⑴ 初三上册英语第四单元语法总结
Unit 4
一、知识点
1、①give sb sth=give sth to sb
类似的词还有:pass、lend、show、write、send等
②buy sb sth=buy sth for sb
类似的词还有:make、draw、cook等
2、hundred 、thousand、mi11ion与数字连用不能用复数。
hundreds of、thousands of、mi11ions of中必须用复数。
3What if …… 如果……将会怎么样？（引导条件状语从句、疑问句）
eg What if she doesn’t come? 她要是不来怎么办？
What if your parent don’t agree? 如果你的父母不同意怎么办？
What if you should fall sick? 如果你生病了怎么办？
7、before 引导一个句子，为连词。后跟短语或名词等，则为介词。
8、food 表示食品种类，一种食物时，为可数名词
What does/do ×× look like? 问相貌。
She is tall.
What’s ×× like? 问“品质性格”。
She is outgoing.
12、 give a speech 做演讲 have a speech听演讲 give a report 做报告have a report 听报告
13、permission (n.) 允许，许可 permit (v.) 允许
Don’t read others’ diary without permission.
14、plenty of 充足的，相当多的。修饰可数或不可数名词，只能用于肯定句。否定、疑问句中用 enough.
15、not……in the slightest=not……at all 根本不
16、company ①公司 ②一群人，一伙人
③ 陪伴
I would like your company if you are free tonight.
17、get along (with)=get on (with)
①进行，进展
eg The business is getting along very well. 生意进展的很顺利。
How are you getting along with your English study? 你的英语学习进展的怎么样了？
②相处
eg Do you get along with your boss?= Do you and your boss get along? 你跟老板合得来吗？
I’m getting along very well with my classmates. 我和同学们相处得很好。
18、would rather … than … （= would … rather than）宁愿，而不愿。
前后连接两个动词原形，否定形式为：would rather not do sth
①would rather … than … = prefer … to …
但prefer … to … 若连接两个动词，动词应为v-ing 形式。
eg He would rather jog than play football.=He prefers jogging to playing football.
②would rather 常单独使用，表示“宁愿做…”
eg He would rather watch TV at home.
③rather than = instead of 而不是
连接两个并列成分，前后对称。
eg I’d prefer to go to in summer rather than in winter.
I decided to write rather than telephone.
I like going out with you rather than with him.
She enjoys listening rather than speaking.
19、today、here、there、downstairs、upstairs、above、below做宾语修饰名词，放在名词之后
eg the weather today今天的天气 people here这里的人们the man downstairs楼下的那个男的
the passage below 下面的这段话
22、the rest 其余的，可指代可数或不可数名词。The other(s) 只能指代可数名词
23、come up with 提出或提出（答案、方法）等。类似于think of.
eg How would you come up with this idea? 你怎样想出这个注意的？
My brother is a person who often comes up with good idea.我弟弟是个常常能想出好点子的人
24、offer 提供 offer sb sth 给××…… offer to sb sth 主动提出干……
二、短语
1、give it to charity 把它捐给慈善机构 2、medical research 医学研究
3、What if …… 如果…怎么样？ 4、get nervous 紧张
5、take a big exam 参加大考 6、help with 有助于
7、in public 在公共场合 8、hardly ever 几乎不
9、the whole school 全校 10、without permission 为经许可
11、be(make) friends with 与…交朋友 12、ask one’s permission 请求××的允许
13、introce…to… 把…介绍给… 14、invite…to do… 邀请…干…
15、social situations 社会环境 16、not… in the slightest 根本不，一点也不 17、right away 立刻，马上 18、all day 全天
19、be friendly to 对…友好 20、at lunch time 在午饭时间
21、a bit shy 有点害羞 22、English speech contest 英语演讲比赛
23、represent the class 代表班级 24、come top 名列第一（前茅）
25、let … down 使…失望 26、come up with 提出、想出
27、be sure of + n./pron. 28、the rest of the students 其余的学生
be sure to do 相信… 29、have a lot of experience (in) doing sth
be sure +that 从句 在做某事方面有经验
30、deal with 对付，处理 31、come out 出版
32、give advice on… 在…方面提出意见、建议 33、by accident 偶然地，无意之中
34、hurry to do sth 匆匆忙忙干… 35、an internet friend 网友
三、句子
1、He doesn’t know if he should bring a present. 他不知道是否该带礼物。
2、You shouldn’t worry about what other people say.你不应该考虑别人说什么。
3、What will you do if you had a million dollars? 如果你有一百万美元，你会干什么？
4、If I were you, I ‘d take a small present.如果我是你，我会带一个小礼物。
5、I’m too tired to do well.我太累了，没考好。
6、Dogs can be a lot of trouble.狗会带来很多麻烦。
7、What are you like? 你是什么样的人？
8、I’d invite him/her to have dinner at my house.我会邀请他（她）到我家吃饭。
9、You enjoy the company of other people.你喜欢别人的陪伴。
10、I feel nervous talking in front of many people.我在众人面前讲话时感到紧张。
11、She always comes top in the school exams.她在学校的考试中总是名列前茅。
12、She doesn’t want to let her friends down.她不愿让朋友失望。
13、If I were you, I’ll get out of here.如果我是你，我会离开这里。
祝你学习进步，更上一层楼！(*^__^*)
⑵ 新目标九年级英语第四单元重点语法
虚拟语气
一、概念
[Subjunctive Mood]
中文译作"虚拟语气"。它是一种动词形式，表示说话人的某种假设、愿望、怀疑、猜测、建议等含义。
二、语法结构
1.if结构（非真实条件句——表示的是假设的或实际可能性不大的情况）
与..事实相反 If从句 主句
过去 Had done Would* have done
现在 Were/did Would* do
将来 Should do/were/were to do Would* do
例句：If there hadn’t been much rain in spring, we would have had a good harvest now. [过去]
If he smoked less, his cough might be well soon. [现在]
If the lecturer should be late, you would have to make a speech first. [将来]
备注：
（1）上表中’would*’可转换为should、could、might。
（2) 如果为时间错综句的话，左右两栏可互相搭配，排列组合。
例句：
He would still be alive today if he hadn’t taken that drug.
