A. 初中英语语法人教版（初二）
send sb.sth=send sth to sb.寄给某人某物
decide to do sth.决定做某事
forget to do sth.忘记做某事（此事还内没做）容
forget doing sh.忘记做过某事（此事已做，但忘了）
B. 语法英语初二的
一 般 现 在 时
.概念：经常、反复发生的动作或行为及现在的某种状况。
动词用原形(单三人称动词加s / es)
(问句和否定句借用助词do / does)
一 般 过 去 时
概念：过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态；过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为。
动词用过去式
(问句和否定句借用助词did)
现 在 进 行 时
概念：表示现阶段或说话时正在进行的动作及行为。
am +动词-ing
is +动词-ing
are +动词-ing
过 去 进 行 时
概念：表示过去某段时间或某一时刻正在发生或进行的行为或动作。
was +动词-ing
were +动词-ing
一 般 将 来 时
概念：以过去某个时间为标准，在此以前发生的动作或行为，或在过去某动作之前完成的行为，即“过去的过去”。
(1)will + 动词原形
(2)am +going to+动词原形
Is +going to+动词原形
are +going to+动词原形
过 去 将 来 时
概念：立足于过去某一时刻，从过去看将来，常用于宾语从句中。
(1)would + 动词原形
(2)was +going to+动词原形
were +going to+动词原形
现 在 完 成 时
概念：过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，或从过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态。
have +过去分词
has +过去分词
过 去 完 成 时
概念：以过去某个时间为标准，在此以前发生的动作或行为，或在过去某动作之前完成的行为，即“过去的过去”。
had +过去分词
下面的更具体，还附有练习题，可以联系一下，更好的理解（不过本来有表格的，但是格式不允许，要不你看看【参考资料】那里的网址吧！O(∩_∩)O）
英语时态一表通
时态是英语学习中一个至关重要的内容，同学们在实际应用中，往往对时态问题倍感棘手，下面我们就初中英语八种时态以列表的形式做一归纳比较。
概念 时间状语 基本结构 一般疑问句 否定形式
一般现在时 经常、反复发生的动作或行为及现在的某种状况。 often, usually, always, sometimes, every day(week, month),once a week, on Mondays, etc. 1.be动词
2.行为动词 1.把动词be放于句首。
2.用助动词do提问，如主语为第三人称单数，则用does，同时还原为动词原形。 1.am/is/are+not
2.此时态的谓语动词若为行为动词，则在其前加don’t；若主语为第三人称单数，则用doesn’t，同时还原行为动词。
现在进行时 表示现阶段或说话时正在进行的动作或状态。 now, at this time, these days, etc. am/ is/ are +doing 把be动词放在句首。 am/ is/ are +not +doing
一般过去时 过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态； 过去 习惯性、经常性的动作、行为。 ago, yesterday, last week(month, year…), in 2000, just now, one day, long long ago, etc. 1. was/
were
2.行为动词过去式 1.把was或 were放于句首。
2.用助动词did提问，同时还原为动词原形。 1.was/were+ not
2. 在行为动词前加do在其前加didn’t，同时还原行为动词。
过去进行时 表示过去某段时间或某一时刻正在发生或进行的动作或行为。 at this time yesterday或以when引导的谓语动词是一般过去时的时间状语等。 was/ were+ doing 把was或were放在句首。 was/ were+ not+ doing
现在完成时 过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的一向或结果，或从过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态。 have/ has +done already, yet, just, ever, never, before, recently，in the past few years, 等，及由for或since引导的时间状语。 把have或has放在句首。 have/ has +not+ done
一般将来时 表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态及打算、计划或准备做某事。 tomorrow，tomorrow morning/afternoon, the day after tomorrow ，next Sunday/week/year/month， soon, in a few days minutes, etc 1.be going to +do2.will ／shall＋do 1.be放在句首。2.will/shall提到句首。 1.be going to＋not+ do
2.will ／shall＋not+ do
过去完成时 表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成的动作或情况。表示“过去的过去” by, before等构成的过去时间短语连用或用于when, before, until等引导的从句中。由said, asked, told, thought等引导的宾语从句中， had+ done
had放于句首。 had+ not+ done
过去将来时 表示在过去的某个时候看来将要发生的动作或者存在的状态。 The next day(morning, year), the following month (week),etc. 1.would+do
2.was/ were going to +do 1.would 提到句首。
2.was 或were放于句首。 1.would+not+
do
2.was/were +not+ going to +do
时态专练（以下试题均选自2005年中招试题）
1. -Where is Frank now?
- He _______his bike in the yard.(北京海淀区)
A. fixes up B. fixing up C. is fixing up D. fixed
2. -You’ve left the light on, Tracy.
-Oh, yes. _________ to turn it off right now. (宜昌市)
A. I’d go B. I’ve gone C. I’ll go D. I go
3.“The World Without Thieves” is a very moving film. I ____ it twice already.( 陕西省)
A. will see B. see C. saw D. have seen
4. The Oriental Pearl TV Tower ________ tens of thousands of visitors since l995.(上海市)
A) attracted B) attracts C) has attracted D) will attract
5. -Did you see the traffic accident yesterday?
-Yes. It happened when I past the museum.（苏州市）
A. walk B. am walking C. will Walk D. was walking
6. -Have you read this book?
-Yes．I____ it two weeks ago．（随州市）
A．is reading B．have read C．will read D．read
7.- What are you doing ,Jim?
