A. 牛津版初一英語的語法知識點
時態講解
一、一般現在時主要用於：
1 、表示經常性或習慣性動作。 e.g. It seldom snows here.
2 、表示現在的特徵或狀態。 e.g. He is always ready to help others.
3 、普遍真理。 e.g. Action speaks louder than words.
4 、劇情圖片介紹，背景說明，動作解說。 e.g. (Tom enters the room and sits at the table)
Doctor ： What's your trouble, young man?
Tom ： I've caught a cold, doctor.
5 、時間、條件、讓步、方式狀語從句表將要發生的動作時。
e.g. Tomorrow we shall go for an outing unless it rains.
與這種時態連用的時間狀語常有： always, often, never, seldom, usually, once, a week, now 等。
二、一般過去時主要用於：
1 、表示過去某個時間發生的動作或情況（包括習慣性的動作或狀態）
e.g. When did you read the novel? She often came to help us in those days.
2 、談到過去的情況時 e.g. I didn't know you were so busy.
3 、談到已死人的情況時 e.g. Lei Feng was a great communist fighter.
與這個時態連用的時間狀語常有：
yesterday, last night, the other day, two months ago, in 1985, then, just now, when, after, as soon as 引導的時間狀語從句，表示主句動作開始的時間。
三、現在完成時主要用於：
1 、表示到現在為止這一時期中發生的動作或情況，即多次動作的總和。
e.g. We have learnt four English songs this month. How many times have you read the novel?
For many days we haven't seen each other.
2 、表示對現在有影響的某一已發生的動作。
e.g. The delegation has left 代表團已經走了（說明現在不在這里） Look, what you have done. 看你乾的事。
與這一時態連用的時間狀語有： already, yet, just, ever, never, by now, so far, recently, by the end of this month, since, for 短語，連詞 since 引導的時間狀語從句。
一般過去時與現在完成時的區別：
一般過去時：重在說明動作在過去發生時的具體情況（時間、地點、方式、對象、細節等）。
現在完成時：只提起已發生的動作（事實）及其影響，不說明動作發生時的具體情況。
cf. Have you had your lunch? What did you have for lunch?
I have ever been to the Great Wall, and I went there last summer with my father.
註：現在完成時表達的動作常具有反復性，故下面一句是錯的：
Have you seen the six thirty's news program? 應改為： Did you see the six thirty's news program?
四、現在完成進行時主要用於：表示過去開始的某一動作一直持續到現在，以至延伸到將來，它強調動作延續時間之長久。e.g. I've been writing an article. 我一直在寫一篇文章。（還在寫）
cf. I've written an article. 我寫了一篇文章。（已寫完）
It has been raining these days. 這些天一直在下雨。
五、過去完成時
1 、過去完成時是一個相對時態，表示過去的過去，只有在兩個過去發生的動作相比較時才可顯示出來。
e.g. As soon as we got to the station, the train had left.
註：主從句表達的動作緊接時，即兩動作發生的時間沒有明顯時間上的懸殊或空檔時，主從句都可用一般過去時。 e.g. Where did your brother study before he joined the army?
2 、過去完成時可表示截止過去某一時間動作的總或動作的結束。
e.g. By the end of last month. We had reviewed four books By eight o'clock, he had finished his homework.
與這個時態連用的時間狀語常有： by 1985, by eight o'clock, by then, by the end of last month, by the time when, when, as soon as, before 等連詞引導的時間狀語從句，表示主句動作結束的時間。
（六）現在進行時主要用於：
1 、表示現在或現階段正在進行的動作。 e.g. Listen, someone is crying. What are you doing these days?
2 、代替一般現在時，表示經常性動作或狀態，而含有某種感情色彩。
e.g. How are you feeling today? 你今天感覺怎樣？（顯得親切）
He is doing well in his lessons. 他的功課很好。（贊揚）
You are always boasting. 你老愛吹牛。（厭煩）
3 、動詞 go, come, leave, arrive 等表將要發生的動作時。 e.g. They are leaving for Shanghai.
與這種時態連用的時間狀語常有： now, these days, recently, this week 等。
七、過去進行時主要用於： 表示過去某個時刻或階段正在進行的動作。
e.g. At that time she was working in a PLA unit. 那時她在解放軍某部工作。
What were you doing this time yesterday?
與這個時態連用的時間狀語常用： at nine o'clock, this time last night, these days, at that time 等。
用 when 引導的時間狀語從句表示主句的動作正在進行的時間。
e.g. When he came in, I was reading a newspaper.
註：
1 、 while 引導時間狀語從句敘述過去的動作時，從句常用過去進行時。
e.g. I read a magazine while I was waiting for the bus.
2 、 when 用作並列連詞，意為「這時」，連接兩分句時，第一句多用過去進行時。
e.g. I was reading a newspaper when he came in.
一般過去時與過去進行時的區別：
一般過去時：強調過去某一時間開始或完成的動作。
過去進行時：強調過去某一時間正在進行的動作。
試區別下面兩句：
We were building a reservoir last winter. 去年冬天我們在修建一座水庫。（可能尚未建成）
We built a reservoir last winter. 去年冬天我們修建了一座水庫。（已經建成）
八、一般將來時主要用於： 表示將要發生的動作或情況
e.g. Tom will have a bike of his own.
與這個時態連用的時間狀語常用： tonight, tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, next week, in three hours, two days later 等。
一般將來時態與其它結構表將來情況的區別：
一般將來時態 ：主要從時間的角度表將要發生的動作或情況。
be going to 結構 ：①表（主觀上）打算或准備做某事時。 ②表有發生某事的預兆時。
e.g. They are going to have a competition with us in studies. It is going to rain.
據以上區別，故下面一句是錯的：
I am going to be eighteen years old next year. 應改為： I shall be eighteen years old next year.
be about to do sth 結構 ：意為「剛要做某事」、「馬上要做某事」強調時間之緊迫性。
e.g. We are about to discuss this problem. 我們將馬上討論這個問題。
be to do sth 結構： 表示按計劃、安排、規定將實施某事或表示註定會發生某事。
e.g. When is the train to leave. All these things are to be answered for.
及物動詞與不及物動詞
英語中按動詞後可否直接跟賓語，可把動詞分成及物動詞與和及物動詞。
1.及物動詞： 字典里詞後標有vt. 的就是及物動詞。及物動詞後必須跟有動作的對象（即賓語），可直接跟賓語。see 看見 (vt.) +賓語 I can see a boy.
2.不及物動詞：字典里詞後標有vi. 的就是不及物動詞。不及物動詞後不能直接跟有動作的對象（即賓語）。若要跟賓語，必須先在其後添加上某個介詞，如to,of ,at後方可跟上賓語。
具體每個動詞後究竟加什麼介詞就得背動詞短語了，如listen to,look at…..
3. 賓語（動作的對象）：是名詞或代詞，或相當於名詞的詞或短語（如動名詞）。其它詞不看作動作的對象呢。
4.舉例：「看」
(1)see 看見 (vt.) +賓語 I can see a boy.
(2)look 看 (vi.) x賓語(即不能直接加賓語). Look! She is singing.
Look carefully! (注意：carefully 是副詞，不是名詞，故不作賓語喲)
(3)look at 看…….+賓語 Look at me carefully! (me是代詞，作賓語了)
連系動詞
連系動詞本身有一定的詞義,但不能獨立作謂語,必須與表語一起構成謂語。
表語通常由名詞、形容詞,或相當於名詞或形容詞的詞或短語等充當,說明主語是什麼或怎麼樣。
一、 連系動詞的類型有：
1. "存在"類:表示存在或具有某種特徵或狀態.這類連系動詞強調"存在"。常見的有:be(是),look(看起來),feel(摸上去),seem(似乎是),appear(似乎、顯得),prove(證明是),smell(聞起來),taste(嘗起來),sound(聽起來)等。例如:
The story sounds true.
Those oranges taste good.
2. "持續"類:表示某種情況或狀態的持續。這類連系動詞強調"持續"。常見的有:remain(依然),keep(保持),stay(保持),continue(繼續、仍舊),stand(處於某狀況或情形)等。例如:
Why don't you put the meat in the fridge? It will stay fresh for several days.
It's already ten in the morning. The store remains closed. What's the matter?
3. "變化"類:表示由一種情況或狀態變化成另一種情況或狀態。這類連系動詞強調"變化"後的情況或狀態.常見的有:become(變成), turn(變成), grow(變得), go(變得)等。例如:
Put the fish in the fridge, or it will go bad in hot weather.
