『壹』 高中英语中的非谓语动词的语法有
高中英语之难点 ---非谓语动词的复习
语法教学材料:非谓语动词
动词的非谓语形式有三种:不定式、动名词和分词. (一)不定式
不定式由“ to十动词原形”构成,其否定形式是“ not to do”.不定式可以带宾语或状语构成不定式短语,没有人称和数的变化,但有时态和语态的变化.不定式可作主语、宾语、状语、表语和定语,但不能单独作谓语.不定式的逻辑主语有时用“ for十名词或代词宾格”构成.
1.不定式的用法:
l)作主语.不定式短语作主语时,往往放在谓语之后,用 it作形式主语.例如:
To see is to believe.
It is right to give up smoking.
2)作宾语.不定式短语作宾语时,如果还带有宾语补足语。往往把不定式宾语放在宾语补足语之后,而用 it作形式宾语.例如:
He wanted to go.
I find it interesting to study work with him.
3)作宾语补足语.例如:
He asked me to do the work with him.
注意 :在 feel,hear,listen to,look at,notice, observe,see,watch,have,let,make等词后的补足语中,不定式不带 to.但是这些句子如果变成被动结构时,就必须带 to.例如
I often hear him sing the song.
He is often heard to sing the song.
注意:不定式动词在介词 but,except,besides后面时,如果这些介词之前有行为动词 do的各种形式,那么,这些介词后的不定式不带 to,否则要带 to.如:
She could do nothing but cry.
What do you like to do besides swim?
I have no choice but to go.
4)作定语.例如:
I have some books for you to read. 注①作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词,或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等,不定式后面须有相应的介词.例如:
He is looking for a room to live in.
There is nothing to worry about.
Please give me a knife to cut with.
但是,不定式所修饰的名词如果是 time,place或 way,不定式后面的介词习惯上要省去.例如:
He had no money and no place to live.
注②当作定语的不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的承受者时,不定式既可以用主动语态,也可用被动语态,但其含义有所不同.试比较:
A) Have you anything to send?
你有什么东西要寄吗?
(不走式 to send的动作执行者是 you)
B) Have you anything to be sent?
你有什么要(我或别人)寄的东西吗?(不定式 to be sent的动作执行者是已被省略的 me或 someone else)
5)作状语,表示目的、原因、结果或条件.例如:
I came here to see you.(目的)
We were very excited to hear the news.(原因)
He hurried to the school to find nobody there.(结果)
To look at him, you would like him.(条件)
目的状语还可以用 in order to或 so as to来表示.如:
In order to pass the exam, he worked very hard.
We ran all the way so as not to be late.
不定式也可在作表语用的形容词后面作状语.例如:
I am very glad to hear it.
The question is difficult to answer.
“ too十形容词或副词十不定式”作状语.例如:
He is too old to do that.
另外句子中有 enough这个词时,常用不定式作状语.例如:
The room is big enough to hold us.
6)作表语.例如:
My job is to help the patient.
7)作独立成分.例如:
To tell the truth, I don’t agree with you.
8)不定式与疑问词 who,which,when,where,how,what等连用,在句中起名词作用,可充当主语、表语、宾语等.例如:
He didn’t know what to say.(宾语)
How to solve the problem is very important.(主语)
My question is when to start. (表语)
注意:在与 why连用时,只用于 why或 why not开头的简短疑问句中,后面紧跟的动词不定式不带 to.例如:
Why not have a rest?
9)不定式在句中用主动式还是被动式。多数情况下是容易判别的,但有时的确比较复杂,请注意以-下几点:
A)不定式修饰的名词或代词和不定式逻辑上构成主谓关系时,不定式往往用主动形式.
Have you got a key to unlock the door?
(A key unlocks the door.)
B)不定式和它前面被修饰的名词或代词构成逻辑上的动宾关系,又和该句主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系时,不定式常用主动形式.
I have got a letter to write.( I write letter.)
He needs a room to live in.( He lives in a room.)
I know what to do.( I do what.)但这句如改为下列形式,不定式就得用被动形式: I know what is to be done.
这是因为 what is to be done是宾语从句,从句中的主语 what是动词 do的动作对象
C)不定式作表语形容词的状语,和句中主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系时,不定式多用主动形式,这是因为人们往往认为形容词后者去了 for one或 for people.例如:
He is hard to talk to.( to talk to him.)
The book is difficult to understand.( to understand the book.)
但如果强调句中的受事者时,亦可用不定式被动式,例如:
The handwriting is very difficult to be read.
The box is too heavy to be lifted.
D)在 there十 be的结构中,当说话人考虑的是必须有人去完成某件事时,不定式用主动形式,如果说话人强调的是事情本身必须完成,则用被动形式.
There is a lot of work to do.( Somebody has to do the work.)
There is a lot of work to be done. ( The work has to be done.)
请注意下面两个句子的含义是不同的:
There is nothing to do.意为无事可做,感到十分乏味.
There is nothing to be done.意为某东西坏了,无法使之恢复正常.
2.不定式的时态
l)不定式的一般形式所表示的动作,通常与谓语的动作(状态)同时(或几乎同时)发生,或是在它之后发生.例如:
I saw him go out.
2)如果谓语表示的动作(情况)发生时,不定式表示的动作正在进行,这时不定式就要用进行式.例如:
I am very glad to be working with you.
3)如果不定式的动作发生在谓语动词之前,就要用完成式.例如:
I’m sorry to have kept you waiting.
3.不定式的语态
当不定式逻辑上的主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者时,不定式一般要用被动形式。例如: He asked to be sent to work in the countryside. It is possible for our hopes to be realized. (二)动名词
1.动名词由动词十 ing构成;具有动词和名词的性质;在句中起名词作用,可作主语、宾语、表语和定语.
1)作主语.例如:
Seeing is believing.
Laying eggs is the ant queen’s full- time job.
It is no use arguing with him.
注意:动名词和不定式都可以作主语,动名词作主语表示一般或抽象的多次性行为,不定式作主语往往表示具体的或一次性的动作.例如:
Playing with fire is dangerous.(泛指玩火)
To play with fire will be dangerous.(指一具体动作)
但在 It is no use/ good,not any use/ good,useless等后必需用动名词。
2)作表语.例如:
Her job is teaching.
3)作宾语.例如:
He is fond of playing football.
I like swimming.
注① admit,appreciate,avoid,consider, delay, dislike,enjoy,escape, excuse,face,feel. like,finish,forgive,give up, imagine,include,keep,mention,mind,miss,practise,put off,resist, risk,suggest,can’t help,can’t stand(无法忍受)等动词后可以用动名词作宾语,但不能用不定式.
注② forget,go on,like,mean,regret,remember,stop,try等动词可带动名词或不定式作宾语,但意义上有区别。
I remember doing the exercise. (我记得做过练习.)
I must remember to do it. (我必须记着做这事.)
I tried not to go there.(我没法不去那里.)
I tried doing it again. (我试着又干了一次.)
Stop speaking. (不要讲话。)
He stopped to talk. (他停下来讲话.)