-I _________a beautiful horse.（北京丰台区）
A. draw B. drew C. am drawing D. was drawing
8. They______ all their money, so they have to walk home now. （北京丰台区）
A. have spent B. spend C. spent D. are spending
9. Jim is a student and in Town High School.（武汉市）
A. studies B. studied C. had studied
10.Sandy his old friend Tom when he was crossing the street.（武汉市）
A. had met B. has met C. met
Keys: 1.C 2.C 3.D 4.C 5.D 6.D 7.C 8. A 9.A 10.C
C. 初一至初二 英语语法归纳
单词
1. 介词：in, on, under, behind, near, at, of
1). in表示"在……中"， "在……内"。例如：
in our class 在我们班上
in my bag 在我的书包里
in the desk 在桌子里
in the classroom 在教室里
2). on 表示"在……上"。例如：
on the wall 在墙上
on the desk 在桌子上
on the blackboard 在黑板上
3). under表示"在……下"。例如：
under the tree 在树下
under the chair 在椅子下
under the bed 在床下
4). behind表示"在……后面"。例如：
behind the door 在门后
behind the tree 在树后
5). near表示"在……附近"。例如：
near the teacher's desk 在讲桌附近
near the bed 在床附近
6). at表示"在……处"。例如：
at school 在学校
at home 在家
at the door 在门口
7). of 表示"……的"。例如：
a picture of our classroom 我们教室的一幅画
a map of China 一张中国地图
2. 冠词 a / an / the:
冠词一般位于所限定的名词前，用来署名名词所指的人或事物。冠词有不定冠词和定冠词两种。不定冠词有两个形式，即a和an。a用在以辅音音素开头的词前，如a book; an用在以元音音素开头的字母前，如an apple.
a或an与可数名词单数连用，泛指某类人或某物中的一个。
This is a cat.
这是一只猫。
It's an English book.
这是一本英语书。
His father is a worker.
他的爸爸是个工人。
the既可以用在可数名词前，也可以用在不可数名词前，表示某个或某些特定的人或事物，也可以指上文提到过的人或事物。
Who's the boy in the hat?
戴帽子的男孩是谁呀？
------ What can you see in the classroom?
------ I can see a bag.
------ Where's the bag?
------ It's on the desk.
------- 你能在教室里看到什么呀？
------ 我能看见一个书包。
------ 书包在哪呀？
------ 在桌子上。
3.some和any
①在肯定句中用some.例如：
There are some books on the desk.桌子上有一些书。
Lucy has some good books露西有一些好书。
②在疑问句和否定句中用any。例如：
Is there any ink in your pen?你的钢笔里有墨水吗？
Do you have any brothers and sisters?你有兄弟姐妹吗？
There isn't any water in the glass.杯子里没有水。
⑵记住它们的特殊用法。
①some亦可用于表示盼望得到对方肯定的答复或表示建议、委婉请求的疑问句中，这一点我们不久就会学到。例如：
Would you like to have some apples?你想吃苹果吗？
②any也可用于肯定句中，表示"任何的"。例如：
Any one of us can do this.我们当中任何一个都能做这个。
some 和any的用法是经常出现的考点，希望大家能准确地掌握它们的用法。
4.family
family看作为一个整体时，意思是"家庭"，后面的谓语动词be用单数形式 is ；如把family看作为家庭成员时，应理解为复数，后面的谓语动词be应用are。
My family is a big family. 我的家庭是个大家庭。
My family are all at home now. 我的家人现在都在家。
Family强调由家人组成的一个集体或强调这个集体中的成员。home指个人出生、被抚养长大的环境和居住地点。 house指"家"、"房屋"，侧重居住的建筑本身。
His family are all workers. 他的家人都是工人。
My home is in Beijing. 我的家在北京。
He isn't at home now. 他现在不在家。
It's a picture of my family. 这是一张我全家的照片。
5. little的用法
a little dog 一只小狗，a little boy 一个小男孩。little常用来修饰有生命的名词。
*但little还可表示否定意义，意为"少的"，加不可数名词。
There is little time. 几乎没时间了。
There is little water in the cup. 杯中水很少。
⑵ 词组
on the desk 在桌子上
behind the chair 在椅子后
under the chair 在椅子下面
in her pencil-box 在她的铅笔盒中
near the door 在门附近
a picture of a classroom 一个教室的图片
look at the picture 看这张图片
the teacher's desk 讲桌
a map of China 一张中国地图
family tree 家谱
have a seat 坐下，就坐
this way 这边走
二. 日常用语
1. Come and meet my family.
2. Go and see. I think it's Li Lei.
3. Glad to meet you.
4. What can you see in the picture?
I can see a clock / some books.
5. Can you see an orange?
Yes, I can. / No, I can't.
6. Where's Shenzhen?
It's near Hong Kong.
7. Let me see.（口语）让我想想看。
see 在这是"明白、懂了"，不可译作"看见"。例如：
8. Please have a seat.
seat表示"座位"，是个名词。have a seat表示"就坐"，也可以说take a seat, 和sit down的意思相同。
三. 语法
1. 名词所有格
名词如要表示与后面名词的所有关系，通常用名词所有格的形式，意为"……的"。一般有以下几种形式：
（1）. 一般情况下在词尾加"'s"。例如：
Kate's father Kate的爸爸
my mother's friend 我妈妈的朋友
（2）. 如果复数名词以s结尾，只加"'"。例如：
Teachers' Day 教师节
The boys' game 男孩们的游戏
（3）. 如果复数名词不以s结尾，仍加"'s"。例如：
Children's Day 儿童节
Women's Day 妇女节
（4）. 表示两个或几个共有时，所有格应加在后一个名词上。例如：
Lucy and Lily's room Lucy 和Lily的房间
Kate and Jim's father Kate 和Jim的爸爸
动物和无生命事物的名词的所有格一般不在词尾加"'s"，而常常用介词of的短语来表示。
a map of China 一幅中国地图
the name of her cat 她的猫的名字
a picture of my family 我的家庭的一张照片
the door of the bedroom 卧室的门
2. 祈使句
祈使句主要用来表示说话人的请求、命令、建议、叮嘱等意图。祈使句一般不用主语，读时用降调。为使语气委婉、礼貌，常在句首或句尾加please 。在句尾时，please前多用逗号。
（1）. 祈使句肯定形式的谓语动词一律用动词原形。
Go and see. 去看看。
Come in, please. 请进。
（2）. 祈使句的否定形式常用don't于句首。
Don't look at your books. 不要看书。
Don't play on the road. 不要在马路上玩。
3. There be 的句子结构
There be是一个"存在"句型，表示"有"的意思，
肯定句的形式为：There be + 名词（单数或复数）+地点状语或时间状语。
be动词单复数的确定，看be后边第一个名词，当所接主语为单数或不可数名词时，be动词形式为is；当所接主语为复数名词时，be动词为are；当be动词后接两个以上主语时，be动词与最临近主语保持数上的一致。意思为"某地有某人或某物"。如：
There is an eraser and two pens on the desk. 桌子上有一块橡皮和两支钢笔。
There are two pens and an eraser on the desk. 桌上有两支钢笔和一块橡皮。
（1）there be的否定句，即在be的后面加上not。
否定形式为：There be + not + (any) + 名词+地点状语。
There is not any cat in the room. 房间里没猫。
There aren't any books on the desk. 桌子上没书。
（2）there be句型的疑问句就是将be提到句首：Be there + (any) +名词+地点状语？肯定回答：Yes, there is / are. 否定回答：No, there isn't / aren't.