二、注意事項
1. 有些連系動詞通常不用於被動語態和進行時態中。如:feel, taste等詞。例如:
-Do you like the material?
-Yes, it feels very soft.
2. 一般情況下,連系動詞主要跟形容詞或分詞作表語。例如:
Be careful when you cross this very busy street. If not, you may get run over by a car.
3. 能跟名詞作表語的連系動詞常見的有:be, become, appear, seem, prove, remain和turn等.注意:turn後跟(表示主語身份的)名詞作表語時,不加冠詞。例如:
Twenty years later, he turned teacher.
The population growth in China remains a problem.
4. 連系動詞也可跟不定式(to do / to be),常見的有:appear, seem, remain, prove, look等。例如:
Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains to be seen whether they will enjoy it.
On the long journey, Peter proved to be a most interesting guide. We all had a wonderful time.
終止性動詞與延續性動詞
終止性動詞指不會持續一段時間的動作,即動作在瞬間或短時間內完成。 例如:get arrive 這類動詞不與一段時間連用
終止性動詞:表示不能延續的動作,即動作發生後立即結束。如:begin,arrive, borrow, ...終止性動詞的肯定式是不能持續的,所以不能和表示一段時間的狀語連用,而終止性的否定式就可以和表一段時間的狀語.
一、延續性動詞和終止性動詞的概念
英語中，動詞按其動作發生的方式、動作發生過程的長短，可分為延續性動詞和終止性動詞。
延續性動詞表示能夠延續的動作，這種動作可以延續下去或產生持久影響。如：learn, work, stand, lie, know, walk, keep, have, wait, watch, sing, read, sleep, live, stay等。
終止性動詞也稱非延續性動詞、瞬間動詞或短暫性動詞，表示不能延續的動作，這種動作發生後立即結束。如open, close, finish, begin, come, go, arrive, reach, get to, leave, move, borrow,buy等。
二、延續性動詞的用法特徵
1.延續性動詞可以用於現在完成時，其完成時態可與表示"段時間"的狀語連用。表示"段時間"的短語有：for two years, ring the past three years, since last year, how long等。如：I have learned English since I came here.自從我來到這兒就學英語了。
2.延續性動詞不能與表示短暫時間的"點時間"狀語連用。如：It raind at eight yesterday morning.(誤) rain為延續性動詞，而at eight表示"點時間"，前後顯然矛盾。如果用延續性動詞表示一瞬間的動作，可以藉助come, begin, get等終止性動詞來表示。上句可改為：It began to rain at eight yesterday morning.(正)又如：
-When did you get to know Jack?
-Two years ago.
-Then you've known each other for more than two years.
-That's right.
三、終止性動詞的用法特徵
1.終止性動詞可用來表示某一動作完成，因此可用於現在完成時。如：
The train has arrived.火車到了。
Have you joined the computer group?你加入電腦小組了嗎？
2.終止性動詞表示的動作極其短暫，不能持續。因此，不可與表示一段時間的狀語連用(只限肯定式)。如：
(1)他死了三年了。
誤：He has died for three years.
正：He has been dead for three years.
正：He died three years ago.
正：It is three years since he died.
正：Three years has passed since he died.
(2)他來這兒五天了。
誤：He has come here for five days.
正：He has been here for five days.
正：He came here five days ago.
正：It is five days since he came here.
正：Five days has passed since he came here.
(1)、(2)句中的die、come為終止性動詞，不能與表示"段時間"的狀語連用。那麼，應如何正確表達呢？可以採用下面的四種方法：
(1)將句中終止性動詞轉換為相應的延續性動詞，如上面兩例中的第一種正確表達方式。下面列舉幾例：leave→be away, borrow→keep, buy→have, begin/start→be on, die→be dead, move to→live in, finish→be over, join→be in/be a member of, open sth.→keep sth. open, fall ill→be ill, get up→be up, catch a cold→have a cold。
(2)將句中表示"段時間"的狀語改為表示過去確定時間的狀語，如下面兩例中的第二種正確表達方式。
(3)用句型"It is+段時間+since..."表達原意，如上面兩例中的第三種正確表達方式。
(4)用句型"時間+has passed+since..."表達原意，如上面兩例中的第四種正確表達方式。
3.終止性動詞可用於現在完成時否定式中，成為可以延續的狀態，因而可與表示一段時間的狀語連用。如：
He hasn't left here since 1986.
I haven't heard from my father for two weeks.
4.終止性動詞的否定式與until/till連用，構成"not+終止性動詞+until/till ..."的句型，意為"直到……才……"。如：
You can't leave here until I arrive.直到我到了，你才能離開這里。
I will not go to bed until I finish drawing the picture tonight.今天晚上直到我畫完畫，我才上床睡覺。
5.終止性動詞可以用於when引導的時間狀語從句中，但不可以用於while引導的時間狀語從句中。when表示的時間是"點時間"(從句謂語動詞用終止性動詞)，也可以是"段時間"(從句謂語動詞用延續性動詞)。而while表示的是一個較長的時間或過程，從句謂語動詞用延續性動詞。如：
When we reached London, it was twelve o'clock. (reach為終止性動詞)
Please look after my daughter while/when we are away. (be away為延續性動詞短語)
6.終止性動詞完成時不可與how long連用(只限於肯定式)。如：
誤：How long have you come here?
正：How long have you been here?
正：When did you come here?
終止性動詞不用於進行時態,若是進行時態形式應譯成將來時態的意思。
終止性動詞和延續性動詞辨析 王嵩
英語動詞可以分為延續性動詞和終止性動詞。這兩種動詞在每年中考英語試題中出現率較高，筆者將其歸納分類，供同學們學習時參考。一、延續性動詞 延續性動詞表示的動作不但可以延續，而且可以產生持久的影響。常見的這類動詞有：be，have，keep，know，learn，lie，live，read，sing，sleep，stand，stay，wait，walk，watch等。延續性動詞的用法很廣，但常見於現在完成時中的句子中，且常與for，how，long，since等引導的表示一段時間的狀語或狀語從句連用。例如：1．I have learned more than 1，000 Chinese words since I came to China．自從來到中國，我已經學會了l，000多個漢字。2．We have lived in Linqing since we came here．自從來到這兒，我們就一直住在臨清。3．I have kept the picture for about three years．這張畫我保存了大約三年。 二、終止性動詞 終止性動詞又稱為瞬間動詞或非延續性動詞，它表示的動作不能延續，也就是說動作一旦發生就立即結束，並產生某種結果。常見的這類動詞有：accept，arrive，become，begin，borrow，break，buy，catch，close，come，die，end，fall，finish，get，give，go，join，leave，put，reach，receive，shut，start，stop等。終止性動詞用在現在完成時要注意下面三點： （一）終止性動詞可直接用來表示某一動作的完成。例如：1．They have reached Shanghai．他們已經到達了上海。2．Has he gone to London? 他已經到倫敦去了嗎? （二）終止性動詞表示的動作極其短暫，不能持續，所以，在現在完成時中一般不能和以since，for等引導的表示一段時間的狀語連用。例如：1．那老人已經死了一周了。The old man has died for a week．(誤)2．他三天前就已經來這兒了。He has come here since three days ago．(誤)在以上兩句中，die和come都是終止性動詞，可用於現在完成時，但不能與以since或for引導的表示一段時間的狀語連用。那麼，上面兩個句子應該怎樣譯成英語呢?請看下面四種譯法：1．把終止性動詞改為延續性的動詞。例如：①The old man has been dead for a week．②He has been here since three days ago．2．把原句中的一段時間改為表示「過去」的時間，時態由現在完成時改變成一般過去時。例如：①The old man died a week ago．②He came here three days ago．3．用「It is+時間+since…」句式。例如：①It is／has been a week since the old man died．②It has been／is three days since he came here．4．用「多長時間+has passed+since…」句式。例如：①A week has passed since the old men died．②Three days had passed since he came here． (三)有關特殊終止性動詞的用法。1．在while(表示一段時間)引導的從句里，謂語動詞不能使用終止性動詞，但可以把while改成when，這樣，從句里的謂語動詞就可以使用終止性動詞了。因為when既可以表示時間的「點」，又可以表示時間的「段」。例如：While he got to America．he found his English Was very poor．(誤)When he got t0 America．he found his English was very poor．(正)2．終止性動詞的否定式與until連用時，意為「直到……才／不到什麼時間不……」等。例如：Don』t get off until the bus stops．車未停穩，切勿下車。3．終止性動詞不可以與how long引導的句式連用。例如：How long have you borrowed the magazine?(誤)When did you borrow the magazine?(正)How long have you kept the magazine?(正)
終止性動詞與延緩性動詞的用法區別
上海市中國中學 黃文英
英語中的動詞，是學習中的重點，又是難點。英語中的動詞有多種分類法。根據其有無含義，動詞可分為實義動詞和助動詞；根據動詞所表示的是動作還是狀態，可以分為行為動詞和狀態動詞；根據動詞所表示的動作能否延緩，分為延續性動詞和終止性動詞。
可以表示持續的行為或狀態的動詞，叫做「延續性動詞」，也叫「持續性動詞」，如：be, keep, have, like, study, live, etc.
