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高中英語非謂語動詞語法

發布時間:2021-02-25 18:44:03

A. 高中英語非謂語動詞用法還有哪些重要語法

時態記住基本的就可以了,一般時,過去時,完成時,將來時,把主要變形回和變形情況記清楚就答可以了,像那種將來完成時和七個字以上的時態就可以不看了,一般也用不到。語態就是被動語態和虛擬語氣。虛擬語氣會有些難,一定要搞清楚,被動語態很簡單啦,就是個被動~~

B. 高中英語謂語與非謂語動詞用法與區別(ω

謂語是句子中的不可缺少的成分,一般是動詞,及物動詞或不及物動詞。如he went to school by bus,went是過去時態,版作謂語。非權謂語是動詞的不定時或過去分詞短語或現在分詞短語,一般是動詞對應形式加賓語組成,可以做句子中的主語,狀語,定語,賓語,表語等,除開謂語的所有都可能。the book borrowed from library is interesting。borrowed from library過去分詞短語做後置定語

C. 高中英語非謂語動詞用法

(一)動詞不定式:(to)+do,具有名詞、形容詞、副詞的特徵。
否定式:not + (to) do
(1)一般式:不定式的一般式所表示的動作與謂語動詞動作同時發生或發生在謂語動詞動作之後,
例如:
I'm glad to meet you.
He seems to know a lot.
We plan to pay a visit.
He wants to be an artist.
The patient asked to be operated on at once.
The teacher ordered the work to be done.
(2)進行式:不定式的進行式所表示的動作與謂語動詞動作同時發生,例如:
The boy pretended to be working hard.
He seems to be reading in his room.
(3)完成式:不定式的完成式表示的動作發生在謂語動詞動作之前,例如:
I regretted to have told a lie.
I happened to have seen the film.
He is pleased to have met his friend.
2.不定式的句法功能:
(1)作主語:
To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard.
To lose your heart means failure.
動詞不定式短語作主語時,常用it作形式主語,真正的主語不定式置於句後,例如上面兩句可用如下形式:
It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes.
It means failure to lose your heart.
常用句式有:1、It+be+名詞+to do。2、It takes sb.+some time+to do。3、It+be+形容詞+of sb +to do。4、It+be+形容詞+for sb.+to do。常用careless,,clever,good,foolish,honest,kind,lazy,nice,right,silly,stupid,wise,等表示贊揚或批評的形容詞,不定式前的sb.可作其邏輯主語。
(2)作表語:
Her job is to clean the hall.
He appears to have caught a cold.
(3)作賓語:
常與不定式做賓語連用的動詞有:want, hope, wish, offer, fail, plan, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, help, agree, promise, prefer, 如果不定式(賓語)後面有賓語補足語,則用it作形式賓語,真正的賓語(不定式)後置,放在賓語補足語後面,例如:
Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia.
動詞不定式也可充當介詞賓語,如:
I have no choice but to stay here.
He did nothing last Sunday but repair his bike.
動詞不定式前有時可與疑問詞連用,如:
He gave us some advice on how to learn English.
(4)作賓語補足語:
在復合賓語中,動詞不定式可充當賓語補足語,如下動詞常跟這種復合賓語:want, wish, ask, tell, order, beg, permit, help, advise, persuade, allow, prepare, cause, force, call on, wait for, invite.
此外,介詞有時也與這種復合賓語連用,如:
With a lot of work to do, he didn't go to the cinema.
有些動詞如make, let, see, watch, hear, feel, have等與不帶有to的不定式連用,但改為被動語態時,不定式要加to, 如:
I saw him cross the road.
He was seen to cross the road.
(5)作定語:
動詞不定式作定語,放在所修飾的名詞或代詞後。與所修飾名詞有如下關系:
①動賓關系:
I have a meeting to attend.
注意:不定式為不及物動詞時,所修飾的名詞如果是地點、工具等,應有必要的介詞,如:
He found a good house to live in.
The child has nothing to worry about.
What did you open it with?
如果不定式修飾time, place, way,可以省略介詞:
He has no place to live.
This is the best way to work out this problem.
如果不定式所修飾名詞是不定式動作承受者,不定式可用主動式也可用被動式:
Have you got anything to send?
Have you got anything to be sent?
②說明所修飾名詞的內容:
We have made a plan to finish the work.
③被修飾名詞是不定式邏輯主語:
He is the first to get here.
(6)作狀語:
①表目的:
He worked day and night to get the money.
She sold her hair to buy the watch chain.
注意不定式放句首時,邏輯主語與句子主語要一致:
wrong:To save money, every means has been tried.
right:To save money, he has tried every means.
wrong:To learn English well, a dictionary is needed.
right:To learn English well, he needs a dictionary.
②表結果:
He arrived late to find the train gone.
常用only放在不定式前表示強調:
I visited him only to find him out.
③表原因:
They were very sad to hear the news.
④表程度:
It's too dark for us to see anything.
The question is simple for him to answer.
(7)作獨立成分:
To tell you the truth, I don't like the way he talked.
(8)不定式的省略:保留to省略do動詞。
If you don't want to do it, you don't need to.
(9)不定式的並列:第二個不定式可省略to。
He wished to study medicine and become a doctor.
(二)動名詞:
動名詞既具有動詞的一些特徵,又具有名詞的句法功能。
1.動名詞的形式: Ving
否定式:not + 動名詞
(1)一般式:
Seeing is believing. 眼見為實。
(2)被動式:
He came to the party without being invited.他未被邀請就來到了晚會。
(3)完成式:
We remembered having seen the film. 我們記得看過這部電影。
(4)完成被動式:
He forgot having been taken to Guangzhou when he was five years old.
他忘記五歲時曾被帶到廣州去過。
(5)否定式:not + 動名詞
I regret not following his advice. 我後悔沒聽他的勸告。
(6)復合結構:物主代詞(或名詞所有格)+ 動名詞
He suggested our trying it once again. 他建議我們再試一次。
His not knowing English troubled him a lot.
他不懂英語給他帶來許多麻煩。
2.動名詞的句法功能:
(1)作主語:
Reading aloud is very helpful. 朗讀是很有好處的。
Collecting stamps is interesting. 集郵很有趣。
當動名詞短語作主語時常用it作形式主語。
It's no use quarrelling.爭吵是沒用的。
(2)作表語:
In the ant city, the queen's job is laying eggs.
在螞蟻王國,蟻後的工作是產卵。
(3)作賓語:
They haven't finished building the dam. 他們還沒有建好大壩。
We have to prevent the air from being polluted.
我們必須阻止空氣被污染。
注意動名詞既可作動詞賓語也可作介詞賓語,如上面兩個例句。此外,動名詞作賓語時,若跟有賓語補足語,則常用形式賓語it,例如:
We found it no good making fun of others. 我們發現取笑他人不好。
要記住如下動詞及短語只跟動名詞作賓語:
enjoy, finish, suggest, avoid(避免), excuse ,delay, imagine, keep, miss, consider, admit(承認),deny(否認), mind, permit, forbid, practise, risk(冒險), appreciate(感激), be busy, be worth, feel like, can't stand, can't help(情不自禁地), think of, dream of, be fond of, prevent…(from),keep …from, stop…(from),protect…from, set about, be engaged in, spend…(in), succeed in, be used to, look forward to, object to, pay attention to, insist on, feel like
(4)作定語:
He can't walk without a walking-stick. 他沒有拐杖不能走路。
Is there a swimming pool in your school? 你們學校有游泳池嗎?
(5)作同位語:
The cave, his hiding-place is secret. 那個山洞,他藏身的地方很秘密。
His habit, listening to the news on the radio remains unchanged.
他收聽收音機新聞節目的習慣仍未改變。
(三)現在分詞:
現在分詞既具有動詞的一些特徵,又具有形容詞和副詞的句法功能。
1、現在分詞的形式:
否定式:not + 現在分詞
(1)現在分詞的主動語態:現在分詞主動語態的一般式表示與謂語動詞所表示的動作同時發生,完成
式表示的動作在謂語動詞所表示的動作之前發生,常作狀語。例如:
They went to the park, singing and talking. 他們邊唱邊說向公園走去。
Having done his homework, he played basket-ball. 做完作業,他開始打籃球。
(2)現在分詞的被動語態:一般式表示與謂語動詞同時發生的被動的動作,完成式表示發生在謂語動
詞之前的被動的動作。
The problem being discussed is very important. 正在被討論的問題很重要。
Having been told many times, the naughty boy made the same mistake.
被告訴了好幾遍,這個淘氣的孩子又犯了同一個錯誤。
2.現在分詞的句法功能:
(1)作定語:現在分詞作定語,當分詞單獨做定語時,放在所修飾的名詞前;如果是分詞短語做定語
放在名詞後。
In the following years he worked even harder.
在後來的幾年中,他學習更努力了。
The man speaking to the teacher is our monitor's father.
正與老師談話的那個人是我們班長的父親。
現在分詞作定語相當於一個定語從句的句法功能,如:in the following years也可用in the years that followed; the man speaking to the teacher可改為the man who is speaking to the teacher.
(2)現在分詞作表語:
The film being shown in the cinema is exciting. 正在這家上演的電影很棒。
The present situation is inspiring. 當前的形勢鼓舞人心。
be + doing既可能表示現在進行時,也可能是現在分詞做表語,它們的區別在於be + doing表示進行的動作是進行時,而表示特徵時是系動詞be與現在分詞構成系表結構。
(3)作賓語補足語:
如下動詞後可跟現在分詞作賓語補足語:
see, watch, hear, feel, find, get, keep, notice, observe, listen to, look at, leave, catch等。例如:
Can you hear her singing the song in the next room? 你能聽見她在隔壁唱歌嗎?
He kept the car waiting at the gate. 他讓小汽車在門口等著。
(4)現在分詞作狀語:
①作時間狀語:
(While) Working in the factory, he was an advanced worker.
在工廠工作時,他是一名先進工人。
②作原因狀語:
Being a League member, he is always helping others. 由於是共青團員,他經常幫助他人。
③作方式狀語,表示伴隨:
He stayed at home, cleaning and washing. 他呆在家裡,又擦又洗。
④作條件狀語:
(If) Playing all day, you will waste your valuable time.
要是整天玩,你就會浪費寶貴的時間。
⑤作結果狀語:
He dropped the glass, breaking it into pieces. 他把杯子掉了,結果摔得粉碎。
⑥作目的狀語:
He went swimming the other day. 幾天前他去游泳了。
⑦作讓步狀語:
Though raining heavily, it cleared up very soon.
雖然雨下得很大,但不久天就晴了。
⑧與邏輯主語構成獨立主格:
I waiting for the bus, a bird fell on my head.
我等汽車時,一隻鳥落到我頭上。
All the tickets having been sold out, they went away disappointedly.
所有的票已經賣光了,他們失望地離開了。
Time permitting, we'll do another two exercises.
如果時間允許,我們將做另兩個練習。
有時也可用with (without) +名詞(代詞賓格)+分詞形式
With the lights burning, he fell asleep. 他點著燈睡著了。
⑨作獨立成分:
udging from(by) his appearance, he must be an actor.
從外表看,他一定是個演員。
Generally speaking, girls are more careful. 一般說來,女孩子更細心。
(四)過去分詞:
過去分詞只有一種形式:規則動詞由動詞原形加詞尾-ed構成。不規則動詞的過去分詞沒有統一的規則要求,要一一記住。
過去分詞的句法功能:
1.過去分詞作定語:
Our class went on an organized trip last Monday. 上周一我們班開展了一次有組織的旅行。
Those elected as committee members will attend the meeting. 當選為委員的人將出席這次會。
注意當過去分詞是單詞時,一般用於名詞前,如果是過去分詞短語,就放在名詞的後面。過去分詞做定語相當於一個被動語態的定語從句。
2.過去分詞作表語:
The window is broken. 窗戶破了。
They were frightened at the sad sight. 他們對眼前悲慘的景象感到很害怕。
注意:be + 過去分詞,如果表示狀態是系表結構,如果表示被動的動作是被動語態。區別:
The window is broken.(系表)
The window was broken by the boy.(被動)
有些過去分詞是不及物動詞構成的,不表示被動,只表示完成。如:
boiled water(開水) fallen leaves(落葉)
newly arrived goods(新到的貨) the risen sun(升起的太陽)
the changed world(變了的世界)
這類過去分詞有:gone, come, fallen, risen, changed, arrived, returned, passed等。
3.過去分詞作賓語補足語:
I heard the song sung several times last week.
上周我聽見這首歌被唱了好幾次。
有時過去分詞做with短語中的賓語補足語:
With the work done, they went out to play. 工作做完了,他們出去玩去了。
4.過去分詞作狀語:
Praised by the neighbours, he became the pride of his parents.
受到鄰居們的表揚,他成為父母的驕傲。(表示原因)
Once seen, it can never be forgotten.
一旦它被看見,人們就忘不了。(表示時間)
Given more time, I'll be able to do it better.
如果給予更多的時間,我能做得更好。(表示條件)
Though told of the danger, he still risked his life to save the boy.
雖然被告之有危險,他仍然冒生命危險去救那個孩子。(表示讓步)
Filled with hopes and fears, he entered the cave. 心中充滿了希望與恐懼,他走進山洞。

