食物來。)
(2) 部分表示位置、方向的副詞也可以作賓語補足語。如:Let him in, I tell you! (我跟你說,讓他進來!)/ Please put it away. (請把它收起來。)
(3) 不定式或分詞作賓語補足語的情況 (略)
㈣ 初三英語語法
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九年級英語復習---語法講解(1-7單元)
Unit1
By是個很常用的介詞(有時也用作副詞),在初中英語中的用法有以下幾種: 1.意為「在……旁」、「靠近」。如: Some are singing and dancing under a big tree . Some are drawing by the lake. 有的在大樹下唱歌跳舞,有的在湖邊畫畫兒。 2.意為「不遲於」、「到……時為止」。如: Your son will be all right by supper time. 你的兒子在晚飯前會好的。 How many English songs had you learned by the end of last term? 到上個學期末你們已經學了多少首英語歌曲? 3.表示方法、手段,可譯作「靠」、「用」、「憑借」、「通過」、「乘坐」等。如: The monkey was hanging from the tree by his tail and laughing.
猴子用尾巴吊在樹上哈哈大笑。 The boy』s father was so thankful that he taught Edison how to send messages by railway telegraph.
孩子的父親是那麼的感激,於是他教愛迪生怎樣通過鐵路電報來傳達信息。 4.表示「逐個」、「逐批」的意思。如: One by one they went past the table in the dark.
他們一個一個得在黑暗中經過這張桌子。5.表示「根據」、「按照」的意思。如:What time is it by your watch? 你的表幾點了? 6.和take , hold等動詞連用,說明接觸身體的某一部分。如: I took him by the hand. 我拉住了它的手。 7.用於被動句中,表示行為主體,常譯作「被」、「由」等。如: English is spoken by many people. 英語被許多人所說。(即「許多人講英語。」) 8.組成其它短語。 1) by the way : 意為「順便說」、「順便問一下」,常做插入語。如: By the way , where』s Li Ping , do you know?
順便問一下,李平在哪兒。你知道嗎? 2) by oneself : 意為「單獨」、「自行」。如: I can』t leave her by herself. 我不能把她單獨留下。 3) by and by : 意為「不久以後」、「不一會兒」。如: But by and by , more and more people began to study English. 但是不久以後,越來越多的人開始學英語了。
二、動名詞的構成動詞後加動名詞doing,相當於名詞,在句子中可以做主語、賓語、表語定語等。1)★作主語(這種用法常考)
Fighting broke out between the South and the North.南方與北方開戰了。2)作賓語Would you mind turning down your radio a little, please?
請問你介意調小一點收音機的音量嗎?3)作表語Babysister』s job is washing,cooking and taking care of the children。保姆的工作是洗衣服,作飯和照看孩子。
Unit2
used to 的用法:(1)肯定句:used這個詞沒有人稱的變化,to後面接動詞原形。
否定句是didn』t use to….
When I was a child, I didn』t use to like apples.當我還是孩子的時候我不喜歡蘋果.
疑問形式是Did you use to…?Where did you use to live before you came here?當你來這兒之前你住哪兒?
