① 七年级英语语法该注意那些
七年级是刚学语法的时候,要学会从零开始积累,语法知识用多了,见多了自然就会记住了,不需要死记硬背的!多多运用就行了,还有对于做错的要学会做笔记,多看,就可以了!
② 七年级英语语法及词语的应用
人称代词主格与宾格的选择方法
英语中的人称代词(Personal Pronouns)有主格、宾格和所有格之 分,如:
I, me, my ; he, him, his ; they, them,their等。
顾名思义,主格(The nominative case)用作主语,宾格(The objective case)用作宾语,所有 格(The possessive case)则表示所有之物。
在实际运用中,主格和宾格代词有时会混淆。下面是常见的问题:
⒈在复合结构里,人称代词的主格和宾格在单独使用时,没有问题,如很少人会犯下这样的错误:
*(1)Wilcox spoke to I.
*(2)Her knew what had happened.
但在复合结构中,错误就难免了,如:
*(3)Wilcox spoke to my friend and I.
*(4)He and her knew what had happened.
*(5)This is between you and he.
这种错误是可避免的。第一,在有介词的复合结构中,特别要注意,第二个人称代词,必须用宾语,如:"for you and me"和 "between Maria and him".第二,试把复合结构中的另一部分暂时用括号围起来,那么该用的格就容易辨别了,如:
(6)This message is for (My father and) I or me.
(7)(Marry and) he or him went downtown together.
显然的,(5)里的代词是宾格的"me", (6)里的代词是主格的"he".
⒉在比较结构里,连接词"as"或"than"后面,按理用主格式,但在口语中,人们常用宾格形式,学美式英语者,更是如此:
(8)a. You did as well as she.
b. You did as well as her.
(9)a. I am older than he.
b. I am older than him.
(a)和(b)两种说法,都可接受。但如果"as"和"than"后头分句的主语和词动都要完整出现的话,这时的人称代词,就必须是主格,如下:
(10)You did as well as she did.
(11)I am older than he is .
此外,还有一点要注意,就是"as"和"than"后面虽然在语法上用主格好,用宾格也可,但是有时意思会有所不同。试比较(a)和(b):
(12)a. Jason praised Maria more highly than I.
b. Jason praised Maria more highly than me.
(12)a和b都被接受,但(12)a等于(13)a,而(12)b等于(13)B:
(13)a. Jason praised Maria more highly than I did (= I praised Maria).
b. Jason praised Maria more highly than he praised me.
显然,这两句的深层意思大有差别。遇到这种情形,为了避免误解,不妨根据要表达的意思用完整的句式表达出来。换句话说,必要的话,要用(13)这句子。
不然,把(13)a变成(14), (13)b变成(15)也可:
(14)I did not praise Maria as highly as Jason did.
(15)Jason did not praise me as highly as he praised Maria.
主格通常表示动词的主语。主格在拉丁语和古英语中都有。现在的英语中仍然存在于与宾格相反的主格代名词:I(宾格为me)、we(宾格为us)、he(宾格为him)、she(宾格为her)以及they(宾格为them)。古英语的用法包括ye(宾格为you)以及单数第二人称代词thou(宾格为thee)。
宾格表示一个动词直接宾语的名词或一个前置词的宾语。
名词词尾变化较少的英语,在少数一些代词中存在宾格(例如,whom是who的宾格形式;him是he的宾格形式)。但是英文的名词中,主格和宾格形式完全一致,没有任何变化,因此必须通过“SVO”的结构,区分主语和宾语。德语或拉丁语就不需要这样。
举例: 英文: The hunter kills the tiger. The tiger kills the hunter. (猎人杀死了老虎。/老虎杀死了猎人。)此二句中,谁是主语,谁是宾语,完全是由语序的正反区别的(和汉语一样)。因此这两句的主宾相反是因为语序相反造成的。
who/whom和he/him在英语中不仅仅是主格和宾格的关系,也是主格和与格的关系(例如:I gave him the present.等等),在古英语中,有很明显的区分:him是与格,hine是宾格。这个双重性使得很多英语学生没有意识到英语中宾格和与格的不同。
1.人称代词的主格作主语,宾格作动词的宾语和介词的宾语。例:
They have English lessons on Saturday. 他们星期六上英语课。
The teacher asked them to stay in the classroom. 老师叫他们呆在教室里。
We are listening to them. 我们在听他们说话。
2.人称代词作表语时,一般用宾格,特别是在日常会话中。例:
“Who is knocking at the door? ” “It's me. ” “谁在敲门?”“是我。”
在很正式的英语中也用主格,可以说:It is I. 只有一个词的句子用宾格:
“Who wants to try?” “ Me.” “谁想试一试?”“我。”
在“it + be + 代词 + 定语从句”结构中,用宾格是随便的说法,用主格是非常正式的说法。例:
It was me/ I who broke the window. 是我打破了玻璃窗。
为了避免太正式或太随便,我们可以用别的句式来表达。
例: I was the one / person who broke the window.
3.人称代词处在动词之前,会影响选用主格还是用宾格。
例如 but和except 既可作介词也可作连词,因此在but或except之后,用主格还是用宾格就要慎重。
例: No one but / except I read the book. No one read the book but / except me / I. (me 比I 更常见)
只有我读过这本书。
人称代词之主、宾格的替换
1) 宾格代替主格
a.在简短对话中,当人称代词单独使用或在not 后,多用宾语。
---- I like English. --我喜欢英语。
---- Me too. --我也喜欢。
---- Have more wine? --再来点酒喝吗?
---- Not me. --我可不要了。
b.在表示比较的非正式的文体中,常用宾格代替主格。 但如果比较状语的谓语保留,则主语只能用主格。
He is taller than I/me.
He is taller than I am.