I mean to come early today. (我打算今早些来.)
Missing the train means waiting for another hour.
(误了这趟火车意味着再等一个小时.)
注③在 allow,advise,forbid,permit等动词后直接跟动词作宾语时,要用动名词形式,如果后面有名词或代词作宾语,然后再跟动词作宾语补足语时,其宾语补足语用带 to的不定式.例如:
We don’t allow smoking here.
We don' t allow students to smoke.
注④动词 need,require,want作“需要”解,其后跟动词作它的宾语时,必须用动名词,或不定式的被动式.这时,动名词的主动式表示被动意义.例如:
The window needs( requires,wants) cleaning( to be cleaned)
注⑤在短语 devote to,look forward to,stick to,to be used to,object to,thank you for,excuse me for,be( kept) busy,be worth,have difficulty/ trouble/ problem (in),have a good/ wonderful/ hard time(in),there’s no use/good/ need,feel/ look/seem/ like/get down to等后的动词也必须用动名词形式.例如:
I look forward to hearing from you soon.
注⑥在 love,hate,prefer等动词后用动名词或不定式无多大区别。
但说话人有所指的时候,通常用不定式。
注⑦start,begin,continue在书面语中多后接动名词,在口语中多后接不定式。
注⑧在 should(would) like/ love等后须用不定式。
4)作定语.例如:
He has a reading room.
2.动名词的复合结构
动名词的复合结构由物主代词或人称代词宾格,名词所有格或普通格加动名词构成.在句子开头必须用名词所有格或物主代词.例如:
His coming made me very happy.
Mary’s crying annoyed him.
She didn’t mind his crying.
Is there any hope fo Xiao Wang’s winning.
3.动名词的时态和语态.
l)动名词的时态
动名词的时态分一般式和完成式两种,如果动名词的动作没有明确地表示出时间是与谓语动词同时发生或在谓语动作以前发生,用动名词的一般式.例如:
We are interested in playing chess.
His coming will be of great help to us.
如果动名词的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前,通常用动名词的完成时态。例如:
I’m sorry for not having kept my promise.
但是在某些动词或词组后,常用动名词的一般形式,尽管其动作是在谓语所表示的动作之前发生的.例如:主语是这个动名词表示的动作的对象时,动名词用被动语态.被动语态由“ being十过去分词”或“ having been十过去分词”构成。后一种一般避免使用.例如:
He likes being helped.
注:在 to be worth doing句型中,动名词 doing表示的是被动意义.例如:
The book is worth reading.(三)分词
1.分词的时态和语态
l)分词分为现在分词和过去分词。现在分词有一般式和完成式.一般式表示和谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生的行为;完成式(having十过去分词)表示在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生的动作.例如:
Being a student,he was interested in books.
2)现在分词有一般式和完成式,且有主动语态和被动语态,当句子的主语是分词动作的承受者时,分词用被动语态,如果要强调分词的动作先于谓语动作,就用分词完成式的被动形式.例如:
The question being discussed is important:
过去分词表示在谓语动词之前发生的动作,本身有被动的含义,所以只有一般式没有完成式.
2.分词的用法
l)作定语
分词短语做定语时,放在被修饰的名词之后;单个分词做定语时,放在被修饰的名词之前.例如:
The man standing by the window is our teacher.
注意:现在分词作定语时,它表示的动作是正在进行或与谓语动词所表示的动作几乎同时发生,如果两个动作有先有后,一般不能用现在分词作定语,而要用定语从句。例如:
The teacher criticized the student who had broken the window.
现在分词作定语的差异:
现在分词在句中作定语时,不仅存在前置与后置的区别,而且存在状态、时间与形式上的差异。为了帮助大家分清这些差异,更好地掌握现在分词的用法,现在分别论述如下。
一、状态差异
现在分词作定语明显存在状态差异。一般来讲,前置的现在分词静感强。而后置现在分词动感强。学习时要注意体会这一点。
例:The labouring people are the wisest.
例:The farmers labouring here are not afraid of snakes.
能前置的现在分词为数不太多,常见的大都是已被形容词化了的现在分词。这一点主要表现在有些现在分词前常有程度副词,有些现在分词甚至还有比较等级。
例: I have brought very exciting news to you.
例:This is the most exciting story that I have ever read.
二、时间差异
时间差异指现在分词表示的动作发生的时间差异。有些现在分词作定语时表示正在的动作。这些现在分词若改为定语从句宜用进行时态。
例:Did you tell the children playing there not to make any noise?
noise?
例:The American president visiting China now will return on Saturday.
有些现在分词作定语时则表示经常性动作或现在(或当时)的状态。此类现在分词若改为定语从句宜用一般时态,而不宜用进行时态。若译成汉语也应注意体现这一点。
例:They stayed at a hotel standing by the lake.
三、形式差异
从形式来看,前置现在分词多为单个分词,而后置现在分词多为短语。换句话说,若用现在分词作定语,单个分词要前置,分词短语要后置。但也不能绝对如此,要视情况而定。要是强调动感,即使是单个分词也应后置。
例:Look! The girl singing is Alice and the one dancing is Mary.
从内容来讲,前置现在分词多为不及物动词,没有自己的宾语或状语。后置现在分词可带宾语或状语。有时前置现在分词也可有自己的宾语或状语,不过要置于分词前,且中间要有连词符号。当然,带比较级时除外。
例Barking dogs seldom bite.
例 The person translating the songs can speak seven languages.
值得说明的是,现在分词的完成式与被动式一般都不能用作前置定语,只能作后置定语,使用时应慎重。
例 We must keep a secret of the things being discussed here.
2)作状语
分词或分词短语作状语时,可以表示时间、原因、行为方式、伴随状况等。例如:
Being a student, I must study hard.(原因)
While reading the book, he nodded from time to time.(时间)
The teacher stood there surrounded by the students.(方式) 注:①分词短语作状语时,其逻辑主语必须与句子的主语一致.
注:②表示时间关系的分词短语有时可由连接词 while或 when引出.
注:③有时“with( without)十名词(或代词宾格)十分词”的结构,表示伴随状况.例如:
He lay half dead,with all his ribs broken. 注:④当分词的逻辑主语与主句的主语不同时:分词必须有自己的主语.例如:
Time permitting, I will finish another lesson.
3)作表语.例如:
The news is inspiring.
4)作宾语补足语.例如: We saw the teacher making the experiement. 注意:在 see,hear,watch,feel,observe,have,listen to,notice等动词后,既可以用现在分词构成复合宾语,也可以用不定式构成复合宾语,但两者的含义是有差别的,用现在分词,表示动作正在发生,(即处于发生的过程中,还没有结束),用不定式表示动作发生了,(即动作全过程结束了)。例如:
I saw the girl getting on the tractor.
