❶ 英语中什么是语法(具体点)!!!
语法是语言学的一个分支,研究按确定用法来运用的词类、词的屈折变化或表示相互关系的其他手段以及词在句中的功能和关系
语言的结构规律。包括词法和句法。词法指词的构成及变化规律;句法指短语和句子的组织规律。
语法是语言表达的规则。各种语言都有不同的语法,包括人类语言和计算机语言等。语法学是语言学的一部分。
现代语法学包括语音学、音系学(见音韵学)、形态学(词法)、句法学、语义学。
数据通信中的意思
语法:数据及控制信息的格式、编码及信号电平等。
rules of a language governing the sounds, words, sentences, and other elements, as well as their combination and interpretation. The word grammar also denotes the study of these abstract features or a book presenting these rules. In a restricted sense, the term refers only to the study of sentence and word structure (syntax and morphology), excluding vocabulary and pronunciation.
A common contemporary definition of grammar is the underlying structure of a language that any native speaker of that language knows intuitively. The systematic description of the features of a language is also a grammar. These features are the phonology (sound), morphology (system of word formation), syntax (patterns of word arrangement), and semantics (meaning). Depending on the grammarian's approach, a grammar can be prescriptive (i.e., provide rules for correct usage), descriptive (i.e., describe how a language is actually used), or generative (i.e., provide instructions for the proction of an infinite number of sentences in a language). The traditional focus of inquiry has been on morphology and syntax, and for some contemporary linguists (and many traditional grammarians) this is the only proper domain of the subject.
In Europe the Greeks were the first to write grammars. To them, grammar was a tool that could be used in the study of Greek literature; hence their focus on the literary language. The Alexandrians of the 1st century BC further developed Greek grammar in order to preserve the purity of the language. Dionysus Thrax of Alexandria later wrote an influential treatise called The Art of Grammar, in which he analyzed literary texts in terms of letters, syllables, and eight parts of speech.
The Romans adopted the grammatical system of the Greeks and applied it to Latin. Except for Varro, of the 1st century BC, who believed that grammarians should discover structures, not dictate them, most Latin grammarians did not attempt to alter the Greek system and also sought to protect their language from decay. Whereas the model for the Greeks and Alexandrians was the language of Homer, the works of Cicero and Virgil set the Latin standard. The works of Donatus (4th century AD) and Priscian (6th century AD), the most important Latin grammarians, were widely used to teach Latin grammar ring the European Middle Ages. In medieval Europe, ecation was concted in Latin, and Latin grammar became the foundation of the liberal arts curriculum. Many grammars were composed for students ring this time. Aelfric, the abbot of Eynsham (11th century), who wrote the first Latin grammar in Anglo-Saxon, proposed that this work serve as an introction to English grammar as well. Thus began the tradition of analyzing English grammar according to a Latin model.
The modistae, grammarians of the mid-13th to mid-14th century who viewed language as a reflection of reality, looked to philosophy for explanations of grammatical rules. The modistae sought one “universal” grammar that would serve as a means of understanding the nature of being. In 17th-century France a group of grammarians from Port-Royal were also interested in the idea of universal grammar. They claimed that common elements of thought could be discerned in grammatical categories of all languages. Unlike their Greek and Latin counterparts, the Port-Royal grammarians did not study literary language but claimed instead that usage should be dictated by the actual speech of living languages. Noting their emphasis on linguistic universals, the contemporary linguist Noam Chomsky called the Port-Royal group the first transformational grammarians.
Structural description of the sentence “The man will hit the ball,” assigned by the …
By 1700 grammars of 61 vernacular languages had been printed. These were written primarily for purposes of reforming, purifying, or standardizing language and were put to pedagogical use. Rules of grammar usually accounted for formal, written, literary language only and did not apply to all the varieties of actual, spoken language. This prescriptive approach long dominated the schools, where the study of grammar came to be associated with “parsing” and sentence diagramming. Opposition to teaching solely in terms of prescriptive and proscriptive (i.e., what must not be done) rules grew ring the middle decades of the 20th century.