D. 高中英語語法題 非謂語動詞

呵呵 這道題我高三的時候做了很多遍
很經典的一個版語法點
因為權這題因為有with 那麼必須填faced 因為be faced with 表示面對。。。。固定短語
但是如果句子沒有when 沒有with 直接是填face的某種形式 那麼就是facing喔 做伴隨狀語

希望對你有所幫助 祝樓主進步哈
親~!新年快樂哈
如果滿意~親 記得採納~\(≧▽≦)/~啦啦啦

E. 高中英語語法填空 謂語動詞和非謂語動詞怎麼判斷 怎麼寫

謂語動詞是組成句子的其中之一主幹,要通過句子的結構來判斷句子是否缺謂語內;
非謂語動詞一般是作賓語容和狀語,作賓語的話要看看前面那個動詞的搭配,例如,decide後面一般是decide to do sth, enjoy doing sth, finish doing sth等等。
判斷時態可以通過句子的時間狀語或者上下文所提示的時間狀語來判斷。

F. 高中英語語法,非謂語動詞

幫忙分析一下這個句子的成分(比如說being made to do做什麼成分,it指代什麼,so that是什麼詞性之專類),書上說這是強屬調句型,(但我有點疑問)因為不是說假如是強調句式的話去掉it was和that句子仍然成立么……這顯然不是么……
It was him being made to do so that made Jim very angry.
答:原句是His being made to do so made Jim very angry.
譯:他(的)被迫這樣做事(這事)使得吉姆很生氣。
析:這是人工考句,不僅翻譯成漢語意思難懂,英語句子本身也不是一個什麼好句子。純為出題而編,加上你又打錯了字。動名詞的邏輯主語用物主代詞引出,只有少數句型中可以用賓格代替如:Do you mind his/ him opening the door?
這句話我再用主動句來翻譯一下:強迫他這樣做,吉姆很生氣。
對此句的主語-動名詞短語進行強調,就是:
It was his being made to do so that made jim very angry.