有的表示短暫、瞬間性的動詞，叫做「終止性動詞」，也可叫「短暫性動詞」，或「瞬間性動詞」，如die, join, leave, become, return, reach, etc.
終止性動詞構成的現在完成時，不可以用表示一段時間的狀語（如：since 和for引導的短語）來修飾，終止性動詞構成的現在完成時，只表示動作發生的因果關系，不能表示動作的延續，因此不能用表示一段時間的狀語來修飾。
如可以說：The Red Cross has already started for the earthquake-stricken area.
但不可說：The Red Cross has already started for the earthquake-stricken area for three days.
因為start是終止性動詞, 它所表示的動作短促, 當紅十字會出發時，start這個動作便結束了, 不可能延續兩天。
在十多年的教學生涯中，發現學生對於如何解決這對矛盾不知所措，下面我來歸納一下解決這對矛盾的四種方法。
用ago時間狀語短語來代替since或for引導的時間狀語：
eg. Mr. Richard has returned from America for two years. (wrong)
Mr. Richard has returned from America since two years ago. (wrong)
應改為: He returned from America two years ago.
2．用It is… since…復合句代替簡單句
eg. It has been/is two years since Mr. Richard returned from America.
注意：以上兩種辦法適用於所有終止性動詞。
3．用相應的形容詞和副詞代替終止性動詞。
eg. Mr. Richard has been back from America for two years.
4．用延緩性動詞代替終止性動詞。
eg. He has gone to the Internet for six hours. (wrong)
應改為:He has been on the Internet for six hours.
但須注意：終止性動詞的否定式可以和since 或for 引導的時間狀語連用。因為終止性動詞的否定表示的是一種可以延續的狀態。
eg. I have heard from my friend in Africa for half a year. (wrong)
I haven』t heard from my friend in Africa for half a year.. (right)
此外，終止性動詞與延緩性動詞在翻譯上也不同，很易混淆。下面我再就終止性動詞與延緩性動詞的含義問題做一歸納：
1. 在連詞since引導的時間狀語從句中， 用終止性動詞的過去時或用延緩性動詞過去時，其含義是大不相同的。
A. since所引導的時間狀語從句中，如果句子謂語是終止性動詞的過去時， 則從句表示的時間是從「那一時刻開始」。
eg. He has studied very hard since he came to our school.
自從他來校以來，一貫努力學習。
B. 在since所引導的時間狀語從句中，其謂語是延緩性動詞的過去時，那麼從句所表示的時間是從延緩性動詞所表示的動作結束時算起。
eg. I haven』t heard any noise since I slept.
自從我醒後，沒聽見任何聲音。
介詞for引導的時間狀語，在翻譯時有兩種不同的情況：
A．介詞for引導的時間狀語和延緩性動詞的現在完成時的否定式連用時，有兩種不同的含義。
eg. He has not lived there for six months.
他不住在那兒已六個月了。（或： 他住在那兒還不到六個月。）
B．介詞for引導的時間狀語和終止性動詞的現在完成時的否定式連用，只有一種含義。
eg. Mary has not left here for six months.
瑪麗已六個月沒有離開過這兒了。
句中含有till 或until 引導的短語或從句，從句中的謂語動詞可以是延續性的，也可以是終止性的，但要注意兩種情況：
如果主句中動詞是延續性的動詞，動詞肯定或否定都可以，只是含義不同。
eg. He listened to the radio until his father came back.
他聽無線電一直到他父親回來為止。
eg. He didn』t listen to the radio until his father came back..
直到他父親回來，他才聽無線電。
如果主句中的謂語動詞是終止性動詞，則只能用否定式。
eg. Mr. Smith didn』t marry until he was forty- five. (right)
史密斯先生到四十五歲才結婚。
Mr. Smith married until he was forty-five. (wrong)
B. 跪求！！！！牛津英語7B Unit4 Reading翻譯及語法註解
一個星期天的早晨，米利和埃米去陽光公園。她們喜歡在那裡聊天。和往常一回樣，她們坐在大樹下。突然答，她們聽到樹後灌木叢傳來低語聲。她們轉過身子但沒有看見什麼不尋常的東西。她們感到害怕。
『有人在嗎？』米利問道。沒有人回答。她們非常仔細地聽並且又聽到奇怪的聲音。這兩個女孩十分害怕。她們快速跑開。在路上，她們看見安迪。
『發生什麼事了？』安迪問。
『公園里有一個鬼。請幫助我們，』米利說。
『真的嗎？告訴我更多，』安迪說。
米利告訴安迪所有的事。安迪走進公園，站在樹旁並仔細地聽。一會兒他聽見低語聲。他看著樹後，又聽到一聲。他現在確信低語聲從灌木叢中傳來。他仔細地搜索。
『奧！在這里。』安迪自言自語。他發現一隻小貓在灌木叢中。它很虛弱。當它叫時，它的聲音像低語聲。
安迪把小貓放進盒子里，去找米利和埃米。她們仍然很害怕。安迪打開盒子，步並給他們展示『鬼』。
『這就是公園里的，』安迪說。米利和埃米十分驚奇--它是一隻小貓！那天之後，他們帶小貓去動物中心。中心裡的人將照顧它。
接下來的星期天，米利和埃米又去陽光公園並且過的很開心。她們再也不害怕了。
C. 譯林版牛津英語8A語法
要求好像有點苛刻哦~~。。。。
不過幫你找到個網，上面全有了！版
網址如下：權
http://etmeet.com/Article/bk/middle/eight/eightA/200711/20373.html
D. 牛津版英語7B三單元語法解析
一、教學內容《牛津初中英語》Fun with English 7B Unit 3 Finding your way的Grammar。二、教材分析本單元以指路為話題，向學生介紹了各種交通標識以及問路、指路的一些方法。本節課是本單元的第五、第六課時Grammar（語法）板塊。包括以下三部分內容：1．表示位置移動的介詞2．一般將來時（will和shall）3．一般將來時（be going to）這一單元的Grammar我覺得應該分兩課時完成，Part A 一課時，PartB、C一課時。這里是Grammar第一課時的教案設計。三、設計理念Grammar（語法）部分是對已出現的語言現象進行歸納總結，並通過操練幫助學生掌握基本的語法規則。上這種課型一般要注意以下幾點：1．語言結構盡量用圖表的形式表達，這樣，印象深刻，一目瞭然。2．盡量在真實的語境中呈現和練習語法項目。3．從分步呈現、分步練習到綜合運用，層次要清晰，要循序漸進。4．按照語言學習的一般規律，要讓學生通過觀察和實踐，自己用演繹法或歸納法總結語言規律。5．把聽說讀寫貫穿在語法教學中。四、教學目標1．知識目標： 運用表示移動方向的介詞來指明路線。2．能力目標： 學會用表示移動方向的介詞來指路。3．情感目標： 通過問路和指路，培養學生互相幫助的品質。五、教學重點用表示移動方向的介詞來指路。六、教學難點恰當且適時地運用表示移動方向的介詞來指路。七、教學准備多媒體。八、教學流程Grammar IStep 1 RevisionRevise the signs learnt in Vocabulary by playing a game called 「I say， you do!」.T: Turn right. Go straight on. Turn left. Cross the road. Stop……The teacher or a student give orders， the students do according to the orders.設計說明：通過游戲來復習舊知，在短時間內既吸引了學生的注意力、調動了他們學習的積極性，又為下面的新授課創造一個輕松愉快的良好氛圍。Step 2 Presentation1. Draw four lines to form a picture of two streets.T: This is Park Street and this is North Street. Now， You are here at the cinema. (邊說邊畫) You want to go to the railway station. You want to go from the cinema to the railway station.How can you go there? Let me show you the way.T: Look at the picture. This is one side of the street， this is the other side.You must go to the other side of the street because in China we walk on the right. (邊說邊畫一個橫過馬路的箭頭) Go across Park Street. T: (再畫一個沿著馬路走的箭頭) Go along Park Street. You』ll see this. (簡易畫一個隧道，導入生詞) What』s this? It』s a tunnel.T: (邊說邊畫一個穿過隧道的箭頭) Go through this tunnel and go straight on.T: (畫一個右拐的箭頭，啟發學生自己表達，因為前面Reading剛學過) Turn right into North Street and go along the street until the end of it.You』ll find the railway station on your right.設計說明：用畫圖的方式，邊畫邊復習來導入一部分生詞，即由已學過的表方位的介詞自然導入一部分本單元的表示移動方向的介詞，既形象，學生又易於接受。2. T: It』s so hot here. I want to go out of the room. I』d like to go into a cool room. T: Look at the picture. These are stairs. T: Are these stairs， too? - No， they aren』t. T: They are steps.T: Look! The boy is going down the stairs. 將向下的箭頭改為向上的箭頭。T: Now， the boy is going up the stairs.T: What is Hobo doing? Is it going up the stairs， too?- No， it isn』t.T: Right. It is walking round the table.設計說明：利用圖片、創設情境，再導入一部分本單元的表示移動方向的介詞，將相反或相對的介詞圖片成對呈現，這樣可以在導入的同時，比較易混介詞的異同。例如這里用了同一個動詞go，可以讓學生更加清楚地看出:它與不同的介詞連用，可表示去不同的方向。