(2)含有used to 的句子的反意疑問句不要usedn』t + 主語,而用didn』t + 主語。He used to smoke, didn』t he? 他過去常常吸煙,是嗎?Yes, he did./ No, he didn』t. 是的,他吸。/ 不,他不吸。
(3)used to 表示過去的習慣動作, 而不是現在的。I am used to the weather here. 我已經習慣於這里的天氣了。He is used to hard work. 他習慣於艱苦的工作。
(4)used to 可以和be, have 以及其他狀態動詞連用,描寫過去的狀態。 I used to be a waiter, but now I』m a taxi-driver.我過去是一個服務員,但現在我是計程車司機。
★ 本單元的許多運用used to 的句子屬於描述過去的狀態。Mario used to be short.馬力奧過去總是很矮。Amy used to be outgoing.愛米過去性格外向。Tina used to have long and straight hair.蒂娜過去有一頭直的長頭發。He used to wear black shoes. 他過去常穿黑鞋。
Unit3
本單元重點講到了被動語態的用法英語動詞的被動語態由助動詞be加及物動詞的過去分詞構成。助動詞be有時態,人稱和數的變化,其變化規則與連系動詞be完全一樣。
一、被動語態的句式變化: 以一般現在時和動詞invite為例,列表說明被動語態的句式變化:
二、各種時態的被動語態結構總結如下: 被動語態的時態是由be的時態決定的,be是什麼時態,全句就是什麼時態,be動詞後面的過去分詞不變。一般現在時的被動語態為:主+am / is / are (not)+過去分詞一般過去時的被動語態為:主+was / were +過去分詞
例如:我們學過的was / were born 生於,就是一個被動語態.born是個過去分詞(bear)-When were you born ? -I was born in 1989. 現在進行時被動語態的構成為: 主語+is / am / are + being +過去分詞
現在完成時被動語態的構成為: 主語+have / has +been +過去分詞
情態動詞的被動語態: 情態動詞+be+過去分詞
一般將來時的被動語態: 主語+will +be +過去分詞
過去將來時的被動語態: 主語+would / should + be +過去分詞
過去進行時的被動語態: 主語+was / were + being +過去分詞
過去完成時的被動語態: 主語+had + been +過去分詞
三、被動語態的用法:(1)不知道或沒有必要說明動作的執行者是誰,不用by+動作執行者短語 Football is played widely all over the world. 全世界都廣泛地踢足球。
(2)強調動作的承受者,這時應用by短語。The bank was robbed yesterday afternoon. 昨天下午這家銀行遭到搶劫。
(3)作客觀說明時,常採用一種被動語態句型It is reported that about twenty children have died of flu in the USA.
據報道美國大約二十名兒童死於流感。
四、主動語態的句子變為被動語態的方法是:(1)把原句中的賓語變為主語(2)動詞改為被動形式,即be+過去分詞(3)原來的主語,如果需要的話,放在by後面,如果沒必要,可省略。請看下錶:
主動語態 被動語態
They make trains in Zhuzhou. They use this key for locking the classroom door.Many people speak English.He wrote a letter.They are building a road. Trains are made in Zhuzhou.This key is used for locking the classroom door(by them).English is spoken by many people.A letter was written by him.A road is being built (by them).
Unit4
虛擬語氣:如果我們所說的不是事實,也不是要求、命令、勸告等,而只是一種假設、願望、建議或是一種實現不了的空想就用虛擬語氣
注意:條件句分兩種,真實條件句和虛擬條件句。只有在虛擬(非真實)條件句中,才用虛擬語氣,而在真實條件句中,要用陳述語氣。
請比較:
(1)If it is sunny tomorrow , we』ll go to the zoo.
如果明天天氣好,我們將會去公園。在這句話中,明天天氣好是完全有可能實現的,並非虛擬、幻想,因此是真實條件句。在本句中,適用「主將從現。」
(2)If I were you , I would go at once.
(如果我是你的話,我立刻就走。)在這句話中,條件句,「如果我是你」,但事實上,我不可能成為你,這只是假設的情況,沒有實現的可能。當條件實現的可能性很小,甚至可以說沒有時,就需要用虛擬語氣來表示,動詞發生了變化。
也就是說虛擬語氣表示和現實的事實相反時,從句用一般過時。
主句用 「should/would/could/ might +動詞原形。
1.If I had time, I would go for a walk.
2.If I were invited, I would go to the dinner party.
3.If I won a million dollars in the lottery, I would put it in the bank.
知識點2. He doesn』t know if he should bring a present.
此處if表示「是否」,引導賓語從句。Should此處表示「應該」。不是虛擬語氣。
E.g.1. I don』t know if I should go to the party.
2.If I have enough money, I will go to Hainan .
知識點3.If I were you , I』d wear a shirt and tie.
if 引導的條件狀語從句表示與現在事實相反的虛擬語氣時,be動詞只能用were,而不能用was。
E.g. If he were here, he would not agree with you .
知識點4. I don』t have a present. What if everyone else brings a present?
What if… 「如果……怎麼辦?」相當於 what would happen if…
E.g. What shall I do if it snows?
知識點5.Well, dogs can be a lot of trouble.
Trouble 麻煩事 ,名詞
常用搭配 :get (sb)into trouble get out of trouble what』s the trouble
「if」引導的條件句。
Unit5
It must be--- (肯定是,100%)
It might/could be… (有可能,20-80%)
It can』t be… (肯定不是,0%)
程度 肯定句 否定句 疑問句
must ★ ★ ★ ★ √
may ★ ★ ★ √ √
might
/could ★ ★ √
√
√
√
can』t
can ★ √
√
1. --- Whose book is this?