The simplification of grammar for classroom use contrasted sharply with the complex studies that scholars of linguistics were concting about languages. During the 19th and early 20th centuries the historical point of view flourished. Scholars who realized that every living language was in a constant state of flux studied all types of written records of modern European languages to determine the courses of their evolution. They did not limit their inquiry to literary languages but included dialects and contemporary spoken languages as well. Historical grammarians did not follow earlier prescriptive approaches but were interested, instead, in discovering where the language under study came from.
As a result of the work of historical grammarians, scholars came to see that the study of language can be either diachronic (its development through time) or synchronic (its state at a particular time). The Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure and other descriptive linguists began studying the spoken language. They collected a large sample of sentences proced by native speakers of a language and classified their material starting with phonology and working their way to syntax.
Generative, or transformational, grammarians of the second half of the 20th century, such as Noam Chomsky, studied the knowledge that native speakers possess which enables them to proce and understand an infinite number of sentences. Whereas descriptivists like Saussure examined samples of indivial speech to arrive at a description of a language, transformationalists first studied the underlying structure of a language. They attempted to describe the “rules” that define a native speaker's “competence” (unconscious knowledge of the language) and account for all instances of the speaker's “performance” (strategies the indivial uses in actual sentence proction). See generative grammar; transformational grammar.
The study of grammatical theory has been of interest to philosophers, anthropologists, psychologists, and literary critics over the centuries. Today, grammar exists as a field within linguistics but still retains a relationship with these other disciplines. For many people, grammar still refers to the body of rules one must know in order to speak or write “correctly.” However, from the last quarter of the 20th century a more sophisticated awareness of grammatical issues has taken root, especially in schools. In some countries, such as Australia and the United Kingdom, new English curricula have been devised in which grammar is a focus of investigation, avoiding the prescriptivism of former times and using techniques that promote a lively and thoughtful spirit of inquiry.
