1. 人教版英語選修8第一單元課文原文
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CALIFORNIA
California is the third largest state in the USA but has the largest population. It also has the distinction of being the most multicultural state in the USA, having attracted people from all over the world. The customs and languages of the immigrants live on in their new home. This diversity of culture is not surprising when you know the history of California.
NATIVE AMERCANS
Exactly when the first people arrived in what we now know as California, no one really knows. However, it is likely that Native Americans were living in California at least fifteen thousand years ago. Scientists believe that these settlers crossed the Bering Strait in the Arctic to America by means of a land bridge which existed in prehistoric times. In the 16th century, after the arrival of the Europeans, the native people suffered greatly. Thousands were killed or forced into slavery. In addition, many died from the diseases brought by the Europeans. However, some survived these terrible times, and today there are more Native Americans living in California than in any other state.
THE SPANISH
In the 18th century California was ruled by Spain. Spanish soldiers first arrived in South America in the early 16th century, when they fought against the native people and took their land. Two centuries later, the Spanish had settled in most parts of South America and along the northwest coast of what we now call the United States. Of the first Spanish to go to California, the majority were religious men, whose ministry was to teach the Catholic religion to the natives. In 1821, the people of Mexico gained their independence from Spain. California then became part of Mexico. In 1846 the United States declared war on Mexico, and after the war won by the USA, Mexico had to give California to the USA. However, there is still a strong Spanish influence in the state. That is why today over 40% of Californians speak Spanish as a first or second language.
RUSSIANS
In the early 1800s, Russian hunters, who had originally gone to Alaska, began settling in California. Today there are about 25,000 Russian-Americans living in and around San Francisco.
GOLD MINERS
In 1848, not long after the American-Mexican war, gold was discovered in California. The dream of becoming rich quickly attracted people from all over the world. The nearest, and therefore the first to arrive, were South Americans and people from the United States. Then adventurers from Europe and Asia soon followed. In fact, few achieved their dream of becoming rich. Some died or returned home, but most remained in California to make a life for themselves despite great hardship. They settled in the new towns or on farms. By the time California elected to become the thirty-first federal state of the USA in 1850, it was already a multicultural society.
LATER A RRIVALS
Although Chinese immigrants began to arrive ring the Gold Rush Period, it was the building of
the rail network from the west to the east coast that brought even larger numbers to California in the 1860s. Today, Chinese-Americans live in all parts of California, although a large percentage have chosen to stay in the "Chinatowns" of Los Angeles and San Francisco.
Other immigrants such as Italians, mainly fishermen but also wine makers, arrived in California in the late 19th century. In 1911 immigrants from Denmark established a town of their own, which today still keeps up their Danish culture. By the 1920s the film instry was well established in Hollywood, California. The instry boom attracted Europeans including many Jewish people. Today California has the second largest Jewish population in the United States.
Japanese farmers began arriving in California at the beginning of the 20th century, and since the 1980s a lot more have settled there. People from Africa have been living in California since the 1800s, when they moved north from Mexico. However, even more arrived between 1942 and 1945 to work in the ship and aircraft instries.
MOST RECENT ARRIVALS
In more recent decades, California has become home to more people from Asia, including Koreans, Cambodians, Vietnamese and Laotians. Since its beginning in the 1970s, the computer instry has attracted Indians and Pakistanis to California.
THE FUTURE
People from different parts of the world, attracted by the climate and the lifestyle, still immigrate to California. It is believed that before long the mix of nationalities will be so great that there will be no distinct major racial or cultural groups, but simply a mixture of many races and cultures.