3. T: This is a dog and this is a table. (邊說邊演示) Look! The dog is jumping onto the table. T: Here』s another dog and another table. (邊說邊演示) Look! Is this dog jumping onto the table， too? - No， it isn』t. T: Right. It is jumping over the table. Look at this picture. walk over the bridge.設計說明：動畫導入法。用動畫及箭頭通過兩張桌子、兩條狗形象地呈現出另外兩個表移動方向的介詞。4．還有一些表示移動方向的介詞可用動作藉助手勢導入。設計說明：在整個導入過程中，可以有目的地用上前面Reading 及Vocabulary等教學環節學過的知識和詞彙，以增加復現率。Step 3 Practice1. Revise the prepositions of movement using the pictures.T: What prepositions are they?- Across， along， over， up， down， through， round， from， to.Encourage the students to say more prepositions of movement.- Into， off， out of， …設計說明：依次出現剛才學到的及以前學過的表示移動方向的介詞，讓學生一個一個說出，並可再次簡要講解一下，帶讀並記憶這些介詞，為下面運用這些介詞打下基礎。2. T: This is a swimming pool. What』s Simon doing in Picture 1?- He is swimming across the pool.T: What』s Sandy doing in Picture 2?- She is going to the library.Get the students to ask and answer in pairs.3. Ask the students to read the sentences together.設計說明：利用課本48頁的圖片操練表示移動方向的介詞：先讓學生根據圖片說出正確介詞，再兩人一組問答，輪流提問，以此來操練、鞏固所學知識，同時訓練口語。Step 4 PracticeShow the students some different pictures to practise the prepsitions of movement.First give them a model， then ask them to fill in the blanks according to the pictures.1. T: Look! The train is going through the tunnel.The little horse is walking across the river.2. T: What are the cows doing?- The cows are walking ______ the river. along3. T: What are these people doing?- These people are walking _______ the bus. to4. T: Is the worker climbing up or climbing down the ladder?- The worker is climbing _______ the ladder. Up5. T: What is the woman doing?- The woman is jumping_______the stick. over6. T: The boy is riding _______ the stairs.Who knows the answer?- The boy is riding down the stairs.- The boy is riding up the stairs.設計說明：根據不同的實際場景，讓學生進一步鞏固學過的介詞。最後一題變換一下，先呈現上面的句子，再叫學生試填。根據句意學生肯定猜填up或down，然後老師再出示圖片，學生便會鬨堂大笑。原來是小男孩騎車下樓梯，而且還摔了個大跟頭。這樣可調節一下氣氛，使學生放鬆一下。Step 5 Work out the rule.1. T: Please read the sentences and study them carefully.The train is going through the tunnel.The little horse is walking across the river.The cows are walking along the river.These people are walking to the bus.The worker is climbing up the ladder.The woman is jumping over the stick.The boy is riding down the stairs.設計說明：前面有意識地通過那些含移動方向的語句，先呈現感知，再理解，然後再創設情境操練，下一步就是Work out the rule 總結規律了。要引導學生自己討論並總結、歸納，老師在學生說的過程中補充。2. T: Who can work out the rule accoring to these sentences?設計說明：讓學生仔細觀察這些句子。學生會發現：藍色的都是動詞，紅色的都是表示移動方向的介詞，很明顯，動詞在前，介詞在後。由此，他們會總結出表示移動方向的介詞和動詞的位置關系，即表示移動方向的介詞常緊跟在表動作移動的動詞的後面，例如：come，go，jump， walk， ride，climb等。Help the students to work out the rule: We use prepositions after (before / after) the verbs.We use prepositions of movement after the verbs， e.g. come， go， jump， walk， ride， climb.Step 6 How can I get to Sunshine Town Railway Station?1. T: Now we know we always use prepositions after the verbs.We can use these prepositions to give directions.T: This is a railway station. Its name is Sunshine Town Railway StationThe exchange students want to go to Sunshine Town Railway Station.Neil is asking Simon the way.Look at the map and complete their conversation.2. Fill in the blanks on page 49.Keys: to， along， down， across， up， over， along3. Language points：Can you tell me the way to Sunshine Town Railway Station?你可以告訴我到陽光火車站的路嗎？表示問路的同義表達：Which is the way to Sunshine Town Railway Station?How can I get to Sunshine Railway Station?設計說明：核對答案後，讓學生齊讀對話，然後簡單介紹問路的方法。表示問路的同義表達，先只講兩種最常用的，便於記憶。Step 7 ConsolidationDo some exercises or do a listening exercise.設計說明：做一些練習或錄一段有趣的對話，讓學生聽對話填詞，填動詞及表示移動方向的介詞。Step 8 A guessing gameT: Now it』s time for us to play games.1.Walk to the crossroads near our school， turn left and walk on. Which bridge do you get to?2. Go straight along Renmin Road to Beimen Bridge， Cross the bridge， you can see a restaurant. Which restaurant is it?3. Cross Shuimen Bridge， and then walk along Huaihai South Road and turn right at the first turning. There is a large Market on your left. Which place is it?4. Go along West Road and turn left at the second traffic lights. Go straight on and you』ll see a bridge. What bridge is it?設計說明：游戲是學生最感興趣的活動之一。上課中間，通過競猜游戲讓學生在快要感到疲勞時調節一下，能充分調動學生的積極性，促使其把注意力重新集中到課堂學習中來。給出起點，說出路線，讓其他學生說出終點是哪裡的這個游戲還為下面的運用做了一個示範。Step 9 ProctionT: I』m a traveller from America. I』m in Qingyan Park now. How can I get to Yinghua Park? Please work in groups of six.設計說明：利用學生們熟悉當地地理位置的有利條件，說出所在位置和目的地，然後自己點其他同學為你指路。小組活動，討論結果讓一名代表報告給大家。此為運用階段。Step 10 HomeworkWrite down two of the dialogues.設計說明：課堂上時間緊，可多採用聽說形式來加大課堂容量，而把寫的任務放在課後。這一課要求將課堂上口頭說的從A地到B地的問路和指路的對話，選擇一兩個寫下來，就是為了將它落實到筆頭練習上。九、教學板書7B Unit 3 Finding your wayGrammar IThe train is going through the tunnel. stairHe is swimming across the pool. stepHe is walking over the bridge. sideThe dog is walking round the table. railway station
E. 急！！上海牛津版英語8A各個單元的語法
1.In the magazine &on the magazine
2. Would like to do sth
3. One and a half metres tall
4. My hobby is doing sth. My ambition is to do sth.
5. Sth nearby: a restaurant nearby
6. At school/university; attend/leave school
（上學
/
離開學校畢業）
7. Be keen on sth/doing sth
8. Enjoy doing sth
9. a photo of myself/our school; a photo of mine
10. Hope & wish:
Hope: 1
）
Hope to do sth; 2
）
Hope
（
that
）從句„
3
）
Hope for sth
希望，期待
Everyone hopes for snow.
