1. 初二英語知識點有哪些，語法有哪些
Unit1 Where did you go on vacation?
go on vacation去度假
stay at home待在家裡
go to the mountains去爬山
go to the beach去海灘
visit museums 參觀博物館
go to summer camp去參觀夏令營
quite a few相當多
study for為……而學習
go out出去
most of the time大部分時間
taste good嘗起來很好吃
have a good time玩得高興
of course當然
feel like給……的感覺；感受到
go shopping去購物
in the past在過去
walk around四處走走
because of因為
one bowl of… 一碗……
the next day第二天
drink tea喝茶
find out找出；查明
go on繼續
take photos照相
something important重要的事
up and down上上下下
come up出來
buy sth. for sb. / buy sb. sth.為某人買某物
taste + adj. 嘗起來……
look+adj. 看起來……
nothing…but+動詞原形
除了……之外什麼都沒有
seem+（to be）+ adj. 看起來……
arrive in+大地點 / arrive at+小地點
到達某地 decide to do sth.決定去做某事
try doing sth.嘗試做某事 / try to do sth.盡力去做某事
forget doing sth.忘記做過某事/ forget to do sth.忘記做某事
enjoy doing sth.喜歡做某事
want to do sth.想去做某事
start doing sth.開始做某事
stop doing sth. 停止做某事
dislike doing sth. 不喜歡做某事
keep doing sth.繼續做某事
Why not do. sth.?為什麼不做……呢？
so+adj.+that+從句
如此……以至於……
tell sb. (not) to do sth. 告訴某人（不要）做某事
Unit2 How often do you exercise?
help with housework幫助做家務
on weekends在周末
how often多久一次
hardly ever幾乎從不
once a week每周一次
twice a month每月兩次
every day每天
be free有空
go to the movies去看電影
use the Internet用互聯網
swing dance搖擺舞
play tennis打網球
stay up late熬夜；睡得很晚
at least至少
have dance and piano lessons上舞蹈課和鋼琴課
go to bed early早點睡覺
play sports進行體育活動
be good for對……有好處
go camping去野營
not…at all一點兒也不……
in one』s free time在某人的業余時間
the most popular最受歡迎的
such as比如；諸如
old habits die hard積習難改
go to the dentist去看牙醫
morn than多於；超過
less than少於
help sb. with sth.幫助某人做某事
How about…? ......怎麼樣？/ ……好不好？
want sb. to do sth.想讓某人做某事
How many+可數名詞復數+一般疑問句？ …有多少…?
主語+find+that從句. ……發現……
spend time with sb.和某人一起度過時光
It』s+ adj.+ to do sth. 做某事的……的。
ask sb. about sth.向某人詢問某事
by doing sth. 通過做某事
What』s your favorite……?你最喜愛的……是什麼？
the best way to do sth.做某事的最好方式
2. 初二英語語法有哪些
一般將來時/過去將來時（賓語從句中）
請求和建議
直接引語
間接引語
If條件句
現在完成時
反意疑問句
How
long\
far\often\soon
what's
the
matter.......
3. 初二英語語法有哪些啊、
一、意義與構成
1. 意義：表示過去
1) 發生或已經完成的動作對現在造成影響或後果
2) 某一時間開始並一直持續到現在的動作或狀態
2. 基本構成：have/has+ done (過去分詞)
3. 句型
基本結構：主語+have/has+ done (過去分詞)
a. 肯定句：主語+have/has+ done (過去分詞)
b. 否定句：主語+have/has+not+ done (過去分詞)
c. 一般疑問句：Have/Has+主語+ done (過去分詞)
d. 特殊疑問句：特殊疑問詞+have/has+主語+ done過去分詞
二、過去分詞
與動詞的過去式一樣，動詞的過去分詞有規則動詞過去分詞和不規則動詞過去分詞兩種。
1. 規則動詞：規則動詞的過去分詞的構成規則與規則動詞的過去式的構成規則相同
1) 一般動詞，在詞尾直接加「 ed 」
如：work—worked—worked; play—played—played; enjoy—enjoyed—enjoyed.
2) 以「e」結尾的動詞，只在詞尾加「d 」
如：dance—danced—danced; live—lived—lived; place—placed—placed.
3) 以「輔音字母 + y 」結尾的動詞，將 「y」 變為 「i」 ，再加「ed」
注意：母音字母+y結尾的動詞的過去分詞的變法參見一般動詞。
如：carry—carried—carried; hurry—hurried—hurried; cry—cried—cried
4) 重讀閉音節結尾，末尾只有一個輔音字母，先雙寫這個輔音字母，再加「ed」
如：plan—planned—planned; stop—stopped—stopped; drop—dropped—dropped
2. 不規則動詞
不規則動詞的過去分詞有5種形式：
A-A-A 如：cost—cost—cost; cut—cut—cut; hit—hit—hit
A-B-B 如：bring—brought—brought; build—built—built; catch—caught—caught;
keep—kept—kept; sell—sold—sold; smell—smelt—smelt;
learn—learnt—learnt; say—said—said; meet—met—met;
make—made—made; leave—left—left
此類變化涉及到的動詞較多，需要同學們認真記憶。
A-B-C 如：begin—began—begun; blow—blew—blown; drive—drove—drive;
break—broke—broken; forget—forgot—forgotten; eat—ate—eaten;
take—took—taken; do—did—done
此類變化涉及到的動詞較多，需要同學們認真記憶。
A-A-B 如：beat—beat—beaten
A-B-A 如：come—came—come
不規則動詞的過去分詞變化規則多，但是還是有一定的規律所循，希望同學們多花心思，細心記下，這是使用完成時態的基礎。
三、用法
1. 現在完成時用來表示過去已發生過或完成的動作或狀態，但其結果卻和現在有聯系，也就是說，動
作或狀態發生在過去但它的影響現在還存在。
I have spent all of my money. 我花光了身上所有的錢。
(含義是：I don』t have any money now.)