[与现在事实相反] [与过去事实相反]
(3) if可转换为其他形式
例句：Without your advice, our meeting wouldn’t have been so successfully. [过去]
（=>可转换为：If there hadn’t been your advice, we …）
Your notes are almost illegible (难以辨认的). Notes typed out would be a lot easier to read. [将来]
(=> 可转换为：If the notes had been typed out, it would be a lot easier to read.)
I should have gone to see Dr. Smith and he might have cured me of the disease.[过去]
(=> 可转换为：If he have gone to see Dr. Smith, he ..)
2、wish结构
与..事实相反
过去 Had done
现在 Were/did
将来 Would
备注：可转换为其他形式。
例句：He talks as if (好像) he had done all the work himself. [过去]
I wish I were a bird.
I wish he handn' done that.
I wish I would be rich in the future.
3、should结构
从句中用“should + 动词原形”构成。而且should可以省去。用于此结构的动词有：advise, direct, agree, ask, demand, decide, desire, insist, order, prefer, propose, request, suggest,intend等。
例句：The teacher suggest he (should) read English aloud.
注意：当insist表示“坚持认为”、suggest表示“表明，显示”时，不用虚拟语气。
例句：The look on his face suggested that he was quite satisfied with what I had done for him.
He insisted that he was honest.
4、would rather ＋从句
在这种结构中，从句的谓语动词用过去形式表示虚拟。
例句：I would rather you did this instead of me.
5、主语从句中的虚拟语气
1）It be + 形容词 + that ．．．（should）．．．
用于该句型的形容词是：necessary, good, important, right, wrong, better, natural, proper, funny,
strange, surprising ．
一些名词也可以用于 在该结构中。如：a pity， no wonder．．．．
2）It be + 过去分词 + that ．．．（should）．．．．
用于该结构中的过去分词是表示“建议、请求、命令”等词的过去分词。如：desired， suggested， requested，
ordered， proposed等。
3）It is time（about time， high time）that ．．．（过去式动词形式或should＋动词原形）．．．．
It is high time I went home now. = It is high time I should go home now.
6、表语从句、同位语从句中的虚拟语气
在suggestion， proposal， order， plan， idea， advice， decision等需要有内涵的名词后面的表语从句、同
位语从句中，要使用虚拟语气。其谓语动词应用：should＋原形动词。另外连接从句的that不能省
略。
例：My suggestion is that we should go there at once.
What do you think of his proposal that we should put on a play at the English evening?
三、使用范围及判断
1、虚拟语气表示一种不能实现的假设。该语法主要用于if条件状语从句。也可用于主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句等。
2、if条件状语从句中虚拟语气的判断
判断是真实条件句还是非真实条件句。只有在非真实条件句中才使用虚拟语气。通过句子意思，看假设的条件是否能够实现，能够实现是真实条件句，不能使用虚拟语气；假设的条件不能实现则是非真实条件句，要用虚拟语气。
判断这个假设是与哪个事实相反。通常有三种情况：①与过去事实相反。②与现在事实相反。③与将来事实可能相反。
3、“后退一步法”
后退一步法是指在准确地判断了该句与哪一事实相反后，按虚拟语气的后退一步法处理从句谓语动词的时态。即：在非真实条件状语从句中，谓语动词按正常情况“后退一步”。也就是：
1）与过去事实相反，在从句中用过去完成时形式表示。
2）与现在事实相反，在从句中用过去一般时形式表示。
3）与将来事实可能相反，在从句中用过去将来时形式表示。
主句中则用情态动词would, should, could 等加一个与从句一致的动词形式。
例：If I had come her yesterday, I would have seen him.
If I were a teacher, I would be strict with my students.
If it should snow tomorrow, they couldn’t go out.