--- It must be Mary』s. (肯定; 一定)
It must belong to Mary.
2. --- Whose French book is this?
--- It could be Ali』s. She studies French. (可能)
3. The hair band might belong to Linda.
might be Linda』s. (可能)
4. The T-shirt can』t be John』s. (不可能)
It』s much too small for him.
練習:1. --- Whose pen is this?
--- It ____ Liu Mei because I saw her use it the other day.
A. can』t be B. might be C. must belong to
2. That』s a piece of good news. They ___ glad to hear that.
A. can be B. might be C. must be D. can』t be
3. Mary ______ be in Paris. I saw her in town only a few minutes ago.
A. mustn』t B. shouldn』t C. can』t D. may not
Unit6
定語從句
1. who 指人,作主語或賓語 (作賓語可省略)
The man who I talked with is our teacher.
A person who steals things is called a thief.
2. whom指人,作賓語 (作賓語可省略,如介詞提前則不能省)
The man (whom/who) I nodded to is Mr. Li.
The man to whom I nodded is Professor Li.
3. which 指物,作主語或賓語 (作賓語可省略, 如介詞提前則不能省)
These are the trees which were planted last year.
This recorder (which) he is using is made in Japan.
Is this the library (which) you borrow books from?
Is this the library from which you borrow books?
4. that 指人/物,作主語或賓語 (作賓語可省略)
A plane is a machine. It can fly.→A plane is a machine that can fly.
He is the man. I told you about him. →He is the man (that) I told you about.
The scientist is very famous in the world. We met her yesterday.
↓
The scientist Ø we met yesterday is very famous in the world.
who
whom
that
The dress is new. She is wearing it.
↓
The dress that she is wearing is new.
which
Ø
(3) He is the kind person. I have ever worked with him.
↓
He is the kind person that I have ever worked with.
who
whom
Ø
This is the best film. I have ever seen this film.
↓
This is the best film that I have ever seen.
Ø
在選擇引導定語從句的關系代詞時,有如下要點:
1 由於關系代詞在主句與從句間既起到聯系作用,又在從句中充當一個成分,因此, 要正確判斷關系代詞在從句中的功能,如作主語還是賓語等。
2 當先行詞指人時,關系代詞可用who(做主語,賓語),that(做主語,賓語),whom(作賓語),whose(作定語)
3 當先行詞指物時,關系代詞可用that(做主語,賓語),which(做主語,賓語)
4 再定語從句中,作賓語的關系代詞長可省略,但在介詞後面的關系代詞不能省略。指人時,介詞後只用whom,指物時,介詞後只用which。
5 在非限制性定語從句中,指人時,只用who,指物時,只用which。
1.定語從句中that與who、which的區別
2.定語從句中關系詞的省略
典型例題
1. The first job ________I found was to be a cleaner.
A. where B. why C. which D. that
解析:指事物的先行詞前有序數詞修飾時,只能用關系代詞that。故本題的正確答案是D。
2. I don』t think history is as interesting as English.(改為同義詞)
I think history is ___________ interesting _________ English.
解析:答案是:less; than。意思是「我認為歷史不如英語有趣」。
3. The woman who is wearing the hat is my mother.(改為同義句)
The woman ________ the hat is my mother.
解析:讀題後可知:上句含義是「戴帽子的那個婦女旭我的媽媽」,對應下句,可知空格處應填「戴」,故正確答案是in。
選擇填空
1. The poor boy ________ lost both his parents last year is called Mike.
A.which B.what C.who D./
2. The bridge ________ has been there for nearly fifty years still looks nice.
A.which B.what C./ D.who
3. I』m one of the students _______well in English in my class.
A.who does B.who do C.which does D.who did
4. Is this factory ________ some foreign friends visited last Friday?
A.that B.where C.which D.the one
5. All______ they have done is good for us.
A.what B.which C.why D.that
Unit7
表達意願的幾個基本句子
a. _______ _______ _________ go to France some day.
b. _______ _______ _________ go to France some day.
c. _______ _______ _________ go to France some day.
d. _______ _______ _________ go to France some day.