Jane has laid the table. Jane已經把桌子擺好了。
(含義是：We can sit and have dinner.)
Michael has been ill. Michael病了。
(含義是：He can』t come to school.)
He has returned from abroad. 他已經從國外回來了。
(含義是：He』s at home now.)
2. 現在完成時可以用來表示發生在過去某一時刻的,持續到現在的情況,常與for（+時間段），
since（+時間點）連用。
Mary has been ill for three days. Mary已經病了三天了。
I have lived here since 1998. 我從1998年起一直住在這。
I have been a teacher for 10 years. 我當老師已經10年了。
注意：點動詞（buy, die, join, finish等）不能直接與for, since 連用，需要改變動詞。
1) have代替buy
I have bought new car. 他買了輛新車。(含義：他自己有車，不用搭別人車等。)
I have had this bike for almost 7 years. 我買這輛自行車七年了。
2) 用keep或have代替borrow
He has kept the book for a long time. 他借這書好長時間了。
3) 用be in替代come to/ join/ move to等
How long have you been in America? 你來美國多久了？
4) 用be+副詞 替代start/ get up/ return to/go back to
The show has been on for half an hour. Hurry up!
演出已經開始了半個小時了。快點！
I』ve been up for an hour, but I still feel sleepy.
我起床已經一個小時了，但是我還是覺得很困。
He has been back to his hometown for a year, but he』s still missing the life in the
city.
他回到故鄉都一年了，但是他還是很懷念城市生活。
總之，後加時間的完成時表達中，都表達一個動作所延續的時間，而點動詞只表達那一動作，動作之後所處的狀態，應該用相應的狀態詞來表達，如come是「來」的意思，而來之後的日子都是「在…」因為不能用come表達，應該用be in…來表達，意為「一直處於…」。
3. 現在完成時的時間狀語
現在完成時屬於現在時范圍，故不能和過去的時間狀語連用。如：yesterday, last Sunday,
in1990, three years ago等。但是，在強調動作產生的後果和影響時，可以和一些表示不確定的時
間狀語連用。
如：I have finished my homework yesterday. (×)
I finished my homework yesterday. (√)
1)副詞already和yet
already一般用於肯定句中，yet一般用於否定句和疑問句中。
如：I』ve already slept for 12 hours but I』m still feeling tired.
我都睡了12個小時了可是我還是很累。
I haven』t finished working yet.
我還沒有完成工作。
Have you found your lost cat yet?
你找到你丟了的小貓了嗎？
2)ever和never
多用於否定或疑問句中，表示「曾經」或「從未」。
如：---Have you ever been to the Great Wall? 你曾經去過長城嗎？
---No, I haven』t. I have never been to the Great Wall. 沒有。我從未去過長城。
3)用表示到說話為止的過去時間狀語，如：just, before, up to now, the past few years等。
如：I have just finished my paper. 我才寫完我的論文。
I』ve dream about that before. 我以前夢到過那個情景。
Up to now, he has got 3 gold medals in the Olympic Games.
到現在為止，他已經在奧運會中取得了三塊金牌。
He has been there three times the last few days.
近幾年他去過那裡三次了。
4)用包括「現在」在內的時間狀語，如：now, today, this morning (month, year, term)等。
如：---Have you met him today?
---No, I haven't.
---今天你見過他嗎？---沒有。
How many times have you been there this year?