G. 高中英語中的非謂語動詞的語法有

高中英語之難點 ---非謂語動詞的復習
語法教學材料:非謂語動詞
動詞的非謂語形式有三種:不定式、動名詞和分詞. (一)不定式
不定式由「 to十動詞原形」構成,其否定形式是「 not to do」.不定式可以帶賓語或狀語構成不定式短語,沒有人稱和數的變化,但有時態和語態的變化.不定式可作主語、賓語、狀語、表語和定語,但不能單獨作謂語.不定式的邏輯主語有時用「 for十名詞或代詞賓格」構成.
1.不定式的用法:
l)作主語.不定式短語作主語時,往往放在謂語之後,用 it作形式主語.例如:
To see is to believe.
It is right to give up smoking.
2)作賓語.不定式短語作賓語時,如果還帶有賓語補足語。往往把不定式賓語放在賓語補足語之後,而用 it作形式賓語.例如:
He wanted to go.
I find it interesting to study work with him.
3)作賓語補足語.例如:
He asked me to do the work with him.
注意 :在 feel,hear,listen to,look at,notice, observe,see,watch,have,let,make等詞後的補足語中,不定式不帶 to.但是這些句子如果變成被動結構時,就必須帶 to.例如
I often hear him sing the song.
He is often heard to sing the song.
注意:不定式動詞在介詞 but,except,besides後面時,如果這些介詞之前有行為動詞 do的各種形式,那麼,這些介詞後的不定式不帶 to,否則要帶 to.如:
She could do nothing but cry.
What do you like to do besides swim?
I have no choice but to go.
4)作定語.例如:
I have some books for you to read. 注①作定語的不定式如果是不及物動詞,或者不定式所修飾的名詞或代詞是不定式動作的地點、工具等,不定式後面須有相應的介詞.例如:
He is looking for a room to live in.
There is nothing to worry about.
Please give me a knife to cut with.
但是,不定式所修飾的名詞如果是 time,place或 way,不定式後面的介詞習慣上要省去.例如:
He had no money and no place to live.
注②當作定語的不定式所修飾的名詞或代詞是不定式動作的承受者時,不定式既可以用主動語態,也可用被動語態,但其含義有所不同.試比較:
A) Have you anything to send?
你有什麼東西要寄嗎?
(不走式 to send的動作執行者是 you)
B) Have you anything to be sent?
你有什麼要(我或別人)寄的東西嗎?(不定式 to be sent的動作執行者是已被省略的 me或 someone else)
5)作狀語,表示目的、原因、結果或條件.例如:
I came here to see you.(目的)
We were very excited to hear the news.(原因)
He hurried to the school to find nobody there.(結果)
To look at him, you would like him.(條件)
目的狀語還可以用 in order to或 so as to來表示.如:
In order to pass the exam, he worked very hard.
We ran all the way so as not to be late.
不定式也可在作表語用的形容詞後面作狀語.例如:
I am very glad to hear it.
The question is difficult to answer.
「 too十形容詞或副詞十不定式」作狀語.例如:
He is too old to do that.
另外句子中有 enough這個詞時,常用不定式作狀語.例如:
The room is big enough to hold us.
6)作表語.例如:
My job is to help the patient.
7)作獨立成分.例如:
To tell the truth, I don』t agree with you.
8)不定式與疑問詞 who,which,when,where,how,what等連用,在句中起名詞作用,可充當主語、表語、賓語等.例如:
He didn』t know what to say.(賓語)
How to solve the problem is very important.(主語)
My question is when to start. (表語)
注意:在與 why連用時,只用於 why或 why not開頭的簡短疑問句中,後面緊跟的動詞不定式不帶 to.例如:
Why not have a rest?
9)不定式在句中用主動式還是被動式。多數情況下是容易判別的,但有時的確比較復雜,請注意以-下幾點:
A)不定式修飾的名詞或代詞和不定式邏輯上構成主謂關系時,不定式往往用主動形式.
Have you got a key to unlock the door?
(A key unlocks the door.)
B)不定式和它前面被修飾的名詞或代詞構成邏輯上的動賓關系,又和該句主語構成邏輯上的主謂關系時,不定式常用主動形式.
I have got a letter to write.( I write letter.)
He needs a room to live in.( He lives in a room.)
I know what to do.( I do what.)但這句如改為下列形式,不定式就得用被動形式: I know what is to be done.
這是因為 what is to be done是賓語從句,從句中的主語 what是動詞 do的動作對象
C)不定式作表語形容詞的狀語,和句中主語構成邏輯上的動賓關系時,不定式多用主動形式,這是因為人們往往認為形容詞後者去了 for one或 for people.例如:
He is hard to talk to.( to talk to him.)
The book is difficult to understand.( to understand the book.)
但如果強調句中的受事者時,亦可用不定式被動式,例如:
The handwriting is very difficult to be read.
The box is too heavy to be lifted.
D)在 there十 be的結構中,當說話人考慮的是必須有人去完成某件事時,不定式用主動形式,如果說話人強調的是事情本身必須完成,則用被動形式.
There is a lot of work to do.( Somebody has to do the work.)
There is a lot of work to be done. ( The work has to be done.)
請注意下面兩個句子的含義是不同的:
There is nothing to do.意為無事可做,感到十分乏味.
There is nothing to be done.意為某東西壞了,無法使之恢復正常.
2.不定式的時態
l)不定式的一般形式所表示的動作,通常與謂語的動作(狀態)同時(或幾乎同時)發生,或是在它之後發生.例如:
I saw him go out.
2)如果謂語表示的動作(情況)發生時,不定式表示的動作正在進行,這時不定式就要用進行式.例如:
I am very glad to be working with you.
3)如果不定式的動作發生在謂語動詞之前,就要用完成式.例如:
I』m sorry to have kept you waiting.
3.不定式的語態
當不定式邏輯上的主語是這個不定式所表示的動作的承受者時,不定式一般要用被動形式。例如: He asked to be sent to work in the countryside. It is possible for our hopes to be realized. (二)動名詞
1.動名詞由動詞十 ing構成;具有動詞和名詞的性質;在句中起名詞作用,可作主語、賓語、表語和定語.
1)作主語.例如:
Seeing is believing.
Laying eggs is the ant queen』s full- time job.
It is no use arguing with him.
注意:動名詞和不定式都可以作主語,動名詞作主語表示一般或抽象的多次性行為,不定式作主語往往表示具體的或一次性的動作.例如:
Playing with fire is dangerous.(泛指玩火)
To play with fire will be dangerous.(指一具體動作)
但在 It is no use/ good,not any use/ good,useless等後必需用動名詞。
2)作表語.例如:
Her job is teaching.
3)作賓語.例如:
He is fond of playing football.
I like swimming.
注① admit,appreciate,avoid,consider, delay, dislike,enjoy,escape, excuse,face,feel. like,finish,forgive,give up, imagine,include,keep,mention,mind,miss,practise,put off,resist, risk,suggest,can』t help,can』t stand(無法忍受)等動詞後可以用動名詞作賓語,但不能用不定式.
注② forget,go on,like,mean,regret,remember,stop,try等動詞可帶動名詞或不定式作賓語,但意義上有區別。