---Is there a dog in the picture? 画上有一只狗吗？
---Yes, there is. 有。
---Are there any boats in the river? 河里有船吗？
---No, there aren't. 没有。
（3）特殊疑问句：How many . . . are there (+地点状语)？"某地有多少人或物？"回答用There be . . .
There's one. / There are two / three / some . . .
有时直接就用数字来回答。One. / Two . . .
---How many students are there in the classroom? 教室里有多少学生？
---There's only one. / There are nine. 只有一个。/有九个。
（4）如果名词是不可数名词，用：How much + 不可数名词 + is there + 地点状语？
How much water is there in the cup? 杯中有多少水？
How much food is there in the bowl? 碗里有多少食物？
D. 英语初一到初二的语法
花时间:It take sb. 时间 to do sth.
sb. spend 时间 (in) doing.
花钱:sth.+cost + 人称宾语+钱
人称主格+spend+钱+ on sth.
Be good at = Do well in（能够）
Be + too + adj + to do...(太...以至不能...)
not only...but also(不但...而且..)
lend sth. to sb.(借出)
borrow sth. from sb.(借进)
would you like to do sth.(你喜欢干某事)
had better do sth.(最好干某事)
had better not do sth.（最好不干某事）
would rather do sth.(情愿干某事)
would rather do sth. than do sth. else(宁愿干某事而不干某事)
agreed to do.(同意做某事)
agreed on sth.(一致的意见)
agreed with sb.（同意某人）
tell sb. to do sth.(告诉某人做某事)
be essential for...(对..很重要)
have trouble(in) doing sth. （做..很困难）
be connected with（与...相关）
be angre with sb.(对某人生气)
be angre to do sth.（生气做某事）
n.+不定代词+adj.
as well as (不仅...而且)
be full of = be filled with(充满)
no longer = not...any longer(不再，距离上的)
no more = not ... any more(不再，次数上的)
try to do(尝试做某事，有目的)
try doing(尝试做某事，没有目的)
be used to (doing) sth.(习惯做某事)
used to do sth.(过去常常做某事)
初一初二的都掺在一起了,
整理的好累，先写这些。
--！！
E. 初二英语语法
一 般 现 在 时
.概念：经常、反复发生的动作或行为及现在的某种状况。
动词用原形(单三人称动词加s / es)
(问句和否定句借用助词do / does)
一 般 过 去 时
概念：过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态；过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为。
动词用过去式
(问句和否定句借用助词did)
现 在 进 行 时
概念：表示现阶段或说话时正在进行的动作及行为。
am +动词-ing
is +动词-ing
are +动词-ing
过 去 进 行 时
概念：表示过去某段时间或某一时刻正在发生或进行的行为或动作。
was +动词-ing
were +动词-ing
一 般 将 来 时
概念：以过去某个时间为标准，在此以前发生的动作或行为，或在过去某动作之前完成的行为，即“过去的过去”。
(1)will + 动词原形
(2)am +going to+动词原形
Is +going to+动词原形
are +going to+动词原形
过 去 将 来 时
概念：立足于过去某一时刻，从过去看将来，常用于宾语从句中。
(1)would + 动词原形
(2)was +going to+动词原形
were +going to+动词原形
现 在 完 成 时
概念：过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，或从过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态。
have +过去分词
has +过去分词
过 去 完 成 时
概念：以过去某个时间为标准，在此以前发生的动作或行为，或在过去某动作之前完成的行为，即“过去的过去”。
had +过去分词
下面的更具体，还附有练习题，可以联系一下，更好的理解（不过本来有表格的，但是格式不允许，要不你看看【参考资料】那里的网址吧！O(∩_∩)O）
英语时态一表通
时态是英语学习中一个至关重要的内容，同学们在实际应用中，往往对时态问题倍感棘手，下面我们就初中英语八种时态以列表的形式做一归纳比较。
概念 时间状语 基本结构 一般疑问句 否定形式
一般现在时 经常、反复发生的动作或行为及现在的某种状况。 often, usually, always, sometimes, every day(week, month),once a week, on Mondays, etc. 1.be动词
2.行为动词 1.把动词be放于句首。
2.用助动词do提问，如主语为第三人称单数，则用does，同时还原为动词原形。 1.am/is/are+not
2.此时态的谓语动词若为行为动词，则在其前加don’t；若主语为第三人称单数，则用doesn’t，同时还原行为动词。
现在进行时 表示现阶段或说话时正在进行的动作或状态。 now, at this time, these days, etc. am/ is/ are +doing 把be动词放在句首。 am/ is/ are +not +doing
一般过去时 过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态； 过去 习惯性、经常性的动作、行为。 ago, yesterday, last week(month, year…), in 2000, just now, one day, long long ago, etc. 1. was/
were
2.行为动词过去式 1.把was或 were放于句首。
2.用助动词did提问，同时还原为动词原形。 1.was/were+ not
2. 在行为动词前加do在其前加didn’t，同时还原行为动词。
过去进行时 表示过去某段时间或某一时刻正在发生或进行的动作或行为。 at this time yesterday或以when引导的谓语动词是一般过去时的时间状语等。 was/ were+ doing 把was或were放在句首。 was/ were+ not+ doing
现在完成时 过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的一向或结果，或从过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态。 have/ has +done already, yet, just, ever, never, before, recently，in the past few years, 等，及由for或since引导的时间状语。 把have或has放在句首。 have/ has +not+ done
一般将来时 表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态及打算、计划或准备做某事。 tomorrow，tomorrow morning/afternoon, the day after tomorrow ，next Sunday/week/year/month， soon, in a few days minutes, etc 1.be going to +do2.will ／shall＋do 1.be放在句首。2.will/shall提到句首。 1.be going to＋not+ do
2.will ／shall＋not+ do
过去完成时 表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成的动作或情况。表示“过去的过去” by, before等构成的过去时间短语连用或用于when, before, until等引导的从句中。由said, asked, told, thought等引导的宾语从句中， had+ done
had放于句首。 had+ not+ done
过去将来时 表示在过去的某个时候看来将要发生的动作或者存在的状态。 The next day(morning, year), the following month (week),etc. 1.would+do
2.was/ were going to +do 1.would 提到句首。
2.was 或were放于句首。 1.would+not+
do
2.was/were +not+ going to +do
时态专练（以下试题均选自2005年中招试题）
1. -Where is Frank now?