今年你去過那裡多少次？
4. 初二英語都有哪些重要語法
1. Talk about how often you do things 談論做事情的頻率。
2. Talk about your health. Make suggestions. 談論健康話題以及提出建議。
3. Talk about future plans. 談論未來的計劃/打算。
4. Talk about how to get to places. 談論到達某地的方式。
5. Learn to make invitations, say yes to invitations and say no to invitations and give reasons. 學會發出，接受和拒絕邀請並說出原因。
6. Learn to talk about personal traits and how to compare people. 學會談論個人品質以及如何比較人們。 II. Key Phrases （重點短語）：
1. how often 多長時間一次
2. junk food 垃圾食品
3. a lot of 許多
4. hardly ever 很少
5. start with 以…開始
6. try to do sth. 試著去做某事
7. look after 照料
8. be kind of unhealthy 有點不健康
9. once a day 一天一次
10. twice a month 一個月兩次
11. be good for 對…有好處
12. once in a while 偶爾
13. see a doctor / dentist 看病/看牙醫
14. get a cold / fever 感冒/發燒
15. have a stomachache 肚子疼
16. have a toothache 牙疼
17. have a sore throat 嗓子疼
18. lie down and rest 躺下休息
19. drink hot tea with honey 喝加蜂蜜的熱茶
20. be stressed out 緊張
21. listen to … 聽…
22. get tired 變的疲勞
23. keep healthy 保持健康
24. at the moment 此刻；目前
25. watch TV 看電視
26. play basketball 打籃球
27. babysit her sister 照看她的妹妹
28. visit my friend 拜訪我的朋友
29. relax at home 在家放鬆
30. sports camp 運動野營
31. something interesting
32. go hiking / camping / fishing / shopping / sightseeing 去徒步旅行/野營/釣魚/購物/觀光
33. go away 離開
34. get back to school 返回學校
35. stay for a week 呆一個星期
36. go bike riding 騎自行車兜風
37. takes walks 散步
38. rent videos 租錄像帶
39. sleep a lot 睡得多
40. think about 考慮
41. take the subway / bus / boat / plane 乘地鐵/公共車/小船/飛機
42. get to 到達
43. go by bus / plane / boat 乘公共車/飛機/小船
44. train / subway / bus station 火車/地鐵/公共車站
45. bus ride 乘公共車的旅行
46. ride a bike 騎自行車
47. bus stop 公共汽車站
48. on foot 步行
49. leave for 離開去…
50. school bus 學校班車
51. the early bus 早班車
52. be different from 與…不同
53. half past six 六點半
54. in North America 在北美洲
55. a quick breakfast 快捷的早餐
56. need to do 需要做…
57. more than 多於
58. play soccer 踢足球
59. baseball game 棒球比賽
60. school team 校隊
61. come over to 過來到…
62. the day after tomorrow 後天
63. be good at 擅長於…
64. two years ago 兩年前
65. be outgoing 外向的
66. all the time 一直
67. in some ways 在一些方面
68. look the same 看起來一樣
69. talk to everyone 與大家談話
70. make me laugh 使我笑
III. Key Sentence Structures 重要句型：
Unit 1:
1. －What do you usually do on weekends? －I usually go to the movies.
2. －What does he sometimes do on weekends? －He sometimes surfs the Internet.
3. How often do you exercise? I exercise once a week.
4. How often does she eat vegetables? She eats vegetables three times a day.
5. Most of the students go to the beach every year.
6. It makes a big difference to my grades.
7. My eating habits are pretty good.
Unit 2:
1. What』s the matter? What』s wrong? What』s the trouble?
2. I』m not feeling well. I have a cold / fever/ stomachache / sore throat. /I have a lot of headaches.
3. Maybe you should see the doctor / dentist. You should drink some hot tea with honey.
4. You shouldn』t eat anything for 24 hours.
5. Don』t get stressed out. It will make you sick.
6. I』m sorry to hear that you are not feeling well.
Unit 3
1. －What is she doing for vacation? －She is babysitting her little sister. －That sounds nice / interesting.
2. －When are you going? －I』m going on Monday.
3. －Where are they going? －They are going to Tibet.
4. －Who is she going with? －She is going with her parents.
5. －How long is he staying. －He is staying for a week.
6. －How is the weather there? －I』m hoping the weather will be nice.
7. He is leaving for Hong Kong the first week in June.
8. Have a good time.
Unit 4:
1. －How do you get to school? －I get to school by bus.
2. －How does he go to work? －He usually walks to school.
3. －How long does it take? －It takes about twenty minutes.
4. －How far is it from his home to school? －It』s three miles.
5. What do you think of the transportation in your town?
Unit 5:
1. －Can you come to my party on Wednesday? －Sure, I』d love to. / I』m sorry, I have to have a piano lesson.
2. －Can she go to the movies on Saturday? －No, she can』t. She has to help her mom.
3. －Can you go to the concert on Monday? －When is it? －It』s at four o』clock on Friday.
4. Thanks a lot for the invitation.
5. I』m going to study for a test this evening.
6. What』s the date today?
提問人的追問 2009-11-28 19:54 真厲害，能更多多一點就好!
回答人的補充 2009-11-28 20:32 再給你一些片語和句型I. 應掌握的片語：
1. go to the movies 去看電影
2. look after=take care of 照顧
3. surf the internet 上網
4. healthy lifestyle 健康的生活方式
5. go skate boarding 去劃板
6. keep healthy=stay healthy 保持健康
7. exercise=take (much) exercise
=do sports鍛煉
8. eating habits 飲食習慣
9. take more exercise 做更多的運動
10. the same as 與什麼相同
11. once a month一月一次
12. be different from 不同
13. twice a week一周兩次
14. make a difference to 對什麼有影響
15. how often 多久一次
16. although=though雖然
17. most of the students=most students
大多數學生
18. shop=go shopping
=do some shopping 購物
19. as for至於
20. activity survey活動調查
21. do homework做家庭作業
22. do house work做家務事
23. eat less meat吃更少的肉
24. junk food垃圾食物
25. be good for 對什麼有益
26. be bad for對什麼有害
27. want to do sth 想做某事
28. want sb to do sth想某人做某事
29. try to do sth 盡量做某事
30. come home from school放學回家
31. of course=certainly=sure當然
32. get good grades取得好成績
33. some advice
34. help sb to do sth幫助某人做某事
=help sb with sth
35. a lot of vegetables
=many vegetables許多蔬菜
36. hardly=not nearly / almost not幾乎不
37. keep/be in good health保持健康
II. 應掌握的句子：
How often do you exercise? 你（你們）多久鍛煉一次身體？
How often + 助動詞do(does或did) + 主語 + do sth.? 疑問詞how often是問頻率(多久一次),（在這里助動詞do(does或did) 是起幫助構成疑問的作用）與一般現在時或一般過去時連用，回答一般是用表示頻率的副詞，如：once, twice, three times…, sometimes, often, quite, often, never, every day, once a week , twice a month , three times a month , three or four times a month 等。
翻譯：「你們多久到工廠去一次？」「每星期兩次。」
(「How often do you go to the factory?」 「Twice a week. 」)
「他們多長時間舉辦一次舞會？」「通常每兩周舉辦一次。」
(「How often do they have a dancing party?」 「Usually, once every other week.」)
「他多久去購一次物？」「一個月一次。」
(「How often does he go shopping?」 「He goes shopping once a month.」)
2. 「What do you usually do on weekends?」 「 I usually play soccer.」
「周末你通常做什麼？」「我通常踢足球。」
第一個do為助動詞, 在這起幫助構成疑問的作用；而第二個do則是實義動詞。
翻譯：What do you usually do on weekends? I often go to the movies.