答案:a. I hope to b. I』d like to c. I』d love to d. I want to
She would like to go to New York. (對劃線部分提問)
答案:Where would she like to go?
注意:where在本句中為副詞,go後面不能再加to,而Which city would she like to go to? 中which為代詞。
九年級英語復習---語法講解(Units8-15)
Unit8
1、短語動詞小結
常見短語動詞結構有下面幾種:
1.動詞+副詞 如:give up 放棄 turn off 關掉 stay up 熬夜
這種結構有時相當於及物動詞,如果其賓語是代詞,就必須放在動詞和副詞之間,如果是名詞,則既可插在動詞和副詞之間,也可放 在短語動詞後。
2. 動詞+介詞 如:listen of 聽 look at 看 belong to 屬於
這種結構相當於及物動詞,後面跟賓語。
3. 動詞+副詞+介詞 如:come up with 提出,想出 run out of 用完,耗盡
4. 動詞+名詞(介詞) 如:take part in參加 catch hold of 抓住
2、倒裝句
not only … but (also) … 不但… 而且… 用來連接兩個並列的成分
(1)引導以 not only …but (also)… 開頭的句子往往引起部分倒裝。
因此 ⑴Not only do I feel good but (also)…. 是倒裝句。也是說得要
把前面的句子中的助動詞或者是情態動詞放在主語的前面。如:
①Not only can I do it but (also) I can do best. 我不僅能做到而且做得最好。
⑵Not only…but (also)… 接兩主語時,謂語動詞隨後面的主語人稱和數的變化 也就是就近原則 如:
①Not only Lily but (also) you like cat. 不僅莉莉而且你也喜歡貓。
②Not only you but (also) Lily likes cat. 不僅你而且莉莉喜歡貓。
常見的就近原則的結構有:
Neither… nor…即不…也不… (兩者都不)
Neither you nor I like him. 我和你都不喜歡他。
Either… or… 不是…就是… (兩者中的一個)
Either Lily or you are a student.
Not only …but (also)…
There be
㈤ 初三英語語法
whether和if均可用來引導主語從句,但if引導的從句不能位於句首。如:.他們是贏是輸於我都一樣.(此時不能換作if)It'sdoubtfulwhetherthere'llbeanyseatsleft.說不上還有沒有空座位了.(此句whether能換作if)
【評】錯大發了。應說:均可引導動詞的賓語從句。if 是不能引導主語從句的。
2.whether和if均可用來引導賓語從句。如:
①Idon'tknowwhether/ifIwillbeabletocome.我不知道我是否能來.
②Sheaskedmewhether/.她問我是否有興趣為她工作。
③We'.我們明天才知道是不是應該參加考試.
④ce.我問他這些工作都是他自己做的還是別人幫他做的.
(注意:在兩個供選擇的從句之間若用or字,則須重復whether一字.)
注:
⑴當強調賓語從句並將其提前時只能用whether。如:WhetherI'.我很難說我們是否有時間跟你們一起去
【評】例句不當。I am not sure 後本就不該用if, 如改成:I don't know,就好。
⑵從句作介詞賓語時只用whether不用if。如:.她拿不定主意應該不應該接受他的好意
⑶當whether和ornot連用時,只用whether不用if。當ornot放在whether引導的從句句尾,則可以用if來替換。如:
Idon』tknowwhetherornothewillcome.我不知道他是不是回來。
I'llbehappywhether/ifIgetthejobornot我能不能得到那份工作都一樣高興
【評】錯例! 這里的whether是引導讓步狀語從句的,意為:無論。。。還是。。。,不能用if . not.將上一句改一下就可以了:
I don't know whether/if he will come or not.
⑷當whether和or連用表示明確的選擇時,只用whether不用if。如:
.他問我是想乘火車還是坐公共汽車去那裡。
.他開車去還是坐火車去,猶豫不決
【評】例句不當,介詞後本就應用whether,不用if
注:whether和or連用還可以引導讓步狀語從句,此時也不用if。如:We'llgoonwiththework,.不管我們能否找到所需的工具,我們要把這件工作做下去。
Whetherornotitrains/Whetheritrainsornot,we'replayingfootballonSaturday.無論下不下雨,我們星期六一定踢足球.