Let『s hope for the best and prepare for the
worst.
wish:1
）
Wish sb sth
祝願
We wish you good luck.
2
）
Wish to do
，
wish sb to do
，
想要；希望，渴望
What do you wish me to do?
你想要我做什麼？
I wish you to be happy
I wish to go
，
but my mother wishes me to stay at home.
我想去，但母親希望我呆在家。
3
）
Wish
（
that
）
但願（虛擬）
I wish
（
that
）
I were/was younger.
4
）
wish for
希望，想要
We have everything we can wish for.
5
）
Wish sb/sth + adj:I wish you well and happy;
I wish everything ready.
11.
反義疑問句：反義
疑問句
(The
Disjunctive
Question)
即附加疑問句。它表示提問
人的看法，
沒有把握，需要對方證實。
反義疑問句由兩部分組成：
前一部分是一個
陳述句
，
後一部分是一個簡短的疑問句，兩部分的人稱時態應保持一致。
！
）不定代詞
當陳述部分的主語是
（
1
）用
one
時，後面的疑問句可用
one/he.
（
2
）用
no one
時，後面附加疑問句中主語用
they
。
（
3
）
everything,anything,nothing,something
時，附加疑問句中主語用
it
不用
they
（
4
）
this, that,
或
those, these
時，附加疑問句中主語用
it
或
they.
（
5
）
everyone
，
everybody
，
someone
，
somebody
，
anyone
，
nobody
等，附加疑問句中主語
一般用
they
（口頭語，非正式文體）
/he
（正式文體）
。
（
6
）不定式，動名詞，其他短語，附加疑問句中主語一般用
it
。
（
7
）在
there be
句型中，附加疑問句中一般用
be/
情態動詞
/
助動詞
+there
。
2
）否定意義的詞
(1)
當陳述部分有
never
，
seldom, hardly
，
few
，
little
，
barely, scarcely, nothing
，
none,rarely
，
no, not, no one, nobody, neither
等否定意義的詞彙時，後面的反意疑
問句則為肯定形式：
2014年全國注冊建造師考試
建設工程造價管理 建設工程計價 建設工程造價案例分析 建設工程技術與計量
There're few apples in the basket, are there?
He can hardly swim, can he?
They seldom come late, do they?
(2)
當陳述部分的主語為
everyone,someone,anyone,no
one
等表示人的不定代詞時，
疑問部
分的主語用
they
或
he
：
Everyone in your family is a teacher, aren』t they
\isn't he
？
(3)
當陳述部分的主語為
everything,something,anything.nothing
等表示物的不定代詞
時，疑問部分的主語用
it
：
Something is wrong with your watch, isn』t it?
(4)
當陳述部分含有否定意思的詞是
unhappy,dislike,unfriendly,
等含有否定詞綴的派生
詞，也就是有
un,dis,no-
前綴、
-less
後綴等含有詞綴而意思否定的詞，當做肯定句處理，
疑問部分要用否定形式。如：
He looks unhappy,doesn』t he? 他看上去不高興，不是嗎？
The girl dislikes history,doesn』t she? 這女孩不喜歡歷史，不是嗎？
(5)
當陳述部分有
less, fewer
等詞視為肯定詞，疑問部分用否定形式。
There will be less pollution, won't there?
3
）祈使句
當陳述部分是祈使句時，疑問句要根據語氣來表達，分三種情況：
（
1
）一般情況下用
will you
或
won't you
。
Give me a hand, will you?
Leave all the things as they are, won』t you?
（
2)
以
Let's
（聽者包括在內）開頭的祈使句，前肯後可肯可否，疑問句必須用
shall we
（
shall
只用於第一人稱）
;
只有以
Let
us
（聽話人不被包括在「us」裡面）或
Let
me
開頭
的祈使句，問句才用
will you
。
Let us know the time of your arrival, will you?
Let's try again, shall we?
Let me help you, will you?
Let』s have a look on your book，
shall we
？
（
3)
當陳述句是否定的祈使句時，問句可用
will you
或
can you
。
e.g. don』t make much noise, will/can you?
4
）
Must
.
當陳述部分有情態動詞
must
，問句有
4
種情況：
（
1
）
mustn't
表示「禁止，不可，不必」時，附加問句通常要用
must.
You mustn't stop your car here, must you?
你不能把車停在這地方，知道嗎？
（
2
）
must
表示「有必要」時，附加問句通常要用
needn't.
They must finish the work today, needn』t they?
他們今天要完成這項工作，是嗎？
（
3
）
must
be
表推測
,
用來表示對現
在的情況進行推測時，問句通常要根據
must
後面的動
詞採用相應的形式。
He must b
e good at English, isn』the? 他英語一定學得很好，是嗎？
She must be a good English teacher, isn』t she? 她一定是位優秀的英語老師，是嗎？
（
4
）當
must have done
表示對過去的情況進行推測（一般句中有明確的過去時間狀語）
，
問句要根據陳述部分謂語的情況用「didn't+主語」或「wasn't/weren't+主語」；
如果強調
動作的完成（一般沒有明確的過去時間狀語）
，問句要用「haven't/hasn't+主語」。
She mu
st have read the novel last week, didn』t she?
她上星期一定讀了這本小說，不是嗎？
You must have told her about it, haven』t you?
你一定把這事告訴她了，不是嗎？
回答
反意疑問句的回答：前肯後否，前否後肯，根據事實從後往前翻譯。如：
（
1
）They work hard,don』t they?他們努力工作，不是嗎？
Yes, they do.
對
,
他們工作努力。
/No, they don't.
不，他們工作不努力
（
2
）
Th
ey don』t work hard, do they? 他們不太努力工作，是嗎？
Yes, they do.
不，他們工作努力。
/No, they don't.
是的，
他們工作不努力
否定反義疑問句的回答
當陳述部分為肯定式，
反義疑問句為否定式時，
其回答一般不會造成困難，
一般只需照情況
回答即可：
"It』s new, isn』t it?" "Yes, it is." 「是新的，不是嗎？」「是，是新的。」
"He wants to go, doesn』t he?" "No, he doesn』t." 「他想去，不是嗎？」「不，他不
想去。」
此時，
"Yes"
即是，對前面
"It's new."
的肯定。
12. Look for
，
think of
，
13. Germany
德國
German
德語，德國人
14. Be close to sth
15. Like to do/like doing; love to do/love doing
16. Share sth with sb.
17. A school uniform;
18. Friends from all over the world
19. On weekdays;at weekends
20. One of the top students
21. Have already done sth.
22. Success - successful - succeed
23. Family:
家庭成員（復）
All of her family work in her business.
24
. Put on one『s school uniform & wear a uniform
25. Luck - luckily
26. Be responsible for =be in charge of= take charge of
27. Discuss sth/have a talk over/at breakfast;
have a chat over breakfast/ a cup of coffee
28
. Go to sp. in one『s car;in one『s car & by car
29. Drive sb to sp.11. On the way
（
to sp.
）
30. Start school
開始上課
31. Achieve sth;achieve A grades
32. Fail sth; fail an exam
33. Collect sb. from sp.
34. Client - customer
35. Attend a club
36. Assist sb; assist sb to do sth;assist - assistant
37. Continue to do sth./ continue doing sth.
38. Work on sth
39. Need much sleep
40. Never
，
seldom;
41
. Wake up;get up;get out of bed;
42. Join the circus
加入；
perform in the circus
43. Then
那時
back then
當時，那個時候
44
. It『s time for sth.
1
）
. It is time for your study.
是時候學習了。
（是學習的時候了。
）
2
）
. It is time for a change.
是時候做出一些改變了。」
3
）
. And now it is time for you to move on.
45. Travel with sb. practise with sb.
（
live/work with sb .