2) 主格代替宾格
a. 在介词but,except 后,有时可用主格代替宾格。
b. 在电话用语中常用主格。
---- I wish to speak to Mary. --我想和玛丽通话。
---- This is she. --我就是玛丽。
注意:在动词be 或to be 后的人称代词视其前面的名词或代词而定。
I thought it was she. 我以为是她。 (主格----主格)
I thought it to be her. (宾格----宾格)
I was taken to be she. 我被当成了她。 (主格----主格)
They took me to be her. 他们把我当成了她。 (宾格----宾格)
主格代词和宾格代词的用法是近几年高考试题考查的热点之一,许多考生因为没有掌握好这方面的知识而常常出错失分。请先看下面这道高考题:
( NMET 2003 )- Susan, go and join your sister cleancing the yard.
- Why ______? John is sitting there doing nothing.
A. him B. he C. I D. me
此题的正确答案是 D .
下面我们探讨一下在什么情况下用主格代词,在什么情况下用宾格代词。
1. 英语口语中习惯上用人称代词的宾格作表语。例如:
It's me. 是我。( It's I. 为正式用法。)
What would you do if you were him?
如果你是他,你怎么办?
I didn't expect the winner to be her.
我没有料到获胜者会是她。
2. 宾格代词常出现在下面这样的感叹句中:
( 1 )- He's got to repay the money.
他必须偿还这笔钱。
- Poor him! 他真倒霉!
( 2 )- She won the match. 她赢得了比赛。
- Lucky her! 她真走运!
3. 如果作主语的人称代词孤立地用于无谓语动词的句子中,常用宾格代词。在省略句中通常用宾格代词。例如:
( 1 )- I like watching TV. 我喜欢看电视。
- Me, too. 我也喜欢。
( 2 )- Who wants a lift to the station?
谁想搭便车去车站?
- Me!
我!
( 3 )- Does anybody want another orange?
谁还要桔子?
- Me! 我要!
4. 作主语的人称代词与 not 或 why 连用时,常用宾格代词。例如:
( 1 )- Someone will have to answer for it.
有人会为此负责。
- Not you or me.
不是你也不是我。
( 2 )- Why me? 为什么是我?
- I was no ty yesterday.
我昨天值班了。
值得注意的是,在上述句式中,通常用第一人称代词的宾格作主语,其它人称的代词较少见。
5. 在 as 和 than 后面也有用主格代词或宾格代词两种可能性。在口语里习惯上用宾格代词,在正式文体中用主格代词。例如:
My younger brother is as tall as me. / My younger brother is as tall as I ( am ) .
我弟弟和我一样高。
He is much stronger than me. / He is much stronger than I ( am ) .
他比我强壮得多。
6. 在强调句中有用主格代词或宾格代词作主语两种可能性。在正式文体中用主格代词,在非正式文体中用宾格代词。例如:
It was me that told the police.
是我告诉警察的。(非正式文体)
It is I who will take charge of the class meeting tomorrow afternoon.
明天下午将由我主持班会。(正式文体)
7. 在非正式文体中,可以用 who 代替 whom 作宾语,但在正式文体中多用 whom 作宾语,而在介词后面只能用 whom 作宾语。例如:
Who are you going with?
你和谁一起去?(非正式文体)
Whom do you decide to send to the countryside?
你们决定派谁去农村?(正式文体)
③ 七年级的英语语法重点是什么
英语语法
1.名词
2.冠词和数词
3.代词
4.形容词和副词
5.动词
6.动名词
7.动词不定式
8.分词
9.动词的时态
10.动词的语态
11.句子的种类12.主谓一致13.倒装句14.虚拟语气15.连词16.情态动词名词
名词复数的规则变化
其它名词复数的规则变化
名词复数的不规则变化
不可数名词量的表示
定语名词的复数
不同国家的人的单复数
名词的格
冠词和数词
不定冠词的用法
定冠词的用法
零冠词的用法
冠词与形容词+名词结构
冠词位置
数词
代词
人称代词的用法
人称代词之主、宾格的替换
代词的指代问题
并列人称代词的排列顺序
物主代词
双重所有格
反身代词
相互代词
指示代词
疑问代词
关系代词
every,no,all,both,...
none,few,some,any,...
代词比较辩异one,that和it
one/another/the other
"the"的妙用
anyone/any one;...
both,either,neither,...
many, much
few,little,a few,...
形容词和副词
形容词及其用法
以-ly结尾的形容词
用形容词表示类别和整体
多个形容词修饰名词的顺序
副词及其基本用法
兼有两种形式的副词
形容词与副词的比较级
as+形容词或副词原级+as
比较级形容词或副词+than
可修饰比较级的词
many,old和far
the+形容词或副词最高级+比较对象
动词
系动词
什么是助动词
助动词be的用法
助动词have的用法
助动词do 的用法
助动词shall和will的用法
助动词should,would的用法
短语动词
非谓语动词
动名词
动名词作主语、宾语和表语
worth 的用法
动词不定式
不定式作宾语
不定式作补语
不定式主语
It's for sb/It's of sb
不定式作表语
不定式作定语
不定式作状语
用作介词的to
省to 的动词不定式
动词不定式的否定式
不定式特殊句型too…to…
不定式特殊句型so as to
不定式特殊句型Why not
不定式的时态和语态
动名词与不定式
特殊词精讲
stop doing/to do
forget doing/to do
remember doing/to do
regret doing/to do
cease doing/to do
try doing/to do
go on doing/to do
be afraid doing/to do
be interested doing/...