四、注意事项
1.if条件从句中如有were, should, had，可以省去if，并使用倒装语序。
2、在现代英语中if条件状语从句中的谓语动词如果是be其过去形式一般用were。
3、wish 后面宾语从句中的虚拟语气，按“后退一步法”处理从句的谓语动词。注意：与哪个事实相反，不能以主句的时态为判断依据，而是根据从句的意义判断。
⑶ 人教版英语九下各单元语法框题是什么书上的看不太懂。
第1单元：“by + 动名词”结构
第2单元：used to 的用法
第3单元：should + 被动语态
第4单元：虚拟条件句，版should 表示建议
第5单元：情权态动词 must, night, could, can't 表示推测
第6单元：定语从句
第7单元：would 和 hope 表示虚拟语气
第8单元：短语动词
第9单元：被动语态的疑问句和陈述句
第10单元：过去完成时
第11单元：用宾语从句表示间接引语
第12单元：be supposed to do sth 结构
第13单元：make sb do sth (无to不定式作宾补) 和 make sb + 形容词(形容词作宾补)
第14单元：already 和 yet 用于现在完成时
第15单元：语法复习
⑷ 仁爱英语九年级unit4语法短语
Unit 4 短语
1. a million dollars 一百万美元 2. buy snacks 买零食
3. three hundred / thousand / million / billion 三百/千/百万/十亿
4. hundreds / thousands / millions / billions of 数以百/千/百万/十亿计
5. give the money to charity 把钱捐献给慈善机构6. put the money to the bank存钱
7. medical research 医疗研究 8. add…to… 添加…到…
9. be nervous 紧张 10. be late for 迟到
11. at the party 在晚会上 12. wear a shirt and tie穿衬衣打领带
13. what if … 即使…又会怎么样呢？14. get / be nervous 紧张
15. get pimples 起鸡皮疙瘩/长青春痘 16. take a big exam 参加大考
17. too…to… 太…以致不能 18. take a long walk 散一大段步
19. help you relax 帮你放松 20. let me have one 让我有一个
21. speak in public 在公共场合讲话 22. hardly ever 几乎不曾
23. give a speech 作演讲 24. without permission 未经允许
25. with one’s permission在某人许可的情况下 26. ask sb. to be in a movie邀请某人拍电影
27. introce oneself 自我介绍 28. not …in the slightest 一点也不
29. plenty of 许多…，足够的… 30. the company of … ……的陪伴
31. be easy to get along with 容易相处 32. would rather…than…宁愿…也不愿…
33. English speech contest 英语演讲比赛 34. represent the class 代表班级
35. let sb. down 使某人失望 36. come up with 提出、想出
37. the rest of students 其余的学生 38. be faced with 面临、面对
39. have experience (in) doing sth. 在做某事方面有经验
40. deal with 对付、应付、处理 41. come out 出来、出版、开花
42. by accident 偶然地、无意之中 43. cover with 用…覆盖住
44. go downstairs / upstairs 下/上楼 45. get hurt 受伤
46. refuse to do sth. 拒绝做某事 47. hide sth. from. sb.把某事瞒着某人
重点句子
Unit 4
1. What would you do if you had a million dollars? 如果你有一百万美元，你会怎么做呢？
2. I’m too tired to do well.我太累了不能做好。
3. If I were you, I’d talk to someone who looks friendly.
如果我是你，我将和看起来友好的人讲话。
4. I really want a dog, but my parents won’t let me have one.
我真的想要一只狗，但我的父母不允许我养。
5. You like talking to one or two people rather than to a group.
你喜欢和一个或两个人交谈，而不是一群人。
6. You must always hide medicine from children.你必须把药藏到小孩子们看不到的地方。
重点句型、句式
Unit 4
1．pretend to do sth. 假装做某事 I pretended to sleep just now.
pretend +从句 假装… I pretended that I fell asleep.
2. be late for 迟到 如：I am late for work/ school/ class/ party.
3．what if + 从句 如果…怎么办 ， 要是… 又怎么样
如：What if she doesn’t come? 要是她不来怎么办？
What if LiLei knows? 如果李雷知道了怎么办？
4. add sth.to sth.添加…到… 如：I added some sugar to water. 我把糖添加到水里。
5． ask sb. to do 叫…做某事
ask sb. not to do sth.叫…不要做某事
tell sb. to do 告诉…做某事
tell sb. not to do sth. 告诉…不要做某事
如：Teacher asked me to clean the classroom.
Teacher asked me not to clean the classroom.
6. start doing==start to do.开始做某事
如：He started speaking/ to speak. 他开始说话。
7. borrow sth. from sb. 从某人那里借来某物
如：I borrowed a book from Lily. 我从莉莉那里借来一本书。
8. introce sb. to sb. 把某人介绍给某人
如：I introced Lily to Anna. 我把莉莉介绍给安娜。
9. invite sb. to do 邀请某人做某事
如：Lily invited me to go to her home for supper. 莉莉邀请我去她家吃晚饭。
10．get along with sb. 与…相处
如：Do you get along well with your friends? 你和你的朋友相处得好吗？
11. would rather do sth. than do sth. 表示愿做某事而不愿做某事
如：I would rather walk than run.
12．let sb. down 让某人失望 如：Don’t let your mother down.不要让你的妈妈失望。
13. come up with sth.提出 如He：came up with a good idea.他提出了一个好主意。
catch up with sb. 追上 赶上 如：Lily caught up with Anna. 莉莉赶上了安娜。
14. have experience doing 在做某事有经验
如：I have experience teaching Chinese. 我在教英语方面有经验。
重点语法
Unit 4
宾语从句 宾语从句在复合句中作主句的宾语。
由连接词+ 主语+ 谓语 构成
常由下面的一些词引导：
一由that 引导 表示陈述意义 that 可省略
He says (that) he is at home. 他说他在家里。
二由if , whether 引导 表示 一般疑问意义(带有是否、已否、对否等)
I don’t know if / whether Wei Hua likes fish. 我不知道韦华是否喜欢鱼。
三由 连接代词、连接副词(疑问词) 引导 表示特殊疑问意义
Do you know what he wants to buy? 你知道他想要买什么吗？
四从句时态要与主句一致
当主句是一般现在时，从句根据情况使用任何时态
He says (that ) he is at home. 他说他在家里。
I don’t know (that) she is singing now. 我不知道她正在唱歌。
She wants to know if I have finished my homework.
