A. 最容易混淆的英語語法問題。(請簡略註明答題原因)
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B. 高中英語的語法點有哪些比較容易混淆
下面內容供你參考:
C. 英語容易混淆的詞總結
1. come & be here
[誤] He has come here for three hours.
[正] He came here three hours ago.
[正] He has been here for three hours.
come是瞬間動詞,不是延續性動詞,在肯定句中不能與表示一段時間的狀語連用。而要與表示一段時間的狀語連用,就要用延續動詞。
與此同類的還有borrow/lend-keep; join-be in/at; die-be dead; buy-have; leave-be away,etc.
2. cost & take & spend & pay
[誤] I cost a lot of time to read stories.
[正] It cost me a lot of time to read stories.
[正] I spent a lot of time reading stories.
cost除了錢的花費以外,還能表示時間上的花費,但常用物做主語。spend句子主語是人,可指花費時間和金錢,但後面的動詞要用-ing形式,後面也可跟名詞短語,介詞用on。pay句子主語是人,常與for連用,buy也常與for連用,但花費「錢」要放在介詞for後面,而pay則放在介詞for前面。
3. join & take part in
[誤] He joined the League for two years.
[正] He joined the League two years ago.
[正] He has been in the League for two years.
[正] He has been a League member for two years.
join指「參加」組織,成為一個成員,join sb.意思是「加入某人」,take part in指參加活動特別是大的運動;如指「參加…多長時間」就要用延續動詞be in或be a …member,而不能用join。
4. borrow & lend & keep
[誤] She has lent me the book for a week.
[正] She lent me the book a week ago.
[正] It』s a week since she lent me the book.
borrow和lend是短暫性動詞,在肯定句里不和表示一段時間的狀語連用,keep延續動詞,可與表示一段時間的狀語連用。
borrow意思是「借(進)」,後面跟介詞from,lend意思是「借(出)」,後面跟介詞to,lend也可用於某些成語中,如lend sb. a hand。
5. lie & lay & lain
[誤] She laid down the book and laid in bed.
[正] She laid down the book and lay in bed.
lie有兩個意思,一個是「說謊」,過去式和過去分詞是在詞尾加-d;另一個是「躺,卧;位於」,是不規則動詞,其過去式和過去分詞是lay、lain,現在分詞是lying。
lay意思是「放;孵(蛋)」,其過去式和過去分詞是laid、laid。
6. be made in & be made of & be made from & be made up of
[誤] The table is made from wood.
[正] The table is made of wood.
be made in意思是「由……生產」,強調產地;be made of意思是「用……製成」,強調從成品上能看出原料,製成物沒改變原料的本質;be made from意思也是「用……製成」,強調從製成物上看不出原料,製成物已改變原料的本質;be made up of意思是「由……構成或組成」,指人或物都可,指結構成分。
7. stop to do & stop doing
[誤] He was too tired, so he stopped having a rest.
[正] He was too tired, so he stopped to have a rest.
[誤] Look! The teacher is coming. We must stop to talk.
[正] Look! The teacher is coming. We must stop talking.
stop to do意思是「停下(正做的事)(開始)去做(別的某事)」,帶to的不定式在句子中作目的狀語;stop doing意思「停止做某事(不做了)」,帶-ing形式的動名詞在句子中作賓語。
一、容易混淆的動詞:
[考試說明] 了解及物動詞和不及物動詞用法;掌握動詞不定式作賓語、賓語補足語、狀語以及疑問詞連用構成不定式短語的基本用法;理解動詞不定式作主語和定語的用法;初步掌握延續性動詞和瞬間動詞在用法上的區別等。
1. come & be here
[誤] He has come here for three hours.
[正] He came here three hours ago.
[正] He has been here for three hours.
come是瞬間動詞,不是延續性動詞,在肯定句中不能與表示一段時間的狀語連用。而要與表示一段時間的狀語連用,就要用延續動詞。
與此同類的還有borrow/lend-keep; join-be in/at; die-be dead; buy-have; leave-be away,etc.
2. cost & take & spend & pay
[誤] I cost a lot of time to read stories.
[正] It cost me a lot of time to read stories.