mean doing/to do
begin(start) doing/to do
感官动词 + doing/to do
分词
分词作定语
分词作状语
连词+分词(短语)
分词作补语
分词作表语
分词作插入语
分词的时态
分词的语态
动词的时态
一般现在时的用法
一般过去时的用法
used to/be used to
一般将来时
be going to/will
be to和be going to
一般现在时表将来
用现在进行时表示将来
现在完成时
比较过去时与现在完成时
用于现在完成时的句型
比较since和for
since的四种用法
延续动词与瞬间动词
过去完成时
用一般过去时代替完成时
将来完成时
现在进行时
不用进行时的动词
过去进行时
将来进行时
一般现在时代替将来时
一般现在时代替过去时
一般现在时代替完成时
一般现在时代替进行时
现在进行时代替将来时
时态一致
时态与时间状语
动词的语态
let 的用法
短语动词的被动语态
表示"据说"或"相信"的词组
不用被动语态的情况
主动形式表示被动意义
被动形式表示主动意义
need/want/require/worth
句子的种类
句子的种类
感叹句结构
强调句结构
用助动词进行强调
反意疑问句
倒装
倒装句之全部倒装
倒装句之部分倒装
以否定词开头作部分倒装
so,either,nor作部分倒装
only在句首要倒装的情况
as,though引导的倒装句
其他部分倒装
主谓一致
并列结构作主语谓语用复数
主谓一致中的靠近原则
谓语动词与前面的主语一致
谓语需用单数
指代意义决定谓语的单复数
与后接名词或代词保持一致
连词
并列连词与并列结构
比较and和or
表示选择的并列结构
表示转折或对比
表原因关系
比较so和 such
情态动词
情态动词的语法特征
比较can 和be able to
比较may和might
比较have to和must
must表示推测
表示推测的用法
情态动词+have+过去分词
should和ought to
had better表示最好
would rather表示"宁愿"
will和would
情态动词的回答方式
带to的情态动词
比较need和dare
④ 七年级必备英语语法
过去进行时
1)概念:表示过去某时正在进行的状态或动作。
2)过去进行时的主要用法是描述一件事发生的背景;一个长动作延续的时候,另一个短动作发生。
3)
常用的时间状语有this
morning,
the
whole
morning,
all
day
yesterday,
from
nine
to
ten
last
evening,
when,
while等。例如:
My
brother
fell
while
he
was
riding
his
bicycle
and
hurt
himself.
我兄弟骑车时摔了下来,受了伤。
It
was
raining
when
they
left
the
station.
他们离开车站时,正下着雨。
When
I
got
to
the
top
of
the
mountain,
the
sun
was
shining.
我到达山顶时,阳光灿烂。
典型例题
1)
Mary
___
a
dress
when
she
cut
her
finger.
A.
made
B.
is
making
C.
was
making
D.
makes
答案C.
割伤手指是已发生的事情,应用过去时。同时,when表时间的同时性,"玛丽在做衣服时"提供事情发生的背景,因此用过去进行时。
2)
As
she
___
the
newspaper,
Granny
___
asleep.
A.
read;was
falling
B.
was
reading;
fell
C.
was
reading;
was
falling
D.
read;fell
答案B.句中的as
=
when,
while,意为"当……之时"。描述一件事发生的背景时,用过去进行;一个长动作发生的时候,另一个短动作发生。句意为
"在她看报纸时,奶奶睡着了。"句中的
fell(fall的过去时),是系动词,后跟形容词,如:fall
sick。
⑤ 英语七年级所有语法
Unit 1.
句型
1. What’s your name? 你叫什么名字?
What’s her / his name? 她 / 他叫什么名字?
2. What’s your first name 你的名是什么?
What’s your last / family name? 你姓什么?
(last name = family name)
3. I’m Mary. = My name is Mary. 我叫玛丽。
She is Mary. = Her name is Mary. 她叫玛丽。
4. Nice to meet you! 见到你真高兴。
Nice to meet you too. 见到你也很高兴。
5. What’s your telephone number? 你的电话号码是什么?
(对电话号码提问用what)
Unit 2.
句型
1. Excuse me. 打扰了。
Is this / that your pencil? 这个 / 那个是你的铅笔吗?
Yes, it is. / No, it isn’t. 是的,它是。/ 不,不是。
( 回答时常用it替代上文中的this和that )
2. This / That is my ruler. 这个 / 那个是我的尺子。
3. Please call Mary at 495-3539.( call sb at + 电话号码)
请给Mary 打电话:495-3539.
Please call Mary. 请给Mary 打电话。
Please call 495-3539. 请拨打495-3539.
Unit 3.
句型
1. This / That is my sister. 这位 / 那位是我的姐姐。
此句的复数形式是:These / Those are my sisters. 这些 / 那些是我的姐姐们。 (this/ that的复数 分别是these / those)
2. It is a watch. 复数形式是: They are some watches.
(he / she / it 复数都是they,和this/that的复数不同)
3. Is he / Guo Peng your brother? Yes, he is. / No, he isn’t.
他 / 郭鹏是你的哥哥吗? 是的,他是。 / 不,他不是
4. Thanks for the photo of your family. 感谢你寄来你的家庭照(全家福)。
thanks = thank you; the photo of your family = your family photo
5. Here is my family photo. 这儿是我的家庭照。
Here are some books. 这儿有一些书。
There is a picture and three pencils on the desk.
桌子上有一幅画和三支铅笔。
There are many photos in the drawer. 抽屉里有许多照片。
(here / there 后的be动词单复数形式要以紧随其后的名词单复数来定)
Unit 4.
句型
1. Where is my backpack? 我的背包在哪儿?
Where are the books? 那些书在哪儿?
2. It’s / They’re in the drawer / under the bed / on the bookcase.
它 / 它们在抽屉里 / 床底下 / 书柜上。(注意主语和be动词照应)
3. Is it / Is the book / on the bed / in the backpack / under the desk?
Are they on the bed / in the backpack / under the desk?
它 / 这本书 / 它们在床上 / 背包里 / 桌子下吗?
4. Can you bring some things to school? 你能带些东西去学校吗?
some一般用在肯定的陈述句中,any用在否定句(“任何”)或疑问句(“某些,一些”)中。但如果表示期待对方肯定的回答或表请求和建议,疑问句中常用some。如上句。
5. take …to … 把…带到… take…there
Bring…to….把…带来 bring…here
Please take your sister to school. 请把你的妹妹带到学校。
Please bring your homework to our classroom. 请把你的作业带到我们教室来
bring 表从另一处带到这儿。take 表从这儿带到另一处。方向正好相反。
Unit 5.
句型
1. Do you have a soccer ball? 你有一个足球吗?
Yes, I do. / No, I don’t.
Does she have a tennis racket? 她有一个网球拍吗?
Yes, she does. / No, she doesn’t.