He had his clothes washed. (他叫别人洗了衣服)
注意:“ have十宾语十现在分词”表示主体使客体处于某状态或干什么事;“ have十宾语十过去分词”表示动作是别人做的或与主体意志无关
『贰』 从初中到高中的非谓语动词的用法,全部,谢谢各位了
非谓语动词和谓语动词的相对时间关系 非谓语动词
相对谓语动词的时间意义 例句
一般式不定式
说明行为在谓语动词所表示的行为之后,多数是那些表愿望的词:want; hope; expect; wish等。 I want to go home.
I hope to see you.
说明行为与谓语动词表示的行为同时发生,多数是那些省略不定式符号的词,一般是复合宾语。 I saw him come in.
He helped him (to) carry things.
一般式动名词
表示动作与谓语动词表示的动作同时发出。 We enjoyed seeing the film.
I am thinking of taking over the job.
在动词insist on; rely on; count on(相信)等后表示动作在谓语动词表示的动作之后发生。 He insisted on doing that work
在有些明确表示时间先后的动词和介词on; upon after代替完成动名词表示的动作在谓语动词表示的动作先发生。 I remember seeing him before.
On arriving Beijing, he went to see his friend.
一般式分词
现在分词
持续性动词
说明分词表示的动作和句中谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。 He stood there speaking.
Holding a book under his arm, he entered the room.
终止性动词
说明分词表示的动作发生之后,句中谓语动词表示的动作立刻发生。 Entering the room, I found nobody in.
Turning to the right, you will find the post office.
过去分词
持续性动词
通常说明分词表示的动作,此句中谓语动词表示的动作先发生。 Written in simple English, the book is easy to read.
I can't find my lost pen.
说明分词表示的动作和句中谓语动词表示的动作并无先后。 He is a person well-known in this country.
代替完成式现在分词的被动语态。 Ecated by the party, he became a brave fighter.
完成式不定式
说明行为动词在谓语动词表示的行为动词之前发生。 I'm sorry to have troubled you.
He is said to have come here.
He is thought to have done it.
He is believed to have done it.
He seemed to have known it.
在wish, hope, expect, intend, mean, suppose等动词过去时后,说明行为动词没有实现。 We wished to have done this.
I expected to have left by then.
(=I had expected to heave by then.)
完成式动名词
说明动名词表示的动作,此句中动词表示的动作先发生。 We regret having told you the news.
After having finished his work, he went home.
He denied having broke the glasses.
完成式分词
说明分词表示的动作,此句中谓语动词表示的动作先发生。多数表示一些瞬时间动词。如果是hear; see或表示位置转移的动词arrive; leave; turn; open.不用完成时 Having finished his work, he went home.
Sitting down with him, we begun to discuss it.
Hearing this, he rose and went to the door.
非谓语动词用法对比
知识要点:
一、不定式与动名词做主语:
1、动名词做主语往往表示普通的、一般的行为,不定式做主语常表示某次具体的行为。例如:
Collecting information about children’s health is his job. 收集有关儿童健康的信息是他的工作。
It’s necessary to discuss the problem with an experienced teacher. 与一位有经验的老师讨论这个问题是有必要的。
2、常用不定式做主语的句型有:
(1)It’s difficult (important, necessary) for sb. to do
(2)It’s kind (good, friendly, polite, careless, rude, cruel, clever, foolish, brave) of sb. to do.
3、常用动名词做主语的句型有:
It’s no good (use, fun) doing.
It’s (a) waste of time one’s doing.
It’s worth while doing.
二、不定式、动名词、分词做表语:
1、不定式做表语常表示谓语动词所表示动作之后发生的动作。
His teaching aim of this class is to train the students’ speaking ability. 他这节课的教学目的是要训练学生说的能力。
2、动名词做表语是对主语内容的解释,这时主语与表语位置可以互换,动名词常用于口语中。
Its full-time job is laying eggs. 它的(指蚁后)的专职工作是产卵。
3、现在分词做表语表示主语的性质与特征;进行时表示正在进行的动作。
The task of this class is practising the idioms. (现在分词做表语)
With the help of the teacher, the students are practising the idioms. (现在进行时)
4、常用作表语的现在分词有:interesting, amusing, disappointing, missing, puzzling, exciting, inspiring, following等。现在分词表示进行与主动。
The joke is amusing .这笑话很逗人。
The problem is puzzling. 这个问题令人不解。
5、过去分词作表语表示主语所处的被动状态或完成某动作的状态。而被动语态表示主语所承受的动作。
The village is surrounded by high mountains.(过去分词做表语)
The enemy was surrounded by the Red Army.(被动语态)
He is well ecated.(过去分词做表语)
He has been ecated in this college for three years.(被动语态)
常用在句中做表语的过去分词有:
used, closed, covered, interested, followed, satisfied, surrounded, done, lost, decided, prepared, saved, shut, won, completed, crowded, dressed, wasted, broken, married, unexpected等。
6、注意如下动词的现在分词与过去分词用法不同:
interest(使…感兴趣),surprise(使…吃惊),frighten(使…害怕),excite(使…兴奋),tire(使…疲劳),please(使…满意),puzzle(使…迷惑不解),satisfy(使…满意),amuse(使…娱乐),disappoint(使…失望),inspire(使…欢欣鼓舞),worry(使…忧虑)
它们的现在分词常修饰物(有时修饰人),表示主动,过去分词常修饰人,表示被动(包括某人的look、voice等)。例如:
Climbing is tiring. 爬山很累人。
They are very tired. 他们很疲劳
After hearing the exciting news, he gave a speech in an excited voice.
三、不定式与动名词做宾语:
1、下列动词跟不定式做宾语:
want, wish, hope, expect, ask, pretend, care, decide, happen, long, offer, refuse, fail, plan, prepare, order, cause, afford, beg, manage, agree, promise等。
2、在下列动词或动词短语后用动名词做宾语:
enjoy, finish, suggest, avoid, excuse, delay, imagine, keep, miss, appreciate, be busy, be worth, feel like, can’t stand, can’t help, think of, dream of, be fond of, prevent…(from), keep…from, stop…(from), protect…from, set about, be engaged in, spend…(in), succeed in, be used to, look forward to, object to, pay attention to, insist on等。
3、在forget, remember, stop, regret, try, mean等动词后跟不定式与动名词意义不同,不定式表示谓语动词之后的动作,而动名词表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前,常用一般式doing代替完成式having done.