语法在大英网络全书的定义:统摄声音,文字,句子和其他要素,以及它们的组合和解释的语言规范。“语法”这个词也指对这些抽象特征的研究,或这些规则的指南手册。严格意义上说,“语法”这个术语是指对于句子和词语结构(句法和形态学)的研究,但不包括词汇和发音。
一个普遍接受的当代语法定义是:以一种语言为母语的任何人靠直觉就知道的语言结构。对语言特征的系统描述也是一种语法,而这些特征包括音位学(声音) ,形态学(系统构词) ,句法(词语安排模式)和语义(意思) 。根据语法学家的研究,语法可以规范(即提供一些正确用法的规则) ,描述(即,描述了语言实际上是如何使用的) ,或生成(即提供一种指导,使无限的句子在一种语言中产生) 。传统的调查重点,在于形态学和句法,对于一些当代语言学家(和许多传统的语法学家),这是唯一正确的研究领域。
在欧洲,希腊人最早写关于语法的著作。对他们来说,语法是一个工具,可以用来研究希腊文学,因此他们的重点是文学语言。公元前一世纪的Alexandrians进一步发展希腊语法,以保持纯净的语言。亚历山大的狄俄尼索斯后来写出一篇影响深远的论文,称为《语法的艺术》,他在其中分析文学文本中的字母,音节,和八段话语。
古罗马人接受了希腊人的语法体系,并运用于拉丁语。除了公元前一世纪的瓦罗Varro认为语法学家应该发现结构,而不是强行指定结构,大多数拉丁语法学家没有试图改变希腊系统,还设法保护他们的语言避免衰败。希腊人和亚历山大人的语言模型是荷马的语言,西塞罗和维吉尔的作品设定了拉丁语的语法标准。最重要的拉丁语语法学家多纳图斯(公元4世纪)和普里西安(公元6世纪)的作品在欧洲中世纪被广泛用于拉丁文语法教学。中世纪的欧洲的教育使用的是拉丁文,拉丁语语法成为人文教育的基础课程。 恩斯罕的修道院长,阿尔弗里克Aelfric( 11世纪) ,第一个写拉丁语语法的盎格鲁撒克逊人,建议以此引入英语语法。从此,开始了依据拉丁语法的英语语法分析的传统。
第13世纪中叶至14世纪中叶的语法学家认为语言是现实的反映,从哲学中寻求解释语法的规则。他们寻求一个“普遍”的语法universal grammar,以此作为了解存在being的手段。在十七世纪的法国,来自罗亚尔港的一些语法学家也对这种普遍语法感兴趣。他们声称,思想的共同要素可以在所有语言的语法类别中辨识出来。与希腊语和拉丁语的语法学家不同,罗亚尔港语法学家没有研究文学语言,他们认为语言的用法应当取决于实际的生活语言。当代语言学家乔姆斯基也注意到对语言的共性的强调,他称罗亚尔港派为第一批转型语法学家。
到1700年,61种方言语法书已经印制。这些书的目的主要是改革,净化,或规范语言,并用于教学。当时语法规则通常仅仅用于正式,书面,文学的语言,并不适用于纷繁复杂的实际口语。这一规范性的手段长期在学校占主导地位,学生们对语法的学习往往和“解析”以及句子图解联系在一起。在20世纪的中后期,对于这种仅仅关注规范性和禁止性(即,什么不能做)规则的语法教育,出现了越来越多的反对声音。
课堂语法的简化和语言学家的复杂研究形成了鲜明对比。19世纪到20世纪初,历史主义观点蓬勃发展。认识到每一种现存的语言都是在不断变化中的学者们研究了欧洲语言所有类型的书面记录,以确定其演变路径。他们没有局限于文学语言,还研究了方言和当代口头语。历史主义的语法学家没有采用先前的规范性办法,但更加关注他们研究的语言的来源。
由于历史主义语法学家的工作,学者们看到,语言的研究可以是历时性的(其贯穿历史的发展)或同步性的(在特定的时间段的状态)。瑞士语言学家索绪尔和其他描述性语言学家开始研究口头语。他们收集了大量操母语者的语句样本,对这些材料进行分类,从音位学入手,一直研究到句法。
20世纪后半叶的转换生成语法学家,如乔姆斯基,研究了操母语者能生成和理解无限句子所需要的知识。而像索绪尔那样的描述语言学家则去审查单个话语样本,以求达到描述一种语言的目的。转换生成语法学家首先研究了语言的潜在结构。他们试图描述一种能够定义操母语者语言“能力”(底层的语言知识)的“规则”,解释说话人的种种“表现”(语言生成时的实际策略)。
在过去的千百年里,语法理论引起了哲学家,人类学家,心理学家和文学批评家的兴趣。今天,语法存在于语言学领域之内,但仍保留了与其他许多学科的联系。对于很多人来说,语法仍然指的是一整套必须知道,以保证“正确”语言输出的规则,然而,从20世纪后25年以来,对语法研究的更为复杂的意识,已经在学校生根发芽。在一些国家,如澳大利亚,英国,新的英语课程中语法是重点,而且避免之前僵硬的规范,提倡生动而深刻的调查精神。
❷ 求语法标准的英文翻译,必有重谢!
This paper firstly outlined phycological tests and personnel evaluation, then found out questions of application of phycological tests in personnel evaluation in aspects of single kind, less accuracy, blindness in cognition, etc. And it also deeply discussed causes leading to the questions, such as aimlessness of the tests and less professional staff. At last measures have been suggested in order to increase efficiency and reliability in personnel evaluation, including take professional trains and establish correct cognition, implement indivilized tests, set up authentic orgnization, etc., and so as to realise scientific personnel evaluation.
❸ 请分析这句英语的语法Time the study pain is temporary, has not learned the pain islife-long.
不会吧。
这是哈佛大学图书馆自习室墙上的一句警言。
意思是:“学习时的苦痛只是暂时的,专而未学到属的痛苦将是终生的!!!”