What does she usually do on weekends? She sometimes go hiking.
3. 「What』s your favorite program?」 「It』s Animal World.」
「你最喜歡什麼節目？」「動物世界。」
4. As for homework , most students do homework every day .
as for...意思是「至於；關於」，常用於句首作狀語，其後跟名詞、代詞或動詞的
-ing形式（即動名詞）。如：
As for him，I never want to see him here. 至於他，我永遠不希望在這里見到。
As for the story，you'd better not believe it. 關於那故事，你最好不要相信。
翻譯：至於我自己，我現在不想去。
(As for myself, I don』t want to go now. )
至於那個人，我什麼都不知道。
(As for the man, I know nothing about him.)
5. Mom wants me to get up at 6:00 and play ping-pong with her .
want to do sth. 意思是「想要做某事」；
want sb. to do sth.意思是「想要某人做某事」。如：
Do you want to go to the movies with me？你想和我一起去看電影嗎？
The teacher doesn't want us to eat hamburgers.老師不想讓我們吃漢堡包。
6. She says it』s good for my health.
be good for...表示「對……有益（有好處）」;其反義為：be bad for...。（這里for 是
介詞，後跟名詞、代詞或動名詞）如：
It's good for us to do more reading. 多讀書對我們有好處。
Reading in bed is bad for your eyes.在床上讀書對你的眼睛有害。
7. How many hours do you sleep every night?
8. I exercise every day , usually when I come home from school .
9. My eating habits are pretty good . 這里pretty相當於very 。
10. I try to eat a lot of vegetables , usually ten to eleven times a week .
try to do sth.表示「 盡力做某事 」 ，不包含是否成功的意思而try doing sth.表示
「（用某一辦法）試著去做某事」。如:
You』d better try doing the experiment in another way.
你最好試試用另一種方法做這個試驗。
11. My healthy lifestyle helps me get good grades.
help sb.(to) do sth.幫助某人做某事
12. Good food and exercise help me to study better.
這里better是well的比較級，而不是good的比較級
13. Is her lifestyle the same as yours or different?
＝Is her lifestyle the same as your lifestyle or is her lifestyle different from yours? be the same as … / be different from …
5. 初二英語必須要掌握的語法知識和課外詞語
初二英語語法 幾種常見時態的相互轉換
英語中的幾種時態在一定情況下可以互相轉換，以下是幾種常見的轉換形式：
一、一般過去時與現在完成時的轉換
在現在完成時中，延續性動詞能與表示一段時間的狀語連用，瞬間動詞卻不能。但是，可以用別的表達方式：①瞬間動詞用於"一段時間 + ago"的一般過去時的句型中；②瞬間動詞可改成與之相對應的延續性動詞及短語，與一段時間連用；③瞬間動詞用於"It is + 一段時間 + since + 一般過去時"的句型中，表示"自從……以來有……時間"的意思，主句一般用it is來代替It has been;④瞬間動詞用於"Some time has passed since + 一般過去時"的句型中。請看：
A. He joined the League two years ago.
B.He has been in the League for two years.
C. It is two years since he joined the League.
D. Two years has passed since he joined the League.
二、一般現在時與現在進行時的轉換
在一般現在時中，at加上名詞表示"處於某種狀態"，如at work（在工作）, at school（上學、上課）等。此短語可與進行時態轉換。請看：
Peter is at work, but Mike is at play.
Peter is working, but Mike is playing.
三、現在進行時與一般將來時的轉換
在現在進行時態中go, come, leave, start, arrive等動詞常與表示將來的時間狀語連用表示將要發生的動作。如：I am coming, Mum! 意為"我就來，媽媽！"請看：
The train is leaving soon.
The train will leave soon.
四、"be going to+動詞原形"與"will(shall)+動詞原形"結構的轉換
"be going to+動詞原形"表示打算、計劃要做的事；將來時"will(shall)+動詞原形"結構在書面語中，當主語為第一人稱時，常用助動詞shall。在口語中，所有人稱都可以用will。請看：
We are going to visit the Great Wall next Sunday.