He forgot to tell me to post the letter.(他忘了叫我发信。)
I shall never forget finding that rare stamp on an ordinary envelope. 我永远也忘不了在一个普通信封上发现了那枚珍贵的邮票。
Remember to write to us when you get there. 到那里,记得给我们写信。
I don’t remember meeting him. 我不记得见过他。
I regret to tell you that I can’t go to your birth-day party. 我很遗憾告诉你我不能去参加你的生日晚会了。
They regretted agreeing to the plan. 他们后悔同意这个计划。
He tried to pretend to share in the pleasure with his friend. 他尽力假装与朋友分享欢乐。
She tried reading a novel, but that couldn’t make her forget her sorrow. 她试着看看小说,但也不能使她忘记伤心事。
I didn’t mean to hurt you. 我没有企图伤害你。
A friend indeed means helping others for nothing in return. 真正的朋友意指不图回报地帮助别人。
4、动名词作need, want, require, be worth的宾语时,用主动式代替被动式。
The washing-machine needs repairing.(或用:needs to be repaired)这台洗衣机需要修理。
The point wants referring to. 这一点要提到。
This English novel is worth reading. 这本英文小说值得一读。
The situation in Russian required studying. 俄国形式需要研究。
四、不定式与分词在句中做宾语补足语:
1、以下动词后跟不定式做宾语补足语:
ask, tell, beg, allow, want, like, hate, force, invite, persuade, advise, order, cause, encourage, wait for, call on, permit, forbid
The doctor advised him to stay in bed for another few days. 医生嘱咐他再卧床休息几天。
We wish him to remain and accept the post. 我们希望他留下来接受这个职位。(注意hope后不跟不定式做宾补。)
2、有些动词后的复合宾语用不带“to“的不定式,这些动词有:see, watch, notice, hear, feel, make, let, have等。例如:
We noticed him enter the house. 我们留意到他进了那所房子。
The boss made them work twelve hours a day. 老板让他们一天干12小时工作。
注意当make、have不做“迫使、让”讲,而做“制造、有”解时,跟带有to的不定式做状语。
Mother made a cake to celebrate his birthday. 妈妈做了一个蛋糕给他庆贺生日。
He had a meeting to attend. 他有个会要开。
3、下列动词后的复合宾语用分词做宾补:see, watch, notice, observe, hear, feel, make, set, have, leave, keep, find等。用现在分词还是用过去分词做宾补,要看分词与宾语的关系。例:
We heard him singing the song when we came in. 当我们进来的时候,听见他正唱那首歌。
We have heard the song sung twice. 我们听过这首歌唱过两遍了。
五、非谓语动词做定语:
1、不定式做定语放在所修饰的名词后,表示在谓语动词之后发生的动作或过去的某一特定动作。例如:
He had no house to live in but a lot of work to do. 他没有房子住却有好多活要干。
Our monitor is the first to arrive. 我们班长是第一个到的。
2、动名词与现在分词做定语的区别:
动名词做定语说明所修饰名词的用途;现在分词做定语,表示所修饰名词进行的动作。
a walking stick 拐杖(动名词做定语,意为a stick for walking)
a sleeping car 卧铺车厢(动名词做定语,意为a car for sleeping)
the rising sun 正在升起的太阳(现在分词做定语,意为the sun which was rising)
the changing world 变化中的世界(现在分词做定语,意为the world which is changing)
3、现在分词与过去分词做定语的区别:过去分词做定语表示完成或被动的动作,现在分词做定语表示主动或进行的动作。如:
a piece of disappointing news 使人失望的消息(意同a piece of news which disappointed us)
in the following years 在后来的几年中(意同in the years that followed)
a well dressed woman 衣着讲究的女士(意同a woman who is dressed well)
a car parked at the gate 停在门口的小汽车(意同a car which was parked at the gate)
六、不定式与分词做状语:
1、不定式做状语,只表示目的、结果或原因:
He hurried home only to find his money stolen. 他匆忙赶到家中,发现钱被盗了。(结果状语)
To make himself heard, he raised his voice. 为了被听清楚,他提高了嗓门。(目的状语)
All of us are surprised to see his rapid progress. 看到他的进步,我们都很吃惊。(原因状语)
2、分词做状语可表示时间、条件、原因、伴随、让步、方式:
Seen from the top of the hill, the town is beautiful. 从山上看,这座城市很美。(条件状语)
Coming into the room, he found his father angry. 当走进房间时,他发现父亲生气了。(时间状语)
Being tired, they went on working. 虽然累了,但他们继续工作。(让步状语)
Having been hit by the big boy on the nose, the little boy began to cry. 由于被大孩子打了鼻子,那个小男孩哭了。(原因状语)
He put a finger in his mouth, tasted it and smiled, looking rather pleased. 他把一个手指放进嘴里,尝了尝,笑了,看起来挺高兴。(伴随状语)
参考资料:http://iask.sina.com.cn/b/1256373.html?from=related
『叁』 非谓语动词的具体用法
非谓语动词主要包括不定式、动名词和现在分词。为了区分这三种不同的非谓语动词的用法和含义,我们将分别从三种非谓语动词在句子中做主语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、状语、表语以及一些特殊结构句型等角度来区分其用法和细微含义。
1.不定式和动名词作主语的区别
(1)动名词作主语通常表示抽象动作;而不定式作主语表示具体动作。
Smoking is prohibited(禁止)here.这里禁止抽烟。(抽象)
It is not very good for you to smoke so much.你抽这么多烟对你身体很不好。(具体)
(2)动名词作主语时,通常用以表示一件已知的事或经验。
不定式短语通常用来表示一件未完成的事或目的。
Climbing mountains is interesting.爬山很有趣。(经验)
Driving a car ring the rush hour is tiring.在高峰时刻开车令人厌烦。(经验)
(3)不定式做主语,一般用it当形式主语,把作主语的不定式短语后置。
It took me only five minutes to finish the job.
2.不定式、动名词和分词作表语的区别
(1)不定式作表语
1)不定式作表语一般表示具体动作,特别是表示将来的动作。
To do two things at a time is to do neither.一次做两件事等于未做。
What I would suggest is to start work at once.我的建议是立刻开始干。
2)如果主语是不定式(表示条件),表语也是不定式(表示结果)。
To see is to believe.百闻不如一见。
To work means to earn a living.工作就是为了生活。
3)如果主语是以aim, ty, hope, idea, happiness, job, plan, problem, purpose, thing, wish等为中心的名词,或以what引导的名词性从句,不定式作表语是对主语起补充说明作用。
His wish is to buy a luxurious car in the near future.他的希望是在不远的将来买一辆豪华轿车。
The function of Louis Sullivan’s architecture was to provide large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior.
The most important thing is to negotiate with them about the future of the plant.
(2)动名词作表语:动名词作表语,表示抽象的一般性的行为。
Our work is serving the people.我们的工作是为人民服务。
His hobby is collecting stamps.他的爱好是集邮。
(注)动名词作表语时与进行时态中的现在分词形式相同,但其所属结构迥异,进行时态说明动作是由主语完成的。动名词做表语,说明主语的性质或情况。
People cannot but feel puzzled, for they simply cannot understand how he could have made such a stupid mistake.
His victory in the final was no more convincing than I had expected.