美國加州
加州是美國第三大州，但人口最多。它也有被在美國最多元文化的國家的區別，有吸引了來自世界各地的人們。海關和移民的語言活在他們的新家園。這種文化的多樣性是不奇怪當你知道美國加州的歷史。
母語吳磊，阿拉伯
究竟當第一人抵達我們現在的加州所知，沒有人真正知道。但是，很可能是在加利福尼亞州印第安人生活在至少1.5萬年以前。科學家認為，這些定居者在越過白令海峽的北極通過大陸橋的存在意味著在史前時期到美國。在16世紀之後，歐洲人的到來，當地人民深受其害。數以千計的人死亡或奴役。此外，許多人死於由歐洲人帶來的疾病。然而，一些倖存下來這些可怕的時代，今天有更多的印第安人居住在加州的比任何其他國家。
西班牙
在18世紀由西班牙統治加州。西班牙士兵首次抵達南美洲在16世紀初，當他們又打了當地人民對他們的土地了。兩個世紀後，西班牙已經定居在南美洲的大部分地區和沿我們現在呼籲美國西北海岸。第一屆西班牙語到加州，大部分是宗教的男子，其部是教天主教的本地人。 1821年，墨西哥人民從西班牙獲得獨立。加州則成為墨西哥的一部分。在1846年，美國宣布對墨西哥的戰爭，戰爭結束後由美國獲勝，墨西哥不得不放棄到美國加利福尼亞州。但是，仍然有一個強大的國家西班牙的影響力。這就是為什麼今天超過40％的加州發言作為第一或第二語言的西班牙語。
俄羅斯
在19世紀初，俄羅斯獵人，誰原本去阿拉斯加，開始在加利福尼亞州定居。今天，大約有2.5萬俄羅斯和美國在舊金山附近居住。
淘金者
1848年，不久之後，美國與墨西哥戰爭，是在加利福尼亞州發現金礦。發展成為從世界各地吸引了人們快速致富的夢想。最近的，因此，第一個到達，是南美和美國人民。來自歐洲和亞洲然後冒險家緊隨其後。事實上，很少有達到了他們的致富夢想。有些死亡或回家，但多數仍留在加州，盡管困難很大，使自己的生活。他們定居在新市鎮或農場。由加州當選成為1850年的第三十一次的美國聯邦州時，已經是一個多元文化的社會。
後來，一位RRIVALS
雖然中國移民開始在到達淘金時期，這是建設
從西到東的鐵路網路沿岸，在19世紀60年代帶來更大的編號，以加利福尼亞州。今天，中國的美國人居住在加州各地，雖然很大一部分選擇了留在「唐人街」，洛杉磯和舊金山。
其他如義大利移民，主要是漁民，但也葡萄酒生產商，在加利福尼亞州來到了19世紀後期。 1911年從丹麥建立了一個移民城市自己，今天仍然保持了他們的丹麥文化。到1920年的電影業和好萊塢，加州成立。該行業的繁榮吸引了包括許多猶太人的歐洲人。今天，加利福尼亞州的美國第二大猶太居民。
日本農民開始在加利福尼亞州到達20世紀初，80年代以來，很多有在那裡定居。來自非洲人民一直生活在加利福尼亞州自19世紀初，當他們從墨西哥北部。然而，更抵達1945年至1942年之間工作的船舶和飛機產業。
近來港的移民
在最近數十年來，加州有更多的人成為家來自亞洲，包括韓國，柬埔寨，越南和寮國。自20世紀70年代初，計算機行業吸引印度人和巴基斯坦人加州。
的未來
來自世界各地的人，受氣候和生活方式所吸引，但移民到美國加州。可以相信，不久的民族組合將是如此之大，不會有明顯的主要種族或文化團體，而是一個多種族和文化的交融。
2. 人教版英語選修8課後題答案
高中英語選修8課後翻譯題答案（U1）
1. We went down to the wharf to buy tickets for a scenic ride on a ferry across the Mississippi River.
2. During that war, a great many immigrants were forced to leave their homes and travel to other places to make a new life for themselves.
3. The majority of us had only one small piece of luggage with us when we boarded the aircraft.
4. The sign on the shop next to the bakery indicated that there were bicycles for hire, but when we knocked on the door, no one answered.
5. Apparently there is a tram that takes you from the airport to the central bus station.
3. 人教版英語選修8unit1單詞表~
1. △
2. △Californian
3. △illustrate vt.
4. distinct adj.
5. distinction n.
6. △immigrant n.
7. live on
8. strait n.
9. △Bering
10. Arctic adj.
11. the Arctic
12. means n.
13. by means of…
14. △prehistoric adj.
15. majority n.
16. ministry n.
17. Catholic adj. n.
18. △Alaska n.
19. △San Francisco n.
20. △adventurer n.
21. make a life
22. △despite prep.
23. hardship n.
24. elect vt.
25. federal adj.
26. rail n.
27. percentage n.
28. △Los Angeles n.
29. Italy n.
30. Italian n.. adj.
31. Denmark n.
32. keep up
33. △Hollywood n.