- He _______his bike in the yard.(北京海淀区)
A. fixes up B. fixing up C. is fixing up D. fixed
2. -You’ve left the light on, Tracy.
-Oh, yes. _________ to turn it off right now. (宜昌市)
A. I’d go B. I’ve gone C. I’ll go D. I go
3.“The World Without Thieves” is a very moving film. I ____ it twice already.( 陕西省)
A. will see B. see C. saw D. have seen
4. The Oriental Pearl TV Tower ________ tens of thousands of visitors since l995.(上海市)
A) attracted B) attracts C) has attracted D) will attract
5. -Did you see the traffic accident yesterday?
-Yes. It happened when I past the museum.（苏州市）
A. walk B. am walking C. will Walk D. was walking
6. -Have you read this book?
-Yes．I____ it two weeks ago．（随州市）
A．is reading B．have read C．will read D．read
7.- What are you doing ,Jim?
-I _________a beautiful horse.（北京丰台区）
A. draw B. drew C. am drawing D. was drawing
8. They______ all their money, so they have to walk home now. （北京丰台区）
A. have spent B. spend C. spent D. are spending
9. Jim is a student and in Town High School.（武汉市）
A. studies B. studied C. had studied
10.Sandy his old friend Tom when he was crossing the street.（武汉市）
A. had met B. has met C. met
Keys: 1.C 2.C 3.D 4.C 5.D 6.D 7.C 8. A 9.A 10.C
F. 初二英语语法重点是什么
. 初二语法重点： 人称代词
主格： I we you she he it they
宾格： me us you her him it them
形容词性物主代词：my our your her his its their
名词性物主代词： mine ours yours hers his its theirs
2.形容词和副词的比较级
(1) 一般在形容词或副词后+er
older taller longer stronger, etc
(2) 多音节词前+more
more interesting, etc.
(3) 双写最后一个字母，再+er
bigger fatter, etc.
(4) 把y变i，再+er
heavier, earlier
(5) 不规则变化：
well-better, much/many-more, etc.
3.可数词的复数形式
Most nouns + s a book –books
Nouns ending in a consonant +y - y+ ies a story—stories
Nouns ending in s, sh, ch or x + es a glass—glasses a watch-watches
Nouns ending in o +s or +es a piano—pianos a mango—mangoes
Nouns ending in f or fe - f or fe +ves a knife –knives a shelf-shelves
4.不可数名词(单复数形式不变)
bread, rice, water ,juice etc.
5. 缩略形式
I’m = I am you’re = you are she’s = she is he’s = he is
it’s = it is who’s =who is can’t =can not isn’t=is not etc
6. a/an
a book, a peach
an egg an hour
7. Preposition:
on, in ,in front of, between, next to, near, beside, at, behind.
表示时间： at six o’clock, at Christmas, at breakfast
on Monday on 15th July On National Day
in the evening in December in winter
8. 基数词和序数词
one – first two-second twenty-twentieth
9. Some /any
I have some toys in my bedroom.
Do you have any brothers or sisters?
10. be 动词
(1) Basic form: am/are/is
(2) 肯定和否定句 I am(not) from London.
My eyes are(not) small.
My hair is(not) long.
（3）一般疑问句： Am I a Chniese? Yes, you are. No, you aren’t.
Are they American? Yes, they are. No, they aren’t.
Is the cat fat? Yes, it is. No, it isn’t.
11. there be 结构
肯定句： There is a …
There are …
一般疑问句:Is there …? Yes, there is./ No, there isn’t.
Are there…? Yes, there are. /No, there aren’t.
否定句： There isn’t …. There aren’t….
12. 祈使句
Sit down please
Don’t sit down, please.
13. 现在进行时.通常用“now”.
形式： be + verb +ing
eg: I am(not) doing my homework.
You/We/They are(not) reading.
He/She/It is(not) eating.
动词 —ing 的形式
Most verbs +ing walk—walking
Verbs ending in e -e + ing come—coming
Short verbs ending in a vowel + a consonant run –running swim—swimming
14 一般现在时。通常用 “usually, often, every day, sometimes”。
形式：
肯定句：
I go to school on foot every day.
She goes to school on foot every day
初二下学期要接触到得语法点：1.过去进行时；
2.using adjectives;
3.直接引语改间接引语；
4.using although and though;
5.object clauses with that after know, think, believe, etc.