[正] I spent a lot of time reading stories.
cost除了錢的花費以外,還能表示時間上的花費,但常用物做主語。spend句子主語是人,可指花費時間和金錢,但後面的動詞要用-ing形式,後面也可跟名詞短語,介詞用on。pay句子主語是人,常與for連用,buy也常與for連用,但花費「錢」要放在介詞for後面,而pay則放在介詞for前面。
3. join & take part in
[誤] He joined the League for two years.
[正] He joined the League two years ago.
[正] He has been in the League for two years.
[正] He has been a League member for two years.
join指「參加」組織,成為一個成員,join sb.意思是「加入某人」,take part in指參加活動特別是大的運動;如指「參加…多長時間」就要用延續動詞be in或be a …member,而不能用join。
4. borrow & lend & keep
[誤] She has lent me the book for a week.
[正] She lent me the book a week ago.
[正] It』s a week since she lent me the book.
borrow和lend是短暫性動詞,在肯定句里不和表示一段時間的狀語連用,keep延續動詞,可與表示一段時間的狀語連用。
borrow意思是「借(進)」,後面跟介詞from,lend意思是「借(出)」,後面跟介詞to,lend也可用於某些成語中,如lend sb. a hand。
5. lie & lay & lain
[誤] She laid down the book and laid in bed.
[正] She laid down the book and lay in bed.
lie有兩個意思,一個是「說謊」,過去式和過去分詞是在詞尾加-d;另一個是「躺,卧;位於」,是不規則動詞,其過去式和過去分詞是lay、lain,現在分詞是lying。
lay意思是「放;孵(蛋)」,其過去式和過去分詞是laid、laid。
6. be made in & be made of & be made from & be made up of
[誤] The table is made from wood.
[正] The table is made of wood.
be made in意思是「由……生產」,強調產地;be made of意思是「用……製成」,強調從成品上能看出原料,製成物沒改變原料的本質;be made from意思也是「用……製成」,強調從製成物上看不出原料,製成物已改變原料的本質;be made up of意思是「由……構成或組成」,指人或物都可,指結構成分。
7. stop to do & stop doing
[誤] He was too tired, so he stopped having a rest.
[正] He was too tired, so he stopped to have a rest.
[誤] Look! The teacher is coming. We must stop to talk.
[正] Look! The teacher is coming. We must stop talking.
stop to do意思是「停下(正做的事)(開始)去做(別的某事)」,帶to的不定式在句子中作目的狀語;stop doing意思「停止做某事(不做了)」,帶-ing形式的動名詞在句子中作賓語。二、容易混淆的名詞:
[考試說明] 了解名詞在句中所充當的成分,理解並能區別所學的可數名詞和不可數名詞;熟練掌握所學可數名詞復數形式的構成,在口語和書面語的表達中正確運用;掌握物質名詞及其數量的表達方法;了解專有名詞的概念及一般用法;熟練掌握所學名詞所有格的用法;了解集合名詞和抽象名詞的概念及一般用法。
1. job & work
[誤] I』m busy today, for I have a lot of jobs to do.
[正] I』m busy today, for I have a lot of work to do.
job意思是a piece of work,指已做或要做、應做的具體的某種工作,實際含義是「職業」,而work通常指抽象意義上的工作,是不可數名詞,也可指「工作場所」。
2. by train & change trains
[誤] We came here by the train.
[正] We came here by train.
[正] We came here on/in the train.
[誤] We have to change the train at the next station.
[正] We have to change trains at the next station.
train意思是「火車」,表示「乘火車」,用by train或on/ the train,表示「換火車」,train必須用復數形式,且前面不加限定詞。
三、容易混淆的形容詞:
[考試說明] 熟練掌握形容詞作定語、表語及賓語補足語的用法;熟練掌握表示時間、地點、方式、程度、原因等疑問副詞的用法;熟練掌握形容詞、副詞比較等級的構成和 good、well、many、much等不規則變化;掌握little、far、ill、bad、badly等不規則變化;能熟練運用下列句型表示兩者 (人或事物)和三者或三者以上(人或事物)的比較;初步掌握用much、little等副詞在用法上的區別。
1. any & some
[誤] Have you got some money with you?
[正] Have you got any money with you?
[誤] Would you like any milk?
[正] Would you like some milk?
any和some意思是「一些」,用作定語,可修飾可數名詞和不可數名詞。any多用於否定句和疑問句,some多用於肯定句。
但如果說話人表示「請求,提議」或「希望得到肯定回答」的意義時,some也可用在疑問句中;some還可用於單數名詞前,表示未知或說話人不想特別說明的人、地、物等,意思是「某一,某個」。
如果表示「任何,無論哪個」時,any可用在肯定句中。
2. either & each & both & neither & every
[誤] There are many flowers on either side of the street.
