『壹』 英語語法中的問題
沒有哦 這里的down不是動詞，是形容詞，形容低。這里的動詞只有lower，動詞的發出者是they。
這句話翻譯過來就是：他們把聲音放低到地上了。這里的down是修飾聲音低的。
『貳』 英語中什麼是語法（具體點）!!!
語法是語言學的一個分支,研究按確定用法來運用的詞類、詞的屈折變化或表示相互關系的其他手段以及詞在句中的功能和關系
語言的結構規律。包括詞法和句法。詞法指詞的構成及變化規律；句法指短語和句子的組織規律。
語法是語言表達的規則。各種語言都有不同的語法，包括人類語言和計算機語言等。語法學是語言學的一部分。
現代語法學包括語音學、音系學（見音韻學）、形態學（詞法）、句法學、語義學。
數據通信中的意思
語法：數據及控制信息的格式、編碼及信號電平等。
rules of a language governing the sounds, words, sentences, and other elements, as well as their combination and interpretation. The word grammar also denotes the study of these abstract features or a book presenting these rules. In a restricted sense, the term refers only to the study of sentence and word structure (syntax and morphology), excluding vocabulary and pronunciation.
A common contemporary definition of grammar is the underlying structure of a language that any native speaker of that language knows intuitively. The systematic description of the features of a language is also a grammar. These features are the phonology (sound), morphology (system of word formation), syntax (patterns of word arrangement), and semantics (meaning). Depending on the grammarian's approach, a grammar can be prescriptive (i.e., provide rules for correct usage), descriptive (i.e., describe how a language is actually used), or generative (i.e., provide instructions for the proction of an infinite number of sentences in a language). The traditional focus of inquiry has been on morphology and syntax, and for some contemporary linguists (and many traditional grammarians) this is the only proper domain of the subject.
In Europe the Greeks were the first to write grammars. To them, grammar was a tool that could be used in the study of Greek literature; hence their focus on the literary language. The Alexandrians of the 1st century BC further developed Greek grammar in order to preserve the purity of the language. Dionysus Thrax of Alexandria later wrote an influential treatise called The Art of Grammar, in which he analyzed literary texts in terms of letters, syllables, and eight parts of speech.
The Romans adopted the grammatical system of the Greeks and applied it to Latin. Except for Varro, of the 1st century BC, who believed that grammarians should discover structures, not dictate them, most Latin grammarians did not attempt to alter the Greek system and also sought to protect their language from decay. Whereas the model for the Greeks and Alexandrians was the language of Homer, the works of Cicero and Virgil set the Latin standard. The works of Donatus (4th century AD) and Priscian (6th century AD), the most important Latin grammarians, were widely used to teach Latin grammar ring the European Middle Ages. In medieval Europe, ecation was concted in Latin, and Latin grammar became the foundation of the liberal arts curriculum. Many grammars were composed for students ring this time. Aelfric, the abbot of Eynsham (11th century), who wrote the first Latin grammar in Anglo-Saxon, proposed that this work serve as an introction to English grammar as well. Thus began the tradition of analyzing English grammar according to a Latin model.
The modistae, grammarians of the mid-13th to mid-14th century who viewed language as a reflection of reality, looked to philosophy for explanations of grammatical rules. The modistae sought one 「universal」 grammar that would serve as a means of understanding the nature of being. In 17th-century France a group of grammarians from Port-Royal were also interested in the idea of universal grammar. They claimed that common elements of thought could be discerned in grammatical categories of all languages. Unlike their Greek and Latin counterparts, the Port-Royal grammarians did not study literary language but claimed instead that usage should be dictated by the actual speech of living languages. Noting their emphasis on linguistic universals, the contemporary linguist Noam Chomsky called the Port-Royal group the first transformational grammarians.
Structural description of the sentence 「The man will hit the ball,」 assigned by the …
By 1700 grammars of 61 vernacular languages had been printed. These were written primarily for purposes of reforming, purifying, or standardizing language and were put to pedagogical use. Rules of grammar usually accounted for formal, written, literary language only and did not apply to all the varieties of actual, spoken language. This prescriptive approach long dominated the schools, where the study of grammar came to be associated with 「parsing」 and sentence diagramming. Opposition to teaching solely in terms of prescriptive and proscriptive (i.e., what must not be done) rules grew ring the middle decades of the 20th century.