1.主语是:time
主干是:time is temporary,time is life-long
时间是短暂的,时间是终生的。
2.逗号后面其实省略了一些成分。看多了英语谚语你就会感觉到。
(but time )has not learned the pain is life-long
3.“the study pain ”和“has not learned the pain ”
都是做定语成分。修饰time:什么样的时间呢?哦~"学习时感到痛苦的时间" 后面是"没有学到东西时感到痛苦的时间"
呵呵。就是这样子了。要理清主干。被这句话时,更要理清楚主干。想这些名言警句。。。还有谚语。。。许多不是太好理解。其实许多也不是很规范的语法句子。但主干都是清晰的。背得多了就有语感。如有不妥之地还望见谅。加分不拒绝啊,呵呵呵
❹ 教学研究:英语语法(二问)
语法是掌握语言的基础,你讲汉语时,的确不需要先教语法,因为这是母语专。
尽管我们说属话从未考虑过语法问题,但是,我们说话的时候还是遵循着语法的原则。只不过有时候简化,都能听懂而已。
我想如果您孩子想要一本书,跟你说 书要想,你也会一头雾水吧。
Without grammar, very little can be conveyed, without vocabulary, nothing can be conveyed
没有语法,我们可以表达的东西寥寥无几,没有词汇,我们什么无法表达。
❺ 英语句子求语法分析啊,老师要求的。。
主语 they
谓语来 1 met 2 found(并列谓自语)
宾语 their tastes
宾补 much in tune
定语 in art, chicory salad and bishop sleeves
状语 at a cafe on Eighth Street(地点)
that the joint studio resulted(结果)
供参考。
❻ 英语语法填空分析
语法填空是广东高考改革后的新题型,一般在一篇约200 词左右、难度适中的短文中,设10 个空格,按照句子结构的语法和上下文连贯的要求,在空格处填入一个适当的词或使用括号中词语的正确形式填空,侧重考查学生对语言知识在具体篇章中的意义和灵活运用的能力。
从语法填空题的考查方式来看,主要分两类:自由填空和提示词填空。这两类考查的语言项目有所不同自由填空类,考查的语言项目主要有行文逻辑、连词、介词、关系代词、冠词等;提示词填空类,考查的语言项目主要有动词的时态语态、非谓语动词、形容词、副词、名词等。尤其对于自由填空,要求考生根据具体的语境需要而填写的使文章通顺、逻辑连贯、符合文体色彩要求的词语。很多学生接触这类题型时,不知道如何分析解答和进行填空。鉴于此笔者认为,老师可以有针对性的指导学生,分阶段地侧重要点进行语法填空教学。
1、侧重分析句子结构,确定所填空的词性
这一阶段要维持较长的时间,并通过本环节不断强化学生的语法知识及综合分析能力。
1.1 自由填空是指考生根据具体的语境需要而填写的使文章通顺、逻辑连贯、符合文体色彩要求的词语。虽然没有给出特定词汇,但考生所填写的词汇必须符合上述要求。这种题型主要是要求考生填连词(包括主从复合句和并列复合句的连词)、冠词、介词和代词(包括人称代词、反身代词和不定代词等)等。对于自由填空,教师可以帮助学生先缩小范围,确定通常是哪些词。
1.1.1 缺主语或宾语,一般是填代词或名词(多考代词):Eg. _____ took him a long time to make the Patrol believehim,but the Patrol officer finally decided to check his story.(答案:it)(2009 年广东模拟)
1.1.2 名词前面若没有限定词,很可能是填冠词或some,any,other(s),another 等限定词:Eg. They hear ________ people speak,and enjoy trying to make the some sounds.(答案:other)(2008年珠海模拟)
1.1.3 在句子不缺主语、宾语或表语的情况下,名词或代词前面一般是填介词:Eg. The schools,as well as the mountain itself,arenamed ________Martha Berry.(答案:after)(2009 年广东模拟)