她想要知道我是否已经完成了我的作业。
Do you know when he will be back? 你知道他将会什么时候回来？
当主句是一般过去时，从句应使用过去某时态(一般过去时,过去进行时，过去将来时，过去完成时)
He said (that) he was at home. 他说他在家里。
I didn’t know that she was singing now. 我不知道她正在唱歌。
She wanted to know if I had finished m homework.
她想要知道我是否已经完成了我的作业。
Did you know when he would be back? 你知道他将会什么时候回来？
话题功能
Unit 1
1. 提建议的句子：
a. 提建议常用语
1. Shall we …?
2. You’d better….
3. Let’s ….
4. Let us…, will you?
5. Why not/ Why don’t you….?
6. What/How about…?
7. Would you like to…?
8. Will you please…?
b. 同意他人建议常用语
1. Yes, please./OK./Certainly./All right. /Sure.
2. Good idea. /That’s a good idea. /What a good idea!
3. Yes, let’s…/I would be glad to.
4. I would like to. /Yes, I’d like/love to.
c. 拒绝他人建议常用语
1. No, thank you.
2. Sorry, we can’t. /Sorry, you can’t.
3. Sorry, I’m afraid…/Sorry, I’ll…/Yes, I’d like (love) to, but…
2．解决问题的句子：
a．提出问题
1. I can’t get the pronunciation right.
2. I forget a lot of new words.
3. I can’t always understand when people talk to me.
4. I can’t understand the words in magazines.
5. I don’t get much writing practice.
b．解决问题
1. You can always write the new words in your notebook and study them at home.
2. You should find a pen pal.
3. Listening can help.
4. Why don’t you join an English language club to practice speaking English?
Unit 2
谈论某人过去的性格:
1. ----She used to be short.
----Yes, she did. Now she is tall.
2. ----I used to eat candy all the time.
----Did you?
----Yes, I did. And I used to chew gum a lot.
还可以吧
⑸ 九年级英语第四单元ppt
英语ppt
先介绍具体单词
然后是语法功能
⑹ 人教新目标版英语教材九年级第四单元重点难点考点句子,加翻译,越多越好
语法
一、构词法之一 ——词的转化 语言的基本要素之一是词汇，在语言发展的最初阶段，人们使用的是少量而简单的词汇，这些词汇表示日常简单的事物和概念，这些词是是语言中最基本的词，在语言上称之为原生词，也叫基本词或根词。随着社会的发展与进步，语言的扩充与融合使语言变得复杂，原有的有限的原生词已不够用，人们便创造了一些新词来表示新有的事物与概念。按照语言一定的规律创造新词的方法，称之为构词法。 不添加任何成分，不改变词型，把一个单词由一种词类转用为另一种词类的方法就是转化法，如： cut v.切开---cut n.切口，伤口 burn v. 烧伤---burn n.烧伤口 cover v.盖上---cover n.封面 water n. 水---water浇水
二、真实条件句和非真实条件句 把与事实相反的情况作为条件来假设，这种条件本身就是假的或不真实的，这种条件句叫非真实条件句。非真实条件句用一般过去时（be动词用were），主句用would do,如： 在一个晴朗的天气，你可以这样说： If it were raining, I would have a good rest. 要是这会儿下雨，我会充分休息一下。 老师可以对着学生说： If you were a teacher, what would you do? 你要是老师，你会怎么做？
注意：当对将来有可能发生的情况作为条件提出来时就是真实条件句，真实条件句一般都是对将来的假设，主句用一般将来时，从句用一般现在时，如：
If it doesn't rain tomorrow, I will go out with my parents.
如果明天不下雨，我就要跟父母一块出去。
http://www.kjcenter.net/Soft_Show-505498-3.shtml这里有这个单元的课件
http://www.rr365.com/xmb/List/List_137.html这是重点，难点，考点只是总结！里面哪个单元的都有！建议好好看看！
⑺ 九年级英语基本语法知识
呵呵 希望对你有所帮助 祝楼主进步哈
By是个很常用的介词（有时也用作副词），在初中英语中的用法有以下几种： 1.意为“在……旁”、“靠近”。如： Some are singing and dancing under a big tree . Some are drawing by the lake. 有的在大树下唱歌跳舞，有的在湖边画画儿。 2.意为“不迟于”、“到……时为止”。如： Your son will be all right by supper time. 你的儿子在晚饭前会好的。 How many English songs had you learned by the end of last term? 到上个学期末你们已经学了多少首英语歌曲？ 3.表示方法、手段，可译作“靠”、“用”、“凭借”、“通过”、“乘坐”等。如： The monkey was hanging from the tree by his tail and laughing.
猴子用尾巴吊在树上哈哈大笑。 The boy’s father was so thankful that he taught Edison how to send messages by railway telegraph.
孩子的父亲是那么的感激，于是他教爱迪生怎样通过铁路电报来传达信息。 4.表示“逐个”、“逐批”的意思。如： One by one they went past the table in the dark.
他们一个一个得在黑暗中经过这张桌子。5.表示“根据”、“按照”的意思。如：What time is it by your watch? 你的表几点了? 6.和take , hold等动词连用，说明接触身体的某一部分。如： I took him by the hand. 我拉住了它的手。 7.用于被动句中，表示行为主体，常译作“被”、“由”等。如： English is spoken by many people. 英语被许多人所说。（即“许多人讲英语。”） 8.组成其它短语。 1) by the way : 意为“顺便说”、“顺便问一下”，常做插入语。如： By the way , where’s Li Ping , do you know?