(3)分词作表语
分词做表语有两种情况,一种是现在分词做表语,一种是过去分词做表语,这两者区别是考试中经常考到的地方。一般来说,表示心理状态的动词如excite, interest等都是及物动词,汉语意思不是“激动”,“高兴”,而是“使激动”、“使高兴”,因而现在分词应该是“令人激动的”、“令人高兴的”,过去分词则是“感到激动的”和“感到高兴的”。所以,凡表示“令人……的”都是-ing形式,凡是表示“感到……”都用-ed形式。换句话说,若人对……感兴趣,就是somebody is interested in...,若人/物本身有兴趣时,就是说sb./sth. is interesting.这类词常见的有:
interesting使人感到高兴--interested感到高兴的
exciting令人激动的--excited感到激动的
delighting令人高兴的--delighted感到高兴的
disappointing令人失望的--disappointed感到失望的
encouraging令人鼓舞的--encouraged感到鼓舞的
pleasing令人愉快的--pleased感到愉快的
puzzling令人费解的--puzzled感到费解的
satisfying令人满意的---satisfied感到满意的
surprising令人惊异的--surprised感到惊异的
worrying令人担心的--worried感到担心的
Travelling is interesting but tiring.旅行是有趣的,但是使人疲劳。
The pupils will get confused if they are made to learn too much.如果要学生学得太多,他们会感到糊涂的。
The argument is very convincing.他的论点很令人信服。
They were very excited at the news.听到这个消息,他们非常激动。
『肆』 稳派一轮复习英语语法经典讲练七非谓语动词
或许这个有用 谢谢采纳。
非谓语动词:
不定式作状语时相当于一个状语从句,不定式作状语时往往用来作目的状语、结果状语或原因状语。
1.不定式用来作目的状语:作目的状语时,不定式的逻辑主语通常也是全句的主语,这里往往译作“为了,想要”。
(2009•辽宁卷)To be a winner,you need to give all you have and try your best.要想成为赢家,你要付出所有并竭尽全力。
2.不定式用于so...as to ...,such...as to;enough to;too...to;only to等结构中作结果状语。
Would you be so kind as to lend me yourbicycle?
你能不能行行好,借给我你的自行车?
He is such a fool as to think that hisstrange behavior can inflect others.他如此愚蠢以至于认为他奇怪的行为会影响他人。
He hurried to the booking office only tohave been told all the tickets had been sold out.
他匆忙去了售票处,结果被告诉所有的票已经卖完了。
专家提醒:“only+to do”表示出乎意料的结果,tell 和主语He 之间存在动宾关系,因而应用不定式的被动结构。而现在分词作结果状语则表示自然而然的结果。
His parents died,leaving him an orphan.
他的父母去世了,使他成为孤儿。
1.(2010•江西卷)There were many talented actors out there just waiting________.
A.to discover B.to bediscovered
C.discovered D.being discovered
解析:句意为:很多有天赋的演员就在那里等待被发现。本题考查非谓语动词作状语。此题空格处用不定式来表示目的,而且actors与discover之间为被动关系,所以B项为答案。
答案:B
2.(2010•合肥第二次教学检测)—Why are the students working sohard these days.
—________readyfor the coming entrance examination.
A.To get B.Get
C.Getting D.Got
解析:考查非谓语动词。根据答语“为了即将来临的入学考试准备”可知,此句是省略句,不定式作状语,表示目的。
答案:A
3.(2010•新课标全国卷Ⅰ)WithFather’s Day aroundthe corner,I have takensome money out of the bank________presents for my dad.
A.buy B.to buy
C.buying D.to have bought
解析:句意为:父亲节就要到了,我已经从银行取了些钱出来准备给爸爸买些礼物。本题考查非谓语动词作状语。从语境看,本空在句中作目的状语,用不定式,因此A的动词原形、C的现在分词、D的不定式完成式都不符合题意。
答案:B
1.过去分词作状语和现在分词作状语一样,修饰主句的谓语动词,意义上相当于状语从句,表示时间、原因、条件、伴随状况等。
(2009•江西卷)Given the right kind of training,these teenager soccer players may one day grow into internationalstars.
如果得到正确的训练,这些少年足球选手有朝一日可能成为国际明星。
(2009•福建卷)Reminded not to miss the flight at 15∶20,the managerset out for the airport in a hurry. 提醒不要错过15∶20的航班,他匆忙出发过了机场。
2.某些动词的过去分词已经形容词化,且往往用于一些系表结构中。此时这些过去分词既不表示被动,也不表示完成,而表示一种状态,这样的词有:lost(迷路的),seated(坐),hidden(躲),lost/absorbedin(沉溺于),dressed in(穿着),tired of(感到厌倦)等,不管它们作什么成分都不用其ing形式。
Lost in the mountains for a week,we were finally saved by the localpolice.在大山里迷失一个星期,我们最终被当地警察所救。
Absorbed in his book,he didn’t notice me enter the room.
专心读书,他没注意到我进入房间。
1.(2010•陕西卷)________from the top of the tower,the south foot of the mountain is a sea of trees.
A.Seen B.Seeing
C.Having seen D.To see
解析:句意为:从塔顶往下看,南边的山脚下是一片树的海洋。本题考查分词作状语。分词作状语,其逻辑主语与句子主语一致。主语the south foot of the mountain 与see 在逻辑上为被动关系,四个选项中只有A项表被动。 答案:A
2.(2010•杭州市第二次教学检测)________bya greater demand for green procts,the food company has set higher standards to ensure the quality.
A.Driven B.Being driven
C.To drive D.Having driven
解析:考查非谓语动词。绿色食品的巨大需求使食品公司制订了更高的标准以保证质量。动词drive与其逻辑主语the foodcompany 存在动宾关系,因此应该使用过去分词。答案:A
3.(2009•重庆卷)Michael’s new house is like a huge palace,________with his old one.
A.comparing B.compares
C.to compare D.compared
解析:句意为:和旧房子相比,Michael的新房子就像一座巨大的宫殿。compare与逻辑主语Michael’s new house之间构成被动关系。答案:D
1.动词的ing 短语作状语表示在进行一动作的同时所进行的另一动作,它对谓语动词起修饰和陪衬的作用。动词的ing形式作状语可以表示时间、原因、条件、让步、结果、方式或伴随情况。
Being ill,he couldn’t go to school.因为生病,他不能去上学。(原因)
My car was caught in a traffic jam,thus causing the delay.
我的车被交通拥挤堵住,所以延误了。(结果)
As the light turned green,I stood for a moment,not moving,and asked myself what I was goingto do.(伴随)当交通路灯变绿灯时,我站了一会儿,一动不动,自问要做什么事。
2.现在分词有:一般式、被动式、完成式和完成被动式四种形式,每一种形式的否定式都是直接在前面加not 构成。一般式(doing)表示主动的一般性的动作或者正在进行的动作;被动式(being done)表示正在进行的被动的动作;完成式(having done)表示发生在谓语动作之前的主动的动作;完成被动式(having beingdone)表示发生在谓语动作之前的被动的动作。
Not having received a reply,he decided to write again.没有得到答复,他决定再写信去。
The old man,having worked abroad for twenty years,came back to his motherland.(work 与句子的主语The old man之间存在主谓关系,而且work这一动作发生在谓语动作之前)
在国外工作了二十年,这位老人回到了祖国。
Having been scolded many times,he determined to study hard tocatch up with others.
多次被批评之后,他决定努力学习赶上他人。
3.有一些固定结构,如:generally speaking,taking everything into consideration,judging from/by等,无论主语是什么都用这种形式作状语。
Taking everything into consideration,the result is better than expected.
