1. 英語語法問題:現在分詞、過去分詞和不定式作狀語如何區別
非謂語動詞用法歸納
非謂語動詞主要包括不定式、動名詞和現在分詞。為了區分這三種不同的非謂語動詞的用法和含義,我們將分別從三種非謂語動詞在句子中做主語、賓語、賓語補足語、定語、狀語、表語以及一些特殊結構句型等角度來區分其用法和細微含義。
1.不定式和動名詞作主語的區別
(1)動名詞作主語通常表示抽象動作;而不定式作主語表示具體動作。
Smoking is prohibited(禁止)here.這里禁止抽煙。(抽象)
It is not very good for you to smoke so much.你抽這么多煙對你身體很不好。(具體)
(2)動名詞作主語時,通常用以表示一件已知的事或經驗。
不定式短語通常用來表示一件未完成的事或目的。
Climbing mountains is interesting.爬山很有趣。(經驗)
Driving a car ring the rush hour is tiring.在高峰時刻開車令人厭煩。(經驗)
(3)不定式做主語,一般用it當形式主語,把作主語的不定式短語後置。
It took me only five minutes to finish the job.
2.不定式、動名詞和分詞作表語的區別
(1)不定式作表語
1)不定式作表語一般表示具體動作,特別是表示將來的動作。
To do two things at a time is to do neither.--次做兩件事等於未做。
What I would suggest is to start work at once.我的建議是立刻開始干。
2)如果主語是不定式(表示條件),表語也是不定式(表示結果)。
To see is to believe.百聞不如一見。
To work means to earn a living.工作就是為了生活。
3)如果主語是以aim, ty, hope, idea, happiness, job, plan, problem, purpose, thing, wish等為中心的名詞,或以what引導的名詞性從句,不定式作表語是對主語起補充說明 作用。
His wish is to buy a luxurious car in the near future.他的希望是在不遠的將來買一輛豪華轎車。
The function of Louis Sullivan's architecture was to provide large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior.
The most important thing is to negotiate with them about the future of the plant.
(2)動名詞作表語:動名詞作表語,表示抽象的一般性的行為。
Our work is serving the people.我們的工作是為人民服務。
His hobby is collecting stamps.他的愛好是集郵。
(注)動名詞作表語時與進行時態中的現在分詞形式相同,但其所屬結構迥異,進行時態說明動作是由主語完成的。動名詞做表語,說明主語的性質或情況。
People cannot but feel puzzled, for they simply cannot understand how he could have made such a stupid mistake.
His victory in the final was no more convincing than I had expected.
(3)分詞作表語
分詞做表語有兩種情況,一種是現在分詞做表語,一種是過去分詞做表語,這兩者區別是考試中經常考到的地方。一般來說,表示心理狀態的動詞如excite, interest等都是及物動詞,漢語意思不是「激動」,「高興」,而是「使激動」、「使高興」,因而現在分詞應該是「令人激動的」、「令人高興的」,過去分詞則是「感到激動的」和「感到高興的」。所以,凡表示「令人……的」都是-ing形式,凡是表示「感到……」都用-ed形式。換句話說,若人對……感興趣,就是somebody is interested in...,若人/物本身有興趣時,就是說sb./sth. is interesting.這類詞常見的有:
interesting使人感到高興--interested感到高興的
exciting令人激動的--excited感到激動的
delighting令人高興的--delighted感到高興的
disappointing令人失望的--disappointed感到失望的
encouraging令人鼓舞的--encouraged感到鼓舞的
pleasing令人愉快的--pleased感到愉快的
puzzling令人費解的--puzzled感到費解的
satisfying令人滿意的---satisfied感到滿意的
surprising令人驚異的--surprised感到驚異的
worrying令人擔心的--worried感到擔心的
Travelling is interesting but tiring.旅行是有趣的,但是使人疲勞。
The pupils will get confused if they are made to learn too much.如果要學生學得太多,他們會感到糊塗的。
The argument is very convincing.他的論點很令人信服。
They were very excited at the news.聽到這個消息,他們非常激動。
3.不定式和動名詞作賓語的區別
英語中大多數動詞既可跟不定式,也可跟動名詞作直接賓語,但有些動詞要求:
(1)不定式做賓語和賓語補足語
1)下面的動詞要求不定式做賓語
attempt企圖 enable能夠 neglect忽視
afford負擔得起 demand要求 long渴望
arrange安排 destine註定 mean意欲,打算
begin開始 expect期望 omit忽略,漏
appear似乎,顯得 determine決定 manage設法
cease停止 hate憎恨,厭惡 pretend假裝
ask問 dread害怕 need需要
agree同意 desire願望 love愛
swear宣誓 volunteer志願 wish希望
bear承受 endeavor努力 offer提供
beg請求 fail不能 plan計劃
bother擾亂;煩惱 forget忘記 prefer喜歡,寧願
care關心,喜歡 happen碰巧 prepare准備
decide決定 learn學習 regret抱歉,遺憾
choose選擇 hesitate猶豫 profess表明
claim要求 hope希望 promise承諾,允許
start開始 undertake承接 want想要
consent同意,贊同 intend想要 refuse拒絕
decide決定 learn學習 vow起
contrive設法,圖謀 incline有…傾向 propose提議
seek找,尋覓 try試圖
2)下面的動詞要求不定式做賓補:動詞+賓語+動詞不定式
ask要求,邀請 get請,得到 prompt促使
allow允許 forbid禁止 prefer喜歡,寧願
announce宣布 force強迫 press迫使
bride 收買 inspire鼓舞 request請求
assist協助 hate憎惡 pronounce斷定,表示
advise勸告 exhort告誡,勉勵 pray請求