1.1.4 若两个或几个单词或短语之间没有连词,可能是填连词:Eg. John Robertson had this experience one day on ahighway ______ decided to tell his story to the Highway Patrol.(答案:and)(2009 年广东模拟)
1.1.5 若两句(一个主谓关系算一个句子)之间没有连词也没有分号或句号,一般是填连词:Eg. He envied the farmers who hadthe beautiful night stars to give them light ______ his family hadonly expensive lanterns.(答案:while/because/as)(2009 广州普通高中毕业班综合测试一)
1.1.6 若结构较完整,空格后的谓语动词是原形,特别是与上下文时态不一致或主谓不一致时,很可能是填情态动词或表示强调或倒装的助动词(do,does,did等):Eg. The appointment clerksaid that the doctor ______ see her at 3:30.(答案:could)
1.1.7 若缺状语,一般是填副词(在自由填空中考的较少,即使考,也是些常见的简短的副词,如then 等):Eg. If the primarygoal of language use is communication,_______ mistakes are secondaryconsiderations.(答案:then)
1.1.8 在冠词后,一般是名词或one(s),other(s)等代词。在这一阶段中,通过长期地分析,学生自然可以掌握语法填空的解题技巧。
Eg. But Jane knew from past experience that her ________(choose) of ties hardly ever pleased her father. (答案:choice)(2009 年广东高考)
1.2 提示词填空是指考生根据具体的语境要求,使用句子中所给词语的适当形式完成的填空。这种试题的数量不多,最多4个题目,主要考查考生对基础语法的掌握能力。所给出的单词大多牵涉到动词的时态语态、非谓语动词、词类词义转换等,解题时只需根据情况变化词形。
1.2.1 对于给出了动词的试题,首先要确定是谓语动词还是非谓语动词。(1)若句中没有别的谓语动词,所给动词就是谓语动词;(2)若句中已有谓语动词,又不是并列谓语时,所给动词就是非谓语动词;(3)若是谓语动词,就要考虑时态语态;是非谓语动词就要确定用-ing 形式、-ed 形式,还是用不定式形式,确定的方法有:1)作主语或宾语,通常用-ing 形式,有时也可用不定式;2)作目的状语、结果状语、情感形容词或动词后的原因状语,一般用不定式;3)若判断用分词,与逻辑主语是主动关系用-ing 形式,是被动关系用-ed 形式。
1.2.2 对于词类转换题,根据该词在句子中所作的句子成分确定用哪种形式:1)作表语、定语或补语,用形容词形式;2)作主语或宾语,用名词形式;3)冠词或形容词性物主代词后,用名词形式;4)作状语,用副词形式。
1.2.3 对于词义转换题,主要是考查具有与词根意义相反的派生词,需根据句子意思及前后逻辑关系,在词根前加un-,im-等或者在词根后加-less 等。
Eg. The service offered by f ree pen pal si tes are often(price). (答案:priceless)(2008 年广东模拟)
2、分析两句间的逻辑关系,确定具体适用连词
要根据上下句子意思,分析其逻辑关系,确定具体填什么词。
Eg. I saw things that told a story ______ words,bits of history,often something thatwas clwarly one of a kind.(2009 年深圳第一次调研)
通过分析可知这里要填一个介词,再根据意思可判断是without.