I remember doing the exercise. (我記得做過練習.)
I must remember to do it. (我必須記著做這事.)
I tried not to go there.(我沒法不去那裡.)
I tried doing it again. (我試著又幹了一次.)
Stop speaking. (不要講話。)
He stopped to talk. (他停下來講話.)
I mean to come early today. (我打算今早些來.)
Missing the train means waiting for another hour.
(誤了這趟火車意味著再等一個小時.)
注③在 allow,advise,forbid,permit等動詞後直接跟動詞作賓語時,要用動名詞形式,如果後面有名詞或代詞作賓語,然後再跟動詞作賓語補足語時,其賓語補足語用帶 to的不定式.例如:
We don』t allow smoking here.
We don' t allow students to smoke.
注④動詞 need,require,want作「需要」解,其後跟動詞作它的賓語時,必須用動名詞,或不定式的被動式.這時,動名詞的主動式表示被動意義.例如:
The window needs( requires,wants) cleaning( to be cleaned)
注⑤在短語 devote to,look forward to,stick to,to be used to,object to,thank you for,excuse me for,be( kept) busy,be worth,have difficulty/ trouble/ problem (in),have a good/ wonderful/ hard time(in),there』s no use/good/ need,feel/ look/seem/ like/get down to等後的動詞也必須用動名詞形式.例如:
I look forward to hearing from you soon.
注⑥在 love,hate,prefer等動詞後用動名詞或不定式無多大區別。
但說話人有所指的時候,通常用不定式。
注⑦start,begin,continue在書面語中多後接動名詞,在口語中多後接不定式。
注⑧在 should(would) like/ love等後須用不定式。
4)作定語.例如:
He has a reading room.
2.動名詞的復合結構
動名詞的復合結構由物主代詞或人稱代詞賓格,名詞所有格或普通格加動名詞構成.在句子開頭必須用名詞所有格或物主代詞.例如:
His coming made me very happy.
Mary』s crying annoyed him.
She didn』t mind his crying.
Is there any hope fo Xiao Wang』s winning.
3.動名詞的時態和語態.
l)動名詞的時態
動名詞的時態分一般式和完成式兩種,如果動名詞的動作沒有明確地表示出時間是與謂語動詞同時發生或在謂語動作以前發生,用動名詞的一般式.例如:
We are interested in playing chess.
His coming will be of great help to us.
如果動名詞的動作發生在謂語動詞所表示的動作之前,通常用動名詞的完成時態。例如:
I』m sorry for not having kept my promise.
但是在某些動詞或片語後,常用動名詞的一般形式,盡管其動作是在謂語所表示的動作之前發生的.例如:主語是這個動名詞表示的動作的對象時,動名詞用被動語態.被動語態由「 being十過去分詞」或「 having been十過去分詞」構成。後一種一般避免使用.例如:
He likes being helped.
註:在 to be worth doing句型中,動名詞 doing表示的是被動意義.例如:
The book is worth reading.(三)分詞
1.分詞的時態和語態
l)分詞分為現在分詞和過去分詞。現在分詞有一般式和完成式.一般式表示和謂語動詞所表示的動作同時發生的行為;完成式(having十過去分詞)表示在謂語動詞所表示的動作之前發生的動作.例如:
Being a student,he was interested in books.
2)現在分詞有一般式和完成式,且有主動語態和被動語態,當句子的主語是分詞動作的承受者時,分詞用被動語態,如果要強調分詞的動作先於謂語動作,就用分詞完成式的被動形式.例如:
The question being discussed is important:
過去分詞表示在謂語動詞之前發生的動作,本身有被動的含義,所以只有一般式沒有完成式.
2.分詞的用法
l)作定語
分詞短語做定語時,放在被修飾的名詞之後;單個分詞做定語時,放在被修飾的名詞之前.例如:
The man standing by the window is our teacher.
注意:現在分詞作定語時,它表示的動作是正在進行或與謂語動詞所表示的動作幾乎同時發生,如果兩個動作有先有後,一般不能用現在分詞作定語,而要用定語從句。例如:
The teacher criticized the student who had broken the window.
現在分詞作定語的差異:
現在分詞在句中作定語時,不僅存在前置與後置的區別,而且存在狀態、時間與形式上的差異。為了幫助大家分清這些差異,更好地掌握現在分詞的用法,現在分別論述如下。
一、狀態差異
現在分詞作定語明顯存在狀態差異。一般來講,前置的現在分詞靜感強。而後置現在分詞動感強。學習時要注意體會這一點。
例:The labouring people are the wisest.
例:The farmers labouring here are not afraid of snakes.
能前置的現在分詞為數不太多,常見的大都是已被形容詞化了的現在分詞。這一點主要表現在有些現在分詞前常有程度副詞,有些現在分詞甚至還有比較等級。
例: I have brought very exciting news to you.
例:This is the most exciting story that I have ever read.
二、時間差異
時間差異指現在分詞表示的動作發生的時間差異。有些現在分詞作定語時表示正在的動作。這些現在分詞若改為定語從句宜用進行時態。
例:Did you tell the children playing there not to make any noise?
noise?
例:The American president visiting China now will return on Saturday.
有些現在分詞作定語時則表示經常性動作或現在(或當時)的狀態。此類現在分詞若改為定語從句宜用一般時態,而不宜用進行時態。若譯成漢語也應注意體現這一點。
例:They stayed at a hotel standing by the lake.
三、形式差異
從形式來看,前置現在分詞多為單個分詞,而後置現在分詞多為短語。換句話說,若用現在分詞作定語,單個分詞要前置,分詞短語要後置。但也不能絕對如此,要視情況而定。要是強調動感,即使是單個分詞也應後置。
例:Look! The girl singing is Alice and the one dancing is Mary.
從內容來講,前置現在分詞多為不及物動詞,沒有自己的賓語或狀語。後置現在分詞可帶賓語或狀語。有時前置現在分詞也可有自己的賓語或狀語,不過要置於分詞前,且中間要有連詞符號。當然,帶比較級時除外。
例Barking dogs seldom bite.
例 The person translating the songs can speak seven languages.
值得說明的是,現在分詞的完成式與被動式一般都不能用作前置定語,只能作後置定語,使用時應慎重。
例 We must keep a secret of the things being discussed here.
2)作狀語
分詞或分詞短語作狀語時,可以表示時間、原因、行為方式、伴隨狀況等。例如:
Being a student, I must study hard.(原因)
While reading the book, he nodded from time to time.(時間)
The teacher stood there surrounded by the students.(方式) 註:①分詞短語作狀語時,其邏輯主語必須與句子的主語一致.
註:②表示時間關系的分詞短語有時可由連接詞 while或 when引出.
註:③有時「with( without)十名詞(或代詞賓格)十分詞」的結構,表示伴隨狀況.例如:
He lay half dead,with all his ribs broken. 註:④當分詞的邏輯主語與主句的主語不同時:分詞必須有自己的主語.例如:
Time permitting, I will finish another lesson.
3)作表語.例如:
The news is inspiring.
4)作賓語補足語.例如: We saw the teacher making the experiement. 注意:在 see,hear,watch,feel,observe,have,listen to,notice等動詞後,既可以用現在分詞構成復合賓語,也可以用不定式構成復合賓語,但兩者的含義是有差別的,用現在分詞,表示動作正在發生,(即處於發生的過程中,還沒有結束),用不定式表示動作發生了,(即動作全過程結束了)。例如:
I saw the girl getting on the tractor.
He had his clothes washed. (他叫別人洗了衣服)
注意:「 have十賓語十現在分詞」表示主體使客體處於某狀態或干什麼事;「 have十賓語十過去分詞」表示動作是別人做的或與主體意志無關