authorize授權,委託 help幫助 recommend勸告,推薦
bear容忍 implore懇求 remind提醒
beg請求 ince引誘 report報告
compel強迫 invite吸引,邀請, summon傳喚
command命令 intend想要,企圖 show 顯示
drive驅趕 mean意欲,打算 train訓練
cause引起 instruct指示 require要求
deserve應受 leave使,讓 tell告訴
direct指導 like喜歡 tempt勸誘
entitle有資格 order命令 warn告誡
enable使能夠 need需要 urge激勵,力說
encourage鼓勵 oblige不得不 want想要
condemn指責,譴責 lead引起,使得 teach教
entreat懇求 permit允許 wish希望
(2)有少數動詞只能用動名詞作賓語
acknowledge承認,自認 cease 停止 mention說到,講到
admit 承認 tolerate忍受 dislike不喜歡,討厭
advocate:提倡,主張 complete完成 dread可怕
appreciate 感激,欣賞 confess坦白 enre忍受
avoid避免 contemplate細想 enjoy享有,喜愛
bear忍受 defer拖延 envy嫉妒
can't help不禁 delay延遲 escape逃跑,逃避
can't stand受不了 deny否認 excuse借口
consider 考慮 detest嫌惡 fancy幻想,愛好
favor 造成,偏愛 mind 介意 repent悔悟
figure描繪,計算 miss錯過 resent怨恨
finish完成,結束不得 pardon原諒,饒恕 resist抵抗,阻止
forgive原諒 permit 允許 resume恢復
imagine設想 postpone延遲,延期 risk冒險
involve捲入,包含 practise 實行,實踐 suggest建議
hate討厭 prevent阻止 save營救,儲蓄
keep保持 quit放棄停止 stand堅持,忍受
loathe非常討厭,厭惡 recall回想
例如:I appreciate having been given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.我很感激兩年前給我出國學習的機會。
(3)有些動詞後使用動名詞和動詞不定式作賓語的差別
1)forget to do 忘記要去做某事(此事未做)
forget doing忘記做過某事(此事已做過或已發生)
2)stop to do 停止、中斷(某件事),目的是去做另一件事
stop doing 停止正在或經常做的事
3)remember to do 記住去做某事(未做)
remember doing記得做過某事(已做)
4) regret to do對要做的事遺憾
regret doing對做過的事遺憾、後悔
5)try to do努力、企圖做某事
try doing試驗、試一試某種辦法
6) mean to do打算,有意要…
mean doing意味著
7)go on to do 繼而(去做另外一件事情)
go on doing 繼續(原先沒有做完的事情)
8)propose to do 打算(要做某事)
proposing doing建議(做某事)
9) like /love/hate/ prefer +to do 表示具體行為;+doing sth 表示抽象、傾向概念
(注)如果這些動詞前有should一詞,其後賓語只跟不定式,不能跟動名詞。例如:
I should like to see him tomorrow.
10) need, want, deserve +動名詞表被動意義;+不定式被動態表示「要(修、清理等)」意思。
Don't you remember seeing the man before?你不記得以前見過那個人嗎?
You must remember to leave tomorrow.你可要記著是明天動身。
I don't regret telling her what I thought.我不後悔給她講過我的想法。(已講過)
I regret to have to do this, but I have no choice.我很遺憾必須這樣去做,我實在沒辦法。(未做但要做)
You must try to be more careful.你可要多加小心。
Let's try doing the work some other way.讓我們試一試用另外一種辦法來做這工作。
I didn't mean to hurt your feeling.我沒想要傷害你的感情。
This illness will mean (your) going to hospital.得了這種病(你)就要進醫院。
4.不定式、現在分詞和過去分詞作定語的區別
(1)不定式作定語
1)不定式與其所修飾的名詞可能是主謂關系
He was the last one to leave school yesterday.昨天他是最後一個離開教室的。
The train to arrive was from London.將要到站的火車是從倫敦開來的。
2)不定式與其所修飾的名詞可能是動賓關系
Get him something to eat.給他拿點兒東西吃。
She has a lot of work to do in the morning.早上他有很多工作要做。
3)不及物動詞構成的不定式做定語,要加上適當的介詞和被修飾的名詞形成邏輯上的動賓關系,這里的介詞不能省去。
I need a pen to write with.我需要一支筆寫字。
There is nothing to worry about.沒有什麼值得發愁的。
4)不定式修飾一些表示方向、原因、時間、機會、權利等抽象名詞如:
ability能力,本領 drive趕,駕駛 movement運動,活動
ambition抱負,野心 effort努力,嘗試 need需要,需求
campaign戰役,運動 failure失敗,不及格 opportunity機會
chance機會 force力,壓力,要點 promise許諾,希望
courage勇氣 intention意向,意圖 reason理由,原因
decision決定 method方法,方式 light光,光線,亮光
determination決心,決定 motive動機,目的 struggle奮斗,努力,
tendency傾向,趨勢 wish希望,願望,祝願
5)被修飾的名詞前有序數詞、形容詞最高級或next, second, last, only和not a,the等限定詞時候,只能用不定式。
6)不定代詞something, nothing, little, much, a lot 等習慣上用不定式做定語。
John will do anything but work on a farm.除了農活,約翰什麼都願意干。
7)如果其動詞要求用不定式做賓語,或者其形容詞要器接不定式做補語,則相應的名詞一般用不定式做定語。如: tend to do---tendency to do;decide to do = decision to do;be curious to do = curiosity to do
His wish to buy a car came true.他要買輛車的願望實現了。
Their decision to give up the experiment surprised us.