顺便问一下，李平在哪儿。你知道吗？ 2) by oneself : 意为“单独”、“自行”。如： I can’t leave her by herself. 我不能把她单独留下。 3) by and by : 意为“不久以后”、“不一会儿”。如： But by and by , more and more people began to study English. 但是不久以后，越来越多的人开始学英语了。
二、动名词的构成动词后加动名词doing，相当于名词，在句子中可以做主语、宾语、表语定语等。1）★作主语（这种用法常考）
Fighting broke out between the South and the North.南方与北方开战了。2）作宾语Would you mind turning down your radio a little, please?
请问你介意调小一点收音机的音量吗？3）作表语Babysister’s job is washing，cooking and taking care of the children。保姆的工作是洗衣服，作饭和照看孩子。
Unit2
used to 的用法：（1）肯定句：used这个词没有人称的变化，to后面接动词原形。 否定句是didn’t use to….
When I was a child, I didn’t use to like apples.当我还是孩子的时候我不喜欢苹果.
疑问形式是Did you use to…?Where did you use to live before you came here?当你来这儿之前你住哪儿？
（2）含有used to 的句子的反意疑问句不要usedn’t + 主语，而用didn’t ＋ 主语。He used to smoke, didn’t he? 他过去常常吸烟，是吗？Yes, he did./ No, he didn’t. 是的，他吸。/ 不，他不吸。
（3）used to 表示过去的习惯动作， 而不是现在的。I am used to the weather here. 我已经习惯于这里的天气了。He is used to hard work. 他习惯于艰苦的工作。
（4）used to 可以和be, have 以及其他状态动词连用，描写过去的状态。 I used to be a waiter, but now I’m a taxi-driver.我过去是一个服务员，但现在我是出租车司机。
★ 本单元的许多运用used to 的句子属于描述过去的状态。Mario used to be short. 马力奥过去总是很矮。Amy used to be outgoing. 爱米过去性格外向。Tina used to have long and straight hair.蒂娜过去有一头直的长头发。He used to wear black shoes. 他过去常穿黑鞋。
Unit3
本单元重点讲到了被动语态的用法 英语动词的被动语态由助动词be加及物动词的过去分词构成。助动词be有时态，人称和数的变化，其变化规则与连系动词be完全一样。
一、被动语态的句式变化：
Unit4
虚拟语气：如果我们所说的不是事实，也不是要求、命令、劝告等，而只是一种假设、愿望、建议或是一种实现不了的空想就用虚拟语气
注意：条件句分两种，真实条件句和虚拟条件句。只有在虚拟（非真实）条件句中，才用虚拟语气，而在真实条件句中，要用陈述语气。
请比较：
（1）If it is sunny tomorrow , we’ll go to the zoo.
如果明天天气好，我们将会去公园。在这句话中，明天天气好是完全有可能实现的，并非虚拟、幻想，因此是真实条件句。在本句中，适用“主将从现。”
（2）If I were you , I would go at once.
（如果我是你的话，我立刻就走。）在这句话中，条件句，“如果我是你”，但事实上，我不可能成为你，这只是假设的情况，没有实现的可能。当条件实现的可能性很小，甚至可以说没有时，就需要用虚拟语气来表示，动词发生了变化。
也就是说虚拟语气表示和现实的事实相反时，从句用一般过时。
主句用 “should/would/could/ might +动词原形。
1.If I had time, I would go for a walk.
2.If I were invited, I would go to the dinner party.
3.If I won a million dollars in the lottery, I would put it in the bank.
知识点2. He doesn’t know if he should bring a present.
此处if表示“是否”，引导宾语从句。Should此处表示“应该”。不是虚拟语气。
E.g.1. I don’t know if I should go to the party.
2.If I have enough money, I will go to Hainan .
知识点3.If I were you , I’d wear a shirt and tie.
if 引导的条件状语从句表示与现在事实相反的虚拟语气时，be动词只能用were，而不能用was。
E.g. If he were here, he would not agree with you .
知识点4. I don’t have a present. What if everyone else brings a present?
What if… “如果……怎么办？”相当于 what would happen if…
E.g. What shall I do if it snows?
知识点5.Well, dogs can be a lot of trouble.
Trouble 麻烦事 ,名词
常用搭配 ：get (sb)into trouble get out of trouble what’s the trouble
定语从句
1. who 指人,作主语或宾语 (作宾语可省略）
The man who I talked with is our teacher.
A person who steals things is called a thief.
2. whom指人,作宾语 (作宾语可省略,如介词提前则不能省)
The man (whom/who) I nodded to is Mr. Li.
The man to whom I nodded is Professor Li.
3. which 指物，作主语或宾语 (作宾语可省略, 如介词提前则不能省)
These are the trees which were planted last year.
This recorder （which） he is using is made in Japan.
Is this the library (which) you borrow books from?
Is this the library from which you borrow books?
4. that 指人/物，作主语或宾语 (作宾语可省略）
A plane is a machine. It can fly.→A plane is a machine that can fly.
He is the man. I told you about him. →He is the man (that) I told you about.
The scientist is very famous in the world. We met her yesterday.
↓
The scientist Ø we met yesterday is very famous in the world.
who
whom
that
The dress is new. She is wearing it.
↓
The dress that she is wearing is new.
which
Ø
(3) He is the kind person. I have ever worked with him.
↓
He is the kind person that I have ever worked with.
who
whom
Ø
This is the best film. I have ever seen this film.