We shall visit the Great Wall next Sunday.
6. 八年級英語需要掌握的語法有那些
一、詞法
1、名詞
A）、名詞的數
我們知道名詞可以分為可數名詞和不可數名詞，而不可數名詞它沒有復數形式，但可數名詞卻有單數和復數之分，復數的構成如下：
一）在後面加s。如：fathers, books, Americans, Germans, apples, bananas
二）x, sh, ch, s, tch後加es。如：boxes, glasses, dresses, watches, wishes, faxes
三）1）以輔音字母加y結尾的變y為i再加es 如：baby-babies, family-families, ty-ties, comedy-comedies, documentary-documentaries, story-stories
2）以母音字母加y結尾的直接加s。如：day-days, boy-boys, toy-toys, key-keys, ways
四）以o結尾加s（外來詞）。如：radios, photos, 但如是輔音加o的加es：如: tomatoes西紅柿, potatoes馬鈴薯
五）以f或fe結尾的變f為v再加es(s)。如：knife-knives, wife-wives, half-halves, shelf-shelves, leaf-leaves, yourself-yourselves
六）單復數相同（不變的）有：fish, sheep, deer鹿子, Chinese, Japanese
七）一般只有復數，沒有單數的有：people,pants, shorts, shoes, glasses, gloves, clothes, socks
八）單詞形式不變，既可以是單數也可以是復數的有：police警察局，警察, class班，同學, family家，家庭成員
九）合成的復數一般只加主要名詞，多數為後一個單詞。如：action movie-action movies, pen pal-pen pals; 但如果是由man或woman所組成的合成詞的復數則同時為復數。如：man doctor-men doctors, woman teacher-women teachers
十）有的單復數意思不同。如：fish魚 fishes魚的種類, paper紙 papers報紙，卷子，論文, work工作 works作品，工廠, glass玻璃 glasses玻璃杯，眼鏡, orange桔子水 oranges橙子, light光線 lights燈, people人 peoples民族, time時間 times時代, 次數, chicken 雞肉 chickens 小雞
十一） 單個字母的復數可以有兩種形式直接加s或』s。如：Is (I』s), Ks (K』s)。但如是縮略詞則只加s。如：IDs, VCDs, SARs
十二） 特殊形式的有：child-children, man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, mouse-mice, policeman-policemen, Englishman-Englishmen
B）名詞的格
當我們要表示某人的什麼東西或人時，我們就要使用所有格形式。構成如下：
一）單數在後面加』s。如：brother』s, Mike』s, teacher』s
二）復數以s結尾的直接在s後加』，如果不是以s結尾的與單數一樣處理。如：Teachers』 Day教師節, classmates』; Children』s Day六一節, Women』s Day三八節
三）由and並列的名詞所有時，如果是共同所有同一人或物時，只加最後一個』s，但分別擁有時卻分別按單數形式處理。如：Mike and Ben』s room邁克和本的房間（共住一間），Mike』s and Ben』s rooms邁克和本的房間（各自的房間）
2、代詞
項目 人稱代詞 物主代詞 指示代詞 反身代詞
人稱 主格 賓格 形容詞 名詞性
第一人稱 單數 I me my mine myself
復數 we us our ours ourselves
第二人稱 單數 you you your yours yourself
復數 you you your yours yourselves
第三人稱 單數 she her her hers herself
he him his his himself
it it its its this that itself
復數 they them their theirs these those themselves
3、動詞
A） 第三人稱單數
當動詞是第三人稱單數時，動詞應該像名詞的單數變動詞那樣加s，如下：
一）一般在詞後加s。如：comes, spells, waits, talks, sees, dances, trains
二）在x, sh, ch, s, tch後加es。如：watches, washes, wishes, finishes
三）1）以輔音字母加y結尾的變y為i再加es。如：study-studies, hurry-hurries, try-tries
2）以母音字母加y結尾的直接加s。如：plays, says, stays, enjoys, buys
四）以o結尾加es。如：does, goes
五）特殊的有：are-is, have-has
B） 現在分詞
當我們說某人正在做什麼事時，動詞要使用分詞形式，不能用原形，構成如下：
一）一般在後加ing。如：spell-spelling, sing-singing, see-seeing, train-training, play-playing, hurry-hurrying, watch-watching, go-going, do-doing
二）以不發音e的結尾的去掉e再加ing。如：dance-dancing, wake-waking, take-taking, practice-practicing, write-writing, have-having
三）以重讀閉音節結尾且一個母音字母＋一個輔音字母（注意除開字母組合如show –showing, draw-drawing）要雙寫最後的輔音字母再加ing。如：put-putting, run-running, get-getting, let-letting, begin-beginning
四）以ie結尾的變ie為y再加ing。如：tie-tying系 die-dying死 lie-lying 位於
4、形容詞的級
我們在對兩個或以上的人或物進行對比時，則要使用比較或最高級形式。構成如下：
一） 一般在詞後加er或est(如果是以e結尾則直接加r或st)。如：greater-greatest, shorter –shortest, taller –tallest, longer –longest, nicer- nicest, larger -largest
二）以重讀閉音節結尾且1個母音字母＋1個輔音字母(字母組合除外，如few-fewer fewest)結尾的雙寫結尾的輔音再加er /est。如：big-bigger biggest, red-redder reddest, hot-hotter hottest
三） 以輔音字母＋y結尾的變y為i加er/est。如：happy-happier happiest, sorry-sorrier sorriest, friendly-friendlier friendliest(more friendly most friendly), busy-busier busiest, easy-easier easiest
四）特殊情況：(兩好多壞，一少老遠)
good/well - better best many/much - more most bad/ill – worse worst
little- less least old- older/elder oldest/eldest far- farther/further farthest/furthest
5、數詞 (基變序，有規則；一、二、三，自己背；五、八、九、十二；其它後接th；y結尾，變為i, eth跟上去。) first, second, third; fifth, eighth, ninth, twelfth; seventh, tenth, thirteenth, hundredth; twenty-twentieth, forty-fortieth, ninety-ninetieth
二、句式
1.陳述句
肯定陳述句 a) This is a book. (be動詞)
b) He looks very young. (連系動詞)
c) I want a sweat like this. (實義動詞)
d) I can bring some things to school. (情態動詞)
e) There』s a computer on my desk. (There be結構)
否定陳述句 a) These aren』t their books. b) They don』t look nice.