他們放棄這個實驗的決定使我們大吃一驚。
He is always the first to come and the last to leave.
他總是第一個到來,最後一個離去。
(2)分詞作定語
分詞作定語時有下面幾個特點:
1)現在分詞表示主動意義,過去分詞一般表示被動含意。
2)現在分詞表示正在進行,過去分詞表示狀態或做完(完成)的事。
He rushed into the burning house.他沖進了正在燃燒著的房子。
The child standing over there is my brother.站在那兒的男孩子是我弟弟。
The room facing south is our classroom.朝南的房間是我們的教室。
Have you got your watch repaired? 你拿到那個修好的表了嗎?
He is an advanced teacher.他是個先進教師。
3)下列不及物動詞也以過去分詞形式做定語或表語,但不具有被動意義,這點要注意:
departed, elapsed, faded, fallen, gone, frown-up, retired, returned, risen, set, vanished, much-traveled, newly-arrived, recently-come
(3)不定式和分詞作定語時的時間關系
一般來說,不定式所表示的動作發生在謂語動詞所表示的動作之後;現在分詞所表示的動作與謂語動詞所表示的動作同時發生;過去分詞表示的動作發生在謂語動詞所表示的動作之前。例如:
Do you want to see the doctor to be sent for from Beijing?
你要見那位將從北京請來的醫生嗎?
Do you want to see the doctor working on the case report in the office?
你要見那位正在辦公室里寫病歷的醫生嗎?
5.不定式和分詞作狀語的區別
(1)現在分詞與過去分詞作狀語的區別。
現在分詞做狀語與過去分詞做狀語的最主要區別在於兩者與所修飾的主語的主動與被動關系的區別。
1)現在分詞作狀語時,現在分詞的動作就是句子主語的動作,它們之間的關系是主動關系。
He went out shutting the door behind him.
他出去後將門隨手關上。
Not knowing what to do, he went to his parents for help.
由於不知如何辦是好,他去找父母幫忙。
2)過去分詞作狀語時,過去分詞表示的動作是句子主語承受的動作,它們之間的關系是被動關系。
Given more attention, the trees could have grown better.
如果對這些樹多關心一些,它們本來會長得更好。
Faced with difficulties, we must try to overcome them.
在遇到困難的時候,我們必須設法克服。
(2)動詞不定式和分詞作狀語的區別
1)分詞作狀語一般表示伴隨,而不定式常常表示目的。
They stood by the roadside talking about the plan.他們站在路邊談論著這個計劃。(伴隨)
They stood by the roadside to talk about the plan.他們站在路邊為的是談論這個計劃。(目的)
2)分詞作狀語放在句子開頭,除表示原因之外有時表示時間或條件。動詞不定式作狀語時,除了表示目的以外,還表示結果或原因。
Reading attentively,he forgot the time for lunch.由於在專心讀書,他忘了吃午飯的時間。(原因)
Reading carefully,he found something he had not known before.他仔細讀書時,發現了一些從前不知道的東西。(時間)
Reading carefully,you'll learn something new.只要你仔細閱讀,你會學到一些新的東西。(條件)
His family was too poor to support him.他的家庭太窮,不能維持他的生活。(結果)
The boy is not tall enough to reach the book shelf.這男孩個子不夠高,手伸不到書架。(結果)
We are glad to hear the news.我們很高興聽到這消息。(原因)
(3)下面一些句型是不定式做狀語時候應該注意的:
a:not/never too…to, too…not to , but/only too… to, too ready/eager/apt/inclined to 表示肯定意義
b:做結果狀語的不定式只能出現在句子的末尾,常見的不定式動詞有:find, hear, see, be told, form, give, make, proce 等。
c:不定式做狀語時,其邏輯主語一般為句子的主語,否則用for引導主語。
6.非謂語動詞常考的其它結構
(1)疑問詞+不定式結構
疑問詞who,what,which,when,where和how後加不定式可構成一種特殊的不定式短語。它在句中可以用作主語、賓語、表語和雙重賓語。如:
When to start has not been decided.何時動身尚未決定。(主語)
I don't know what to do.我不知道該怎麼辦。(賓語)
The difficulty was how to cross the river.困難在於如何過河。(表語)
I can tell you where to get this book.我可以告訴你哪裡可以買到此書。(雙重賓語)
注)A.有時疑問詞前可用介詞,如:
I have no idea of how to do it.我不知道如何做此事。
B.動詞know 後面不能直接跟不定式作賓語,只能跟疑問詞(如:how, what)+不定式:
While still a young boy, Tom knew to play the piano well and as he grew older, he wrote operas, the most famous of which is Carmen.