把一切因素考虑进去,结果比预料的要好。
Judging from what he said,he must be an honest man.
从他说的话来判断,他一定是一位诚实的人。
4.现在分词和过去分词作状语的区别:如果是意义上的主谓关系,一般用动词ing形式;如果是意义上的动宾关系,则一般用过去分词。
Seen from the top of the hill,the park looks even more beautiful.从山顶上看,这个公园显得更加美丽。(see 与主语the park之间存在动宾关系)
Seeing from the top of the hill,we find the park even morebeautiful.
从山顶上看,我们发现这个公园显得更加美丽。(see与主语we之间存在主谓关系)
1.(2010•湖南卷)Dina,________formonths to find a job as a waitress,finally took a position at a local advertising agency.
A.struggling B.struggled C.having struggled D.to struggle
解析:句意为:几个月以来,Dina一直努力想找一份女服务员的工作,最终她在当地一家广告代理处谋到了一个职位。本题考查非谓语动词作状语。设空处与句子主语为逻辑上的主谓关系,故排除B项;不定式作状语一般表示目的,故排除D项;C项相当于:Dina had_struggled_for_monthsto find a job as a waitress.而A项相当于:Dinawas_struggling_for_months to find a job as a waitress.根据句意可知,C项更符合要求,故为答案。答案:C
2.(2010•北京卷)________atmy classmates’ faces,I read the same excitement in theireyes.
A.Looking B.Look C.To look D.Looked
解析:句意为:看着同学们的面孔,我从他们的眼中读出了同样的兴奋。本题考查非谓语动词作状语。look 是谓语动词形式,故排除;tolook 通常表目的,在此不符合题意;look与I构成逻辑上的主动关系,D项被排除。答案:A
3.(2010•海淀第二学期期末)________awritten permission,he had to write another letter to the president of the university.
A.Not giving B.Not having been given C.Having not given D.Having notbeen given
解析:考查非谓语动词。此处是非谓语动词作状语。逻辑主语是句子的主语,非谓语动词与逻辑主语是被动关系,且其动作在谓语动词动作之前已经发生,故用过去分词或现在分词的完成被动式,选B。答案:B
1.现在分词(短语)作定语与所修饰的名词之间存在着逻辑上的主谓关系,表示该动作的主动和进行。There are two roads before us,one leading to the beach,the other to the park.
在我们面前有两条路,一条通向沙滩,另一条通向公园。
2.过去分词(短语)作定语与它所修饰的名词在逻辑上有被动关系,表示该动作的被动或完成。
(2009•北京卷)For breakfast he only drinks juice from fresh fruit grown on hisown farm.
早饭他只喝自己农场种植的新鲜水果榨出来的果汁。
3.动词不定式作定语多表示将来动作。
(2009•山东卷)We are invited to a party to be held in our club next Friday.
我们被邀请参加下周五在我们俱乐部举行的聚会。
1.(2010•海南五校联考)I’m afraid we’ll have to work extra hours,for there are still someproblems________.
A.remaining to settle B.remaining tobe settled
C.remained to talk about D.to remain todiscuss
解析:考查非谓语动词。此处是分词短语作后置定语,remain与problems 之间为主动关系,故应用现在分词形式;问题是亟待被解决,故应用to besettled。综上所述可知答案为B。
2.(2010•重庆卷)Manybuildings in the city need repairing,but the one________first is the library.
A.repaired B.being repaired C.repairing D.to be repaired
解析:句意为:本市有许多建筑需要维修,但首先该维修的是图书馆。考查非谓语动词作定语。the one(building)与repair之间为被动关系,故排除C项;A项表已经完成;B项表正在进行;D项表将来。根据题意,正确答案为D项。
3.(2010•北京卷)I’m calling to enquire about theposition________in yesterday’s China Daily.
A.advertised B.to beadvertised C.advertising D.havingadvertised
解析:句意为:我打电话来是想询问一下有关昨天在《中国日报》上刊登的招聘职位的情况。本题考查非谓语动词作后置定语。空格处部分作position 的定语,与position 在逻辑上是被动关系,根据句意“职位已在昨天的报纸上被刊登”,表示被动及完成,故A项符合题意。
1.过去分词作宾语补足语:过去分词作宾语补足语时,句中的宾语往往就是其逻辑主语,该动词与宾语之间存在动宾关系。
I’ll have my house painted tomorrow.
明天我会让人把我的房子粉刷一下。(被动)
When I opened the door,I found the ground covered byfallen leaves.
当我打开门时,我发现地面被落叶所覆盖。
2.现在分词作宾语补足语:现在分词作宾语补足语时,句中的宾语往往就是其逻辑主语,该动词与宾语之间存在主谓关系。现在分词作宾语补足语强调正在进行的主动动作,即动作过程的一个部分。可以带有这种复合宾语的动词有see,watch,hear,observe,feel,find,have,keep等。
(2009•全国卷Ⅱ)They use computers to keep the traffic running smoothly.他们使用电脑使交通畅通无阻。
1.(2010•湖南卷)Listen!Do you hear someone________for help?
A.callingB.call C.to callD.called
解析:句意为:听!你听到有人正在求救吗?本题考查非谓语动词作宾补。设空处与宾语之间为逻辑上的主谓关系,故排除D项;不定式作感官动词或使役动词的宾补要省去to且不表示动作正在进行,故排除C项;因为表示动作正在进行,故排除B项;现在分词calling 表主动且表正在进行,故为答案。
2.(2010•辽宁卷)Alexandertried to get his work________in the medical circles.
A.to recognize B.recognizing C.recognize D.recognized
解析:句意为:Alexander试图使自己的工作在医学界得到认可。本题考查非谓语动词作宾补。get sth.done 表示使某事物被做,如get my hair cut 表示理发;get her finger burnt 表示她的手指被烧伤。
3.(2011•哈尔滨检测)It’s wonderful to hike with Dad and Ihave felt________with him.
A.to protected B.protected C.protecting D.to beprotected
解析:本题考查非谓语动词。根据语境知felt 与protect 之间是被动关系,排除选项A和C;和父亲一起的徒步旅行已经结束,排除选项D。
have,get 后接三种形式作宾补时,其中have,get表示“使、让、叫”之意。
1.have sth.done=get sth.done 使/让某事由别人去做(叫/让某人做某事)
I’ll have/get my bike repaired tomorrow.
我明天得(请人)修一下我的自行车。
Mr Smith had his house broken into while hewas away on holiday.
史密斯先生在度假期间,他家的房子被别人破门而入。
注意:havesb.doing 若用于否定句中,其中have有“容忍”之意。
I won’t have you speaking to your dad likethat.
我不允许你和你父亲那样讲话。
1.(2010•青岛二模)—Hurry up,Mary! It’s time to go.
—I’mgetting________.Have a little patience.