(谓语是实义动词的时候,疑问句形式:do / does 提前到主语前,主语后面的动词用原形)
2. I don’t have a soccer ball. 我没有一个足球。
She doesn’t have a volleyball. 她没有排球。
(谓语是实义动词的时候,否定形式:do /does +not + 动词原形)
3. Let me / him / us play soccer. 让我 / 他 / 我们踢足球吧。
(let后面的动词用原形)
4. That sounds good / great / interesting / boring.那听起来不错 /好极了 /有趣 /无聊。(that指代上文之事)
5. I / We / They / You / The kids have 8 baseballs. 我 / 我们 / 他们 / 孩子们有8个棒球。
She / He / My brother / The boy has 8 baseballs. 她 /他 /我哥哥 /那个男孩有8个棒球。
(注意以上各句主语和谓语的照应:主语是单三,谓语也用单三;主语不是单三,谓语也不用单三。)
句型
1. Do you like bananas / hamburgers / salad…?
你喜欢香蕉 / 汉堡包 / 沙拉……吗?
Yes, I do. / No, I don’t. 是的,我喜欢。/ 不,我不喜欢。
2. like doing sth. = like to do sth. 喜欢做某事.
如:She likes helping / to help students. 她喜欢帮学生。
3. I like/have hamburgers for breakfast. 早餐我喜欢/吃汉堡。
Unit 7.
句型
1. How much are these pants? =What’s the price of these pants?
这条裤子多少钱?
They’re twenty dollars. 这条裤子20美元。
How much is this sweater? =What’s the price of this sweater?
这件毛衣多少钱? It’s 60 yuan. 它60元。
2. How much加不可数名词,how many 加可数名词复数。
如:how much food, how many students
3. Can I help you? 我能帮你吗?= What can I do for you? 我能为你做什么?
4. Yes, please. 是的,请吧。 No, thanks. 不了,谢谢。
5. I want a sweater. 我想要件毛衣。
6. What color do you want? 你想要什么颜色?
7. Here you are. =Here it is给你(这件毛衣 / 钱等)。
8. How much is it? / How much are they? 多少钱?
9. I’ll take it. = I’ll get it. = I’ll have it. 我买下它了。
10. Thank you. / Thanks a lot. 多谢。
You’re welcome. =That’s all right.别客气。
11. Come and buy … = Come to buy ….
Go and see … = Go to see…
12. Anybody can afford our prices. 任何人都能承担得起我们的价钱。
Unit 8.
句型
1.When is your / her / his birthday?
你的/她的/他的生日是什么时候?
My / Her / His birthday is May 14th.
我的 / 她的 / 他的生日是5月14日。(此处无on)
2. How old are you? = What’s your age? 你多大了?
I’m 8. / I’m 8 years old. 我8岁了。
3.Monday is the second day of the week.
周一是一星期中的第二天。(序数词前常有the)
It’s my eighth birthday.
(序数词eighth前已有限定词my, 故不再加the.)
Unit 9.
句型
1. Do you / Does she want to go to a movie? 你想 / 她想看电影吗?
2. What kind of movies do you like? 你喜欢什么种类的电影?
3. June really likes action movies.
琼真的喜欢动作片。(really可修饰动词,但very不能。)
4. Mike is English. 迈克是英国人。(注意English前无冠词an.)
5. I often go to movies with my friends. 我常和朋友一起看电影。(with,“用;和…一起”)
6. 语法:并列连词and和or. 都译为“和”,or常用于否定句。and常用于肯定句。
He likes P.E. and art.他喜欢体育和美术。=He likes P.E. and he likes art.
He doesn’t like P.E. or art. =He doesn’t like P.E. and he doesn’t like art.
(or只用于连接否定句中的短语。若连接两个否定句时仍用and)
Unit 10.
句型
1. Can you play the guitar? Can you dance / swim? 你会弹吉它 / 跳舞 / 游泳吗? Yes, I can. / No, I can’t. 是的,我会。/ 不,我不会。
2. I want to join the art / music club. 我想参加美术 / 音乐俱乐部。
3. What club do you want to join? 你想参加什么俱乐部?
4. Can you play the piano well? 你弹钢琴弹得好吗?
5. Are you good with kids? 你善于和孩子相处吗?
(be good with sb. 善于和某人相处)
6. May I know your name? 我可以知道你的名字吗?= What’s your name?
7. What can you do? 你会做什么?
8. 短语:play the piano / the drums / the trumpet 弹钢琴 / 打鼓 / 吹喇叭(乐器前有the)
chess / English / swimming / music… club象棋 / 英语 / 游泳 / 音乐俱乐部
a little “一点,一些”(修饰不可数名词。)
Unit 11.
句型
1. What time do you/ does she usually go to school/ get up?
你通常何时上学 / 起床?
I usually run/ She usually gets up at around 7:00.
我 / 她通常大约7:00跑步 / 起床。
2. When do people usually eat dinner? 人们通常什么时候吃晚饭?
3. 时刻表达:
a.分钟未过半点;
7:20, 可以读作: seven twenty, 或twenty past seven
12:08, 可以读作:twelve oh eight, 或eight past twelve
b.分钟刚好半点:
9:30, 可读作:nine thirty, 或half past nine
c.分钟超过半点:
8:46, 可读作:eight forty-six, 或fourteen to nine
4.what引导的感叹句的结构:
a. what + a / an + 形容词 + 名词 + 主谓
What a clever boy he is! 他是多么聪明的孩子啊!
What an interesting book you have!你的书多么有趣啊!
b. what + 形容词 + 名词复数: What clever boys you are! 你们是多么聪明的孩子啊!
c. what + 形容词 + 不可数名词: What difficult work it is! 那是多么困难的工作啊!
5. 宾语从句的语序(用陈述句的语序, 见下文画线部分):
I don’t know when your birthday is. (不是when is your birthday)
Can you tell me where you come from? (不是where do you come from)
Unit 12. My favorite subject is science .
句型
1. What’s your favorite subject? 你最喜爱的学科是什么?
(形容词性物主代词+favorite+名词,“…最喜爱的….”)