(2)介詞except和but作「只有…,只能…」講時跟不定式結構(but與不帶to的不定式連用)。
When the streets are full of melting snow, you cannot help but getting your shoes wet.
(3)不帶to的不定式
1)在表示生理感覺的動詞後的不定式不帶to。這類詞有:
feel 覺得 observe 注意到,看到 overhear聽到
watch注視 listen to聽 perceive察覺,感知
notice注意 see看見 look at看 hear聽
On seeing the young child fell into the lake,Eric sprang to his feet,and went on the rescue.
2)另一類是某些使役動詞,如make, let,have等。如:
Let him do it.讓他做吧。
I would have you know that I am ill.我想要你知道我病了。
(注):
①上述感覺動詞與使役動詞轉換為被動結構時.其後的不定式一般需帶to,如:
He was seen to come.
The boy was made to go to bed early.
②在動詞find與help之後,不定式可帶to亦可不帶to,如:
He was surprised to find the sheep (to) break fence at this season.他發現羊在此季節越出柵欄,感到驚訝。
3)在do nothing/anything/everything but(except)結構中。例如:
Last night I did nothing but watch TV.昨天晚上,我除了看電視別的什麼也沒有干。
但是,如果謂語動詞不是「do nothing,anything,everything」,那麼but(except)所跟的不定式則仍須帶。
The doctor told him nothing but to stop smoking.醫生除了讓他戒煙,其它什麼都沒有說。
There was nothing for them to do but to remain silent.除了保持沉默以外,他們沒有別有別的辦法。
(4)不定式與動名詞的邏輯主語和分詞獨立結構
1)不定式的邏輯主語為:for +名詞(或代詞賓格)+ 不定式。例如:
I found it impossible for him to do the job alone.我發現他—個人干這活是不可能的。
(注)在表示人物性格、特性等的形容詞後面,常用of引出不定式的邏輯主語。例如:
It was wise of him to do that.他那樣做是明智的。
2)動名詞的邏輯主語為;①人稱代詞的所有格+動名詞;②名詞's+動名詞。例如:
Tom insisted on my going with them.他堅持要我和他們一起去。
He dislikes his wife's working late.他不喜歡他妻子工作得很晚。
3)某些形容詞,如:careless等不定式後可以加of來引導出其邏輯主語。這類詞主要有:absurd, bold, brave, courageous, careful, careless, clever, wise, foolish, silly, stupid, good, nice, kind thoughtful, considerate, greedy, generous, honest, modest, polite, rude, cruel ,selfish, wicked, wrong等
It is very kind of you to help me.你幫助我太好了。
間或也可用for + there to be表示(而且there後面的不定式只能是to be)。
It's a great pity for there to be much trouble in the company.太遺憾了公司里有這么多的麻煩。
7.非謂語動詞中的有關句型
(1)動名詞作主語的句型
1)Doing...+ v. Reading is an art.閱讀是門藝術。Seeing is believing.眼見為實。
2) It is + no use, no good (fun, a great pleasure, a waste of time, a bore...)等名詞+doing sth.
It is no use crying.哭沒有用。It is no good objecting.反對也沒有用。
It is a great fun playing football.打籃球很有趣。
It is a waste of time trying to explain.設法解釋是浪費時間。
3)It is + useless (nice, good,interesting, expensive等形容詞)+ doing sth.
It is useless speaking.光說沒用。
It is nice seeing you again.真高興又遇到了你。
It is good Playing chess after supper.晚飯後弈棋挺好。
It is expensive running this car.開這種小車是浪費。
參考資料:http://www.cycnet.com/cms/2004/englishcorner/yufaz/t20051016_36196.htm
2. 英語語法:修飾動名詞和現在分詞,應該用形容詞還是副詞
所謂動名詞,指的就是動詞的進行時態在句中扮演名詞的角色,充當主專語,賓語,表語等。其屬作主語,賓語時,用形容詞修飾,形容詞充當定語。做表語時,用副詞修飾,副詞充當狀語。
e,.(作主語)
I』mbusydoingmyhomewok.(作賓語)
Heisterriblycoughing.(作表語)
3. 英語語法知識
Her job(她的工作) 是主語,is (是)系動詞謂語,looking after him(照顧他) 是動名詞作表語。如果look不加ing那就是動詞,動詞是不內可以作表語的,加了容ing,變成動名詞,相當於名詞的功能,就可以作表語了。
4. 英語語法中的現在分詞作伴隨狀語的是什麼結構,請舉例說明
現在分詞作伴隨狀語就是現在分詞或現在分詞短語在句中充當狀語,所謂伴隨就是表示與謂語動詞的動作同時發生。如he does his homework,singing.翻譯為他邊唱歌,邊做作業。這就叫伴隨
5. 英語語法 現在分詞做後置定語 相當於定語從句 能舉個例子 加以說明嗎O(∩_∩)O謝謝
你好
例如:Do you know the man standing there? 你認識站著那裡的那個男士嗎?
standing 現在分詞做後置定語
句子還可以寫成內:Do you know the man who is standing there?