6.if 的从句
G. 初二英语几个重点语法
一. 知识点总结：
（一）
一般将来时
一般将来时表示将来某个时间要发生的动作或者存在的状态。通常与表示将来的时间状语连用，如tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, next year, next month, next week, in 100 years等。
be going to do （动词原形）结构：表示打算、准备做的事情或者肯定要发生的事情。如：It is going to rain.
will do 结构表示将来的用法：
1. 表示预见
Do you think it will rain?
You will feel better after a good rest.
2. 表示意图
I will borrow a book from our school library tomorrow.
What will she do tomorrow?
基本构成如下：
一般疑问句构成：
（1）will+主语+do…? Will Sarah come to visit me next Sunday?
（2）there be 结构的一般疑问句：Will there + be …?
Will there be fewer trees? Yes, there will. / No, there won’t
否定句构成：will + not （won’t）+do
Sarah won’t come to visit me next Sunday.
特殊疑问句构成：
特殊疑问词＋will＋主语＋…？What will Sarah do next Sunday?
根据例句，用will改写下列各句
例：I don’t feel well today. （be better tomorrow）
I’ll be better tomorrow.
1. Gina has six classes today. （have a lot of homework tonight）
_____________________________
2. I’m tired now. （sleep later）
_____________________________
3. My parents need a new car. （buy one soon）
_____________________________
4. We can’t leave right now. （leave a little later）
_____________________________
5. The weather is awful today. （be better tomorrow）
_____________________________
答案：1. She’ll have a lot of homework tonight.
2. I’ll sleep later.
3. They’ll buy one soon.
4. We’ll leave a little later.
5. Maybe it’ll be better tomorrow.
（二）should的用法：
should用来提出建议和忠告，后边加动词原形，否定句直接在should后边加not.
例如：I think you should eat less junk food.
我认为你应该少吃垃圾食品。
She drives a lot and she seldom walks. So I think she should walk a lot.
她经常开车，很少走路。所以我认为她应该多走路。
Students shouldn’t spend too much time playing computer games.
学生们不应当花太多的时间玩计算机游戏。
学习向别人提建议的几种句式：
（1）I think you should…
（2）Well, you could…
（3）Maybe you should …
（4）Why don’t you…?
（5）What about doing sth.?
（6）You’d better do sth.
用should或shouldn’t填空
1. I can’t sleep the night before exams.
You ______ take a warm shower before you go to bed.
2. Good friends ______ argue each other.
3. There is little milk in the glass. We _______ buy some.
4. They didn’t invite you? Maybe you ______ be friendlier.
5. I am a little bit overweight. So I think I _______ do exercises every day.
答案：1. should 2. shouldn’t 3. should 4. should 5. should
（三）
过去进行时
过去进行时表示过去某一点时间正在进行的动作或者过去某一段时间内一直进行的动作。
1. 构成
was /were + doing，例如：
I was watching TV at 9 o’clock last night.
at 9 o’clock last night是时间点
They were playing football all afternoon.
all afternoon是时间段
2. 过去进行时的标志词
at 8 o’clock last night, this time yesterday等。例如：
I was having lunch at home this time yesterday.
昨天的这个时候我正在吃午饭。
At that time she was writing a book.
那阵子她在写一本书。（表示她在那段时间里一直在做那件事情。）
用括号中所给动词的适当形式填空。
1. This time yesterday I ____ ______（read）books.
2. At 9 o’clock last Sunday they ______ ______（have）a party.
3. When I _____（come）into the classroom, she ________ ______（read）a storybook.
4. She _____ ______（play）computer games while her mother ____ ______（cook）yesterday afternoon.
5. I _____ ______（have）a shower when you _______（call）me yesterday.
答案：1. was reading 2. were having 3. came; was reading
4. was playing; was cooking 5. was having; called
（四）
间接引语
形成步骤：
（1）不要逗号，冒号，引号
（2）要考虑到人称的变化（人称的变化与汉语是一致的）
（3）要考虑时态的变化
（4）要考虑时间状语、地点状语和语示代词的变化。
1. 直接引语变成间接引语时，几个主要时态的变化规律
直接引语 间接引语
一般现在时 一般过去时
一般将来时 过去将来时
现在进行时 过去进行时
2. 直接引语变成间接引语时，一些词汇的变化规律
直接引语
1. am / is
2. are
3. have / has
4. will
5. can
6. may 间接引语
1. was
2. were
3. had
4. would
5. could
6. might
用括号中所给动词的适当形式填空。
1. She said I _____（be）hard-working.
2. Peter told me he _____（be）bored yesterday.
3. She said she _____（go）swimming last Sunday.
4. Bobby said he _____（may）call me later.
5. Antonio told me he _____（read）a book then.
答案：1. was 2. was 3. went 4. might 5. was reading
请转述他人说的话：
1. I go to the beach every Saturday. （Tom）
2. I can speak three languages. （Lucy）
3. I will call you tomorrow. （Mike）
4. I’m having a surprise party for Lana. （she）
（五）
if引导的条件状语从句
结构：if＋一般现在时，主语＋将来时
含义：如果……，将要……
例如：If you ask him, he will help you.
如果你请求他，他会帮助你。
If need be, we’ll work all night.
如果需要，我们就干个通宵。
根据中文提示，完成句子。
1. 如果你参加聚会，你将会过得很开心。
If you ________ the party, you __________.
2. 如果明天下雨，我们将不去野餐。
If it __________ tomorrow, we ___________.
3. 如果你经常听英文歌，你将会喜欢英语的。
If you often ________, you _________________.