2. My favorite subject is science. 我最喜爱的学科是科学。
3. Why do you / does she like science? 你 / 她为什么喜欢科学?
Because it’s interesting. 因为它有趣。
4. Who is your art teacher? 谁是你的美术教师?
5. When do you have math? 你什么时候上数学?
6. I have volleyball for two hours. 我打排球两个小时。(for + 时间段)
人称代词形式:
主格 宾格 形容词性
物主代词 名词性
物主代词 反身代词
作主语 宾语 后要再接名词 不再接名词 主宾一致
I me my(pen/ house...) mine myself
you(你) you your (bag / car...) yours yourself
he him his (desk / coat...) his himself
she her her(hair/ books...) hers herself
it it its (tail / face...) its itself
we us our(teachers/rom) ours ourselves
You你们 you your(class/ city...) yours yourselves
they them their(school/seat) theirs themselves
注意:如果动词的施动者,即主语,和动词或介词后相应的宾格代词是相同的人或物时,其宾格代词要用反身代词:
I teach myself English. 我自学英语。
We solved the problems ourselves. 我们自己解决的这些问题。
Lucy hurt herself by accident. 露茜偶然伤了自己。
You have to take care of yourself. 你必须照看好自己。
但 She asks me to help her. 中的her并没有反身代词,因为help的施动者是“我”,而承受者是“她”,不相同。)
⑥ 人教版英语七年级上册主要学习哪些语法
1. 名词所有格
名词如要表示与后面名词的所有关系,通常用名词所有格的形式,意为"……的"。一般有以下几种形式:
(1). 一般情况下在词尾加"'s"。例如:
Kate's father Kate的爸爸
my mother's friend 我妈妈的朋友
(2). 如果复数名词以s结尾,只加"'"。例如:
Teachers' Day 教师节
The boys' game 男孩们的游戏
(3). 如果复数名词不以s结尾,仍加"'s"。例如:
Children's Day 儿童节
Women's Day 妇女节
(4). 表示两个或几个共有时,所有格应加在后一个名词上。例如:
Lucy and Lily's room Lucy 和Lily的房间
Kate and Jim's father Kate 和Jim的爸爸
动物和无生命事物的名词的所有格一般不在词尾加"'s",而常常用介词of的短语来表示。
a map of China 一幅中国地图
the name of her cat 她的猫的名字
a picture of my family 我的家庭的一张照片
the door of the bedroom 卧室的门
2. 祈使句
祈使句主要用来表示说话人的请求、命令、建议、叮嘱等意图。祈使句一般不用主语,读时用降调。为使语气委婉、礼貌,常在句首或句尾加please 。在句尾时,please前多用逗号。
(1). 祈使句肯定形式的谓语动词一律用动词原形。
Go and see. 去看看。
Come in, please. 请进。
(2). 祈使句的否定形式常用don't于句首。
Don't look at your books. 不要看书。
Don't play on the road. 不要在马路上玩。
3. There be 的句子结构
There be是一个"存在"句型,表示"有"的意思,
肯定句的形式为:There be + 名词(单数或复数)+地点状语或时间状语。
be动词单复数的确定,看be后边第一个名词,当所接主语为单数或不可数名词时,be动词形式为is;当所接主语为复数名词时,be动词为are;当be动词后接两个以上主语时,be动词与最临近主语保持数上的一致。意思为"某地有某人或某物"。如:
There is an eraser and two pens on the desk. 桌子上有一块橡皮和两支钢笔。
There are two pens and an eraser on the desk. 桌上有两支钢笔和一块橡皮。
(1)there be的否定句,即在be的后面加上not。
否定形式为:There be + not + (any) + 名词+地点状语。
There is not any cat in the room. 房间里没猫。
There aren't any books on the desk. 桌子上没书。
(2)there be句型的疑问句就是将be提到句首:Be there + (any) +名词+地点状语?肯定回答:Yes, there is / are. 否定回答:No, there isn't / aren't.
---Is there a dog in the picture? 画上有一只狗吗?
---Yes, there is. 有。
---Are there any boats in the river? 河里有船吗?
---No, there aren't. 没有。
(3)特殊疑问句:How many . . . are there (+地点状语)?"某地有多少人或物?"回答用There be . . .
There's one. / There are two / three / some . . .
有时直接就用数字来回答。One. / Two . . .
---How many students are there in the classroom? 教室里有多少学生?
---There's only one. / There are nine. 只有一个。/有九个。
(4)如果名词是不可数名词,用:How much + 不可数名词 + is there + 地点状语?
How much water is there in the cup? 杯中有多少水?
How much food is there in the bowl? 碗里有多少食物?
[第一类] 名词类
1. 这些女老师们在干什么?
[误] What are the woman teachers doing?
[正] What are the women teachers doing?
[析] 在英语中,当一名词作定语修饰另一名词(单或复数形式)时,作定语的名词一般要用其单数形式;但当man, woman作定语修饰可数名词复数形式时,要用其复数形式men, women.
2. 房间里有多少人?
[误] How many peoples are there in the room?
[正] How many people are there in the room?
[析] people作“人、人们”解时,是个集合名词,其单复数同形。
3. 我想为我儿子买两瓶牛奶。
[误] I want to buy two bottle of milk for my son.
[正] I want to buy two bottles of milk for my son.
[析] 表示不可数名词的数量时,常用“a / an或数词+表量的可数名词+ of + 不可数名词”这一结构,其中当数词大于1时,表量的可数名词要用其复数形式
[第二类] 动词类
4. 你妹妹通常什么时候去上学?
[误] What time does your sister usually goes to school?
[正] What time does your sister usually go to school?
[析] 借助助动词do(或does)构成疑问句或否定句时,句中的谓语动词用其原形。
5. 琳达晚上经常做作业,但今晚她在看电视。
[误] Linda often do her homework in the evening, but this evening she watching TV.
[正] Linda often does her homework in the evening, but this evening she is watching TV.
[析] 在初一英语学习阶段,我们接触到了两种主要时态:一般现在时和现在进行时。一般现在时表示经常的或习惯性的动作,常和often, usually, sometimes 等时间状语连用。在一般现在时的句子中,若主语是第三人称单数,谓语动词要用其第三人称单数形式。现在进行时表示现阶段正在进行或发生的动作,现在进行时由be(am / is / are)+ving形式构成。
6. 这双鞋是红色的。
[误] This pair of shoes are red.