~~容~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
祝你學習進步,更上一層樓!
不明白請及時追問,滿意敬請採納,O(∩_∩)O謝謝~~
6. 初中英語語法
定義
動名詞是一種兼有動詞和名詞特徵的非限定動詞。它可以支配賓語,也能被副詞修飾。動名詞有時態和語態的變化。
解釋:動詞的ing形式如果是名詞,這個詞稱動名詞。
一、動名詞的作用
動名詞具有名詞的性質,因此在句中可以作主語、表語、賓語、定語等。
1、作主語
Reading is an art. 讀書是一種藝術。
Climbing mountains is really fun. 爬山是真有趣。
Working in these conditions is not a pleasure but a suffer. 在這種工作條件下工作不是愉快而是痛苦。
動名詞作主語,有時先用it作形式主語,把動名詞置於句末。這種用法在習慣句型中常用。如:
It is no use/no good crying over spilt milk. 灑掉的牛奶哭也沒用。
It is a waste of time persuading such a person to join us. 勸說這樣的人加入真是浪費時間。
It was hard getting on the crowded street car. 上這種擁擠的車真難。
It is fun playing with children. 和孩子們一起玩真好。
There is no joking about such matters. 對這種事情不是開玩笑。
動名詞作主語的幾種類型
動名詞可以在句子中充當名詞所能充當的多種句子成分。在這里僅就動名詞在句子中作主語的情況進行討論。
動名詞作主語有如下幾種常見情況:
1. 直接位於句首做主語。例如:
Swimming is a good sport in summer.
2. 用 it 作形式主語,把動名詞(真實主語)置於句尾作後置主語。
動名詞做主語時,不太常用 it 作先行主語,多見於某些形容詞及名詞之後。例如:
It is no use telling him not to worry.
常見的能用於這種結構的形容詞還有:better,wonderful,enjoyable,interesting,foolish,difficult,useless,senseless,worthwhile,等。
注意:important,essential,necessary 等形容詞不能用於上述結構。
3. 用於「There be」結構中。例如:
There is no saying when he'll come.很難說他何時回來。
4. 用於布告形式的省略結構中。例如:
No smoking ( =No smoking is allowed (here) ).
No parking.
5. 動名詞的復合結構作主語
當動名詞有自己的邏輯主語時,常可以在前面加上一個名詞或代詞的所有格,構成動名詞的復合結構(——這時,名詞或代詞的所有格做動名詞的邏輯主語)。動名詞的復合結構也可以在句中作主語。例如:
Their coming to help was a great encouragement to us.
6.例詞
shopping fishing cycling這些都是很常見的動名詞
二、動名詞作主語與動詞不定式作主語的比較
動詞不定式和動名詞都可以用作主語。在意義上相近。但動名詞多用來表示泛指或抽象動作,不定式多用來表示特指或具體動作。比較:
Smoking is not good for health.
It is not good for you to smoke so much.
注意:
1)在口語中,用動名詞作主語位於句首的較不定式多見。
2)在「It is no use...」,「It is no good...」,「It is fun...」,「It is a waste of time...」等句型中,通常用動名詞作真實主語:
It is no use/good/a waste of time talking about that.
*It is no use/good/a waste of time to talk about that.
3)在疑問句中,通常用動名詞的復合結構,而不用不定式的復合結構作主語:
Does your saying that mean anything to him?
*Does for you to say that mean anything to him?
4)在「There be」句型中,只能用動名詞,而不能用不定式作主語:
There is no telling what will happen.
It is impossible to tell what will happen.
5)當句子中的主語和表語都是非限定動詞時,要遵循前後一致的原則,主語和表語在形式上要求統一:
Seeing is believing.
*To see is to believe.
2、作賓語
(1)作動詞的賓語
某些動詞後出現非限定性動詞時只能用動名詞作賓語,不能用不定式。常見的此類動詞有:advise, allow, permit, avoid, consider, enjoy, finish, give up, cannot help, imagine, include, keep, keep on, mind, miss, put off, delay, practise, resist, suggest, depend on, think about, set about, succeed in, worry about, burst out, insist on, can』t stand, be used to, get used to, devote…to…, look forward to, pay attention to, get down to等。如:
They went on walking and never stopped talking. 他們繼續走,說個不停。
I found it pleasant walking along the seashore. 在海灘上走真是樂事。
(2)作介詞的賓語
We are thinking of making a new plan for the next term. 我們正考慮為下學期制定新的計劃。
Shall we have a rest or get down to doing our work? 我們休息呢還是開始幹活?
(3)作形容詞的賓語
The music is well worth listening to more than once. 這種曲子很值得多聽幾遍。
We are busy preparing for the coming sports meet. 我們正為馬上到來的運動會忙著做准備。
3、作表語
動名詞作表語時句子主語常是表示無生命的事物的名詞或what引導的名詞性從句。表語動名詞與主語通常是對等的關系,表示主語的內容,主語、表語可互換位置。
Your task is cleaning the windows. 你的任務就是擦窗戶。(Cleaning the windows is your task.)