c) Kate doesn』t go to No. 4 Middle School. d) Kate can』t find her doll.
e) There isn』t a cat here. (=There』s no cat here.)
2. 祈使句
肯定祈使句 a) Please go and ask the man. b) Let』s learn English!
c) Come in, please.
否定祈使句a) Don』t be late. b) Don』t hurry.
3. 疑問句
1) 一般疑問句 a) Is Jim a student? b) Can I help you? c) Does she like salad?
d) Do they watch TV? e) Is she reading?
肯定回答: a) Yes, he is. b) Yes, you can. c) Yes, she does. d) Yes, they do. e) Yes, she is.
否定回答: a) No, he isn』t. b) No, you can』t. c) No, she doesn』t. d) No, they don』t. e) No, she isn』t.
2) 選擇疑問句 Is the table big or small? 回答 It』s big./ It』s small.
3) 特殊疑問句
① 問年齡 How old is Lucy? She is twelve.
② 問種類 What kind of movies do you like? I like action movies and comedies.
③ 問身體狀況 How is your uncle? He is well/fine.
④ 問方式 How do/can you spell it? L-double O-K.
How do we contact you? My e-mail address is ***.
⑤ 問原因 Why do you want to join the club?
⑥ 問時間 What』s the time? (=What time is it?) It』s a quarter to ten a.m..
What time do you usually get up, Rick? At five o』clock.
When do you want to go? Let』s go at 7:00.
⑦ 問地方 Where』s my backpack? It』s under the table.
⑧ 問顏色 What color are they? They are light blue.
What』s your favourite color? It』s black.
⑨ 問人物 Who』s that? It』s my sister.
Who is the boy in blue? My brother.
Who isn』t at school? Peter and Emma.
Who are Lisa and Tim talking to?
⑩ 問東西 What』s this/that (in English)? It』s a pencil case.
What else can you see in the picture? I can see some broccoli, strawberries and hamburgers.
11問姓名 What』s your aunt』s name? Her name is Helen./She』s Helen.
What』s your first name? My first name』s Ben.
What』s your family name? My family name』s Smith.
12 問哪一個 Which do you like? I like one in the box.
13 問字母 What letter is it? It』s big D/small f.
14 問價格 How much are these pants? They』re 15 dollars.
15 問電話號碼 What』s your phone number? It』s 576-8349.
16 問謂語(動作) What』s he doing? He』s watching TV.
17 問職業(身份) What do you do? I』m a teacher.
What』s your father? He』s a doctor.
三、時態
1、一般現在時 表示普遍、經常性的或長期性的動作時使用一般現在時，它有：
Be 動詞：She』s a worker. Is she a worker? She isn』t a worker.
情態動詞：I can play the piano. Can you play the piano? I can』t play the piano.
行為動詞：They want to eat some tomatoes. Do they want to eat any tomatoes? They don』t want to eat any tomatoes.
Gina has a nice watch. Does Gina have a nice watch? Gina doesn』t have a watch.
2、現在進行時 表示動詞在此時正在發生或進行就使用進行時態，結構為sb be v-ing sth + 其它.
I』m playing baseball. Are you playing baseball? I』m not playing baseball.
Nancy is writing a letter. Is Nancy writing a letter? Nancy isn』t writing a letter.
They』re listening to the pop music. Are they listening the pop music? They aren』t listening to the pop music.
7. 初二英語上半學期要掌握的語法有哪些
一、形容詞副詞比較級①構成1．一般單音節詞和少數以-er，-ow結尾的雙音節詞，比較級在後面加-er，最高級在後面加-est；
（1）單音節詞
如：small→smaller→smallest short→shorter→shortest
tall→taller→tallest great→greater→greatest
（2）雙音節詞
如：clever→cleverer→cleverest narrow→narrower→narrowest
2．以不發音e結尾的單音節詞，比較在原級後加-r，最高級在原級後加-st；
如：large→larger→largest nice→nicer→nicest able→abler→ablest
3．在重讀閉音節（即：輔音＋母音＋輔音）中，先雙寫末尾的輔音字母，比較級加-er，最高級加-est；
如：big→bigger→biggest hot→hotter→hottest fat→fatter→fattest
4．以「輔音字母＋y」結尾的雙音節詞， 把y改為i，比較級加-er，最高級加-est；
如：easy→easier→easiest heavy→heavier→heaviest
busy→busier→busiest happy→happier→happiest
5．其他雙音節詞和多音節詞，比較級在前面加more，最高級在前面加most；
如：beautiful→more beautiful→most beautiful
different→more different→most different
easily→more easily→most easily
注意：（1）形容詞最高級前通常必須用定冠詞 the，副詞最高級前可不用。
例句： The Sahara is the biggest desert in the world.