Eg. His wish was to have a farm _______ he could go swimming in an endless river instead of the garden pool in theirhome.(2009 广州普通高中毕业班综合测试一)
通过分析可知这里要填一个连词,再根据两句间的逻辑关系,可判断a farm是连接两句的桥梁,填where;前后两句也可是因果关系,也可填so。
3、解题实用技巧
教师除突出强调以上两阶段的特征,以达到巩固强化的作用之外,还要注意提高学生们的解题技巧:
3.1 通读全文、了解大意、把握特征、弄清文脉。篇章层面的理解主要包括文章主旨要义理解、作者观点、意)图、立场,句与句之间的关系以及时态变换四个方面。
3.2 巧用已知、连线画图、降低难度、铺平道路。有括号提示的空格可视作已知条件,充分利用,所以,先着手填入有括号的词语,注意时态、语态和名词单复数。所剩的空格越少,文章的大意越清晰,语法填空的难度也就相对降低。
3.3 理解句意、分析结构、大胆推测、各个击破。了解了文章整体意思后,必须要看清各个句子的意思,尤其是含空格的句子的意思。分析句子结构是答题过程中很关键的一步。做题时,首先确定句子的“主谓宾”成分,看看该句子缺不缺谓语动词,然后再考虑谓语动词或者其他成分。此时,要借助上下文的暗示或明示,确定需要填入词语的词性、形式和功能。
3.4 重读全篇、仔细核查、语法正确、语意贯通。做完题后,应该静下心来,仔细复读全文,关注自己所填的词语是否符合文意。从语意贯通、逻辑合理的角度,认真复查答案的合理性和正确性,尤其注意动词、连词、介词的搭配以及名词的形式等。
3.5 拼写正确、书写规范、大小写准确。对于接触到的题,教师力求讲透每个知识点,并通过练习达到强化、巩固作用,相信通过坚持不懈的努力学生一定能上一个新的台阶,并突破语法填空。
❼ 英语句型里面的the more…the more 分析起开不和语法规则 那这样的句型是人为规定的吗
题主,来您好!
所谓语源法,无论是汉语还是英语,都是语法学家从语言中总结出来的,也就是说,先有语言,后有语法。当然,我们汉语,由于讲的人多,有的不规范,所以,部分进行了规范处理,而英语不那么规范。the more…the more不是人为的,是需要现象。
❽ 英语语法不规范,不知道错在哪怎么改
您好,可翻译为:it
rains
today,the
weather
makes
me
feel
comfortable,it`s
a
little
cold
but
i
do
not
care
about
it
.
i
think
i
have
to
make
some
time
to
review
my
history
or
i
will
fail
this
test.anyway(in
a
word,in
brief,in
short),the
best
wish
is
to
myself。满意速速速采纳,版谢权谢!
❾ 英语语法到底是什么意思怎么用啊
英语语法是针对英语总结归纳出来的一系列语言规则。英语语法的精髓在于掌握语言的使用。
基本用法:
一般现在时(Simple Present Tense)表示现在的状态、经常的或习惯性的动作、主语具备的性格和能力等。
1.时间状语:Always, usually, often, sometimes, every week (day, year, month…),once a week(day, year, month…),on Sundays(on Mondays …).
2.基本结构:主语+be/do+其他;(如主语为第三人称单数,动词上要改为第三人称单数形式)。
否定形式:主语 + am/is/are + not + 其他(此时态的谓语动词若为行为动词,则在其前加don't,如主语为第三人称单数,则用doesn't,同时还原行为动词)。
一般疑问句:把be动词放于句首;用助动词do提问,如主语为第三人称单数,则用does,同时,还原行为动词。
现在完成时
1,概念:过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果,或从过去已经开始,持续到现在的动作或 状态。
2,时间状语:yet, already ,just, never, ever, so far, by now, since + 时间点,for + 时间段,recently, lately,in the past few years, etc.
3,基本结构:主语 + have/has + p.p(过去分词) + 其它
4,否定形式:主语 + have/has + not + p.p(过去分词) + 其它
5,一般疑问句:have或has放句首。
英语语法--网络
❿ 英语语法问题 句子分析 下面句子对不对 求分析
你想说”经济减退是因为失业率增加“ 你讲的在口语上是对的, 规范点:The economic slowdown(这前面不专是句子,可以当主属语~也就是1个名词单词的作用) is(既然前面的是一个单词,后面就要接be动词连接介词)because of(cause是开头用的,既然前面有be当然要用because of,如果没有of就要接句子,但后面不是橘子只是一个单词的作用) the rise of the unemployment rate
The economic slowdown is because of the rise of the unemployment rate