[誤] There are many flowers on neither side of the street.
[誤] There are many flowers on each sides of the street.
[正] There are many flowers on both sides of the street.
[正] There are many flowers on each side of the street.
[誤] Every student has not finished their homework.
[正] No student has finished their homework.
either意思是「兩者之一的」,each意思是「任意一個的」,neither意思是「兩者都不的」,every強調整體,意思是「個個」。
3. few/little & a few /a little
[誤] Sorry, I have few money on me.
[正] Sorry, I have little money on me.
[誤] Her books are few.
[正] She has few books.
[誤] The work needs a few number of workers.
[正] The work needs a small number of workers.
[正] The work needs a few workers.
few後跟可數名詞復數,little後跟不可數名詞,都表示「幾乎沒有」的否定性意思;a few和a little區別也在於前者跟可數名詞,後者跟不可數名詞,都表示「有幾個」的肯定性意思。
4. no & not
no意思是「沒有」,可以否定一切名詞,修飾不可數名詞和可數名詞的復數時等於not any,修飾可數名詞單數時等於not a/an;如果被修飾的名詞通常情況下只有一個,則用它的單數形式;不能用a、the、all、every等限制詞之前,而not可以。
not意思是「不,不是」,可以否定一切動詞,修飾動詞。
no more than意思是「不過,僅僅」,相當於only,修飾「數量」詞,強調「少」的含義;not more than意思是「至多,不多於,不超過」,用於陳述事實;no more…than和not more…than多用於多音節形容詞的比較級。
5. already & yet & still
[誤] When we arrived at the airport, the plane had taken off yet.
[正] When we arrived at the airport, the plane had taken off already.
[正] When we arrived at the airport, the plane had already taken off.
already意思是「已經」,一般用於肯定句,常與完成時連用,常用於句中;yet意思是「已經,還」,一般用於否定句和疑問句,常用於句末;still意思是「仍然,還是」,強調動作在進行,主要用於肯定句,常用於句中。
6. also & too & either & so & neither & nor
[誤] My parents didn』t like swimming, nor did his.
[正] My parents didn』t like swimming, neither did his.
also用於肯定句,一般放在行為動詞之前、助動詞、情態動詞、系動詞之後,too一般用於肯定句末,前面常用逗號;either一般用於否定句末,前面也用逗號;so置於句首,引起句子倒裝,表示前面所講的情況也適用於另一個人或物,具有否定的意思;so後的主語與前一句主語是同一個人或物時,後面的主謂不倒裝,表示「確實如此」;neither置於句首,引起句子倒裝,表示前面所講的情況不適用於另一個人或物,具有否定的意思;nor常與 not連用,表示「也不」,neither和nor都可用來對前面的否定陳述加以補充,如果補充的成分否定的不是同一事物,同一內容,就只能用nor,不可用neither;當否定的並列分句有兩個以上時,只能用nor,因為neither只能指兩者中的一個,nor指三個以上的另一個。
7. sometimes & sometime & some time & some times
[誤] You can only keep the book for sometime.
[正] You can only keep the book for some time.
sometimes是頻度副詞,意思是「有時,不時」,常與一般現在時或一般過去時連用;sometime是副詞,意思是「在某個不確定的時間,在某個時候,某時」,可與將來時或過去時連用;some time是名詞片語,意思是「一段時間」,做時間狀語,也可用作副詞片語,用來指一個未肯定的時刻,常指將來,此時可與sometime通用;some times是名詞片語,意思是「幾次,幾倍」。
四、容易混淆的介詞:
[考試說明] 熟練掌握介詞in、on、at、to、from、by、with、for、about、before的常見用法;理解這11個介詞的其他用法及所學其他介詞的一般用法。
1. above & over; below & under
[誤] Our classroom is over theirs.
[正] Our classroom is above theirs.
[誤] The plane flew above the bridge.
[正] The plane flew over the bridge.
[誤] The lights hung above the desk.