[正] This pair of shoes is red.
[析] 在shoes, trousers, gloves, glasses等表示成双成对的衣物或工具名词前用pair(表计量)修饰时,谓语动词的形式由pair的单复数形式来决定。
[第三类] 代词类
7. 这张票是她的,不是我的。
[误] This is hers ticket. It’s not my.
[正] This is her ticket. It’s not mine.
[析] 物主代词有形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词之分。形容词性物主代词之后一定要接名词,而名词性物主代词之后不需接任何词。
8. 吴老师教我们英语。
[误] Miss Wu teaches our English.
[正] Miss Wu teaches us English.
[析] teach sb. sth..中的sb.作teach的宾语,因此当sb.为人称代词时要用其宾格形式。
[第四类] 介词类
9. 你能找到这个问题的答案吗?
[误] Can you find the answer of this question?
[正] Can you find the answer to this question?
[析] 英语中用“the answer to …”表示“……的答案”。类似结构还有the key to the door, the way to the zoo等。
10. 格林先生星期六上午来这里。
[误] Mr. Green will come here in Sunday evening.
[正] Mr. Green will come here on Sunday evening.
[析] 表示在上午、下午等时,介词要用in;而表示在具体的某天上午、下午时,介词要用on.
11. 那个穿着红裙子的小女孩是我们老师的女儿。
[误] That little girl on a red skirt is our teacher’s daughter.
[正] That little girl in a red skirt is our teacher’s daughter.
[析] 用介词表示“穿戴衣物”时,只能用in,其他介词没有此用法。
⑦ 七年级英语语法
一般就是名次的单复数,名词的格,冠词等,1. 形容词的用法;
2. 副词的用法;3. 形容词和副词原级、比较级、最高级的用法;4. 形容词和副词在句中的区别和位置。我觉得最重要的是动词了
你可以根据书后的单词和附录来看
暑假时我做初三学生的家教,找了动词方面的语法,其实你可以综合的讲
下面是我暑假用的一些
初中英语语法总结
( 动词的时态)
11.1 一般现在时的用法
1) 经常性或习惯性的动作,常与表示频度的时间状语连用。时间状语: every…, sometimes, at…, on Sunday。例如:
I leave home for school at 7 every morning. 每天早上我七点离开家。
2) 客观真理,客观存在,科学事实。例如:
The earth moves around the sun. 地球绕太阳转动。
Shanghai lies in the east of China. 上海位于中国东部。
3) 表示格言或警句。例如:
Pride goes before a fall. 骄者必败。
注意:此用法如果出现在宾语从句中,即使主句是过去时,从句谓语也要用一般现在时。
例:Columbus proved that the earth is round. 哥伦布证实了地球是圆的。
4) 现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。例如:
I don't want so much. 我不要那么多。
Ann writes good English but does not speak well.
安英语写得不错,讲的可不行。
比较:Now I put the sugar in the cup. 把糖放入杯子。
I am doing my homework now. 我正在做功课。
第一句用一般现在时,用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作,表示言行的瞬间动作。第二句中的now是进行时的标志,表示正在进行的动作的客观状况,所以后句用一般现在时。
11.2 一般过去时的用法
1)在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。例如:时间状语有:yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。例如:
Where did you go just now? 刚才你上哪儿去了?
2)表示在过去一段时间内,经常性或习惯性的动作。例如:
When I was a child, I often played football in the street.
我是个孩子的时候,常在马路上踢足球。
Whenever the Browns went ring their visit, they were given a
warm welcome.
那时,布朗一家无论什么时候去,都受到热烈欢迎。
3)句型:It is time for sb. to do sth "到……时间了" "该……了"。例如:It is
time for you to go to bed. 你该睡觉了。
It is time that sb. did sth. "时间已迟了" "早该……了" ,例如It is time you
went to bed. 你早该睡觉了。
would (had) rather sb. did sth. 表示'宁愿某人做某事'。例如:I'd rather you
came tomorrow.还是明天来吧。
4) wish, wonder, think, hope 等用过去时,作试探性的询问、请求、建议等,而一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去,现已不复存在
。例如:I thought you might have some. 我以为你想要一些。
比较:Christine was an invalid all her life.(含义:她已不在人间。)
Christine has been an invalid all her life.(含义:她现在还活着)
Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years.
(含义:达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。)
Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years.
(含义:现在还住在肯塔基州,有可能指刚离去)
注意: 用过去时表示现在,表示委婉语气。
1)动词want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。例如:
Did you want anything else? 您还要些什么吗?
I wondered if you could help me. 能不能帮我一下。
2)情态动词 could, would。例如:
Could you lend me your bike? 你的自行车,能借用一些吗?
11.3 used to / be used to
used to + do:"过去常常"表示过去习惯性的动作或状态,但如今已不存在。例如:
Mother used not to be so forgetful. 老妈过去没那么健忘。
Scarf used to take a walk. 斯卡夫过去常常散步。
be used to + doing:对……已感到习惯,或"习惯于",to是介词,后需加名词或动名词。例如:
He is used to a vegetarian diet.
Scarf is used to taking a walk. 斯卡夫现在已习惯于散步了。
典型例题
---- Your phone number again? I ___ quite catch it.
---- It's 69568442.
A. didn't B. couldn't C. don't D. can't
答案A. 本句虽没有明确的时间状语,但从语意上看出,在听的时候没有听懂这个动作发生在过去,因此应用过去时。
11.4 一般将来时
1) shall用于第一人称,常被will 所代替。will 在陈述句中用于各人称,在征求意见时常用于第二人称。例如:
Which paragraph shall I read first? 我先读哪一段呢?
Will you be at home at seven this evening? 今晚七点回家好吗?