⑸動詞discuss,decide,consider等後習慣上也常用Whether引導從句,不用if。
.他們討論了是否應該馬上離開
.我們討論了這房子是否應賣掉
【評】我以前只知道discuss後,另兩個我沒聽說過。如能找到權威例句,則這條也有問題。
就是disscuss後不用if代替whether, 我也不是很理解。不知道是誰發現並總結出來的規則!這種規則很容易打破,比如我在網上看到:
The Committee: They Decide If I Live Or Die 作者:Clay Cornelius
說明decide之後有用if代替whether的例子。
英語句型轉換題目: He cant decide if he will go to his cousins birthday party. He can't decide_ _ go to his cousin's birthday party . 同義句。
Please consider if this is feasible.是否可行, 請斟酌。
【】甚至我都懷疑,這個discuss後面有沒有跟if的老外! 對於這一條,我始終將信將疑!
British meteorologists and climate scientists are meeting to discuss if the unusual weather is "a run of natural variability" or the proct of human-...
3.表語從句用whether引導不用if.如:
①.疑問是你是否打壞了這只漂亮的花瓶。
【評】例句和翻譯很差。不如改成:The question is ... 問題是。。。
4.同位語從句用whether引導不用if.如:
①Thequestionwhetherwe''tbeensettled.是否要另建一幢教學樓的問題還未決定。
5.在動詞不定式之前,只能用whether,不能用if。如:
①.問題是去慕尼黑還是去維也納.
②Shedoesn'.是否現在結婚或是等待她不知道。
③.我們弄不清是今天走還是明天走.
④I'.我拿不準主意是辭職還是留任.
【】【】一句話總結【】【】if 和whether引導名詞性從句的區別【】
在除discuss以外的及物動詞後面的賓語從句中,在不引起歧義的條件下,可以用if代替whether,,但是不能直接跟or not.
不能用if代替whether的情況:
引導其它名詞性從句時,只能用whether,不能用if
有歧義時,不用if
介詞的賓語從句,不用if引導。
discuss的賓語從句不用if引導
引導讓步狀語從句,不用if
樓主,我指出原文的六處錯誤或不當之處。
㈥ 求初一至初三的英語語法總結(GO FOR IT !)
1 (see 、hear 、notice 、find 、feel 、listen to 、 look at (感官動詞)+do eg:I like watching monkeys jump 2 (比較級 and 比較級) 表示越來越怎麼樣 3 a piece of cake =easy 小菜一碟(容易) 4 agree with sb 贊成某人 5 all kinds of 各種各樣 a kind of 一樣 6 all over the world = the whole world 整個 世界 7 along with同……一道,伴隨…… eg : I will go along with you我將和你一起去 the students planted trees along with their teachers 學生同老師們一起種樹 8 As soon as 一怎麼樣就怎麼樣 9 as you can see 你是知道的 10 ask for ……求助 向…要…(直接接想要的東西) eg : ask you for my book 11 ask sb for sth 向某人什麼 12 ask sb to do sth 詢問某人某事 ask sb not to do 叫某人不要做某事 13 at the age of 在……歲時 eg:I am sixteen I am at the age of sixteen 14 at the beginning of …………的起初;……的開始 15 at the end of +地點/+時間 最後;盡頭;末尾 eg : At the end of the day 16 at this time of year 在每年的這個時候 17 be /feel confident of sth /that clause +從句 感覺/對什麼有信心,自信 eg : I am / feel confident of my spoken English I feel that I can pass the test 18 be + doing 表:1 現在進行時 2 將來時 19 be able to (+ v 原) = can (+ v 原) 能夠…… eg : She is able to sing She can sing 20 be able to do sth 能夠干什麼 eg :she is able to sing 21 be afraid to do (of sth 恐懼,害怕…… eg : I'm afraed to go out at night I'm afraid of dog 22 be allowed to do 被允許做什麼 eg: I'm allowed to watch TV 我被允許看電視 I should be allowed to watch TV 我應該被允許看電視 23 be angry with sb 生某人的氣 eg : Don't be angry with me 24 be angry with(at) sb for doing sth 為什麼而生某人的氣 25 be as…原級…as 和什麼一樣 eg : She is as tall as me 她和我一樣高 26 be ashamed to 27 be away from 遠離 28 be away from 從……離開 29 be bad for 對什麼有害 eg : Reading books in the sun is bad for your eyes 在太陽下看書對你的眼睛不好 30 be born 出生於 31 be busy doing sth 忙於做什麼事 be busy with sth 忙於…… 32 be careful 當心;小心 33 be different from…… 和什麼不一樣 34 be famous for 以……著名 35 be friendly to sb 對某人友好 36 be from = come from 來自 eg :He is from Bejing He comes from Bejing Is he from Bejing ? Does he come from Bejing ? 