[正] The lights hung over the desk.
above、over都表示「在…上面」,且都表示表面不接觸的上方,但over指垂直在上,而above則表示位置較高,不一定是正上方。
below、under都表示「在…下面」,below指位置低於某物或在某物的下方,但不一定在某物的正下方,其反義詞是above,而under指在某物的正下方,有垂直在下的意思,其反義詞是over。
2. by & on & over & through
[誤] They』re talking on the radio.
[正] They』re talking by radio.
「通過無線電交談」習慣上說talk by radio,名詞前不加冠詞。
「通過收音機聽到」習慣上說hear sth. on/over/through the radio,名詞前加冠詞。
「通過電視看到」習慣上說watch sth. on TV。
「通過電話交談」習慣上說talk with sb. on/over the telephone。
「通過人造衛星收發電視節目」習慣上說through man-made satellites。
3. in & on & to
[誤] Tian wan is to the east of China.
[誤] Tian wan is on the east of China.
[正] Tian wan is in the east of China.
表示方位「在……(東西南北)邊)時,介詞in、on、to有不同的用法。以「在……東部」為例,表示在該地范圍之內,用in the east of,表示在該地與某地「相鄰」,有接壤之意,用on the east of,表示不在該地范圍,且有中間物,用to the east of。
4. in the end & at the end of & by the end of & at last
都有「最後」的意思,但in the end表示「結果,末了」,與at last是同義片語,at the end of表示「在……末端,盡頭」,後面要接名詞短語,by the end of表示「在……結束時,末了為止」,後面接時間短語。
5. to & for & toward(s)
[誤] He is leaving to HongKong next month.
[正] He is leaving for HongKong next month.
to,toward(s)作靜態介詞,表示靜態位置時,均表示「朝……」或「向……」,一般兩者可通用,towards指時間「將近」,意思是 nearly;to則表示一段時間的終點,「差……到」的意思;for常用在leave、start等後面,表示要去的目的地,不可用to。
五、容易混淆的連詞:
[考試說明] 掌握並列連詞(如:and、but、or)和從屬連詞(如:when、if、that等)的基本用法。
1. because & since & as & for
[誤] Because he was ill, so he didn』t go to school today.
[正] Because he was ill, he didn』t go to school today.
[正] He didn』t go to school today because he was ill.
because通常表示說話人認為這種理由或原因是正式的理由。在含because的句子中,全句強調的重點在原因上,不在主句的結果上。因此,回答why提出的問題時,只能用because,不能用since、as或for。because of後面只能跟短語,不能跟從句。
since表示的原因,指人們已知的事實,常譯為「既然」,引導的從句只是一種附帶的說明原因,不是對原因的強調。because與since不能與so連用。
as表示原因與since差別不大,只是語氣更弱,是顯而易見的理由。
for表示因果關系時,可與because替換使用,所不同的只是它只能放在主句之後,不能放在句首。在含for的句子里,for從句有時只是對主句補充說明理由或推斷原因,與前一分句不存在因果關系。
2.either…or… & neither…nor… & not only…but also… & both…and…
[誤] Either he or I are right.
[正] Either he or I am right.
前三個連詞連接名詞、代詞等作主語時,謂語動詞要與離其最近的主語的單復數一致,both…and…的謂語動詞則要用復數。
六、容易混淆的代詞:
[考試說明] 熟練掌握人稱代詞主格、賓格形式及基本用法,在口語和書面語的表達中正確運用;掌握形容詞性物主代詞和名詞性物主代詞的基本用法;掌握反身代詞作為賓語和同位語的基本用法;熟練掌握指示代詞和疑問代詞的基本用法。
1. either & each & none & neither & both & all & some
[誤] Either of the books are good.
[正] Either of the books is good.