2) be going to +不定式,表示将来。
a. 主语的意图,即将做某事。例如:What are you going to do tomorrow? 明天打算作什么呢?
b. 计划,安排要发生的事。例如:The play is going to be proced next
month。这出戏下月开播。
c. 有迹象要发生的事。例如:Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a
storm. 看那乌云,快要下雨了。
3) be +不定式表将来,按计划或正式安排将发生的事。例如:
We are to discuss the report next Saturday.我们下星期六讨论这份报告。
4) be about to +不定式,意为马上做某事。例如:
He is about to leave for Beijing. 他马上要去北京。
注意:be about to do 不能与tomorrow, next week 等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。
11.5 be going to / will 用于条件句时,be going to表将来,will表意愿。例如:
If you are going to make a journey, you'd better get ready for it as soon as possible.
Now if you will take off your clothes, we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror.
11.6 be to和be going to
be to 表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事,be going to 表示主观的打算或计划。例如:
I am to play football tomorrow afternoon. 明天下午我去踢球。(客观安排)
I'm going to play football tomorrow afternoon.
明天下午我想去踢球。(主观安排)
11.7 一般现在时表将来
1)下列动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般现在时可以表示将来,主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。例如:
The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. 火车明天上午六点开。
When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes. 汽车什么时候开?十分钟后。
2)以here, there等开始的倒装句,表示动作正在进行。例如:
Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming. 车来了。
There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing. 铃响了。
3)在时间或条件句中。例如:
When Bill comes (不是will come), ask him to wait for me. 比尔来后,让他等我。
I'll write to you as soon as I arrive there. 我到了那里,就写信给你。
4)在动词hope, take care that, make sure that等的宾语从句中。例如:
I hope they have a nice time next week. 我希望他们下星期玩得开心。
Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room. 离开房间前,务必把窗户关了。
11.8 用现在进行时表示将来
下列动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return等现在进行时可以表示将来。例如:
I'm leaving tomorrow. 明天我要走了。
Are you staying here till next week? 你会在这儿呆到下周吗?
11.9 现在完成时
现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态,其结果的影响现在还存在;也可表示持续到现在的动作或状态。其构成:have(has) +过去分词。
11.10 比较一般过去时与现在完成时
1)一般过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情,强调动作;现在完成时为过去发生的,强调过去的事情对现在的影响,强调的是影响。
2)一般过去时常与具体的时间状语连用,而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用,或无时间状语。
一般过去时的时间状语:yesterday, last week,…ago, in1980, in October, just
now等,皆为具体的时间状语。
现在完成时的时间状语:for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in past years, always等,皆不确定的时间状语。
共同的时间状语:this morning, tonight, this April, now, already, recently, lately 等。
3)现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态,动词一般是延续性的,如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.。
一般过去时常用的非持续性动词有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。例如:
I saw this film yesterday. (强调看的动作发生过了)
I have seen this film. (强调对现在的影响,电影的内容已经知道了)
Why did you get up so early? (强调起床的动作已发生过了)
Who hasn't handed in his paper? (强调有卷子未交,疑为不公平竞争)
He has been in the League for three years. (在团内的状态可延续)
He has been a League member for three years. (是团员的状态可持续)
句子中如有过去时的时间副词(如yesterday, last, week, in 1960)时,不能使用现在完成时,要用过去时。
(错)Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.
(对)Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.
11.11 用于现在完成时的句型
1)It is the first / second time.... that…结构中的从句部分,用现在完成时。例如:
It is the first time that I have visited the city. 这是我第一次访问这城市。
This is the first time (that) I've heard him sing. 这是我第一次听他唱歌。
注意:It was the third time that the boy had been late.
2)This is +形容词最高级+that…结构,that 从句要用现在完成时。例如:
This is the best film that I've (ever) seen. 这是我看过的最好的电影。
典型例题
(1) ---Do you know our town at all? ---No, this is the first time I ___ here.
A. was B. have been C. came D. am coming
答案B. This is the first time 后面所加从句应为现在完成时,故选B。
(2) ---Have you ____ been to our town before? ---No, it's the first time I ___ here.
A. even, come B. even, have come C. ever, come D. ever, have come
答案D. ever意为曾经或无论何时,反意词为never,此两词常用于完成时。
注意:非延续性动词的否定形式可以与表示延续时间的状语连用。即动作不发生的状态是可以持续的。
(错)I have received his letter for a month.
(对)I haven't received his letter for almost a month.
11.12 比较since和for
Since 用来说明动作起始时间,for用来说明动作延续时间长度。例如:
I have lived here for more than twenty years.我住在这儿二十多年了。
I have lived here since I was born. 我从出生起就住在这儿了。
注意:并非有for 作为时间状语的句子都用现在完成时。
I worked here for more than twenty years. (我现在已不在这里工作。)
I have worked here for many years.(现在我仍在这里工作。)
注意:用句型转换的方法,很容易排除非延续动词在有for/since结构的完成时中的误用。
1)(对) Tom has studied Russian for three years. = Tom began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now.
2)(错) Harry has got married for six years. = Harry began to get married six years ago, and is still getting married now.
显然,第二句不对,它应改为 Harry got married six years ago. 或 Harry has been married for six years.
11.13 since的四种用法
1) since +过去一个时间点(如具体的年、月、日期、钟点、1980, last month, half past
six)。例如:
I have been here since 1989. 1989起,我一直在这儿。
2) since +一段时间+ ago。例如:
I have been here since five months ago. 我在这儿,已经有五个月了。
3) since +从句。例如:
Great changes have taken place since you left. 你走后,变化可大了。
Great changes have taken place since we were here. 我们走后,变化可大了。
4) It is +一段时间+ since从句。例如:
It is two years since I became a postgraate student. 我考上研究生有两年了。
11.14 延续动词与瞬间动词
1) 用于完成时的区别
延续动词表示经验、经历; 瞬间动词表示行为的结果,不能与表示段的时间状语连用。例如:
He has completed the work. 他已完成了那项工作。 (表结果)
I've known him since then. 我从那时起就认识他了。(表经历)
2) 用于till / until从句的差异
延续动词用于肯定句,表示"做……直到……" 瞬间动词用于否定句,表示"到……,才……"。例如:
He didn't come back until ten o'clock. 他到10 点才回来。
He slept until ten o'clock. 他一直睡到10点。
典型例题
1. You don't need to describe her. I ___ her several times.
A. had met B. have met C. met D. meet
答案B. 首先本题后句强调对现在的影响,我知道她的模样,你不用描述。再次,several
times告知为反复发生的动作,因此用现在完成时。
2. ---I'm sorry to keep you waiting.