↓
This is the best film that I have ever seen.
Ø
在选择引导定语从句的关系代词时，有如下要点：
1 由于关系代词在主句与从句间既起到联系作用，又在从句中充当一个成分，因此， 要正确判断关系代词在从句中的功能，如作主语还是宾语等。
2 当先行词指人时，关系代词可用who（做主语，宾语），that（做主语，宾语），whom（作宾语），whose（作定语）
3 当先行词指物时，关系代词可用that（做主语，宾语），which（做主语，宾语）
4 再定语从句中，作宾语的关系代词长可省略，但在介词后面的关系代词不能省略。指人时，介词后只用whom，指物时，介词后只用which。
5 在非限制性定语从句中，指人时，只用who，指物时，只用which。Unit8
1、短语动词小结
常见短语动词结构有下面几种：
1.动词+副词 如：give up 放弃 turn off 关掉 stay up 熬夜
这种结构有时相当于及物动词，如果其宾语是代词，就必须放在动词和副词之间，如果是名词，则既可插在动词和副词之间，也可放 在短语动词后。
2. 动词+介词 如：listen of 听 look at 看 belong to 属于
这种结构相当于及物动词，后面跟宾语。
3. 动词+副词+介词 如：come up with 提出，想出 run out of 用完，耗尽
4. 动词+名词(介词) 如：take part in参加 catch hold of 抓住
2、倒装句
not only … but (also) … 不但… 而且… 用来连接两个并列的成分
(1)引导以 not only …but (also)… 开头的句子往往引起部分倒装。
因此 ⑴Not only do I feel good but (also)…. 是倒装句。也是说得要
把前面的句子中的助动词或者是情态动词放在主语的前面。如：
①Not only can I do it but (also) I can do best. 我不仅能做到而且做得最好。
⑵Not only…but (also)… 接两主语时，谓语动词随后面的主语人称和数的变化 也就是就近原则 如：
①Not only Lily but (also) you like cat. 不仅莉莉而且你也喜欢猫。
②Not only you but (also) Lily likes cat. 不仅你而且莉莉喜欢猫。
常见的就近原则的结构有：
Neither… nor…即不…也不… (两者都不)
Neither you nor I like him. 我和你都不喜欢他。
Either… or… 不是…就是… (两者中的一个)
Either Lily or you are a student.
Not only …but (also)…
There be
Unit 9 When was it invented ?
被动语态
被动语态基本用法：当句子的主语是动作的执行者时，谓语的形式是主动语态。当句子的主语是动作的承受者时，谓语要用被动语态。被动语态由助动词be+过去分词构成，时态通过be表现出来。
被动语态基本结构：be+及物动词的过去分词 (如果是不用物动词，其过去分词应带有相应的介词)
各种时态的被动语态构成
一般现在时：S（主语）+am/is /are +P.P（动词的过去分词）
一般过去时：S+was/were +P.P.
情态动词：S+ can/may/must/should + be+ P.P.
一般将来时：S+ will+be+ P.P.
现在进行时：S+am/is /are+being +P.P
现在完成时：S+ have/has + been+ P.P.
过去进行时：S+ was/were+being+ P.P.
被动语态基本结构：be+及物动词的过去分词
(如果是不用物动词，其过去分词应带有相应的介词)
被动语态中的be 是助动词，有人称、数和时态的变化。
被动语态中动作的发出者或执行者做介词by的宾语，放在句末，by 表示“由，被”的意思
汉语中含有“据说”、“据悉”、“有人说”、“大家说”等时。例如：
It is believed that …… 人们认为 …… It is said that …… 据说 ……
It is thought that …… 人们认为 …… It is known that …… 众所周知 ……
It is reported that ……据报道 …… It is proved that ……据证明 ……
It is announced that ……据宣布 …… It is suggested that ……据建议 ……
It is requested that ……据要求 …… It is demanded that ……据要求 ……
典型例题
1、 These eggs ______ in the Gobi Desert by a group of scientists.
A. are founded B. were founded C. found D. were found
此题应该选用D项。从“ These eggs… ”中可知前面的主语是“find”动词的承受者，而 “…by a group of scientists.”更加证明了这一点，“ were founded”意思为“被成立”，故应该选用“were found”。
2、 I _____ a present by my father on my birthday every year.
A. give B. was given C. will be given D. am given
此题应该选用D项。从“by my father ”中可知前面的主语是“give”动词的承受者，而 “… . every year”证明了要用现在时态的被动语态结构，故应该选用“am given”。
3、 He was _________ in the open air just now .
A. hearing singing B. heard sing C. heard to sing D. hearing sing
此题应该选用C项。从“He was… ”中可知前面的主语是“hear ”动词的承受者，而 动词不定式当中的“hear sb do sth”在被动语态中要加“to ”，故应该选用“heard to sing”。
4、 Several man-made satellites ________ by China in the last few years.
A. have been sent up B. have sent up C. are sent up D. were sent up
此题应该选用A项。从“…by China in the last few years. ”中可知前面的主语是“ send up”动词的承受者，而 “in the last few years.”意思为“在过去的几年中”，应该用完成时态， 而不是过去时态，故应该选用“have been sent up”。
5、 Another new road ______in our home town next year.