The simplification of grammar for classroom use contrasted sharply with the complex studies that scholars of linguistics were concting about languages. During the 19th and early 20th centuries the historical point of view flourished. Scholars who realized that every living language was in a constant state of flux studied all types of written records of modern European languages to determine the courses of their evolution. They did not limit their inquiry to literary languages but included dialects and contemporary spoken languages as well. Historical grammarians did not follow earlier prescriptive approaches but were interested, instead, in discovering where the language under study came from.
As a result of the work of historical grammarians, scholars came to see that the study of language can be either diachronic (its development through time) or synchronic (its state at a particular time). The Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure and other descriptive linguists began studying the spoken language. They collected a large sample of sentences proced by native speakers of a language and classified their material starting with phonology and working their way to syntax.
Generative, or transformational, grammarians of the second half of the 20th century, such as Noam Chomsky, studied the knowledge that native speakers possess which enables them to proce and understand an infinite number of sentences. Whereas descriptivists like Saussure examined samples of indivial speech to arrive at a description of a language, transformationalists first studied the underlying structure of a language. They attempted to describe the 「rules」 that define a native speaker's 「competence」 (unconscious knowledge of the language) and account for all instances of the speaker's 「performance」 (strategies the indivial uses in actual sentence proction). See generative grammar; transformational grammar.
The study of grammatical theory has been of interest to philosophers, anthropologists, psychologists, and literary critics over the centuries. Today, grammar exists as a field within linguistics but still retains a relationship with these other disciplines. For many people, grammar still refers to the body of rules one must know in order to speak or write 「correctly.」 However, from the last quarter of the 20th century a more sophisticated awareness of grammatical issues has taken root, especially in schools. In some countries, such as Australia and the United Kingdom, new English curricula have been devised in which grammar is a focus of investigation, avoiding the prescriptivism of former times and using techniques that promote a lively and thoughtful spirit of inquiry.