37 be full of 裝滿……的 be filled with 充滿 eg: the glass is full of water the glass is filled with water 38 be glad+to+do/從句 39 be going to + v(原) 將來時 40 be good at(+doing) = do well in 在某方面善長, 善於…… 41 be good for 對什麼有好處 eg : Reading aloud is good for your English 42 be happy to do 很高興做某事 43 be helpful to sb 對某人有好處 eg : Reading aloud is helpful to you 大聲朗讀對你有好處 Exercising is helpful to your bady 鍛煉對你的身體有好處 44 be in good health 身體健康 45 be in trouble 處於困難中 eg : She is in trouble They are in tronble 46 be interested in 對某方面感興趣 47 be late for = come late to 遲到 eg: Be late for class 上課遲到 48 be like 像…… eg : I'm like my mother 49 be mad at 生某人的氣 50 be made from 由……製成(製成以後看不見原材料) 51 be made of 由……製成(製成以後還看得見原材料) 52 be not sure 表不確定 53 be on a visit to 參觀 54 be popular with sb 受某人歡迎 55 be quiet 安靜 56 be short for 表**的縮寫 eg: 陶 is short for 陶俊傑 57 be sick in bed 生病在床 58 be sorry to do sth be sorry for sb eg : I am sorry for you 59 be sorry to hear that 60 be sorry to trouble sb eg : I am sorry to trouble you 61 be strict in doing sth 嚴於做某事 eg : He's strict in obeying noles 62 be strict with sb 對某人要求嚴格 eg: Some students are not strict with them selves 這些學生對自己不嚴格 63 be strict with sb in sth 某方面對某人嚴格 64 be supposed to do 被要求干什麼 65 be sure 表確定 66 be sure of doing sth 對做某事有信心 eg: He is sure of winning I am sure of learning English well 67 be sure of sth 對做某事有信心 eg: I'm sure of my head (my teacher 我相信我的大腦(老師) 68 be sure that sth 對做某事有信心 eg: I'm suer that he can pass the test 我相信他能通過考試 69 be sure to do sth一定會做某事eg: We are sure to pass the test 我們一定會通過這次考試 We are sure to learn English well 我們一定能學好英語 70 be terrified of + 名/動doing 害怕…… 71 be terrified to do sth 害怕做某事 72 be the same as … 和什麼一樣 73 be used to doing sth 習慣做某事 eg: My father is used to getting up early 我爸爸習慣早He is used to sleeping in class 他習慣上課睡覺 74 be worth doing 值得做什麼 75 be(feel) afraid to do sth 害怕做某事be afraid of sth 害怕某物 be afraid that 叢句 76 because+句子 because of +短語 eg : He was late because he had a headache He was late because of his headache 77 begin to do = start to do 開始做某事 start…with…=begin…with… 以什麼開始什麼 eg : Let's begin the game with the song I begin to go home 78 between…and… 兩者之間 79 borrow sth from sb 向……借…… lend sth to sb ( lend sb sth 借給……什麼東西 eg : I borrowed a pen from him he lent a pen to me ( he lent me a pen 80 both = the same(as) = not different(from) 表相同 81 bother 打擾 bother sb to do sth eg : I'm sorry to bother you ,but can you tell me to way to the station 我十分道歉打擾你,但是你能告訴我怎麼去車站 the problem has been bothering me for weeks 這個問題困擾了我幾個周了 He's bothering me to lend him money 82 by the end of 到……為止 83 call sb sth eg : We call him old wang 84 care 關心 eg : Don't you care about this country's future ?你為什麼不關心國家的未來 85 catch up with sb 趕上某人 86 chat with sb 和某人閑談 take sb to + 地點帶某人去某地 87 come in 進88 come over to 過來 89 come up with 提出 eg: Can you come up with a good idea 你能想出一個好辦法嗎? 