What I hate most is being laughed at. 我最痛恨的就是被別人嘲笑。 (Being laughed at is what I hate most.)
4、作定語
動名詞作定語往往表示被修飾詞的某種用途。如:
a walking stick =a stick for walking=a stick which is used for walking
a washing machine=a machine for washing=a machine which is used for washing
a reading room=a room for reading=a room which is used for reading
a measuring tape=a tape for measuring=a tape which is used for measuring
sleeping pills=pills for sleeping=pills which is used for sleeping
二、動名詞的邏輯主語
帶有邏輯主語的動名詞稱為動名詞的復合結構。當動名詞的邏輯主語與句子的主語不一致時,要在動名詞之前加上物主代詞或名詞所有格,這便構成了動名詞的復合結構。其中物主代詞(名詞所有格)是邏輯上的主語,動名詞是邏輯上的謂語。動名詞復合結構在句中可作主語、賓語、表語等,分別相當於一個主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句。如:
Her coming to help encouraged all of us. 他來幫忙鼓舞了我。 (=That she came to help encouraged all of us.)
Jane』s being careless caused so much trouble. 簡這么粗心惹來了不少麻煩。 (=That Jane was careless caused so much trouble.)
What』s troubling them is their not having enough food. 煩擾他們的是食物不足。 (=What』s troubling them is that they have not enough food.)
在口語中,如果動名詞復合結構作賓語,其中的物主代詞常用人稱代詞賓格,名詞所有格常用名詞普通格來代替,但在句首作主語時不能這樣來代替。如:
Would you mind my/me using your computer? 用下你的電腦介意嗎?
The father insisted on his son』s/his son going to college. 爸爸堅決要求兒子上大學。
Mary』s (不可用Mary) being ill made her mother upset. 瑪麗病了,使她媽媽很著急。
His (不可用Him)smoking made his family angry. 他抽煙使他一家人非常生氣。
在下列情況下動名詞的邏輯主語必須用名詞的普通格或人稱代詞賓語:
a.無命名詞
The baby was made awake by the door suddenly shutting. 這個嬰兒被猛烈的關門聲吵醒。
b. 有生命名詞但表示泛指意義
Have you ever heard of women practising boxing? 你聽說過婦女練拳擊嗎?
c. 兩個以上的有生命名詞並列
Do you remember your parents and me telling about this? 你記得你父母和我都告訴過你這事嗎?
三、動名詞的時態和語態
動名詞的時態和語態如下:
時態
主動語態
被動語態
一般式
writing
being written
完成式
having written
having been written
其否定形式是在doing前加上not
1、動名詞一般式表示的動作通常是一般性動作,即不是明確地發生在過去、現在或將來的動作,或是與謂語動詞所表示的動作同時發生的動作。如:
I hate talking with such people. 我討厭與這樣的人說話。
Being careless is not a good habit. 粗心不是一個好習慣。
2、動名詞的完成式表示的動作發生在謂語動詞動作之前。如:
I don』t remember having met him before. 我記不得以前見過他。
Thank you for having taking so much trouble to help. 謝謝你費力幫忙。
3、動名詞的邏輯主語同時也是動名詞動作的承受者,動名詞用被動語態。
(1)它的一般式表示的動作與謂語動詞動作同時發生,或在其前發生。如:
I don』t like being laughed at in public. 在公共場合下,我不喜歡被別人嘲笑。
(2)它的完成式表示的動作發生在謂語動詞之前。如:
I am very pleased at your having been honoured with a medal. 我很高興你能獲得這樣的獎牌。
(3)在某些動詞,我們常用動名詞的一般式表示完成式,盡管動作發生在謂語動詞動作之前,這似乎是一種強大的習慣。如:
Excuse me for being late. 我來晚了請你原諒。
I don』t remember ever meeting somewhere. 我記不得原來在什麼地方見過。
Thank you for giving us so much help. 謝謝給我們這么大的幫助。
(4)在多數情況下都避免使用動名詞被動語態完成式,而用一般式代替,以免句子顯得累贅,尤其是在口語中。如:
I forget once being taken (having been taken ) to the city zoo. 我曾被帶到過這個動物園,可我忘了。
(5)動名詞被動語態一般式與現在分詞被動語態一般式同形,但無進行意義,being不可省略。如:
She is afraid of being taken to the public. 她怕被領到大眾面前。
四、常見題型:
1) 動名詞做主語時,謂語動詞為單數
2) 在動名詞和不定式中,作為介詞的賓語是動名詞
3) 動名詞的否定直接在其前加否定詞,通過代詞的賓格或所有格形式給出邏輯主語
例:
I would appreciate_______ back this afternoon.
A.you to call B.you call C.you calling D.you』re calling(Key:C;換成your calling也對)
4) 有些詞後只能接動名詞
admit; appreciate; avoid; celebrate; consider; contemplate; defer; delay; deny; detest; discontinue; dislike; dispute; enjoy; it entails; escape; excuse; explain; fancy; feel like; finish; forgive; can』t help; hinder; imagine; it involves; keep; it means; mention; mind; miss; it necessitates; pardon; postpone; practice; prevent; recall; report; resent; resist; risk; suggest; understand...