）
46. Get bored;
（
get hurt; get + done
）
47. Train for the circus; for
為了
48. Fall down; & fall off sth
49. Have a pain in my leg or arm32. Be tough
50. Put on make-up; wear make-up
51. Have a big crowd
52. Perform - performance
53
. Return = go back
54
. expect to do sth
，
expect sb to do sth; expect sb/sth
（等待）
55
. Hot - heat
56
. Sell - sale; be on sale; be for sale
求採納~~~~~~~~
F. 牛津英語8B unit4 語法 和 和所有的片語有的說下，謝謝了！
一 片語
1 做慈善演出的主持人 be the host of a charity show
2 白天少睡點 sleep less ring the day
3 多練習 practice a lot
4 在英特網上登廣告 advertise on the Internet
5 散發（傳單） give out (leaflets)
6 組織一次慈善演出 organize a charity show
7 綠色希望工程 Project Green Hope
8 希望工程 Project Hope
9 拯救中國虎 Save China』s Tigers
10 春蕾計劃 Spring Bud Project
11 為某人（某組織）籌款/募捐 raise money for sb.
捐某物（錢）給某人 donate sth.(money) to sb.
12 回到學校 return to school = come back to school
13 幫忙（某人）做某事 help(sb.) with sth. = help (sb.) do sth.
14 艱苦的工作 hard work
努力工作（學習） work hard
15 開始演出排練 start working on the show
16 在適當的時候 at the right time
17 在同時 at the same time
18 在開始；起初 in the beginning = at first
在末尾；最後 in the end = at last = finally
19 變得容易一點 became a little bit easier
20 一直問我自己（一直做某事） keep asking myself (keep doing sth.)
21 大聲地說話 speak loudly
22 發出很多噪音 make a lot of noise
23 得到當地企業的大力技持 have/get a lot of support from local businesses
24 幫助需要的人 help people in need
25 開一個會 have/hold a meeting
舉辦一次慈善演出 have/hold a charity show
26 通過賣物品和提供服務來掙錢 make money by selling goods and services
27 選擇某人來做某事 choose sb. to do sth.
28 使你的聲音聽起來更大些 make your voice sound louder
29 對……感興趣（延） be interested in
對……產生了興趣（短） become interested in
30 掛在舞台前面 hang in front of the stage
31 想要這次演出取得成功 want the show to be a success
32 邀請我吃午餐 invite me to lunch
33 搭建舞台 set up (the stage)
34做出決定 make a decision / make some decisions
決定做某事 decide to do sth. = make a decision to do sth.
35 志願做某事 volunteer to do sth.
36 注意某物 pay attention to sth.
37 希望你（度過）一個快樂的假期 wish you [a happy holiday]
希望你（有）好運 wish you [good luck]
38 迫不急待做某事 can』t wait for sth. = can』t wait to do sth.
39 因為(做)某事而感謝某人 thank sb. for （doing）sth.
40 學會讀書和寫字 learn to read and write
41 去上班來代替上學 go to work instead of going to school
42 使這次演出成為可能 make this show possible
43 明年再舉行一次演出 do another show next year
44 激動地鼓掌和大叫 clap and shout excitedly
二、語法（1）
1.I wish I could be the host.(虛擬語氣)
2.Because I』m going to be the host of a charity show.
3.Only if you sleep less ring the day.
4.I felt very happy when the organizers chose me to be the host.
5.We started working on the show two months ago.
6.It was my job to introce each star.= My job was to introce each star.
7.I had to remember to look at the right camera at the right time.
8.I thought I would never be able to remember all the words and do everything right at the same time.
9.No time (to be nervous) any more. This is it.再也沒有緊張的時間了，這可是關鍵的時刻。
10.The fans of the pop stars were making a lot of noise . I have to speak loudly because of the noise.
11.Everything seemed to happen so fast and now it is all over.
12.Everyone was very generous and we had/got a lot of support from local businesses.
13.I hope we can have more events like this to raise money for charities.
14.Their families have no money so the children have to go to work instead of going to school..
15.It hangs in front of the stage.
16.They all became interested in charity shows because of you.
17.I wish (that ) I could fly. (虛擬語氣)
18.I wish (that) I were Ricky. (虛擬語氣)
19.I wish you [a happy holiday].（名詞作賓補）
20.We wish you [good luck]. （名詞作賓補）
21.Our class held a meeting to talk about holding a charity show.
22.Many classmates have volunteered to do some work for the charity show.
23.I hope our charity show will be a success.= I hope our charity show will be successful.
24.I can』t wait for the next show.
25.We would like to thank the following people for their help and support.
三、語法(2)
1.because 引導原因狀語從句。so 引導結果狀語從句。（在同一句子中只能用其中之一）
2.because of +名詞/代詞/名詞性短語/動名詞短語。
3.hope 用法①hope to do sth
②hope +賓從
4.wish 用法①wish sb. to do sth
②wish+賓從(常用過去時態來表示虛擬語氣，不太可能發生的事情)
③wish + 賓語 + 形容詞（作賓補）
G. 牛津英語9BUnit4語法」
A.定語從句
B.關系代詞who,which,that
H. 牛津高中英語所有模塊的語法詳細的歸納與整理
在英語句子里，謂語受主語支配，其動詞必須和主語在人稱和數上保持一致，這就叫主謂一致。尋其規律，大致可歸納為三個原則，即語法一致、邏輯意義一致和就近一致原則。 （一）語法一致原則：語法上一致就是謂語動詞和主語在單、復數形式上保持一致。 1、以單數名詞或代詞、動詞不定式短語、動名詞短語或從句作主語時，謂語動詞一般用單數形式；主語為復數時，謂語動詞用復數形式。如：His father is working on the farm. / To study English well is not easy. / What he said is very important for us all. / The children were in the classroom two hours ago. / Reading in the sun is bad for your eyes. 注意：由what引導的主語從句，後面的謂語動詞多數情況用單數形式，但若表語是復數或what從句是一個帶有復數意義的並列結構時，主句的謂語動詞用復數形式。如：What I bought were three English books. / What I say and do is (are) helpful to you. 2、由連接詞and或both … and連接起來的合成主語後面，要用復數形式的謂語動詞。如：Lucy and Lily are twins. / She and I are classmates. / The boy and the girl were surprised when they heard the news. / Both she and he are Young Pioneers. 注意：① 若and所連接的兩個詞是指同一個人或物時，它後面的謂語動詞就應用單數形式。如：The writer and artist has come.; / ② 由and連接的並列單數主語前如果分別有no, each, every more than a (an) , many a (an)修飾時，其謂語動詞要用單數形式。如：Every student and every teacher was in the room.. / No boy and no girl likes it. 3、主語為單數名詞或代詞，盡管後面跟有with, together with, except, but, like, as well as, rather than, more than, no less than, besides, including等引起的短語，謂語動詞仍用單數形式；若主語為復數，謂語用復數形式。如：Mr Green, together with his wife and children, has come to China. / Nobody but Jim and Mike was on the playground. / She, like you and Tom, is very tall. 4、either, neither, each, every 或no +單數名詞和由some, any, no, every構成的復合不定代詞，都作單數看待。如：Each of us has a new book. / Everything around us is matter. 注意：① 在口語中當either或neither後跟有「of+復數名詞（或代詞）」作主語時，其謂語動詞也可用復數。如：Neither of the texts is (are) interesting. ② 若none of後面的名詞是不可數名詞，它的謂語動詞就要用單數；若它後面的名詞是復數，它的謂語動詞用單數或復數都可以。如：None of us has (have) been to America. 5、在定語從句時，關系代詞that, who, which等作主語時，其謂語動詞的數應與句中先行詞的數一致。如：He is one of my friends who are working hard. / He is the only one of my friends who is working hard. 6、如果集體名詞指的是整個集體，它的謂語動詞用單數；如果它指集體的成員，其謂語動詞就用復數形式。這些詞有family, class, crowd, committee, population, audience等。如：Class Four is on the third floor. / Class Four are unable to agree upon a monitor. 注意：people, police, cattle等名詞一般都用作復數。如：The police are looking for the lost child. 7、由「a lot of, lots of, plenty of, the rest of, the majority of + 名詞」構成的短語以及由「分數或百分數+名詞」構成的短語作主語，其謂語動詞的數要根據短語中後面名詞的數而定。