34. boom n.. vi.
35. aircraft n.
36. △Cambodian n.
37. Korea n.
38. Korean n. adj.
39. Pakistan n.
40. Pakistani adj. n.
41. △immigrate vi.
42. immigration n.
43. racial adj.
44. crossing n.
45. vice n. & adj.
46. nephew n.
47. pole n.
48. applicant n.
49. customs n.
50. socialist n. adj.
51. socialism n.
52. occur vi.
53. cattle n.
54. △Hispanic n.
55. indicate vt.
56. back to back
57. luggage n. （<美>baggage）
58. shave vt. & vi. (shaved; shaved, shaven)
59. △cable n.
60. △cable car
61. △Andrew Hallidie
62. tram n.
63. apparent adj.
64. apparently adv.
65. brake n. Vi. & vt.
66. conctor n.
67. slip vi. n.
68. △wharf n.
69. bakery n.
70. ferry n. vt.
71. △Angel Island
72. team up with
73. hire vt. & n.
74. △fascinating adj.
75. mark out
76. seagull n.
77. take in
78. angle n.
79. a great/good many
80. apply for
81. nowhere adv.
82. △miserable adj.
83. punishment n.
84. justice n.
85. mourn vt. & vi.
86. civil adj.
87. authority n.
88. reform vt. & vi. n.
89. grasp vt. & n.
90. △thoughtful adj.
91. thankful adj.
92. insert vt.
1. 加利福尼亞（州）
2. 加利福尼亞（州）人
3. vt. 說明；闡明
4. adj. 清晰的；明顯的；明確的
5. n. 差別；區分；卓著
6. n. （從外國移入的）移民
7. 繼續存在；繼續生存
8. n. 海峽
9. 白令海峽
10. adj. 北極的；北極區的
11. 北極
12. n. 手段；方法
13. 用……辦法；藉助……
14. adj. 史前的
15. n. 大多數；大半
16. n.（政府的）部；（全體）牧師；牧師的職責
17. adj. 天主教的 n.天主教徒
18. n. 阿拉斯加（州）
19. n. 聖弗朗西斯科（也稱舊金山）
20. n. 冒險家
21. 習慣於新的生活方式、工作等
22. prep. 盡管；不管
23. n. 苦難；困苦
24. vt. 選擇；決定做某事；選舉某人
25. adj. 聯邦制的；聯邦政府的
26. n. 鐵路；扶手；（護欄的）橫條
27. n. 百分比；百分率
28. n. 洛杉磯
29. n. 義大利
30. n. 義大利人；義大利語adj.義大利人的；義大利語的
31. n. 丹麥（北歐國家）
32. 堅持；維持；沿襲（風俗、傳統等）
33. n. 好萊塢；美國電影業
34. n. （人口、貿易的）繁榮 vi. 處於經濟迅速發展時期
35. n. 飛行器；航空器；飛機
36. n. 柬埔寨人；柬埔寨語
37. n. 韓國；朝鮮
38. n. 韓國/朝鮮人；朝鮮/韓語 adj.韓國（人/語）的； 朝鮮（人/語）的
39. n. 巴基斯坦
40. adj. 巴基斯坦（人）的 n.巴基斯坦人
41. vi. 移入（外國定居）
42. n. 移民；移居入境
43. adj. 人種的；種族的
44. n. 橫渡；橫越；十字路口；人行橫道
45. n. & adj. 代理；副職
46. n. 侄子；外甥
47. n. 地極；電極；磁極
48. n. 申請人
49. n. 海關；關稅；進口稅
50. n. 社會主義者；社會黨人 adj.社會主義者的
51. n. 社會主義
52. vi. 發生；出現
53. n. 牛（總稱）
54. n. （美）講西班牙語的美國人
55. vt. 指出；指示；表明；暗示
56. 背靠背
57. n. 行李（<美>baggage）
58. vt. & vi. (shaved; shaved, shaven)刮；剃
59. n. 纜繩；繩索；電纜
60. 纜車；（美）有軌纜車
61. 安德魯·海利迪
62. n. （有軌）電車
63. adj. 顯而易見的；顯然的； 表面上的
64. adv. 顯然地；顯而易見地
65. n. 閘；剎車；制動器 Vi. & vt. 剎（車）；用制動器減速
66. n. (公車)售票員；列車員;（樂隊）指揮
67. vi. 滑動；滑行；滑跤 n.滑動；滑倒
68. n. 碼頭
69. n. 麵包房；麵包廠
70. n. 渡船；渡口 vt.擺渡；渡運
71. 天使島
72. 與……合作或一起工作
73. vt. & n. 租用；僱用
74. adj. 迷人的；吸引人的
75. 劃線；標出……界線
76. n. 海鷗
77. 包括；吸收
78. n. 角；角度
79. 許多；很多
80. 申請；請示得到
81. adv. 無處；到處都無
82. adj. 痛苦的；悲慘的
83. n. 處罰；懲罰
84. n. 公正；公平