語法在大英網路全書的定義：統攝聲音,文字，句子和其他要素，以及它們的組合和解釋的語言規范。「語法」這個詞也指對這些抽象特徵的研究，或這些規則的指南手冊。嚴格意義上說，「語法」這個術語是指對於句子和詞語結構（句法和形態學）的研究，但不包括詞彙和發音。
一個普遍接受的當代語法定義是：以一種語言為母語的任何人靠直覺就知道的語言結構。對語言特徵的系統描述也是一種語法，而這些特徵包括音位學（聲音） ，形態學（系統構詞） ，句法（詞語安排模式）和語義（意思） 。根據語法學家的研究，語法可以規范（即提供一些正確用法的規則） ，描述（即，描述了語言實際上是如何使用的） ，或生成（即提供一種指導，使無限的句子在一種語言中產生） 。傳統的調查重點，在於形態學和句法，對於一些當代語言學家（和許多傳統的語法學家），這是唯一正確的研究領域。
在歐洲，希臘人最早寫關於語法的著作。對他們來說，語法是一個工具，可以用來研究希臘文學，因此他們的重點是文學語言。公元前一世紀的Alexandrians進一步發展希臘語法，以保持純凈的語言。亞歷山大的狄俄尼索斯後來寫出一篇影響深遠的論文，稱為《語法的藝術》，他在其中分析文學文本中的字母，音節，和八段話語。
古羅馬人接受了希臘人的語法體系，並運用於拉丁語。除了公元前一世紀的瓦羅Varro認為語法學家應該發現結構，而不是強行指定結構，大多數拉丁語法學家沒有試圖改變希臘系統，還設法保護他們的語言避免衰敗。希臘人和亞歷山大人的語言模型是荷馬的語言，西塞羅和維吉爾的作品設定了拉丁語的語法標准。最重要的拉丁語語法學家多納圖斯（公元4世紀）和普里西安（公元6世紀）的作品在歐洲中世紀被廣泛用於拉丁文語法教學。中世紀的歐洲的教育使用的是拉丁文，拉丁語語法成為人文教育的基礎課程。 恩斯罕的修道院長，阿爾弗里克Aelfric（ 11世紀） ，第一個寫拉丁語語法的盎格魯撒克遜人，建議以此引入英語語法。從此，開始了依據拉丁語法的英語語法分析的傳統。
第13世紀中葉至14世紀中葉的語法學家認為語言是現實的反映，從哲學中尋求解釋語法的規則。他們尋求一個「普遍」的語法universal grammar，以此作為了解存在being的手段。在十七世紀的法國，來自羅亞爾港的一些語法學家也對這種普遍語法感興趣。他們聲稱，思想的共同要素可以在所有語言的語法類別中辨識出來。與希臘語和拉丁語的語法學家不同，羅亞爾港語法學家沒有研究文學語言，他們認為語言的用法應當取決於實際的生活語言。當代語言學家喬姆斯基也注意到對語言的共性的強調，他稱羅亞爾港派為第一批轉型語法學家。
到1700年，61種方言語法書已經印製。這些書的目的主要是改革，凈化，或規范語言，並用於教學。當時語法規則通常僅僅用於正式，書面，文學的語言，並不適用於紛繁復雜的實際口語。這一規范性的手段長期在學校佔主導地位，學生們對語法的學習往往和「解析」以及句子圖解聯系在一起。在20世紀的中後期，對於這種僅僅關注規范性和禁止性（即，什麼不能做）規則的語法教育，出現了越來越多的反對聲音。
課堂語法的簡化和語言學家的復雜研究形成了鮮明對比。19世紀到20世紀初，歷史主義觀點蓬勃發展。認識到每一種現存的語言都是在不斷變化中的學者們研究了歐洲語言所有類型的書面記錄，以確定其演變路徑。他們沒有局限於文學語言，還研究了方言和當代口頭語。歷史主義的語法學家沒有採用先前的規范性辦法，但更加關注他們研究的語言的來源。
由於歷史主義語法學家的工作，學者們看到，語言的研究可以是歷時性的（其貫穿歷史的發展）或同步性的（在特定的時間段的狀態）。瑞士語言學家索緒爾和其他描述性語言學家開始研究口頭語。他們收集了大量操母語者的語句樣本，對這些材料進行分類，從音位學入手，一直研究到句法。
20世紀後半葉的轉換生成語法學家，如喬姆斯基，研究了操母語者能生成和理解無限句子所需要的知識。而像索緒爾那樣的描述語言學家則去審查單個話語樣本，以求達到描述一種語言的目的。轉換生成語法學家首先研究了語言的潛在結構。他們試圖描述一種能夠定義操母語者語言「能力」（底層的語言知識）的「規則」，解釋說話人的種種「表現」（語言生成時的實際策略）。
在過去的千百年裡，語法理論引起了哲學家，人類學家，心理學家和文學批評家的興趣。今天，語法存在於語言學領域之內，但仍保留了與其他許多學科的聯系。對於很多人來說，語法仍然指的是一整套必須知道，以保證「正確」語言輸出的規則，然而，從20世紀後25年以來，對語法研究的更為復雜的意識，已經在學校生根發芽。在一些國家，如澳大利亞，英國，新的英語課程中語法是重點，而且避免之前僵硬的規范，提倡生動而深刻的調查精神。
『叄』 英語中的語法
主語 動作的執行者（I、you、she、Tom.....）
謂語 主語發出的動作（go、love、hate....）
賓語 動作涉及內的對象（通常是名詞或名容詞性短語）
表語 be動詞後面的詞一般就是表語（名詞、形容詞...）
狀語 表示時間、地點、狀態（如果刪去，不影響句子完整）
補語 對詞進行補充（包括主語補足語 賓語補足語）
定語 對修飾的詞進行限定
例子：We should keep the nice room clean.