答案：
1. If you go to the party, you will have a good time
2. If it rains tomorrow, we won’t go to the picnic
3. If you often listen to English songs, you’ll like English
二. 完形填空特点及解题思路
（一）题型分类与特点
完形填空试题是在给出的一篇短文中有目的地拿掉若干个词，留下一些空格，要求考生借助短文保留的部分，从所给的短文整体出发，在正确理解短文意思的基础上，根据句子和句子间的内在联系、词的用法和习惯搭配等，用适当的词或词语填空，使补全后的短文意思通顺、前后连贯、结构完整。这种题型测试的内容从形式上看是单词或短语的填空，但它必须注意到短文中上、下文意思连贯、词语搭配和语法结构正确，所以在空格上所填的词必须符合语义适用和语法正确两条原则，只考虑某一侧面都可能导致错误。中考中完形填空试题的基本题型分两类：完形填空选择题和完形填空题。
1. 完形填空选择题：该题型的特点是将一篇短文中若干词语抽掉留下空格，对每一空格提供若干个选择项，要求考生通读短文后，在理解短文意思的基础上，运用所学的词汇、句型、语法等语言知识，从所提供的备选项中选出一个最佳答案，使短文内容完整正确。中考完形填空主要以这种题型为主。它所给的短文一般与初中英语教材难易程度相当，字数在150－200个单词之内，多数设置10个左右空格，所设考点涉及词汇、语法及对短文内容的理解。短文的第一句一般不设空，以期提供一个语境，对每一空格设置的选项基本都属于相同或对等的词类，给判定选择带来一定的干扰，侧重考查了考生准确运用词汇的能力及对短文的整体理解和逻辑推理能力。
2. 选词填空题：该题型的特点是把抽出的词打乱顺序，不按原文顺序排列，放在短文前面或后面的方框内，有时还增加几个文外的词，要求考生从中选出适当的词以正确的形式填入短文空格内。
（A）
Jack wanted to ask for two days off, 1 he had only learnt the phrase （短语）“have a day off”. He 2 , then he had an idea. “Grandmother is ill. May I have a day off, 3 ? ”he asked the teacher. “Of course, you can. ”replied （答复）the teacher at once. After a while, the boy came to 4 at the teacher’s door. “May I have a day off 5 ? ”The teacher was very surprised, “Didn’t you 6 it just now? ”“Yes, sir. But I can’t be here 7 , either. ”The teacher understood him and could not help 8 . Then he said with a smile, “Why didn’t you say‘May I have two days off? ’”The boy answered quickly 9 a loud voice. “But you only 10 us‘have a day off! ’”
（ ）1. A. but B. and C. or D. for
（ ）2. A. thought hardly
B. thought hard and hard
C. hard thought
D. thought and thought
（ ）3. A. Miss B. sir C. teacher D. Mr
（ ）4. A. strike B. best C. hit D. knock
（ ）5. A. also B. again C. too D. once
（ ）6. A. speak B. tell C. say D. do
（ ）7. A. tomorrow
B. the day after tomorrow
C. yesterday
D. the day before yesterday
（ ）8. A. laugh B. to laugh C. laughed D. laughing
（ ）9. A. with B. on C. in D. by
（ ）10. A. teach B. taught C. are teaching D. were teaching
（B）
请根据内容从所给的15个单词中选出最恰当的10个填入空白处，使短文完整，有些词要根据需要作适当的词形变化。
than, so, tell, us, them, report, beause, love, composition, understand, to, that, much, for, what
A generation gap （代沟）has become a serious problem. I read a _______（1）about it in the newspaper. Some children have killed _______（2）after quarrels （争吵）with parents. I think this is _______（3）they don’t have a good talk with each other. Parents now spend _______（4）time in the office. _______（5）they don’t have much time to stay with their children. As time passes, they both feel _______（6）they don’t have the same topics（话题）to talk about. I want to _______（7）parents to be more with your children, get to know them and understand them. And for children, show your feeling _______（8）your parents. They are the people who _______（9）you. So tell them your thoughts （想法）. In this way, you can have a better _______（10）of each other.
完形填空选择题的一般解题思路是：
1. 跳过空格、通读全文、把握大意。先跳过空格，通读试题所给的要完形填空的短文，获得整体印象，做到弄清文脉、抓住主旨，较好地把握短文大意。要在阅读理解短文意思的基础上才开始判定选择，切忌仓促下笔。
2. 结合选项、综合考虑、初定答案。在理解全文意思的基础上，再结合所给备选项细读全文，联系上、下文内容，注意从上、下文的语法结构和词语搭配及从选择项中寻找解题的提示，以词、句的意义为先，再从分析句子结构入手，根据短文意思、语法规则、词语固定搭配等进行综合考虑，对备选项逐一进行分析、比较和筛选，排除干扰项、初步选定答案。
3. 瞻前顾后、先易后难、各个击破。动笔时要瞻前顾后、通篇考虑、先易后难。对比较明显直接的、自己最有把握的答案先做，一下子不能确定答案的，先跳过这一空格，继续往下做，最后回过头来再集中精力解决难点。这时可结合已确定答案的选项再读一遍短文，随着对短文理解的深入，可以降低试题的难度，提高选择的正确率。
4. 复读全文、逐空验证、弥补疏漏。完成各道题选择后，把所选的答案代入原文，再把全文通读一篇，逐空认真复查。看所选定的答案是否使短文意思前后连贯、顺理成章，语法结构是否正确，是否符合习惯表达法。如发现错误答案或有疑问的，应再次推敲、反复斟酌、做出修正。
完形填空试题的一般解题思路是：
1. 跳过空格、通读短文、了解大意。解题时先跳过空格，通读完形填空的短文，了解全篇的内容和要旨。要重视首句，善于以首句的时态、语气为立足点，理清文脉，推测全文主题及大意。
2. 复读短文、确定语义、判断词形。把握短文大意后再认真复读短文，利用上下文的语境，结合所学过的知识，先确定空格处所需词语的意义，再根据空格在句子中的位置，判断其在句中充当的成分，从而确定所填词的词性，再依据词语搭配和语法规则，判断所填的词的正确形式。
3. 三读短文、上下参照、验证答案。在短文的每一空白处填上一个词后，将完成的短文再细读一遍，上下参照，连贯思考。把所填的答案放入短文中进行检验，可从上、下文内容是否协调一致、顺理成章，语法结构是否正确无误等进行综合验证，凡有疑问必须重新推敲考虑。
（三）课文阅读指导
1. 初中阅读
阅读理解能力
（1）理解主旨要义
（2）理解文中具体信息
（3）根据上下文猜测生词的意义
（4）做出简单判断的推理
（5）理解文章的基本结构
（6）理解作者的意图和态度
2. 培养良好阅读习惯
（1）扩大视距
（2）克服声读
（3）克服逐字读
3. 猜测词文
（1）通过标题或主题句进行预测
（2）文章的标题或主题句可包括作者的意图和倾向、篇章的总体意义和深层意义，因此通过文章标题或主题句进行预测，以便正确理解。
（3）通过语篇标记进行预测
（4）语篇标记包括关联词、转换词也包括其他关键词。
（5）利用背景知识预测
（6）利用图片进行预测
H. 初中英语人教版初二语法
Unit 1 Will people have robots?