85. vt. & vi. 哀悼；悼念；表示悲痛
86. adj. 公民的；國內的；民間的
87. n. 權威；權力 (pl)當局；官方
88. vt. & vi. 改革；革新 n.改革；改造；改良
89. vt. & n. 抓住；抓緊；掌握；領會
90. adj. 關切的；體貼的；深思的
91. adj. 感激的；感謝的
92. vt. 插入；嵌入
4. 人教版英語選修8課後題答案
Unit 1
Learning about language
[1] 1.majority 2.hardship 3.racial 4.distinction
5.italia 6.korean 7.pakistani 8.denish
[2] 1.federal 2.catholic 3. majority 4.minitry
5.boom 6.italy 7. distinction 8. hardships
9.korea 10.elected
[3] 1.arctic 2.strait 3.crossing 4.by mean of 5.rail.
6.making a life 7.aircraft
Using words and expressions
[1] 1.a great many 2.applying for 3.nephew 4.ferry
5.immigration 6.apparentiy 7.bakery 8.occur 9.thankful
10.fascinating
[2] 1.take in 2.reform 3.had marked out 4.team up with
5.back to back 6.applicants 7.customs
[3] 1. 當他到達旅館的時候，第一件想做的事就是把行李放下，洗個澡，再刮一下鬍子，然後出去走走。（luggage，shave）
When he arrived at the hotel, the first thing he wanted to do was to leave his luggage/baggage, have a shower and a shave, and then walk around.
2. 我祖父是個社會主義者，終生信奉社會主義。（socialist，socialism）
My grandpa was a socialist who believe in socialism all his life.
3. 許多非法移民覺得他們呆在美國是種懲罰，因為只有少數人得到了公正的待遇，被允許住在美國。（illegal immigrants，punishment，justice）
Many illegal immigrants felt that their stay in America was like a punishment because on a few of them got justice and were allowed to live there.
4. 民政部門試圖想辦法讓海鷗減少噪音，但沒有成功。（civil authorities，seagull）The civil authorities tried to rece the noise made by seagulls but failed.
5. 許多英國農民為那些瘋牛而被殺死的牛感到悲痛（cattle，mourn）
Many English farmers mourned their cattle which had to be killed because of 「mad cow disease」.
6. 雖然我家離市中心很遠，但沒有空氣污染和交通堵塞的問題（nowhere near） My house is nowhere near the center of the city, but it has no air pollution or traffic jams./ Although my house is nowhere near the center of the city, it has no air pollution or traffic jams.
Using structures
[1] 1.how 2.what 3.whether 4.what 5.what
6.that 7.why 8.why 9.when 10.as if 11.where
12.how 13.why 14.that 15.whether
Unit 2
Learning about language
[1] 1.differ 2.cast 3.accumulate 4.exact 5.aitogether
6.bjections 7.undertake
[2] 1.straightforward 2. 3.commercial 4.made an objection to
5.obtain 6.will forbid
[3] 1.attain 2.complica 3.fate 4.carrier 5.cast 6.reform
7.accumulate
Using words and expressions
[1] 1.procere 2.assumption 3.be bound to 4.resist 5.from time to time
6.restoring 7.shortly 8.claws 9.brought back
[2] 1.in time 2.in danger 3.in vain 4.in back pen 5.in favour of
6.in the meantime
[3] 1. I adore homemade rectangular loaves made with brown flour and nuts.