either/ each / none / neither of+復數名詞或代詞作主語時,謂語動詞用單數, 其中neither的也可用復數;both/ all /some of+復數名詞或代詞作主語時,謂語動詞用復數
D. 英語的語法很容易搞混,該怎樣學
怎樣學好英語語法呢?主要有以下四個方面:
()練好基本句型。
我國近年來的英語教學實踐證明:在初學階段,採用聽說領先、學習基本句型的方法去學習英語語法,是行之有效的。
句型學習是通過聽說領先的方法去學習傳統語法里最常用的語法項目(把它們變為句型去操練)。句型訓練實際上吸取了傳統語法與結構語法兩派的長處。目前國內的英語廣播(電視)教學,在入門階段,多採用句型教學法。因此自學者或者收聽廣播(收看電視)進行學習,或者根據所選用的課本提供的句型用替換詞進行替換練習。所學的句型應該是由淺入深,由簡到繁;講求熟練掌握,不要貪多冒進。每學一個項目,首先要把單項練習練熟,然後過渡到綜合練習,最後則應做到擴大運用。
以定語從句這一項為例。把"I read a novel yesterday.和"It was extremely Interesting."這兩個單句改為"The novel I read yesterday was extremely interesting."這就是定語從句的單項練習。首先要反復進行替換練習。如把"I saw a man this morning."和"The man is my teacher."改為"The man I saw this morning is my teacher."把"I saw a film last night."和"The film was very amusing."改為"The film I saw last night was very amusing."這種練習雖然是枯燥的,卻是重要的基本功,務求把定語從句練到脫口而出的地步。這是第一步。
第二步是把定語從句放在一定的語言情景中去綜合運用,進行一問一答。如:
A:Did you enjoy the opera?
B:Which opera?
A:The one we saw last night,of course.
B:Yes,very much.
第三步是擴大運用,也就是把定語從句和以前學過的兩三個項目放在一起去操練。
A:Do you know who Edgar Snow was?(一般問句;名詞從句)
B:Yes,he was an American writer who interviewed Chairman Mao in Beijing.(定語從句)
A:Oh,now I remember.He was the author who wrote"Red Star Over China",wasn't he?(定語從句;反意疑問句)
B:Exactly.
這種回答不但練了定語從句,而且復習了一般問句和反意問句,也給名詞從句的學習打了"埋伏"。進行句型操練,既需要"滾雪球"(復習已學的項目),也需要"打埋伏"(預先練一下將來要學習的項目)。
在句型學習階段必須注意:在聽、說領先的前提下,寫、讀要跟上,力求聽、說、寫、讀四會均衡發展。因此,時間上要作出合理的安排。早上通常可安排為朗讀時間。如果能每日堅持下去,收效一定很大。
(2)結合課文去學。
呂叔湘先生說過:"與其多讀語法書,不如多讀文章。"又說:"詞語要嵌在上下文里才有生命,才容易記住,才知道用法。"(引自《中國人學英語》)課文是學習英語的"重要基地"。課文里有語音、詞彙項目,也有各類語法項目。它們有機地結合在課文里。課文中出現的語法項目,是有血有肉的,不是乾巴巴的。通過課文去學語法,可以學得活,記得牢,這比孤零零地背誦語法條目要有效得多。因此,在句型學習結束後,宜結合課文去學語法,要圍繞課文中出現的主要語法項目,循序漸進地學習比較系統的語法知識。
哪些項目是課文里的主要語法項目?通常教科書的編者都明確指出了每一課的主要語法項目。要弄清這些項目的基本概念,掌握它們的公式與用途,尤其要認真地做好有關練習。
(3)對比英語和本族語的語法。
英語和漢語屬於不同的語系,二者的語法區別很大。英語學習中出現的許多錯誤,往往是由於漢語語法習慣在自學者的頭腦中已經根深蒂固,對英語語法的學習產生了種種干擾。要排除這種干擾,最好的方法是經常對比英語與漢語語法的異同。現舉數例:
人家問你:"Haven't you read this book?"(你沒有讀過這本書嗎?)如果回答是否定的,依照漢語的習慣,回答通常是:"是的,我沒有讀過。"但說英語時,你就得說:" No,I haven't."