We 主語
should keep 是主語we發出的動作 是謂語
the nice room 是謂語涉及的對象 賓語
nice 修飾room 定語
clean 對nice room 進行補充，說明房子的干凈，是賓語補足語
行為動詞指的是你的行為嘛！！就是普通的動作動詞，像go,walk之類。
情態動詞就是can could should等。
助動詞是do did 之類的，只起句式作用，沒實在意義。
及物動詞就是後面可跟賓語的動詞，不及物動詞就是不能直接跟賓語的動詞，一般後面跟的是介詞
『肆』 英語中的一些常用語法
語從句(Subject Clause)
定義:如果一個句子在復合句中充當一個主語,那麼這個句子就是主語從句.
第一部分：常規主語從句，即句子在復合句中充當一個主語
第二部分：為了防止句子頭重腳輕，通常把形式主語it放在主語位置，真正主語擱置於句末
狀語從句 （Adverbial Clause）
狀語從句指句子用作狀語時，起副詞作用的句子。它可以修飾謂語、非謂語動詞、定語、狀語或整個句子。根據其作用可分為時間、地點、原因、條件、目的、結果、讓步、方式和比較等從句。狀語從句一般由連詞(從屬連詞)引導，也可以由片語引起。從句位於句首或句中時通常用逗號與主句隔開，位於句尾時可以不用逗號隔開。
同位語部分是個句子,就是同位語從句,這種用法比較"固定",把關鍵的幾個詞背下來.
下面這個材料供參考.
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一、在復合句中用作同位語的從句叫同位語從句。它一般跟在某些名詞後面，用以說明該名詞表示的具體內容。如：
I heard the news that our team had won．我聽到了我們隊獲勝的消息。
I had no idea that you were here．我不知道你在這里。
二、可以跟同位語從句的名詞通常有news，idea，fact，promise，question，doubt，thought，hope，message，suggestion，words（消息），possibility等。如：
I』ve come from Mr wang with a message that he won』t be able to see you this afternoon． 我從王先生那裡來，他讓我告訴你他今天下午不能來看你了。
三、英語中引導同位語從句的詞通有連詞 that，whether，連接副詞 how,when,where等。（註：if,which 不能引導同位語從句。）如：
l have no idea When he will be back．我不知道他什麼時候回來。
He must answer the question whether he agrees to it or not.
他必須回答他是否同意這樣一個問題。
四、有時同位語從句可以不緊跟在說明的名詞後面，而被別的詞隔開。 如：
Several years later，word came that Napoleon himself was coming to inspect them．
幾年以後，有消息傳來說拿破崙要親自視 察他們。
The thought came to him that maybe the enemy had fled the city．
他突然想起可能敵人已經逃出城了。
五、同位語從句與定語從句的區別。
1、同位語從句與前面的名詞是同位關系，即說明它前面名詞的內容；而定語從句與前面的名詞是修飾與被修飾關系，即限定它前面的名詞范圍，或補充一些情況。如：
The news that l have passed the exam is true．我通過了考試這一消息是真的。
（同位語從句，即從句所表達的意思就是前面名詞的內容。）
The news that he told me just now is true．他剛才告訴我的消息是真的。
（定語從句，從句對前面名詞起修飾限製作用，即「他告訴我的」那個消息，而不是別的消息。）
2、引導同位語從句的that是連詞，在從句中不充當任何成份，而引導定語從句的that是關系代詞，除起連接作用外，還在從句中充當主語、賓語或表語等。如：
The idea that computers can recognize human voices surprises many people.
計算機能夠識別人的聲音的想法使許多人感到驚奇。（that在從句中不充當任何成份。）
The idea that he gave surprises many people．他提出的觀點令許多人感到吃驚。
（that在從句中作gave的賓語。）
一個名詞(或其它形式)對另一個名詞或代詞進行修飾，限定或說明，這個名詞(或其它形
式)就是同位語。同位語與被它限定的詞的格要一致，並常常緊挨在一起。
『伍』 關於英語中語法的問題
這是典型的強調句，判斷依據就是是否用That. 將一般疑問句變成陳述句就非常清晰，專It was because Jack came back late for school that Mr.Smith got angry. 正是因為傑克回校晚了斯密屬斯老師才生氣。類似這類強調句很多，比如：
It is not till yesterday morning that he told me this. 直到昨天上午他才告訴我這件事。
It was when he fell asleep that I came back home. 我是在他睡著了才回到家。
That 前面的部分就是強調的內容。