2. He is very conservative, and is even in favor of a constitution that gives few rights to immigrant voters.
3. When the leader of the chorus retired from the opera, they held a dinner party for him.
4. The media plays an important role in influencing public opinion.
5. Don』t bother about taking down those decorations yet. The Christmas celebrations aren』t over yet.
6. The regulations for cloning animals are very strict. He was unable to continue his experiments.
7. Don』t bother yourself about cloning my pet cat. I won』t expect to bring it back to life.
8. The people in flooded areas owed a great deal to the PLA soldiers for their rescue work.
Using structures
[1] 1. C 2.E 3.F 4.B 5.A 6.D
[2] 1.that you should buy a new car . 2.that they wanted the most expensive one
3.that they would save for six months. 4.that sue』s uncle had died unexpectedly
5.that she must follow when she inherited money. 6.that she would save her money in the bank
7.that she was doing the right thing to use the money.
希望採用哦~~親
5. 人教版英語選修8第一單元單詞，包括三角符號的。
必修二
UNIT1
cultural文化的
relic遺物．遺跡；紀念物
rare稀罕的；稀有的，珍貴的
valuable貴重的有價值的
survive倖免；倖存生還
vase花瓶.瓶
dynasty朝代王朝
ivory象牙
dragon龍
amber琥珀；琥珀色
insearchof尋找
amaze吃驚，驚訝
amazing令人吃驚的
select挑選；選擇
honey蜜.蜂蜜
design設計．圖案．構思vt設計計劃．構思
fancy奇特的．異樣的想像；設想，愛好
style風格．風度．類型
decorate裝飾．裝修
jewel珠寶.寶石
artist藝術家
belong屬於.為的一員
belongto屬於
inreturn作為報答．回報
troop群.組.軍隊
reception接待，招待會．接收
atwar處於交戰狀態
remove移動；搬開
lessthan少於
wooden木製的
doubt懷疑．疑惑vt懷疑不信
mystery神秘．神秘的事物
former以前的.從前的
worth值得的，相當於…的價值.價值．作用值錢的rebuild重建
local本地的；當地的
apart分離地，分別地
takeapart拆開
painting繪畫；畫
castle城堡
trial審判．審訊，試驗
eyewitness目擊者；證人
evidence根據，證據
explode爆炸
entrance入口
sailor水手；海員；船員
sink下沉；沉下
maid少女．女僕
Berlin柏林（德國首都）
Thinkhighlyof看重；器重
informal非正式的
debate爭論；辯論
UNIT2
ancientadj古代的.古老的
competevi比賽競爭
competitorn競爭者
takepartin參加；參與
medaln獎章；勛章；紀念章
standfor代表：象徵，表示
mascotn吉祥物
Greece希臘
Greek希臘人的；希臘語的n希臘人；希臘語
magicaladj巫術的.魔術的.有魔力的
volunteer志願者．志願兵.志願的，義務的
homeland祖國；本國
regularadj規則的．定期的．常規的
basis基礎，根據
athleten運動員；運動選手
admit容許．承認．接納
slave奴隸
nowadays現今.現在
gymnastics體操；體能訓練
athletics體育運動．競技
stadium（露天大型）體育場
gymnasium(gym)體育館、健身房
aswell也；又．還
host做東；主辦；招待n主人
responsibilityn責任．職責
olive橄欖樹．橄欖葉；橄欖枝；橄欖色
wreath花圈、花冠、圈狀物卿
replace取代替換．代替
motto座右銘；格言；警句
swift快的．迅速的
similarity相像性：相似點
Athens雅典（希臘首都）
charge收費．控訴.費用．主管
incharge主管看管
physicaladj物理的．身體的
fine罰款
poster海報，招貼
advertise做廣告．登廣告
princess公主
glory光榮．榮譽
bargain討價還價.講條件.便宜貨
prince王子
hopeless心沒有希望的；絕望的
foolishadj愚蠢的，傻的
goddess女神
pain疼痛.痛苦
oneafteranother陸續地.一個接一個地
deserve應受.值得
striker（足球的）前鋒
UNIT3
abacusn算盤
calculaten計算器
PC（=personalcomPuter）個人電腦，個人計算