A. will build B. is built C. will be built D. has been built
此题应该选用C项。从“…next year. ”中可知是将来时态，而前面的主语是“ Another new road”是“ build”动词的承受者，故应该选用“ will be built”。
Unit 10 By the time I got outside, the bus had already left
1. 过去完成时
(1) 构成：由助动词had + 过去分词 构成
否定式：had not + 过去分词 缩写形式：hadn’t
(2) 用法
过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了
的动作。
(3) 它所表示的时间是“过去的过去”。
①表示过去某一时间可用by, before 等构成的短语来表示
②也可以用when, before, after 等引导的时间状语从句来表示
③还可以通过宾语从句或通过上下文暗示。
When I got there, you had already eaten you meal.
当我到达那里时，你已经开始吃了。
By the time he got here, the bus had left.
到他到达这里时，汽车已经离开了
典型题例
1、He said he had never seen that film before. Instead,he_____many novels.
A. has read B. had readed C. had wrote D. had read
此题应该选用D项。从“He said he had never seen that film before ”中
可知是过去完成时态，而从“ Instead,”中可以知道与前面的宾语从句是并列的内容，故应该选用“had read”。
2、The train ______ for a while when they got to the station.
A. had left B. had been away C. had gone D. has been away
此题应该选用B项。从“for a while ”中可知要用完成时态的持续性动
词连接，而从“when they got to the station. ”中可以知道过去时间点以前的事情，应该用故应该选用“had been away ”。
3、A week later, I received a book that I _____ on line.
A. has ordered B. had ordered C. would order D. was ordering
此题应该选用B项。从“I received a book ”中可知与动词“order ”的
前后关系，应该是在“收到书以前已经预订了”，故应该用“order”的过去完成时态结构表示“过去的过去”这一概念。故应该选用“had ordered”。
4、The boy told his mother that he ____ ill since he came back from the school.
A. has been B. would be C. had been D. was
此题应该选用C项。从“ …since he came back from the school.”中可知前面的主句是完成时态，但是从“The boy told his mother ”结构中可以知道应该用相应的过去时态，，故应该选用“had been”。
5、When we got to the field, the football match ____ already ______.
A. has started B. had started C. will begin D. is going to start
此题应该选用B项。从“already ”中可知是完成时态，但是从“ When we got to the field”结构中可以知道应该用相应的过去时态，故应该选用“had started ”。
Unit 11 Could you please tell me where the restrooms are ?
1、宾语从句
A.宾语从句：宾语从句在复合句中作主句的宾语，引导宾语从句的关联词有that, if/whether, what, who, whose, which, why, when, where, how等。
1、连接词
1)由连接词that引导陈述句，在口语中that常省略。
eg. He said that he would like to see the headmaster.
2)由连接词whether/if引导一般疑问句，whether和if 常可互换，但下列场合一般用whether.
①介词后的宾语从句：I'm thinking of whether he'll come.
②与or not连用：I don't know whether I should go or not.
3)由连接代词what, who(whom，whose)which或连接副词when, where, why，how引导特殊疑问句。 eg. Do you know who/whom she is waiting for?
2、语序：
不管宾语从句是陈述句、一般疑问句或特殊疑问句，都要用陈述句语序，也就是说主谓次序不能颠倒。连接词＋主谓结构
(1).Bill wanted to know who did this. (2).I don't know what's the matter with Bob?
(3).I don't know what's wrong with them?
3、时态：
一般说来，主从句时态要统一。如果主句是一般现在时，从句可根据需要用其它任何时态；如果主句是一般过去时，从句应该用相应的过去时态范畴（也就是用一般过去时，过去进行时，过去将来时，过去完成时）。
eg.①Lily wanted to know whether her grandma liked the handbag. ②I asked the teacher where we would have the meeting. ③Could you tell me how I can get to the zoo?
如果从句表明的是一个客观事实或真理，那么无论主句是什么时态，从句都只能用一般现在时。 eg. The teacher told us that light travels much faster than sound.
注意：在think后的宾语从句，如果需要表示否定意义，一般不在宾语从句中否定，而是在主句中否定。 eg. I don’t think that English is easy. I think that English is not easy. ( 误)
Could you tell me how to get to the park?
请你告诉我怎么才能去邮局好吗？中的how to get to the park
是疑问词与动词不定式连用，用作宾语，但不是宾语从句，可是
相当于how I can get to the park（宾语从句）如：
I don’t know how to solve the problem. ==
I don’t know how I can solve the problem.我不知道如何解决这个问题
Can you tell me when to leave? ==
Can you tell me when I ill leave? 你能告诉我什么时候离开？
Unit12 You are supposed to shake hands.
should have asked”是“情态动词＋现在完成时”表示过去本应该做某事，事实上没有做
I find it difficult to remember everything.
形式宾语 真正宾语
常见的形式宾语有：
find / think + it/them +形容词 to do sth. 如：
I think it hard to study English.
Unit 13 Rainy days make me sad.
make sb./sth. + adj. 使某人（感到），使……处于某种状态
（make的宾语之后可跟名词，形容词，分词来充当宾语的补足语）
make sb. / sth. + do …使某人做某事（不能带不定式符号to）
make it 习惯用语，及时赶到，到达目的地
make of /from./out of
★Make of 原材料制成成品后，原材料未经任何化学变化，仍保持原有性质. 例如： The chair is made of wood. At first people believed that air was made of only one gas.★Make from 当原材料制成成品后，经过了化学变化，失去了原有性质.
make up of 常用于被动结构：be made up of相当于consist of（由…组成） make up from 由…所制造
Unit 14 Have you packed yet?