（2） 形容詞most前面沒有the，不表示最高級的含義，只表示"非常"。
It is a most important problem.
=It is a very important problem.
6．有少數形容詞、副詞的比較級和最高級是不規則的，必須熟記。
如：good→better→best well→better→best
bad→worse→worst ill→worse→worst
old→older/elder→oldest/eldest
many/much→more→most little→less→least
far →further/farther→ furthest/farthest②用法1．「A + be +形容詞比較級 + than + B」 意思為「A比B更……」。
如：This tree is taller than that one. 這棵樹比那棵樹高。
注意：
① 在含有連詞than的比較級中，前後的比較對象必須是同一范疇，即同類事物之間的比較。
②在比較級前面使用much，表示程度程度「強得多」。
如：A watermelon is much bigger than an apple.
③ very, quite一般只能修飾原級，不能修飾比較級。
2．「比較級 + and + 比較級」或「more and more +原級」表示「越來越……」
如：It becomes warmer and warmer when spring comes.
春天來了，天氣變得越來越暖和了。
It is getting cooler and cooler.
天氣越來越涼爽。
The wind became more and more heavily.
風變得越來越大。
Our school is becoming more and more beautiful.
我們的學校變得越來越美麗。
3．在含有or的選擇疑問句中，如果有兩者供選擇，前面的形容詞要用比較級形式。
如：Who is taller,Tim or Tom? 誰更高，Tim還是Tom?
4. 「the +比較級……, the+比較級」，表示「越……越……」。
The more money you make, the more you spend.
錢你賺得越多，花得越多。
The sooner，the better.
越快越好。
5. 表示倍數的比較級用法：
①. A is …times the size /height/length/width of B.
如：The new building is three times the height of the old one.
這座新樓比那座舊樓高三倍。(新樓是舊樓的四倍高)
②. A is …times as big /high/long/wide/large as B.
如：Asia is four times as large as Europe.
亞洲是歐洲的四倍大。(亞洲比歐洲大三倍)
③. A is …times larger /higher/longer/wider than B.
如：Our school is twice bigger than yours.
我們學校比你們學校大兩倍。
6.形容詞、副詞的最高級形式主要用來表示三者或三者以上人或事物的比較，表示「最……」的意思。
句子中有表示範圍的詞或短語。如：of the three, in our class等等。
如：He is the tallest in our class.
他在我們班裡是最高的。
7."否定詞語+比較級"，"否定詞語+ so… as"結構表示最高級含義。
Nothing is so easy as this.
=Nothing is easier than this.
=This is the easiest thing.
8. 比較級與最高級的轉換：
Mike is the most intelligent in his class.
Mike is more intelligent than any other student in his class
7.修飾比較級和最高級的詞
1）可修飾比較級的詞
①.a bit, a little, rather, much, far, by far, many, a lot, lots, a great deal, any, still, even等。
②. 還可以用表示倍數的詞或度量名詞作修飾語。
③. 以上詞(除by far)外，必須置於比較級形容詞或副詞的前面。
注意： 使用最高級要注意將主語包括在比較范圍內。
(錯) Tom is the tallest of his three brothers.
(對) Tom is the tallest of the three brothers.
2)下列詞可修飾最高級：by far, far, much, mostly, almost。
This hat is nearly / almost the biggest.
注意：
a. very可修飾最高級，但位置與much不同。
This is the very best.
This is much the best.
b. 序數詞通常只修飾最高級。
Africa is the second largest continent.
8.要避免重復使用比較級。
(錯) He is more cleverer than his brother.
(對) He is more clever than his brother.
(對) He is cleverer than his brother.
9.要避免將主語含在比較對象中。
(錯) China is larger that any country in Asia.
(對) China is larger than any other country in Asia.
10.要注意對應句型，遵循前後一致的原則。
The population of Shanghai is larger than that of Beijing.
It is easier to make a plan than to carry it out.
11.要注意冠詞的使用，後有名詞的時候，前面才有可能有名詞。
比較：Which is larger, Canada or Australia?
Which is the larger country, Canada or Australia?
She is taller than her two sisters.
She is the taller of the two sisters.二、連詞but and or 表示並列用and 表示轉折用but 表示選擇用or三、條件狀語從句經典語句：If it dosen't rain tomorrow,we will go to the zoo.
If you open the door，i will come in.
條件狀語從句就是用以表示「在某種條件下,會……」
常用if ,in case , on condition等詞來引導
連接詞主要有 if, unless, as/so long as, on condition that,provided,suppose,supposing 等。.
主句用一般將來時，if或unless引導的條件狀語從句用一般現在時。
固定搭配：unless = if...not.
e.g. Let's go out for a walk unless you are too tired.