重点语法：一般将来时态的应用
do/does 的一般将来时态形式：(shall/will) do
do/does 的一般将来时态的被动语态：(shall/will) be done
一般将来时态的肯定句、否定句、疑问句形式：
肯定句例句：People will have robots in a few years.
否定句例句：People (will not/won't) have robots in a few years.
一般疑问句例句：Will people have robots in a few years?
特殊疑问句例句：What will people have in a few years?
重点短语：won't = will not
they'll = they will
she'll = she will
he'll = he will
I'll = I will
fall in love with(sb./sth.) 爱上（某人/某物）
be able to do sth. 能够做某事
come true 实现
in the future 未来
hundreds of 数以百计的
thousands of 数以千计的
look for(sb./sth.) 寻找（某人/某物）
will → would 情态动词 will 的原形和过去式
may → might 情态动词 may 的原形和过去式
Reading Strategy(阅读方法)
Look at the title and picture, and predict what you will read about. (看着标题和图片，预知你要阅读那些方面的内容。)This helps you get ready to acquire new information. (这样可以帮助你获得一些新的信息。)
Unit 2 What should I do?
重点语法：过去将来时态（将来时态的委婉说法）
do/does 的过去将来时态形式：(should/would) do
do/does 的过去将来时态的被动语态：(should/would) be done
过去将来时态的肯定句、否定句、疑问句形式：
肯定句例句：You should write a letter to him.
否定句例句：You shouldn't write a letter to him.
一般疑问句例句：Should I write a letter to him?
特殊疑问句例句：What should I do?
重点短语：keep sb. out 不让某人进入
What's wrong? = What's the matter? = What's the problem? 怎么了？
out of style 不时髦的；过时的
call sb. up 给某人打电话
pay for sth. 为某事付款
part-time job 兼职工作
the same as = be same (to/with) 与……同样
in style 时髦的；流行的
get on [well] with sb. = get along [well] with sb. 与某人相处（好）
didn't = did not
couldn't = could not
as ... as possible 尽可能……(eg/ as soon as possible 尽快)
all kinds of 各种；许多
on the one hand 一方面
on the other hand 另一方面
ask sb. for sth. = ask sb. to do sth. 请求某人做某事
ask sb. not to do sth. 请求某人不要做某事
spend (money) on sth. = spend (money) [in] doing sth. 花钱做某事
sth. cost sb. (money) 某人花钱为了某事
take sb. sometime to do sth. 花某人时间做某事
find out 查明
find sb. doing sth. 发现某人做某事
be angry with sb. 生某人的气
be angry at sth. 生某事的气
the same age as = as old as 与某人年龄一样
have fight with sb. 与某人打架
learn to do sth. 学会做某事
not ... until ... 直到……才……
compare sth.(A) with sth.(B) 把某事(A)与某事(B)作比较
it's time for sth. = it's time to do sth. 到该做某事的时间了
maybe adv. 或许
may be （情态动词 + 动词原形）可能是
shall → should 情态动词 shall 的原形和过去式
pay → paid → paid 动词 pay 的原形、过去式和过去分词
Reading Strategy(阅读方法)
You will learn to use new words better if you use a learner's dictionary. (时刻学着应用新单词来学习比时刻使用字典这种途径方法更好。)A bilingual dictionary sometimes gives the wrong meaning for the situation you want. (在某些你需要的场合下，一本双语字典有时会给你错误的解释。)
Unit 3 What were you doing when the UFO arrived?
重点语法：过去进行时态
do/does 的过去进行时态形式：(was/were) doing
do/does 的过去进行时态的被动语态：(was/were) being done
过去将来时态的肯定句、否定句和疑问句形式：
肯定句例句：I was walking down the street when a UFO landed.
否定句例句：I wasn't walking down the street when a UFO landed.
一般疑问句例句：Were you walking down the street when a UFO landed?
特殊疑问句例句：What were you doing when a UFO landed?
动词 when 和 while 的选择：when 后加瞬间动词，while 后加延续性动词。
例句：The boy was walking down the street when the UFO landed.
=While the boy was walking down the street, the UFO landed.
感叹句
结构：(1) How + adj. + the + 主语 + 谓语动词
=(2) What + (a/an) + [adj.] + n. + 主语 + 谓语动词
例句：What a beautiful flower [it is]!
=How beautiful the flower is!
What beautiful flowers [they are]!
=How beautiful the flowers are!
重点短语：get out 出去；离开
take off 起飞
run away 逃跑；跑掉
come in 进来
hear about = hear of 听说
take place 发生
as ... as 像……一样(eg/ as old as him 像他一样老)
anywhere = everywhere = here and there 任何地方
think about 考虑
think of 认为
get up = get out of the bed 起床
at the doctor's 在诊所
every day 每一天
everyday adj. 日常的
most adj. 大部分
the most 最多的
in space 在太空中
national hero 民族英雄
all over the world = in the world 全世界
Reading Strategy(阅读方法)
The title can be helpful for you to understand a text. (一篇文章的标题可以帮助你理解整篇文章。)It's also a good idea to read the first sentence of each paragraph before you read. (在阅读整篇文章之前，阅读每段的第一句话也是一个很有效的方法。)
Unit 4 He said I was hard-working.