laptop手提電腦
PDA(personaldigitalassistant）掌上電腦個人數碼助理
analyticaladj分析的
calculate計算
universaladj普遍的．通用的.宇宙的
simplify簡化
sum總數．算術題．金額
operator（電腦）操作員；接線員
logical邏輯的；合情理的
logically邏輯上；合邏輯地.有條理地
technology工藝．科技．技術
technologicaladj科技的
revolution革命
artificial人造的．假的
intelligence智力：聰明智能
intelligenceadj智能的：聰明的
solve解決．解答
mathematical數學的
from…on從時起
reality真實．事實．現實
designer設計師
personal私人的．個人的．親自的
personally就個人而言，親自
tube管；管子；電子管
transistor晶體管
chip碎片；晶元
asaresult結果
totaladj總的：整個的n總數.合計
so…that…如此.以致於
network網路；網狀物
web網
application應用：用途；申請
finance金融；財經
mobile可移動的．機動的
rocket火箭
explore探索.探側.探究
Mars火星
Anyhow（也作anyway）無論如何．即使如此goal目標．目的；球門；（進球）得分
happiness幸福；快樂
humanrare人類
supportingadj支持的，支撐的
download下載
programmer程序員；程序師
virus病毒
android機器人
signal發信號信號
teammate同伴；夥伴
type打字
inaway在某種程度上
coach教練
arise出現；發生
withthehelpof在的幫助下
electronicadj電子的
appearance外觀．外貌；出現
character勝格．特點
mop拖把
dealwith處理
watchover看守，監視
naughty頑皮的，淘氣的
niece侄女
spoil損壞；寵壞
UNIT4
wildlife野生動植物
protection保護
wild野生的；野的；未開發的；荒涼的
habitat棲息地（動植物）自然環境
threaten恐嚇；威脅
decrease減少（使）變小；或變少
endanger危害；使受到危險
dieout滅亡；逐漸消失
loss損失遺失；喪失
reserve保護區
hunt打獵
zone地域地帶
inpeace和平地
indanger（of）在危險中；垂危
species種類物種
carpet地毯
respond回答相應
distant遠的遠處的
fur毛皮毛軟毛
antelope羚羊
relief（痛苦或憂慮的）減輕或解除
inrelief如釋重負，鬆了口氣
laughter笑笑聲
burstintolaughter突然笑起來
mercy仁慈
certain確定的，某一，一定
importance重要（性）
rub擦摩擦
protect…from保護…不受…（危害）
mosquito蚊子
millipede千足蟲
insect昆蟲
contain包含容納容忍
powerful強大的有力的
affect影響感動侵襲
attention注意關注注意力
payattentionto注意
appreciate鑒賞感激意識到
succeed成功；接替；繼任
secure安全的；可靠的
income收入
employ僱傭使用（時間、精力等）
harm損害危害
bite叮，咬，刺痛
extinction滅絕消亡
dinosaur恐龍
comeintobeing形成，產生
county縣；郡
inspect檢查視察
unexpected沒料到的意外的
incident事件事變
st灰塵，塵土
accordingto按照，根據…所說
disappearance消失
fierce兇猛的，猛烈的
sothat以致於結果
ending結尾；結局
UNIT5
classical古典的；古典文藝的
roll滾動搖擺
orchestra管弦樂隊
rap說唱樂
folk民間的
jazz爵士樂
choral合唱隊的
musician音樂家
dreamof夢見夢想
pretend假裝，假扮
tobehonest說實在的，說實話
attach繫上附加連接
attachto認為有
form組成．形成構成
fame名聲名望
passer-by過路人．行人
earn賺；掙得；獲得
extra額外的外力
instrument工具；器械；樂器
perform表演；履行；執行
pub酒館酒吧
cash現金
incash用現金；有現錢
studio工作室．演播室
millionaire百萬富翁；富豪
playjokeson戲弄
actor男演員；行動者
rely依賴．依靠
relyon依賴依靠
broadcast播；播放
humorous幽默的．詼諧的
familiar熟悉的；常見的；親近的
be／getfamiliarwith熟悉與…熟悉起來
orso大約
breakup碎；分裂；解體
reunited在統一；在聯合；重聚
attractive吸引人的、有吸引力的
addition加；增加；加法
addition另外；也
sortout分類
excitement興奮.刺激
ballad歌謠；情歌；民謠
overnight在晚上；在夜裡；（口）很快；一夜之間
dip浸；蘸
tadpole蝌蚪
lily百合花
confident自信的；確信的
brief簡短的；簡要的n摘要；大綱
devotion投人；熱愛
afterwards然後；後來
invitation邀請；招待
sensitivev/adj敏感的；易受傷害的．靈敏的
painfuladj痛苦的疼痛的
aboveall最重要；首先
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