5) 另外還有一些接-ing形式的常用說法
it』s no good; it』s no/little/hardly any/ use; it』s not/hardly/scarcely use; it』s worthwhile; spend money/time; there』s no; there』s no point in; there』s nothing worse than; what』s the use/point...
6) 有些詞後面加不定式和動名詞均可
remember, forget, try, stop, go on, cease, mean後面均可用不定式和-ing形式,但意義截然不容。
例:
remember to do/doing:
①I remembered to post the letters.(指未來/過去未來將要做的動作)
②I remembered posting/having posted the letters.(我記得做過這個動作)
forget與remember的用法類似。
regret的用法:
①I regret to inform you that…(我很遺憾地通知你……)
②I regretted having left the firm after twenty years.(為了「二十年前的離開」而遺憾。)
try to(努力)與try +–ing(試驗):
①You really must try to overcome your shyness.
②Try practicing five hours a day.
五、動名詞與現在分詞的同與不同
動名詞它在形式上與現在分詞相同,都是在動詞原形的詞末加-ing。在現代語法中,這兩種形式同視為"-ing形式"。 這兩種形式的另一個相同之處是:它們都是由動詞變化而成的,它們都保留了動詞的某些特徵,它們都能帶自己的賓語、狀語,而構成動名詞短語或是現在分詞短語去擔當句子成分。例如:
Speaking in the public , he will surely be very cheerful .
(現在分詞短語,作狀語)他在公眾場所講話時總是興高采烈的。
She hates speaking in the public.
(動名詞短語,作賓語)她不喜歡在公眾場所講話。
區別:
1、動名詞和現在分詞都可以用於系動詞之後作表語,區別方法是:
①作表語的動名詞與主語指的是同一件事,此時系動詞相當於「是」,通常把主語和表語的位置互換,語法和意思不變,例如:
My hobby is swimming.可改為Swimming is my hobby.(可將原句中的主語與表語位置互換)
②現在分詞作表語主要用以說明主語的性質,不能與主語互換位置,例如:
The story is interesting .不可改為:Interesting is the story.
2、動名詞和現在分詞都可以用作定語來修飾名詞,兩者的區別在於:
動名詞修飾名詞時主要表示該名詞的用途,而現在分詞修飾名詞時性質、狀態或動作等。試比較:
①a swimming boy和a swimming suit
前者的意思是「一個正在游泳的男孩」,即a boy who is swimming ,現在分詞swimming 表示被修飾名詞boy的動作;而後者的意思是「游泳衣」,即a suit for swimming , 動名詞swimming表示suit 的用途。
②a sleeping child 和 a sleeping car
前者的意思是「一個正在睡覺的孩子」,即a child who is sleeping ,現在分詞sleeping 表示被修飾名詞 child 正處於的狀態;而後者的意思是「卧車(被用來睡覺的車廂)」,即 a car which is used for sleeping ,動名詞 sleeping 表示car 的用途。
被動語態
一、 被動語態的用法:
1. 一般現在時的被動語態構成:is / am / are + 及物動詞的過去分詞
Our classroom is cleaned everyday.
I am asked to study hard.
Knives are used for cutting things.
2. 一般過去時的被動語態構成:was / were + 及物動詞的過去分詞
A new shop was built last year.
Dinosaur eggs were laid long long ago.
3. 現在完成時的被動語態構成:has / have + been + 及物動詞的過去分詞
This book has been translated into many languages.
Many man-made satellites have been sent up into space by many countries.
4. 一般將來時的被動語態構成:will+ be + 及物動詞的過去分詞
A new hospital will be built in our city.
Many more trees will be planted next year.
5. 含有情態動詞的被動語態構成:情態動詞+ be + 及物動詞的過去分詞
Young trees must be watered often.
Your mistakes should be corrected right now.
The door may be locked inside.
Your homework can be handed in tomorrow.
6. 現在進行時的被動語態構成:am / is / are + being + 及物動詞的過去分詞
Uncle Wang is mending my bike now.→
My bike is being repaired by Tom now.
They are planting trees over there. →
Trees are being planted over there by them.
7. 不定式的被動語態:to + be + 及物動詞的過去分詞
There are two books to be read. →
There are twenty more trees to be planted.
二、 怎樣把主動語態改成被動語態?
把主動語態改為被動語態非常簡單,可以遵循以下幾個步驟:
1. 先找出謂語動詞;
2. 再找出謂語動詞後的賓語;
3. 把賓語用作被動語態中的主語;
4. 注意人稱、時態和數的變化。
例:1. Bruce writes a letter every week. →A letter is written by Bruce every week.
2. Li Lei mended the broken bike this morning.→The broken bike was mended by Li Lei this morning.
3. He has written two novels so far.→Two novels have been written by him so far.
4. They will plant ten trees tomorrow.→Ten trees will be planted by them tomorrow.
5. Lucy is writing a letter now.→A letter is being written by Lucy now.
6. You must lock the door when you leave.→the door must be locked when you leave.
三、 使用被動語態應注意的幾個問題:
1. 不及物動詞無被動語態。
What will happen in 100 years.
The dinosaurs disappeared about 65 million years ago.
2. 有些動詞用主動形式表示被動意義。
This pen writes well.