如：There are a lot of people in the classroom. / The rest of the lecture is wonderful. / 50% of the students in our class are girls. 注意： a number of「許多」，作定語修飾復數名詞，謂語用復數；the number of「…的數量」，主語是number，謂語用單數。 8、在倒裝句中，謂語動詞的數應與其後的主語一致。如：There comes the bus./ On the wall are many pictures. / Such is the result. / Such are the facts. （二）邏輯意義一致原則：邏輯意義一致就是謂語動詞的數必須和主語的意義一致（因有時主語形式為單數，但意義為復數；有時形式為復數，但意義為單數）。 1、what, who, which, any, more, all等代詞可以是單數，也可是復數，主要靠意思來決定。如：Which is your bag? / Which are your bags? / All is going well. / All have gone to Beijing. 2、表示「時間、重量、長度、價值」等的名詞的復數作主語時，謂語動詞通常用單數形式， 這是由於作主語的名詞在概念上是一個整體，如：Thirty minutes is enough for the work. 3、若英語是書名、片名、格言、劇名、報名、國名等的復數形式，其謂語動詞通常用單數形式。如： 「The Arabian Nights」is an interesting story-book. 4、表數量的短語「one and a half」後接復數名詞作主語時，其謂語動詞可用單數形式（也可用復數。如：One and a half apples is (are) left on the table. 5、算式中表示數目（字）的主語通常作單數看待，其謂語動詞採用單數形式。如：Twelve plus eight is twenty. / Fifty-six divided by eight is seven. 6、一些學科名詞是以 –ics 結尾，如：mathematics, politics, physics 以及news, works等，都屬於形式上是復數的名詞，實際意義為單數名詞，它們作主語時，其謂語動詞要用單數形式。如：The paper works was built in 1990. / I think physics isn』t easy to study. 7、trousers, glasses, clothes, shoes, 等詞作主語時，謂語用復數，但如果這些名詞前有a (the) pair of等量詞修飾時，謂語動詞用單數。如：My glasses are broken. / The pair of shoes under the bed is his. 8、「定冠詞the + 形容詞或分詞」，表示某一類人時，動詞用復數。 （三）就近一致原則：在英語句子中，有時謂語動詞的人稱和數與最近的主語保持一致。 1、當兩個主語由either … or, neither … nor, whether … or …, not only … but also連接時，謂語動詞和鄰近的主語一致。如：Either the teacher or the students are our friends. / Neither they nor he is wholly right. / Is neither he nor they wholly right? 2、there be句型be動詞單復數取決於其後的主語。如果其後是由and連接的兩個主語，則應與靠近的那個主語保持一致。如：There are two chairs and a desk in the room..注意：Here引導的句子用法同上。 語法經典練習：1.I, who____ your friend, will try my best to help you with your English.A.am B.is C.are D.be2. The rich ____ not always happy.A.are B.is C.has D.have3. Neither Tom nor Jack and I ____ his students.A.are B.am C.is D.was4. Mary as well as her sisters ____ Chinese in China.A. are studying B. have studied C. studies D. study5. Neither my father nor I ____ at home.A.am B.is C.are D.be6. Not only my brother but also I ____ good at painting. Both of us ____ good painters.,A.are;are B.am;am C.ani;are D.is;is7. Every' boy and every girl ____ to attend the evening party.A.wish B.wishes C.is like D.like8. Over 80 percent of the population of China ____ peasants.A.was B.is C. would be D.are9. The population of China ____ larger than that of .any other country in the world.A.is B.are C.has D.have10. Every means ____ tried but without any result.A. have been B.is to be C.are to be D. has been11. Alice, together with two boys,____ for having broken the rule.A. was punished B. punished C. were punished D. being punished12. The League secretary and the monitor____ asked to attend the .meeting this afternoon.A.is B.was C.are D.is being13. The great writer and professor____.A. is an old man B. are both old menC. is an old man and a young man D. were two Chinese14. There ____ a pen, two pencils and three books on the desk.A.are B.is C.has D.have15. A large number of students in our class____ girls.A. are B. was C. is D. be16. The number of deer, mountain lions and wild roses ____ much if people leave things as they are.A. doesn' t change B.don't change C.change D.changed17. The Arabian Nights ____ well known to the English.A. is B. are C. was D. were18. Chairman Mao' s works ____ published.A. has been B.have been C.was D.is19. A chemical works____ built there.A. is to being B.have been C. were to D.has been20. The Olympic Games ____ held every ____ years.A.is;four B.are;four C.is;five D.are;five21 .The United States of America one of the most developed countries in the world.A.is B.are C.was D.were22.He is the only one of die students who ____ elected.A. are B.have C.has D.is23.Theis is one of the most interesting questions that ____ asked.A.have B.has C. have been D.has been24.Many a man ____ come to help us.A.have B.has C.is D.are25."All____ present and all____ going on well," our monitor said.A.is;is B.are;are C.are;is D.is;are26. The police ____ the murderer everywhere when he suddenly appeared in a theatre.A. is searching for B. were searching forC. are searching for D. were searching27.Your trousers____ dirty.You must have____ washed.A.is;il B.are;it C.are;them D.is;them28.This pair of trouseis ____ too long for him.A.is B.be C.are D.were29. One and a half bananas ____ left on the table.A.is B.are C.has D.have30. Eight times eight ____ sixty - four.A.is B.are C.get D.equal Keys:1~5 AAACA 6~10 CBDAD 11~15 ACABA 16~20 AABDB 21~25 ADCBC 26~30 BCAAA 31~35 ACAAB 36~40 CABBA 41~45 BCCCA 46~50 ADBBC
I. 牛津七年級下冊英語第一單元語法整理
語法還是知識點？我幫你找了下列資料，不知道是不是你需要的？
短語學習：
1. be superior to 比。。。優越，比。。。好，超過。。。
This western restaurant is superior to the one we went to last week.
這家西餐館比我們上星期去的那一家好。
He is ~ to me in position. （級別，職位，重要性上）更高
能與to 連用，但不能與than連用的詞有：
major(優秀的,高級的);inferior(下等的,下級的)
senior(年長的,地位高的);junior(年少的,後進的)
2. spring up迅速出現；興起 A doubt sprang up in her mind.
3. a variety of 各種各樣的
Coral is not a plant but a variety of animal life of different shapes and bright colors.
珊瑚不是植物，而是各種不同形狀和色彩斑斕的生物的變體。
There is a wide variety of patterns to choose from.有種類繁多的圖案可供選擇。
This tool can be used in a variety of ways.這一工具有多種用途。
various adj. 各種各樣的
Tents come in various shapes and sizes. 帳篷有各種各樣的形狀和大小。
4. Come onto the market 上市，在市場上出售
This house only came onto the market yesterday .這所房子是昨天才投放到市場出售的
5.in that case在那種情況下
You don』t like your job? In that case, why don』t you leave?
你不喜歡這份工作?那你怎麼不辭掉呢?
She was late, in that case, I can』t wait for her.她遲到了，在那種情況下，我不能等了。
6.stand for代表；象徵；容忍
What does 「UN」 stand for?UN代表的是什麼?
I condemn fascism and all it stands for.我譴責法西斯主義及其代表的一切。
I can』t stand (for) this insolence. 我決不容忍這種傲慢無禮的行為。
7. capable adj. 有能力的；有才能的 be capable of 能夠
Show your teacher what you are capable of. 向你的老師表現出你的才能。
This is a robot capable of understanding spoken commands.
這是一個能聽懂口頭指令的機器人。
The machine is capable of improvement.這台機器是可以改進的。
8.up to date 最近的
It was a modern factory—everything was really up to date.
這是一個現代化的工廠——一切都是最新式的。
We are keeping up to date with the latest developments. 我們保持掌握最新的發展。
out of date(out-of-date作定語形容詞)過時的
9. (sb.)be familiar with sth.熟悉……
(sth.)be familiar to sb.為某人所熟悉
10. wind ( wound wound )vt.上發條;纏;繞
wind up 給……上發條;使某人高度興奮；把（汽車窗玻璃等搖上）
wind down (鍾表)慢下來,停住; (人)鬆弛下來
1） He forgot to wind [waind] (up) his watch.
2） Are all the windows wound up?