漢語說"一萬",英語卻說"十個千(ten thousand)";漢語說"兩億",英語則說:"二百個百萬(two hundred million)"。兩種語言關於數目的表達是大不相同的。
英語說:"She is too tired to run on."譯成漢語卻說:"她太累了,不能再跑了。"這中間要加上"不能"這個否定詞。
我們只有掌握了這些區別,才有可能把語法學到手。可見在語法學習中,自覺地運用語法是很重要的。
(4)進行大量的語言實踐。
英語語法學得好不好,主要不是看你讀了多少語法書,記了多少條語法規則,而是要看你在實踐中能否正確掌握所學的這些語法規則——能聽懂,說得好,寫得好,理解得好,譯得准確。要達到這個地步,除了在必要的語法理論指導下進行大量的語言實踐以外,是沒有什麼速成的辦法的。
我們常聽到學習的人抱怨說:"這個項目一講就懂,一用就錯。"這句話說明一般的語法理論知識並不難懂,但就是難用。要掌握好一個語法項目,就得靠多聽、多說、多寫、多讀、多譯,也就是做反復的、大量的、多樣化的練習。
"學習英語有沒有捷徑?"我們認為是沒有的。練習得越多,實踐得越多,所學的內容就掌握得越牢
希望能幫到你
英語教師高中團隊
E. 英語中語法混淆怎麼辦
多做題。
F. 英語各種從句,有時候很容易混淆,求講解,謝謝
This is the house where he lived last year. (where 引導定語從句,where =in which )
He left his key where he could find. (where 引導地點狀語從句,where =in the place where /in which he could find )
定語從句的關系代詞 that指人、物;which 指物和嬰兒。它們在定語從句中作主語、賓語。關系副詞where, when,why 分別作地點、時間、原因狀語
名詞從句(用來作主語、賓語、表語、同位語)中的that 不作任何成分,無意義。what,which, when, how, where why 等有意義,要作成分。
G. 說出英語中容易搞混淆的短語
1. in a word, in words in a word總之,一句話, in words口頭上 In a word, you are right. 2. in place of, in the place of in place of代替,in the place of在…地方 A new building is built in the place of the old one. 3. in secret, in the secret in secret秘密地,暗自地,偷偷地,一般用作狀語;in the secret知道內情,知道秘密,一般用作表語 My mother was in the secret from the beginning. 4. a girl, one girl a girl可泛指所有女孩, one girl一個女孩 Can one girl carry such a big box? 5. take a chair, take the chair take a chair相當於sit down坐下,take the chair開始開會 6. go to sea, by sea, by the sea go to sea當海員,出航,by sea乘船,由海路, by the sea在海邊 go by sea 7. the doctor and teacher, the doctor and the teacher the doctor and teacher指一個人,既是醫生又是老師,the doctor and the teacher兩個人,一個醫生和一個老師 the doctor and teacher is 8. in office, in the office in office在職的,in the office在辦公室里 He is in office, not out of office. 9. in bed, on the bed in bed卧在床上,on the bed在床上 The book is on the bed. He is ill in bed. 10. in charge of, in the charge of in charge of管理,負責照料, in the charge of由……照料 He is in charge of the matter. The matter is in the charge of her. 11. in class, in the class in class在課上,in the class在班級里 He is the best student in the class. 12. on fire, on the fire on fire著火,on the fire在火上 Put the food on the fire. The house is on fire. 13. out of question, out of the question out of question毫無疑問的,out of the question不可能的 14. a second, the second a second又一,再一,the second第…… He won the second prize. 15. by day, by the day by day白天,by the day按天計算 The workers are paid by the day. 16. the people, a people the people指人,a people指民族 The Chinese is a peace-loving people. 17. it, one it同一物體,one同類不同一 I lost my pen. I have to buy a new one. 18. that, this that指代上文所提到的,this導出下文所要說的 I was ill. That's why… 19. none, nothing, no one none強調有多少,nothing, no one強調有沒有,nothing指物,no one指人 --- How many…/How much…? --- None. 20. anyone, any one anyone指人,不能接of,any one指人物均可,可接of any one of you 21. who, what who指姓名或關系,what指職業或地位 What is your dad? He is a teacher. 22. what, which what的選擇基礎是無限制的,which在一定范圍內進行選擇 Which do you prefer, bananas or apples? 23. other, another other後接名詞復數,another後接名詞單數 other students, another student 24. not a little, not a bit not a little非常,not a bit一點也不 I'm not a bit tired. 我一點兒也不累。 25. many, much, a lot of many和可數名詞連用,much和不可數名詞連用,a lot of可數,不可數均可,但不用於否定句 I haven't many books. 26. much more…than, many more…than much more…than後接形容詞或不可數名詞,many more…than後接可數名詞 many more people, much more water, much more beautiful 27. no, not no=not a/any no friend=not a/any friend no water=not any water 28. no more than, not more than no more than相當於only,僅僅,只有,not more than 至多,不超過 29. majority, most majority只能修飾可數名詞,most可數不可數均可 the majority of people 30. by oneself, for oneself, to oneself, of oneself by oneself單獨的,獨自的,for oneself為自己,to oneself供自己用的,of oneself 自行的