90 communicate with sb 和某人交流 91 consider + doing 考慮做什麼 eg : Why not consider going to lu zhou 為什麼不考慮去瀘州? 92 dance to 隨著……跳舞 eg : She likes dancing to the music 她喜歡隨著音樂跳舞 93 decide to do sth 決定做某事 94 do a survey of 做某方面的調查 95 do better in 在……方面做得更好 96 do wrong 做錯 97 Don't forget to do sth 不要忘了做某事 98 Don't mind +doing /從句 /名詞 不要介意…… 99 each +名(單)每一個…eg : Each student has many books 每一個學生都有一些書 100 end up +doing 101 enjoy +doing喜歡 102 escape from 從……逃跑eg: The prisoners have escaped from the prison犯人從監獄里逃跑出來 103 expect to do sth 期待做某事 104 fall down 摔下來 fall off 從哪摔下來 105 fall in love with sb /sth 愛上什麼 106 far from 離某地遠 eg : The school is far from my home 107 find +it +adj +to do 發現做某事怎麼樣 108 find sb/sth +adj 發現什麼怎麼樣 eg : I find the book interesting 109 finish 完成+doing(名詞) 110 fit to sb = be fit for sb 適合某人 111 forget to do 沒有做而忘了 forget doing 做了而又忘了 eg: Don't forget to go home I forget closing door 112 from…to… 從某某到某某 eg: From me for her 113 get /have sth down 做完,被(別人)做…eg: I have my hair cut 我理了發(頭發被剪了) Tom got his bad tooth pulled out 湯母把他的壞牙拔掉了(被牙醫拔掉了) 114 get a part-time job= find a part-time job 115 get along well with sb = get on well with sb 與某人相處得好 116 get along with sb = get on with sb 與某人相處 117 get ready for = be ready for為什麼而准備eg : I get ready for math I am ready for math 118 get sb in to trouble 給某人麻119 get sb to do sth 120 get…from… 從某處得到某物 121 give a talk 做報告 eg: He is give a tall 122 give sth to sb give sb sth 給某人某物 123 go fish 釣魚 go swimming 游泳 124 go on to do 去做下一件事 go on doing 繼續做這件事 125 go out away from go out of 126 go to school 上學(用於專業的)go to the school 去學校(不一定是上學) 127 good way to 好方法 128 hate to do 討厭沒做過的事 hate doing 討厭做過的事 129 have a party for sb 舉辦誰的晚會 130 have a talk 聽報告談一談 131 have been doing 現在完成進行時 eg : You have been talking You have been sleeping since 132 have been to …( 地方)……去過某過地方 have gone to …(地方) 去了某地還沒回來 133 have fun +doing 玩得高興 134 have sth to do 有什麼事要做 eg: I have a lot of homework to do 我有很多家庭作業要做 I have nothing to do 我沒什麼事情做 135 have to do sth 必須做某事 136 have trouble (problem) (in) doing sth 做什麼事情有麻煩 137 have…time +doing 138 have…(時間)…off 放……假 eg: I have month off 我請一個月得假 139 hear sb +do/doing 聽見某人做某事/正在做某事 140 help a lot 很大用處 141 help sb with sth \one's sth 幫助某人某事(某方面) help sb (to) do sth 幫助某人做某事 142 hope to do sth 希望做某事 143 How about(+doing) = What about(+doing) 144 how do you like = what do you think of 你對什麼的看法 145 if : 是否=wether eg: I don't know if (wether) I should go to the party 我不知道我是否應該去參加晚會 He don't know if (wether) we will arrive on time tomorrow morning 他不知道我們明天早上是否能准時到達 146 if :如果,假如(全部接一般時態)+條件語態從句 eg: I'll go to LuZhou if it does't rain 假如明天不下雨,我就去瀘州 If they change the plan they will let me know 假如他們要改變計劃,他們會讓我知道的 I'll go to England ,if I have enough money next year 如果我明年由足夠的錢,我就要去英國 147 in one's opinion = sb think 某人認為 148 in some ways 在某些方面 149 in the end = finally(adv) 最後 150 in the north of… 什麼在什麼的北方(north 北 sowth 南 west 西 east 東) (其他的給您發到郵箱了,望採納!!!)