A.dress B.dressing C.to dress D.dressed
解析:考查非谓语动词。getdressed是一个固定的词组,表示“穿衣服”。语意:——Mary,快点,我们该走了。——稍等下,我正在穿衣服呢。
2.(2010•山东卷)I have alot of readings________before the end of this term.
A.completingB.to complete C.completed D.beingcompleted
解析:句意为:本学期结束前我有许多阅读要完成。考查非谓语动词作定语。have sth.to do有某事要做,to do的逻辑主语需和主句主语一致;当不定式的逻辑主语与主句主语不一致时,可用have sth.to be done结构。
3.(2009•重庆卷)With theworld changing fast,we have something new ________ with all by ourselves every day.
A.deal B.dealt C.to deal D.dealing
解析:本题考查不定式作定语。句意为:随着世界的快速变化,我们每天都有新的问题要独自处理。have something to deal,动词deal 逻辑上的主语是we,也就是句子的主语。
4.(2010•东城练习二)Everyyear,Tom remembersto have some flowers________to her mother on her birthday.
A.send B.sent C.sending D.being sent
解析:本题考查非谓语动词。havesomething done表示某事被做。答案:B
1.(2010•四川卷)In manypeople’s opinion,that company,though relatively small,is pleasant ________.
A.to deal with B.dealing with C.to be dealt with D.dealt with
解析:句意为:许多人认为那家公司虽然相对比较小,但与之相处令人愉快。本题考查非谓语动词作主语补语。“主语+be+性质形容词+动词不定式”结构中,主语和不定式构成逻辑上的动宾关系,不定式需用及物动词形式,如:The work is very difficult to do.(do the work)This house is verycomfortable to live in.(live in the house)本题中主语和不定式可构成的动宾关系为:deal with the company,所以A项正确。答案:A
2.(2010•上海卷)I hadgreat difficulty________the suitable food on the menu in that restaurant.
A.find B.found C.to find D.finding
解析:句意为:在那个餐馆,我很难从菜单上找到合适的食物。have difficulty/trouble/problems(in)doing(做……有困难)是固定搭配,所以选D项。答案:D
3.(2010•上海卷)Lucy hasa great sense of humour and always keeps her colleagues________with herstories.
A.amused B.amusing C.to amuse D.to be amused
解析:句意为:Lucy很有幽默感,总是讲故事让她的同事消遣。考查非谓语动词作宾补。首先排除C、D,因为keep 后不用不定式作宾补。amused觉得好笑的;amusing 逗人笑的,令人觉得好笑的。 答案:A
4.(2010•浙江卷)Thetraffic rule says young children under the age of four and________less than 40pounds must be in a child safety seat.
A.being weighed B.to weigh C.weighed D.weighing
解析:句意为:交通规则规定:四岁以下,体重不到40磅的小孩必须坐在安全的座位上。考查非谓语动词作后置定语。分析句子结构可知,空格处的内容和under the age of four 并列作young children 的后置定语,weigh“重量为……”此处为不及物动词,没有被动形式,故排除A和C两项;动词不定式作后置定语也需要用及物动词,B项也被排除。答案:D
『伍』 北京四中初中英语非谓语动词用法视频
有些动词后使用动名词和动词不定式作宾语的差别1)forgettodo忘记要去做某事(此事未做)forgetdoing忘记做过某事(此事已做过或已发生))stoptodo停止、中断(某件事),目的是去做另一件事stopdoing停止正在或经常做的事)remembertodo记住去做某事(未做)rememberdoing记得做过某事(已做))regrettodo对要做的事遗憾regretdoing对做过的事遗憾、后悔)trytodo努力、企图做某事trydoing试验、试一试某种办法)meantodo打算,有意要…meandoing意味着)goontodo继而(去做另外一件事情)goondoing继续(原先没有做完的事情))proposetodo打算(要做某事)proposingdoing建议(做某事))likelovehateprefer+todo表示具体行为;+doingsth表示抽象、倾向概念(注)如果这些动词前有should一词,其后宾语只跟不定式,不能跟动名词。例如:Ishouldliketoseemtomorrow.10)need,want,deserve+动名词表被动意义;+不定式被动态表示“要(修、清理等)”意思。Don'?你不记得以前见过那个人吗?.你可要记着是明天动身。Idon'tregrettellingherwhatIthought.我不后悔给她讲过我的想法。喔 对了 现在我报读的ABC天卞英语中心的外教说过,如果想将英语学好是轻松的!绝对具有适合的研习环境与闇练口语对象 老师水平是关键,欧美人士比东南亚好很多,口语标准才可以 不间断天天口语交流 1对1加强化教学才可以有.好.的学习效果!学习后同样要重复复习课程录音音频 好巩固知识点~实在是真的没人帮忙的环境,最好能到听力室或沪江获得课外教材练习,多用耳听、眼观、嘴动、脑想,一下子语感就提升起来,学习效果是必定突飞猛进的..(已讲过)Iregrettohavetodots,butIhavenochoice.我很遗憾必须这样去做,我实在没办法。(未做但要做)Youmusttrytobemorecareful.你可要多加小心。Let'strydoingtheworksomeotherway.让我们试一试用另外一种办法来做这工作。Ididn'tmeantohurtyourfeeling.我没想要伤害你的感情。Tsillnesswillmean(your)goingtohospital.得了这种病(你)就要进医院。.不定式、现在分词和过去分词作定语的区别(1)不定式作定语1)不定式与其所修饰的名词可能是主谓关系.昨天他是最后一个离开教室的。ThetraintoarrivewasfromLondon.将要到站的火车是从伦敦开来的。)不定式与其所修饰的名词可能是动宾关系Getmsometngtoeat.给他拿点儿东西吃。.早上他有很多工作要做。)不及物动词构成的不定式做定语,要加上适当的介词和被修饰的名词形成逻辑上的动宾关系,这里的介词不能省去。Ineedapentowritewith.我需要一支笔写字。Thereisnotngtoworryabout.没有什么值得发愁的。)不定式修饰一些表示方向、原因、时间、机会、权利等抽象名词如:ability能力,本领drive赶,驾驶movement运动,活动ambition抱负,野心effort努力,尝试need需要,需求campaign战役,运动failure失败,不及opportunity机会chance机会force力,压力,要点promise许诺,希望courage勇气intention意向,意图reason理由,原因decision决定method方法,方式light光,光网,亮光determination决心,决定motive动机,目的struggle奋斗,努力,tendency倾向,趋势wish希望,愿望,祝愿)被修饰的名词前有序数词、形容词最高级或next,second,last,only和nota,the等限定词时候,只能用不定式。)不定代词sometng,notng,little,much,alot等习惯上用不定式做定语。.除了农活,约翰什么都愿意干。)如果其动词要求用不定式做宾语,或者其形容词要器接不定式做补语,则相应的名词一般用不定式做定语。