介詞
介詞的分類：
1． 表示時間的介詞：at, in, on, before, to, from, by, till, until, after, for, since 等。
2． 表示地點，位置，方向的介詞：next, to, in, in front of, on , out of, at, above, over, into, near, between, under, up, across, by, down, from, around, behind, beside等
3． 表示原因，理由的介詞：for, as, at, from 等
4． 表示方式的介詞：on, in, by, with 等。
常用介詞辨析
1． 表示時間的in, on, at, after
1) in 的用法。
用於早晨、下午、傍晚。In the morning/afternoon/evening
用於月、年、季節等。In March, in 1986, in spring
用於一段時間後。In a week, in a year』s time, in two hours
2) on 的用法
用於具體某一天。On my birthday, on the morning of next Friday, on June 6, on Sunday, on New Year』s ay
用於描述性的時間。On a cold night, on a winter day
3) at 的用法
用於具體的鍾點。At 12 o』clock, at half nine
用於固定的搭配。At lunch, at night, at breakfast, at noon, at Christmas, at weekends, at that time
4) after 表示在一點時間以後。After twelve o』clock
2. 表示的地點的 in, on , at
in指大地方，at是小地點， in表示的是體，on表示的是面，at表示的是點。
They will arrive in Shanghai.他們將到上海。
They will arrive at the school.他們將到學校。
They live on the ninth floor.他們住在九樓。
I will meet you at the bus stop.我在車站接你。
in可指內部， on可指「在…之上」
There are six windows in the wall.牆上有6 扇窗子。
There are five pictures on the wall.牆上貼著5 幅畫。
3. 表示方位的on, over, under, above, below.
1）on , over, above指上方；under, below指下方；on指物體接觸。
2）over指正上方、above指斜上方、under指正下方、below指斜下方。
There will be two bridges over the river.河上將有兩座橋。
The ball is under the desk.桌子下有一隻球。
4. between, among
Between指兩者之間, among指三者或三者以上。
There will be a match between Tom and me. 湯姆和我之間將要有一場比賽。
The teacher is standing among the students. 老師正站在學生們中間。
但有時在數量不多的個體之間進行選擇，可用Between.
You can choose between the books on the table.你可以在桌子的書中進行選擇。
5. across , over, through
Across表示從這一邊到另一邊的橫過, over表示從空間通過, through則表示從內部空間穿過。
Can you swim across the lake? 你能游泳過湖嗎？
You must go through the forest at once. 你必須馬上穿過樹林。
There is a bridge over the river. 河上有一座橋。
6. 表示方式、方法、手段的常用介詞by, in, with, through
★ by 表示「用（方法、手段、途徑等）」或意為「乘坐（交通工具） 」，後接的名詞前面通常不用冠詞。
★ in 表示「用（方式、材料、途徑、語言）」。
★ with 表示「帶著，伴隨」，後接具體的工具，手段、材料或其他行為方式。
Mr. Green usually goes to work ___car.
He wrote many letters ___English.
He told me to write _____a pen.
You can master English ________more practice.
7. 表示「除…… 之外」的介詞
through 表示「以(方法、手段) 」「經由」。
besides 表示包含, 除 --- 之外還有---
except 表示排除, 除 ---- 之外
but 表示排除, 多與nobody, none, no one, nothing, anything, everyone, all, who 等連用.
except for 表示除去整體中的部分, 「只是, 只不過」
__________ basketball, I like playing Pingpang.
You have no choice ________work hard.
Li Long is a good student ______________his laziness.
＊He usually goes to work on time _____.
A. except for raining days B. besides it rains
C. but that it rains D. except on rainy days
8. 看似相同，但意義有別的片語。
At school 在上學 At the school 在學校
In front of 在…前邊（外部） In the front of 在…前部（內部）
In class 在課上 In the class 在這個班
In bed 在睡覺 In the bed 在床上
In hospital 住院 In the hospital 在醫院里
Go to school 去上學 Go to the school 去學校
（1）.名詞+介詞：
1. approval of 批准 2. awareness of 意識到
3. grasp of 把握住 4. hatred of 憎惡
5. desire for 要求、願望 6. fondness for 愛好 (I've a fondness for collecting stamps.)
7. hope for 希望、期待 (hope for the best 樂觀)
8. need for 必要 (There is no need for hurrying.)
9. reason for 有必須……的理由 (have reason for...)
10. respect for 尊敬 (have respect for...) 11. belief in 信任於
12. interest in 對……有興趣 13. success in 成功、成就
(2).形容詞 + 介詞：
1. afraid of (He is not afraid of anything.)
2. aware of 覺得
3. capable of 能 (The tank is capable of holding 8 kg. of water.)
4. fond of 喜愛 (He's fond of fishing.)
5. jealous of 嫉妒於
6. made of 用……製成的
7. proud of 對……感覺光榮 (I'm proud of his acquaintance. 認識他是我的光榮。)
8. sure of 確信 (You may be sure of his honesty.)
9. tired of 厭倦的
10. careless about 不關心、不重視
11. worried about 自找煩惱
12. familiar with 熟悉於、精通於
13. interested in 興趣於
14. sorry for 懊悔、覺得過意不去 (You will be sorry for this some day.)
(3).動詞 + 介詞：(這類組合特別多。要特別注意同一個動詞配上不同的介詞，意思就不同了)
1. care about 關心 (He doesn't care about other people. 他不關心別人。)
2. care for 喜歡 (Would you care for a cup of coffee? 你喜歡來杯咖啡嗎？)
3. take care of 照顧 (Take care of yourseft. 照顧自己喔。)
4. dream about 夢到 (I dreamt about you last night. 昨晚我夢到你。)
5. dream of 夢想 (I often dream of being rich. 我時常夢想發達了。)
6. hear about 聽到關於……的詳情 (Have you hear about Jane? )
7. hear of 聽到……的事/話 (Have you heard of a place called 'Mulu'?)
8. hear from 得到……的消息 (Have you heard from Ann recently?)
9. look at 注視、考察(Why you look at me like that?)
10. look for 找、指望 (Can you help me look for my keys?)
11. look after 照應、看守 (She is ill, she needs someone to look after her.)
12. think about 思索、考慮 (What are you thinking about?)
13. think of 想起、企圖 (He told me his name but I can't think of it now.)
展示導思（25分鍾）
1. weigh vt. 稱……的重量；權衡；考慮vi. 重量為……
He weighed himself on the bathroom scales.他用浴室磅秤量體重。
She weighed the stone in her hand.他用手掂了掂那塊石頭的重量。
I weighed the benefits of the plan against the risks involved.
我認真考慮了這個計劃的優點及其風險。
weigh sb. down 使煩惱；使焦慮
weight n. 重量 put on weight 增加體重 lose weight 減肥
take the weight off one』s feet 坐下來歇會兒
2.measure vt.& vi. 測量；度量；判斷；評估 n. 措施；方法
It』s hard to measure his ability when we haven』t seen his work.
沒見過他的作品，很難估計他的能力。
1)measure指測量某物的長寬高等或估計某人的能力。也可用作名詞，意思是「措施」，take measures to do 採取措施做……。如：
Measures should be taken to stop pollution.該採取措施制止污染了。
2)固定搭配:in great measure 很大程度上
3)固定搭配be measured in/by 「用……計算」。如：
In England distance is measured by miles while in China by kilometers.
在英國距離按英里計算，在中國卻按千米計算。
3..suitable adj.合適的；適宜的
suitable for sb./sth.適合某人/某物 suitable to do sth.適合做某事
Is this a suitable time to have a word with you?我想和你說句話，你現在方便嗎？
This programme is not suitable for children.這個節目兒童不宜。。
(1)suit v. 適合；適宜；滿足需要n. 一套衣服
Choose a computer to suit your particular needs.選一台適合你自個兒需要的電腦。
If you want to go by bus, that suits me fine.要是你想坐公共汽車走，那對我也合適。
(2)suit, fit與match.
suit多指合乎需要、口味、性格、條件、地位。
Does the time suit you?這個時間對你合適嗎?
match多指大小、色調、形狀、性質等方面的搭配。
The People』s Great Hall and the Historical Museum match the Tian An Men beautifully.
人民大會堂和歷史博物館與天安門陪襯的極為美麗。
fit多指大小合適，引申為「吻合」。
The new coat fits me well.這件新衣服我穿著大小合適。
2)用suit,fit與match填空
(1)Try the new key and see if it __________. (2)No dish __________ all tastes.
(3)This hot weather doesn』t __________ me.
(4)The doors were painted blue to __________ the walls.
(5)I tried the dress on and it didn』t __________.
(6)None of these glasses __________.
4. guarantee v. 擔保；保障；保證n. 保證；擔保；保修單
guarantee sb.sth.保證某人某事 guarantee+that 從句
be under guarantee(n.)在保修期內
He gave me a guarantee that it would never happen again.
他向我保證這種事情決不會再發生。
We provide a 5-year guarantee against rust.我們保證，產品5年不生銹。
We can』t guarantee that our flights will never be delayed.