现在完成时是由“助动词have（has）+动词过去分词”构成。
用法: 1.表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果,常与一些时间状语,如:already, yet, ever, never, just, before, once, twice等连用,也可以和包括现在在内的时间状语,如these days, today, this year, so far等连用.eg.I have already posted the letter. (信已经不在我这儿了)
★注意：在这里要注意already和yet的辨析:
★①already通常用于肯定句。 I have already told him.我已经告诉他了. I have already put it in my suitcase. 我已经把它放进我的手提箱了.
★②yet常用于疑问句和否定句。 ----Have you watered the tree yet? 你浇树了吗? ----Yes，I have already watered it. 我浇了. ----Have you fed the dog? 你喂过狗了吗? ----No. I haven’t fed it yet.没有，我没喂. 2.表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态,一直持续到现在,也许还将继续下去,可以和表示从过去某一时刻延续到现在的一段时间的状语连用,即for +时间段,since+时间点/从句, in the last ten years等,谓语只可用延续性动词.
解析： 1.英语动词根据词义可分为两种,一种是延续性的,一种是终止性的,终止性动词(也可称为非延续性动词,瞬间动词,或点动词),如begin,start,die,buy,leave, come等,表示动作的发生与结束于一瞬间完成,不能再延续,所以它的现在完成时不能和表示延续的时间状语连用,即不能与表示一段时间的状语,for+时间段, since+时间点/从句连用,也不能用在how long引导的特殊疑问句中.
eg. I've left Shanghai for three days.(×) I've been away from Shanghai for three days.( √ ).
I left Shanghai three days ago. ( √ ) It is /has been three days since I left Shanghai.( √ )
2.初中英语课本中常见终止性动词有:leave, go, come, arrive, begin, buy, borrow, die, join, become等.终止性动词要表示持续时, 可用以下方法:
⑴.将时间状语改为时间段 + ago,句中谓语动词用一般过去时.
eg.我弟弟参军两年了. My brother joined the army two years ago.
⑵.若保留for+时间段,since+时间点/从句, 或用在 how long 句型中,则需将终止性动词改为相应的状态动词或延续性动词
★常见终止性动词与延续性动词(或状态动词)的对应关系如下：
come/go/arrive/get/reach/move------be in/at open-----be open
die------be dead close----be closed become---be borrow---keep begin/start-----be on put on----wear leave-----be away (from)
buy-----have fall asleep----be asleep end/finish-----be over
catch a cold-----have a cold join the army----be in the army be a soldier
join the Party----be in the Party be a Party member
→My brother has been in the army for two years. →My brother has been a soldier for two years.
3.现在完成时中been to, gone to和been in/at been to去过某地,表示某人的一种经历,可以和once, twice, already, ever, never等连用.
4.现在完成时中的 for 与 since
for + 时间段 与延续性动词的现在完成时连用 since + 时间点/从句
I have kept the library book for a week.= I have kept the library book since a week ago. 5. It is /has been +一段时间 + since 从句.自从某事发生已有一段时间了. eg. It is /has been two years since my brother joined the army. 注意:1.since 引导的从句中动词用过去时
2.when 引导 的特殊问句不与现在完成时连用.
3.have got,has got 虽然是现在完成时,但have got=have has got==has
⑻ 九年级英语第四单元语法聚焦翻译
One morning before class, when I was running into the classroom, I knocked over the ink bottle on the teacher's desk, and the red ink spilt ① on the desk. I was sure I would be scolded by the teacher. Just at that moment the bell rang and I went to my seat.
“Stand up!” our monitor said loudly. I stood up and my legs were trembling.
“Who knocked over the ink bottle?” Miss Ye, the teacher, asked. I kept silent. Many eyes were fixed upon me. Miss Ye walked to me and asked in a low voice,“Did you do it?”
“No, no, I didn't, ” I said hurriedly②. My face turned red at once. I didn't know why I had told a lie.
“OK, I believe you.” She patted me on the head and then began teaching.
I felt very sorry. I knew I was wrong. So I went to see Miss Ye in the afternoon.
“I'm sorry, Miss Ye,” I said. “This morning I told a lie.”
“I saw the whole thing through the window when I was outside the classroom, ”she said. “But I didn't scold you. I knew you would come to tell me the truth because I believe you are an honest girl.”
I dropped my head without saying a word.
“I'm happy that you have come,” she continued. “You haven't made me disappointed.”
When I heard these words, tears filled my eyes.
课前的一个早晨，当我冲进教室的时候，我打翻了墨水瓶放在老师的书桌上，和红墨水洒在桌子上。我确信我会被老师骂。就在这时，门铃响了，我去我的座位。
“站起来！“我们的班长大声说。我站起来，我的腿在颤抖。
“是谁打翻了墨水瓶？“叶老师问。我保持沉默。许多眼睛盯着我。叶小姐向我走来，低声问，“你做了吗？“
“不，不，我没有，”我连忙说。我的脸变红了。我不知道我为什么要撒谎。
“好吧，我相信你。”她拍拍我的头，然后开始教学。
我感到很抱歉。我知道我错了。所以我去看叶小姐在下午。
“对不起，叶小姐，”我说。“今天早上我撒谎了。”
“我看到了整个事情的经过的时候，我在教室外面，”她说。“但我没有骂你。我知道你会来告诉我真相，因为我相信你是个诚实的女孩。”
我把我的头一句话不说。
“我很高兴你来了，”她继续说。“你没有让我失望。”
当我听到这些话时，我的眼睛充满泪水。