H. 高中英語非謂語動詞講解

一、非謂語動詞種類及句法功能
(一)概述:
在英語中,不作句子謂語,而具有除謂語外其他語法功能的動詞,叫做非謂語動詞。非謂語動詞有動詞不定式(the Infinitive);動名詞(the Gerund);現在分詞(the Present Participle);過去分詞(the Past Participle)。
1.非謂語動詞與謂語動詞的相同點有:
(1)如果是及物動詞都可與賓語連用,例如:
They built a garden.
They suggested building a garden.
(2)都可以被狀語修飾:
The suit fits him very well.
The suit used to fit him very well.
(3)都有主動與被動, 「體」式(一般式;進行式;完成式)的變化。例如:
He was punished by his parents.(謂語動詞被動語態)
He avoided being punished by his parents.(動名詞的被動式)
We have written the composition.(謂語動詞的完成時)
Having written the composition, we handed it in.(現在分詞的完成式)
(4)都可以有邏輯主語
They started the work at once.(謂語動詞的邏輯主語)
The boss ordered them to start the work.(動詞不定式的邏輯主語)
We are League members.(謂語動詞的主語)
We being League member, the work was well done.
(現在分詞的邏輯主語)
2、非謂語動詞與謂語動詞的不同點有:
(1)非謂語動詞可以有名詞作用(如動詞不定式和動名詞),在句中做主語、賓語、表語。
(2)非謂語動詞可以有形容詞作用(如動詞不定式和分詞),在句中做定語、表語或賓語補足語。
(3)非謂語動詞可以有副詞作用(如動詞不定式和分詞),在句中作狀語。
(二)非謂語動詞的句法功能:

二、非謂語動詞用法:
(一)動詞不定式:(to)+do,具有名詞、形容詞、副詞的特徵。
1.不定式的形式:(以動詞write為例)