如:tendtodo---tendencytodo;decidetodo=decisiontodo;becurioustodo=.他要买辆车的愿望实现了。.他们放弃这个实验的决定使我们大吃一惊。.他总是第一个到来,最后一个离去。()分词作定语分词作定语时有下面几个特点:1)现在分词表示主动意义,过去分词一般表示被动含意。)现在分词表示正在进行,过去分词表示状态或做完(完成)的事。Herushedintotheburninghouse.他冲进了正在燃烧着的房子。.站在那儿的男孩子是我弟弟。.朝南的房间是我们的教室。Haveyougotyourwatchrepaired?你拿到那个修好的表了吗?Heisanadvancedteacher.他是个先进教师。)下列不及物动词也以过去分词形式做定语或表语,但不具有被动意义,这点要注意:departed,elapsed,faded,fallen,gone,frown-up,retired,returned,risen,set,vanished,much-traveled,newly-arrived,recently-come()不定式和分词作定语时的时间关系一般来说,不定式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之后;现在分词所表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生;过去分词表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。例如:?你要见那位将从北京请来的医生吗??你要见那位正在办公室里写病历的医生吗?.不定式和分词作状语的区别(1)现在分词与过去分词作状语的区别。现在分词做状语与过去分词做状语的最主要区别在于两者与所修饰的主语的主动与被动关系的区别。1)现在分词作状语时,现在分词的动作就是句子主语的动作,它们之间的关系是主动关系。Hewentoutshuttingthedoorbendm.他出去后将门随手关上。Notingwhattodo,hewenttosparentsforhelp.由于不知如何办是好,他去找父母帮忙。)过去分词作状语时,过去分词表示的动作是句子主语承受的动作,它们之间的关系是被动关系。Givenmoreattention,thetreescouldhavegrownbetter.如果对这些树多关心一些,它们本来会长得更好。Facedwithdifficulties,wemusttrytoovercomethem.在遇到困难的时候,我们必须设法克服。()动词不定式和分词作状语的区别1)分词作状语一般表示伴随,而不定式常常表示目的。.他们站在路边谈论着这个计划。(伴随).他们站在路边为的是谈论这个计划。(目的))分词作状语放在句子开头,除表示原因之外有时表示时间或条件。动词不定式作状语时,除了表示目的以外,还表示结果或原因。Readingattentively,heforgotthetimeforlunch.由于在专心读书,他忘了吃午饭的时间。(原因)Readingcarefully,hefoundsometnghehadnotnbefore.他仔细读书时,发现了一些从前不知道的东西。(时间)Readingcarefully,you'lllearnsometngnew.只要你仔细阅读,你会学到一些新的东西。(条件)swastoopoortosupportm.他的家庭太穷,不能维持他的生活。(结果).这男孩个子不够高,手伸不到书架。(结果)Wearegladtohearthenews.我们很高兴听到这消息。(原因)()下面一些句型是不定式做状语时候应该注意的:a:notnevertoo…to,too…notto,butonlytoo…to,tooreadyeageraptinclinedto表示肯定意义b:做结果状语的不定式只能出现在句子的末尾,常见的不定式动词有:find,hear,see,betold,form,give,make,proce等。c:不定式做状语时,其逻辑主语一般为句子的主语,否则用for引导主语。.非谓语动词常考的其它结构(1)疑问词+不定式结构疑问词who,what,wch,when,where和how后加不定式可构成一种特殊的不定式短语。它在句中可以用作主语、宾语、表语和双重宾语。如:Whentostarthasnotbeendecided.何时动身尚未决定。(主语)Idon'twhattodo.我不知道该怎么办。(宾语).困难在于如何过河。(表语)Icantellyouwheretogettsbook.我可以告诉你哪里可以买到此书。(双重宾语)注)A.有时疑问词前可用介词,如:Ihavenoideaofhowtodoit.我不知道如何做此事。B.动词后面不能直接跟不定式作宾语,只能跟疑问词(如:how,what)+不定式:Wlestillayoungboy,,hewroteoperas,themostfamousofwcsCarmen.()介词except和but作“只有…,只能…”讲时跟不定式结构(but与不带to的不定式连用)。,.()不带to的不定式1)在表示生理感觉的动词后的不定式不带to。这类词有:feel觉得observe注意到,看到overhear听到watch注视listento听perceive察觉,感知notice注意see看见lookat看hear听,Ericsprangtosfeet,andwentontherescue.)另一类是某些使役动词,如make,let,have等。如:Letmdoit.让他做吧。IwouldhaveyouthatIamill.我想要你知道我病了。(注):①上述感觉动词与使役动词转换为被动结构时.其后的不定式一般需带to,如:Hewasseentocome.Theboywasmadetogotobedearly.②在动词find与help之后,不定式可带to亦可不带to,如:Hewassurprisedtofindthesheep(to)breakfenceattsseason.他发现羊在此季节越出栅栏,感到惊讶。)在donotnganytngeverytngbut(except)结构中。例如:LastnightIdidnotngbutwatchTV.昨天晚上,我除了看电视别的什么也没有干。但是,如果谓语动词不是“donotng,anytng,everytng”,那么but(except)所跟的不定式则仍须带。.医生除了让他戒烟,其它什么都没有说。.除了保持沉默以外,他们没有别有别的办法。()不定式与动名词的逻辑主语和分词独立结构1)不定式的逻辑主语为:for+名词(或代词宾)+不定式。例如:.我发现他—个人干这活是不可能的。(注)在表示人物性、特性等的形容词后面,常用of引出不定式的逻辑主语。例如:Itwaswiseofmtodothat.他那样做是明智的。)动名词的逻辑主语为;①人称代词的所有+动名词;②名词's+动名词。例如:Tominsistedonmygoingwiththem.他坚持要我和他们一起去。Hedislikesswife'sworkinglate.他不喜欢他妻子工作得很晚。)某些形容词,如:careless等不定式后可以加of来引导出其逻辑主语。这类词主要有:absurd,bold,brave,courageous,careful,careless,clever,wise,foolish,silly,stupid,good,nice,kindthoughtful,considerate,greedy,generous,honest,modest,polite,rude,cruel,selfish,wicked,wrong等Itisverykindofyoutohelpme.你帮助我太好了。间或也可用for+theretobe表示(而且there后面的不定式只能是tobe)。It'.太遗憾了公司里有这么多的麻烦。.非谓语动词中的有关句型(1)动名词作主语的句型1)Doing...+v.Readingisanart.阅读是门艺术。Seeingisbelieving.眼见为实。)Itis+nouse,nogood(fun,agreatpleasure,awasteoftime,abore...)等名词+doingsth.Itisnousecrying.哭没有用。Itisnogoodobjecting.反对也没有用。Itisagreatfunplayingfootball.打篮球很有趣。.设法解释是浪时间。)Itis+useless(nice,good,interesting,expensive等形容词)+doingsth.Itisuselessspeaking.光说没用。Itisniceseeingyouagain.真高兴又遇到了你。.晚饭后弈棋挺好。Itisexpensiverunningtscar.开这种小车是浪。
『陆』 初中英语教学分享
就是要多背文章,久而久之就有语感了,这为了以后学习英语很有帮助。当今社会英语已经成为了一门工具,掌握这门工具对其他领域是很有帮助的。