This new book sells well.
3. 感官動詞或使役動詞使用省略to的動詞不定式,主動語態中不帶to ,但變為被動語態時,須加上to 。
例:make somebody do something→somebody+ be +made to do something
see somebody do something→somebody +be +seen to do something
A girl saw my wallet drop when she passed by.→My wallet was seen to drop by a girl when she passed by.
The boss made the little boy do heavy work.→The little boy was made to do heavy work by the boss.
4. 如果是接雙賓語的動詞改為被動語態時,直接賓語(物)作主語,那麼動詞後要用介詞,這個介詞是由與其搭配的動詞決定,或是間接賓語加被動語態再加只接賓語。
He gave me a book.→A book was given to me by him. 或是I was given a book by him.
He showed me a ticket.→A ticket was shown to me by him. 或是i was shown a ticket by him.
My father bought me a new bike. →A new bike was bought for me by my father. 或是Lwas bought a new bike by my father.
5. 一些動詞短語用於被動語態時,動詞短語應當看作一個整體,而不能丟掉其中的介詞或副詞。
We can』t laugh him. →He can』t be laugh by us.
He listens to the radio every day. →The radio is listened to by him every day.
The nurse is taking care of the sick man. →The sick man is being taken care of by the nurse.</CA>
7. 初中英語語法非謂語動詞
實意動詞除作謂語外,還有不能單獨作謂語的形式,即非謂語動詞。非謂語動詞包括:不定式,動名詞,分詞(現在分詞和過去分詞)
動名詞
動名詞是動詞-ing形式的一種,特點是只能作句子的主語和賓語,但是沒有單復數形式之分,在此不再贅述。
動詞不定式
動詞不定式在句子中可以充當主語,賓語(表語),定語,狀語,和賓語補足語。
不定式充當主語常用形式主語it作形式主語,例如:
It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes.
It means failure to lose your heart.
不定式充當賓語一般表示短暫的或尚未發生的行為。例如:
I like drinking tea in usual,but today I like to have a little wine.
After walking for a whole day, Tom only wanted to sleep.
注意當不定式作賓語時如果有賓語補足語,則用it作形式賓語,例:Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia.
不定式作定語一般要後置,例如:①Allen is the best man to take this job.②He found a good house to live in.
不定式作賓語補足語:在復合賓語中,動詞不定式可充當賓語補足語,常見該類動詞有: want, wish, ask, tell, order, beg, permit, help, advise, persuade, allow, prepare, cause, force, call on, wait for, invite. 有些動詞如make, let, see, watch, hear, feel, have等與不帶有to的不定式連用,但改為被動語態時,不定式要to, 如:
I saw him cross the road.
He was seen to cross the road.
此外,介詞有時也與這種復合賓語連用,如:With a lot of work to do, he didn』t go to the cinema.
不定式作狀語通常有以下幾種用法:
表目的:He worked day and night to get the money.
注意不定式放句首時,邏輯主語與句子主語要一致:
表結果:He arrived late to find the train gone.常用only放在不定式前表示強調:I visited him only to find him out.
表原因:They were very sad to hear the news.
表程度:It』s too dark for us to see anything.
作獨立成分:To tell you the truth, I don』t like the way he talked.
注意①不定式的省略:保留to省略do動詞。If you don』t want to do it, you don』t need to.②不定式的並列:第二個不定式可省略to。He wished to study medicine and become a doctor
分詞
分詞在句子中可以充當定語,補語和狀語。注意在區分使用現在還是過去分詞時,最簡潔有效的方法是看分詞與被修飾詞的關系。如果分詞的動作是被修飾詞發出的,就使用現在分詞;如果分詞的動作是被修飾詞承受的,就使用過去分詞。例如:
作狀語:
①Listening to the music,Tom cleaned the house.(聽音樂的動作也是由Tom發出的)
②Blamed by his father, the boy left home without words.(the boy是責罵的承受者)
注意當動作由被修飾者發出但是分詞的動作與主句的動作有明顯時間差時,要使用現在分詞的完成時,例如:
Having finished all the homework, Mary helped her mother with the housework.做完功課之後,瑪麗幫媽媽做家務。
作定語和賓語補足語:
The interesting boy makes people interested.這個有趣的小男孩讓人們很感興趣。(boy是動作的發出者,所以用現在分詞修飾;people是承受者,所以用過去分詞修飾)
The annoying noise made all students annoyed.惱人的噪音讓學生們都很惱火。(noise是動作的發出者,所以用現在分詞修飾;students是承受者,所以用過去分詞修飾)
動詞現在分詞作賓補與不定式作賓補的區別見單詞總結。
8. 英語語法現在分詞作定語時能不能和一個非限制性定語
和一個非限定從幹嘛?
反正現分作定語肯定要接在中心詞後面,而非限定從是要用逗號隔開的。
9. 高中英語語法:過去分詞與現在分詞作狀語的區別是什麼(例題)
determine是系表結構
然後,句型是
be determined to do sth
所以,這里不是被動的意思
你可以把determined理解成一個形容詞
類似的版結構還有,權be worried about sth,be comprised of,be geared up to do sth,etc.
這些都不是被動。。。而是主動