否定式:not + (to) do
(1)一般式:不定式的一般式所表示的動作與謂語動詞動作同時發生或發生在謂語動詞動作之後,
例如:
I'm glad to meet you.
He seems to know a lot.
We plan to pay a visit.
He wants to be an artist.
The patient asked to be operated on at once.
The teacher ordered the work to be done.
(2)進行式:不定式的進行式所表示的動作與謂語動詞動作同時發生,例如:
The boy pretended to be working hard.
He seems to be reading in his room.
(3)完成式:不定式的完成式表示的動作發生在謂語動詞動作之前,例如:
I regretted to have told a lie.
I happened to have seen the film.
He is pleased to have met his friend.
2.不定式的句法功能:
(1)作主語:
To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard.
To lose your heart means failure.
動詞不定式短語作主語時,常用it作形式主語,例如上面兩句可用如下形式:
It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes.
It means failure to lose your heart.
(2)作表語:
Her job is to clean the hall.
He appears to have caught a cold.
(3)作賓語:
常與不定式做賓語連用的動詞有:want, hope, wish, offer, fail, plan, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, help, agree, promise, prefer, 如果不定式(賓語)後面有賓語補足語,則用it作形式賓語,真正的賓語(不
定式)後置,放在賓語補足語後面,例如:
Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia.
動詞不定式也可充當介詞賓語,如:
I have no choice but to stay here.
He did nothing last Sunday but repair his bike.
動詞不定式前有時可與疑問詞連用,如:
He gave us some advice on how to learn English.
(4)作賓語補足語:
在復合賓語中,動詞不定式可充當賓語補足語,如下動詞常跟這種復合賓語:want, wish, ask, tell, order, beg, permit, help, advise, persuade, allow, prepare, cause, force, call on, wait for, invite.
此外,介詞有時也與這種復合賓語連用,如:
With a lot of work to do, he didn't go to the cinema.
有些動詞如make, let, see, watch, hear, feel, have等與不帶有to的不定式連用,但改為被動語態時,不定式要加to, 如:
I saw him cross the road.
He was seen to cross the road.
(5)作定語:
動詞不定式作定語,放在所修飾的名詞或代詞後。與所修飾名詞有如下關系:
①動賓關系:
I have a meeting to attend.
注意:不定式為不及物動詞時,所修飾的名詞如果是地點、工具等,應有必要的介詞,如:
He found a good house to live in.
The child has nothing to worry about.
What did you open it with?
如果不定式修飾time, place, way,可以省略介詞:
He has no place to live.
This is the best way to work out this problem.
如果不定式所修飾名詞是不定式動作承受者,不定式可用主動式也可用被動式:
Have you got anything to send?
Have you got anything to be sent?
②說明所修飾名詞的內容:
We have made a plan to finish the work.
③被修飾名詞是不定式邏輯主語:
He is the first to get here.
(6)作狀語:
①表目的:
He worked day and night to get the money.
She sold her hair to buy the watch chain.
注意不定式放句首時,邏輯主語與句子主語要一致:
wrong:To save money, every means has been tried.
right:To save money, he has tried every means.
wrong:To learn English well, a dictionary is needed.
right:To learn English well, he needs a dictionary.
②表結果:
He arrived late to find the train gone.
常用only放在不定式前表示強調:
I visited him only to find him out.
③表原因:
They were very sad to hear the news.
④表程度:
It's too dark for us to see anything.
The question is simple for him to answer.
(7)作獨立成分:
To tell you the truth, I don't like the way he talked.
(8)不定式的省略:保留to省略do動詞。
If you don't want to do it, you don't need to.
(9)不定式的並列:第二個不定式可省略to。
He wished to study medicine and become a doctor.
(二)動名詞:
動名詞既具有動詞的一些特徵,又具有名詞的句法功能。
1.動名詞的形式:

否定式:not + 動名詞
(1)一般式:
Seeing is believing. 眼見為實。
(2)被動式:
He came to the party without being invited.他未被邀請就來到了晚會。
(3)完成式:
We remembered having seen the film. 我們記得看過這部電影。
(4)完成被動式:
He forgot having been taken to Guangzhou when he was five years old.
他忘記五歲時曾被帶到廣州去過。
(5)否定式:not + 動名詞
I regret not following his advice. 我後悔沒聽他的勸告。
(6)復合結構:物主代詞(或名詞所有格)+ 動名詞
He suggested our trying it once again. 他建議我們再試一次。
His not knowing English troubled him a lot.
他不懂英語給他帶來許多麻煩。
2.動名詞的句法功能:
(1)作主語:
Reading aloud is very helpful. 朗讀是很有好處的。
Collecting stamps is interesting. 集郵很有趣。
當動名詞短語作主語時常用it作形式主語。
It's no use quarrelling.爭吵是沒用的。
(2)作表語:
In the ant city, the queen's job is laying eggs.
在螞蟻王國,蟻後的工作是產卵。
(3)作賓語:
They haven't finished building the dam. 他們還沒有建好大壩。
We have to prevent the air from being polluted.
我們必須阻止空氣被污染。
注意動名詞既可作動詞賓語也可作介詞賓語,如上面兩個例句。此外,動名詞作賓語時,若跟有賓語補足語,則常用形式賓語it,例如:
We found it no good making fun of others. 我們發現取笑他人不好。
要記住如下動詞及短語只跟動名詞作賓語:
enjoy, finish, suggest, avoid(避免), excuse ,delay, imagine, keep, miss, consider, admit(承認),deny(否認), mind, permit, forbid, practise, risk(冒險), appreciate(感激), be busy, be worth, feel like, can't stand, can't help(情不自禁地), think of, dream of, be fond of, prevent…(from),keep …from, stop…(from),protect…from, set about, be engaged in, spend…(in), succeed in, be used to, look forward to, object to, pay attention to, insist on, feel like
(4)作定語:
He can't walk without a walking-stick. 他沒有拐杖不能走路。
Is there a swimming pool in your school? 你們學校有游泳池嗎?
(5)作同位語:
The cave, his hiding-place is secret. 那個山洞,他藏身的地方很秘密。
His habit, listening to the news on the radio remains unchanged.
他收聽收音機新聞節目的習慣仍未改變。
(三)現在分詞:
現在分詞既具有動詞的一些特徵,又具有形容詞和副詞的句法功能。
1、現在分詞的形式:

否定式:not + 現在分詞
(1)現在分詞的主動語態:現在分詞主動語態的一般式表示與謂語動詞所表示的動作同時發生,完成
式表示的動作在謂語動詞所表示的動作之前發生,常作狀語。例如:
They went to the park, singing and talking. 他們邊唱邊說向公園走去。
Having done his homework, he played basket-ball. 做完作業,他開始打籃球。
(2)現在分詞的被動語態:一般式表示與謂語動詞同時發生的被動的動作,完成式表示發生在謂語動
詞之前的被動的動作。
The problem being discussed is very important. 正在被討論的問題很重要。
Having been told many times, the naughty boy made the same mistake.
被告訴了好幾遍,這個淘氣的孩子又犯了同一個錯誤。
2.現在分詞的句法功能:
(1)作定語:現在分詞作定語,當分詞單獨做定語時,放在所修飾的名詞前;如果是分詞短語做定語
放在名詞後。
In the following years he worked even harder.
在後來的幾年中,他學習更努力了。
The man speaking to the teacher is our monitor's father.
正與老師談話的那個人是我們班長的父親。
現在分詞作定語相當於一個定語從句的句法功能,如:in the following years也可用in the years that followed; the man speaking to the teacher可改為the man who is speaking to the teacher.
(2)現在分詞作表語:
The film being shown in the cinema is exciting. 正在這家上演的電影很棒。
The present situation is inspiring. 當前的形勢鼓舞人心。
be + doing既可能表示現在進行時,也可能是現在分詞做表語,它們的區別在於be + doing表示進行的動作是進行時,而表示特徵時是系動詞be與現在分詞構成系表結構。
(3)作賓語補足語:
如下動詞後可跟現在分詞作賓語補足語:
see, watch, hear, feel, find, get, keep, notice, observe, listen to, look at, leave, catch等。例如:
Can you hear her singing the song in the next room? 你能聽見她在隔壁唱歌嗎?
He kept the car waiting at the gate. 他讓小汽車在門口等著。
(4)現在分詞作狀語:
①作時間狀語:
(While) Working in the factory, he was an advanced worker.
在工廠工作時,他是一名先進工人。
②作原因狀語:
Being a League member, he is always helping others. 由於是共青團員,他經常幫助他人。
③作方式狀語,表示伴隨:
He stayed at home, cleaning and washing. 他呆在家裡,又擦又洗。
④作條件狀語:
(If) Playing all day, you will waste your valuable time.
要是整天玩,你就會浪費寶貴的時間。
⑤作結果狀語:
He dropped the glass, breaking it into pieces. 他把杯子掉了,結果摔得粉碎。
⑥作目的狀語:
He went swimming the other day. 幾天前他去游泳了。
⑦作讓步狀語:
Though raining heavily, it cleared up very soon.
雖然雨下得很大,但不久天就晴了。
⑧與邏輯主語構成獨立主格:
I waiting for the bus, a bird fell on my heard.
我等汽車時,一隻鳥落到我頭上。
All the tickets having been sold out, they went away disappointedly.
所有的票已經賣光了,他們失望地離開了。
Time permitting, we'll do another two exercises.
如果時間允許,我們將做另兩個練習。
有時也可用with (without) +名詞(代詞賓格)+分詞形式
With the lights burning, he fell asleep. 他點著燈睡著了。
⑨作獨立成分:
udging from(by) his appearance, he must be an actor.
從外表看,他一定是個演員。
Generally speaking, girls are more careful. 一般說來,女孩子更細心。
(四)過去分詞:
過去分詞只有一種形式:規則動詞由動詞原形加詞尾-ed構成。不規則動詞的過去分詞沒有統一的規則要求,要一一記住。
過去分詞的句法功能:
1.過去分詞作定語:
Our class went on an organized trip last Monday. 上周一我們班開展了一次有組織的旅行。
Those elected as committee members will attend the meeting. 當選為委員的人將出席這次會。
注意當過去分詞是單詞時,一般用於名詞前,如果是過去分詞短語,就放在名詞的後面。過去分詞做定語相當於一個被動語態的定語從句。
2.過去分詞作表語:
The window is broken. 窗戶破了。
They were frightened at the sad sight. 他們對眼前悲慘的景象感到很害怕。
注意:be + 過去分詞,如果表示狀態是系表結構,如果表示被動的動作是被動語態。區別:
The window is broken.(系表)
The window was broken by the boy.(被動)
有些過去分詞是不及物動詞構成的,不表示被動,只表示完成。如:
boiled water(開水) fallen leaves(落葉)
newly arrived goods(新到的貨) the risen sun(升起的太陽)
the changed world(變了的世界)
這類過去分詞有:gone, come, fallen, risen, changed, arrived, returned, passed等。
3.過去分詞作賓語補足語:
I heard the song sung several times last week.
上周我聽見這首歌被唱了好幾次。
有時過去分詞做with短語中的賓語補足語:
With the work done, they went out to play. 工作做完了,他們出去玩去了。
4.過去分詞作狀語:
Praised by the neighbours, he became the pride of his parents.
受到鄰居們的表揚,他成為父母的驕傲。(表示原因)
Once seen, it can never be forgotten.
一旦它被看見,人們就忘不了。(表示時間)
Given more time, I'll be able to do it better.
如果給予更多的時間,我能做得更好。(表示條件)
Though told of the danger, he still risked his life

I. 高中英語語法。。非謂語動詞

judging by/from 是現在分詞作狀語 這是固定用法 屬於可允許的 分詞垂懸 現象
再如Generally speaking, 其邏輯主語是說話內人。

這與獨立主格結構不容相干
加上邏輯主語構成 獨立主格結構時 根據與邏輯主語的關系可以是judging或judged

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