If you are not too tired, let's go out for a walk.
if 引導的條件句有真實條件句和非真實條件句兩種:
真實條件句，
如：If it rains tomorrow, we won』t go on a picnic.
非真實條件句是虛擬語氣的一種，表示與事實相反，如：
If I were you, I would go with him.
so/as long as只要
由as (so) long as, in case引導。
So long as you』re happy, it doesn』t matter what you do.
只要你高興，你做什麼都沒有關系。
You may borrow my book as long as you keep it clean.
只要你保持書的清潔，你就可以把我的書借去。
Take your umbrella in case it rains.
帶著你的傘吧，以防下雨。
四、原因狀語從句（because和because of的用法） because+句子 because of+名詞短語/名詞五、五種基本句式 1、主語+謂語（S+V） 2、主語+謂語+直接賓語（S+V+DO） 3、主語+連系動詞+表語（S+V+P） 4、主語+謂語+間接賓語+直接賓語（S+V+IO+DO） 5、主語+謂語+直接賓語+賓語補足語（S+V+DO+OC）六、副詞的構成 1、大多數形容詞直接+ly 2、以le結尾的形容詞-e+y 3、以不發音的e結尾的形容詞-y+ily七、過去進行時 ①用法：1.表示過去某一時間內（正在）進行的動作
如：I was doing my homework at 9 p.m. last Sunday.
2.表示一動作正在進行時，另一動作同時正在進行.
(1)用while連接（while只接doing）（註：如果主句和從句都是一般過去時，可以用while連接兩個句子）
例:My mother was cooking while I was doing my homework.(可以持續動作時態一致)
(2）when表示（when可以接doing或did，when後動作時間長，用doing，時間短，用did）
例:I was doing my homework when my mother came in.(間接表達了具體時間)
3.重復的動作
When he worked here, John was always making mistakes.
4.表示過去將要發生的動作
She told us Mr.Lee was arriving here.
5.用於故事，以提供其時間背景
6.表示禮貌
7有時可強調過去某一動作延續時間較長 [編輯本段]常用的時間狀語 this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten last evening, when, while
My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself.
It was raining when they left the station.
When I got to the top of the mountain, the sun was shining. [編輯本段]典型例題 (1) Mary _C_ a dress when she cut her finger.
A. made B. is making C. was making D. makes
答案C. 割傷手指是已發生的事情，應用過去時。同 時，when表時間的同時性，"瑪麗在做衣服時"提供事情發生的背景，因此用過去進行時。
(2) As she _b__ the newspaper, Granny ___ asleep.
A.read； was falling B. was reading； fell C. was reading； was falling D. read；fell
答案C. 句中的as = when, while，意為"當……之時"。描述一件事發生的背景時，用過去進行；一個長動作發生的時候，另一個短動作發生。句意為 "在她看報紙時，奶奶睡著了。"句中的 fell (fall的過去時)，是系動詞，後跟形容詞，如：fall sick。 過去進行時的基本用法:表示過去某個時刻或時間正在進行過持續進行的動作,句中往往需要有時間狀語來表示這一特定的時間. What were they doing just now? 他們剛才在干什麼?②句型肯定句=主語(I/he/she/they/we)+was/were+doing+其它
否定句=主語(I/he/she/they/we)+was/were+not+doing+其它
一般疑問句及答語=Was/Were+主語(I/he/she/they/we)+doing+其它 答語：Yes,I was./No,I wasn't.
特殊疑問句=特殊疑問詞+was/were+主語(I/he/she/they/we)+doing+其它
過去進行時vs一般過去時
都強調過去發生的事
進行時強調過程，不一定完成
過去時強調事件，一定完成
p,s表示一個動作正在進行時，另一個動作發生了
如：He played when I was studying.
不用於進行時的動詞
感官動詞：hear,see,notice,feel,taste……
表示態度感情的動詞：like,love,hate……
表心理狀態：feel,want,prefer……
表佔有：own,have,……
表存在狀態和持續：look,owe,be……
when 和while的用法區別
兩者的區別如下：
①when是at or ring the time that, 既指時間點，也可指一段時間；
while是ring the time that，只指一段時間，因此when引導的時間狀語從句中的動詞可以是終止性動詞，也可以是延續性動詞，而while從句中的動詞必須是延續性動詞。
②when 說明從句的動作和主句的動作可以是同時，也可以是先後發生；while 則強調主句的動作在從句動作的發生的過程中或主從句兩個動作同時發生。
③由when引導的時間狀語從句，主句用過去進行時，從句應用一般過去時；如果從句和主句的動作同時發生，兩句都用過去進行時的時候，多用while引導，如：
a. When the teacher came in, we were talking.
當此句改變主從句的位置時，則為：
While we were talking, the teacher came in.
b They were singing while we were dancing.
8. 初二英語必掌握、很重要的語法（要全部）
反義疑問句
各種從句（主要是賓語從句的幾個分類）
現在完成時
直接引語
間接引語
各種單詞的用法（＋to、＋ing、＋原型什麼的）
9. 初二英語需要掌握的語法有哪些
1，基礎英語應該掌握A，名詞單復數，B簡單動詞的時態變化如現在時，過去時，將來時，C簡單的主謂一致，就是IS在HE後是IS，在THEY後邊成ARE，
別的沒什麼了，