---Oh, not at all. I ___here only a few minutes.
A. have been B. had been C. was D. will be
答案A. 等待的动作由过去开始,持续到现在,应用现在完成时。
11.15 过去完成时
1) 概念:表示过去的过去
----|----------|--------|----> 其构成是had +过去分词构成。 那时以前 那时 现在
2) 用法
a. 在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。例如:
She said (that)she had never been to Paris. 她告诉我她曾去过巴黎。
b. 状语从句
在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中,发生在先,用过去完成时;发生在后,用一般过去时。例如:
When the police arrived, the thieves had run away. 警察到达时,小偷们早就跑了。
c. 表示意向的动词,如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等,用过去完成时表示"原本…,未能…"。例如:
We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't. 那时我们希望你能来,但是你没有来。
3) 过去完成时的时间状语before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon
as。例如:
He said that he had learned some English before. 他说过他以前学过一些英语。
By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself. 到了十二岁那年,爱迪生开始自己谋生。
Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.
汤姆失望了,因为他到达晚会时,大部分客人已经走了。
典型例题
The students ___ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she ___ in the office.
A. had written, left B,were writing, has left C. had written, had left D. were writing, had left
答案D.
"把书忘在办公室"发生在"去取书"这一过去的动作之前,因此"忘了书"这一动作发生在过去的过去,用过去完成时。句中when表示的是时间的一点,表示在"同学们正忙于……"这一背景下,when所引导的动作发生。因此前一句应用过去进行时。
注意: had hardly… when 还没等…… 就……。例如:
I had hardly opened the door when I he hit me. 我刚打开门,他就打了我。
had no sooner…than 刚…… 就……。例如:
He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it. 他刚买了这辆车,转眼又卖了。
11.16 用一般过去时代替过去完成时
1) 两个动作如按顺序发生,又不强调先后,或用then,and,but 等连词时,多用一般过去时。例如:
When she saw the mouse,she screamed. 她看到老鼠,就叫了起来。
My aunt gave me a hat and I lost it. 姑妈给了我一顶帽子,我把它丢了。
2 ) 两个动作相继发生,可用一般过去时;如第一个动作需要若干时间完成,用过去完成时。例如:
When I heard the news, I was very excited.
3) 叙述历史事实,可不用过去完成时,而只用一般过去时。例如:
Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492.
11.17 将来完成时
1) 构成will have done
2) 概念
a. 状态完成:表示某事继续到将来某一时为止一直有的状态。例如:
They will have been married for 20 years by then. 到那时他们结婚将有二十年了。
b. 动作完成:表示将来某一时或另一个将来的动作之前,已经完成的动作或获得的经验。例如:
You will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow. 明天此时,你已经到达上海了。
11.18 现在进行时
现在进行时的基本用法:
a. 表示现在(指说话人说话时)正在发生的事情。例如: We are waiting for you. 我们正在等你。
b. 习惯进行:表示长期的或重复性的动作,说话时动作未必正在进行。例如:
Mr. Green is writing another novel. 他在写另一部小说。(说话时并未在写,只处于写作的状态。)
c. 表示渐变,这样的动词有:get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等。例如:
The leaves are turning red. 叶子在变红。
It's getting warmer and warmer. 天越来越热了。
d. 与always, constantly, forever 等词连用,表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态,往往带有说话人的主观色彩。例如:
You are always changing your mind. 你老是改变主意。
典型例题
My dictionary ___, I have looked for it everywhere but still___ it.
A. has lost, don't find B. is missing, don't find C. has lost, haven't found D. is missing, haven't found.
答案D. 前句是一个仍在持续的状态,应用进行时,由于没有找到,其影响仍然存在,应用完成时,瞬间动词用于否定式时可用于完成时。
11.19 不用进行时的动词
1)表示事实状态的动词,如have, belong, possess, cost, owe, exist, include,
contain, matter, weigh, measure, continue等。例如:I have two brothers. 我有两兄弟。
This house belongs to my sister. 这房子是我姐的。
2)表示心理状态的动词,如know, realize, think see, believe, suppose, imagine, agree, recognize, remember, want, need, forget, prefer, mean, understand, love, hate等。例如:I need your help. 我需要你的帮助。
He loves her very much. 他爱她很深。
3)瞬间动词,如accept, receive, complete, finish, give, allow, decide, refuse等。例如:
I accept your advice. 我接受你的劝告。
4)系动词,如seem, remain, lie, see, hear, smell, feel, taste, get, become, turn等。例如:
You seem a little tired. 你看上去有点累。
11.20 过去进行时
1)概念:表示过去某时正在进行的状态或动作。
2)过去进行时的主要用法是描述一件事发生的背景;一个长动作延续的时候,另一个短动作发生。
3) 常用的时间状语有this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten last evening, when, while等。例如:
My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself. 我兄弟骑车时摔了下来,受了伤。
It was raining when they left the station. 他们离开车站时,正下着雨。
When I got to the top of the mountain, the sun was shining. 我到达山顶时,阳光灿烂。
典型例题
1) Mary ___ a dress when she cut her finger.
A. made B. is making C. was making D. makes
答案C.
割伤手指是已发生的事情,应用过去时。同时,when表时间的同时性,"玛丽在做衣服时"提供事情发生的背景,因此用过去进行时。
2) As she ___ the newspaper, Granny ___ asleep.
A. read;was falling B. was reading; fell C. was reading; was falling D. read;fell
答案B.句中的as = when, while,意为"当……之时"。描述一件事发生的背景时,用过去进行;一个长动作发生的时候,另一个短动作发生。句意为 "在她看报纸时,奶奶睡着了。"句中的 fell(fall的过去时),是系动词,后跟形容词,如:fall sick。
⑧ 初一英语主要的语法是什么
分清句子结构
主系表
主动宾
学好一般现在时
过去时
情态动词
助动词
介词