重点语法：宾语从句
结构：主语 + 谓语动词 + 宾语从句(主语 + 谓语动词 + 宾语/表语)
例句：----I'm good at English. He says. (改为加宾语从句的复合句)
----He says I'm good at English.
注意：①主句是一般现在时态，宾语从句的时态不受其影响。
例句：He says I'm good at English now.
He says I was good at mathematics when I was young.
②主句是过去时态，宾语从句也要用过去时态。
例句：He said I was good at mathematics when I was young yesterday.
He said I was good at English now yesterday.
③宾语从句是客观真理时永远用一般现在时态。
例句：Our teacher says 24 hours make a day.
Our teacher said the sun gives us so many energy yesterday.
④动词原形不能作主语，必须用其 -ing 形式。
例句：She said helping others changed her life.
重点短语：direct speech 直接引语
reported speech = indirect speech 间接引语
first of all = at first 首先
pass on 传递
be supposed to do sth. 应该做某事
be good at = do well in 在某方面做得好
in good health 身体健康
get over 克服
open up 打开
care for = take care of = look after 照料；照顾
not any more = not any longer = no longer 不再
have a cold 感冒
end-of-year exam 年终考试
get nervous 变得紧张
forget to do sth. 忘记做某事（该事未做）
forget doing sth. 忘记做某事（该事已做）
it's + adj. + [for sb.] + to do sth. 做某事[对某人来说]……（加形容词）
context 上下文
Reading Strategy(阅读方法)
First read for meaning, not for detail. (首先理解文段的大致意思，不在于文段的细节部分。)You can understand the meaning of a word you don't know from the context. (至于不懂的单词，你可以通过上下文来寻找它的正确释义。)
Unit 5 If you go to the party, you'll have a great time!
重点语法：if 引导的条件状语从句
结构：主句 + if + 条件状语从句
if + 条件状语从句 + [(comma)] + 主句
注意：在 if 引导的条件状语从句中，主句应用将来时态，状语从句用一般现在时态。
例句：You'll have a great time if you go to the party.
=If you go to the party, you'll have a great time.
重点短语：take away 拿走
around the world = all over the world 在世界各地
make a living 谋生
all the time = always 一直
What's the problem? = What's the matter? = What's wrong? 怎么了？
in order to do sth. 为了做某事
make sb. do sth. 使得某人做某事（to 省略，该结构是一个不带 to 的不定式。）
make sb. adj. 使得某人……（加形容词）
make sb. done 使得某人被做
be famous for 为……而出名
be famous as 作为……而出名
in class 在课堂上
spend ...(time/money) on sth. = spend ...(time/money) in doing sth. 花……（时间/钱）用于做某事
see sb. do sth. 看见某人做某事（强调整个过程）
see sb. doing sth. 看见某人做某事（强调偶然性）
say → said → said 动词 say 的原形、过去式和过去分词
tell → told → told 动词 tell 的原形、过去式和过去分词
eat → ate → eaten 动词 eat 的原形、过去式和过去分词
speak → spoke → spoken 动词 speak 的原形、过去式和过去分词
Unit 6 How long have you been collecting shells?
重点语法：现在完成进行时态
do/does 的现在完成进行时态形式：have/has been doing
do/does 的现在完成进行时态的被动语态：have/has been being done
现在完成进行时态所应用的场合：
①某事从过去发生一直持续到现在都在做
②过去发生的动作对现在造成影响
例：我已上了三年初中。
I have been in Junior School for 3 years.
自从那次他与我谈过心后，我天天都在进步。
I have been making progress since he talked with me that time.
现在完成进行时态的肯定句、否定句和疑问句形式：
肯定句例句：I have been skating for five hours.
否定句例句：I haven't been skating for five hours.
一般疑问句例句：Have you been skating for five hours?
特殊疑问句例句：How long have you been skating?
注意：瞬间动词不能和一段时间连用。
例句：你借这本书已经多长时间了？
How long have you been keeping this book?
重点短语：run out of 用完；用尽
by the way 顺便说说
be interested in doing sth. 对某事感兴趣
more than 比……多
far away 在远处
would like to do sth. = want to do sth. = feel like doing sth. 想要做某事
send sb. sth. = send sth. to sb. 把某物赠送给某人
in fact 实际上
room 房间（用于可数名词）；空间（用于不可数名词）
common → more common → the most common 形容词 common 的原级、比较级和最高级
Reading Strategy(阅读方法)
Let your eyes "scan" the text quickly to find details that you're looking for. (在阅读文章之前，用眼睛“横扫”整篇文章，快速寻找你需要的文章要点。)You can find information quickly without reading the whole text. (这样你就不用细读整篇文章，就能寻找到你需要的一些信息。)
Unit 7 Would you mind turning down the music?
重点语法：mind [one's] doing sth. 介意（某人）做某事
重点短语：not at all 一点也不
turn down 调节使音量变小
right away = in a minute = at once 立刻；马上
wait in line 排队等候
cut in line 插队等候
hasn't = has not
keep ... down 压低声音；使缓和
at first = first of all 首先
take care 当心；小心
take care of = care about = look after 关心；照顾
break the rule 违规
obey the rule 遵守规定
put out 熄灭
pick sth. up 捡起某物
wait for sb. 等候某人
depend on 依赖；依靠
get back = return 要回
mean → meant → meant 动词 mean 的原形、过去式和过去分词
Reading Strategy(阅读方法)
As we read, we need to find "topic sentences".(在我们阅读的时候，我们需要寻找“主题语句”，也就是和文章中心最相关的语句。) These sentences usually gives us a "summary", or overall meaning of each paragraph and help us understand what the paragraph is about.(这些语句通常会给我们一些文章的“概要”，或者每个文段的全部意思，来帮助我们理解段落大意。) After the topic sentence comes more detail and explanation.(当“主题语句”出现后，该段的一些解释和细节也就会随之出现。)
Unit 8 Why don't you get her a scarf?
重点语法：询问别人为什么要做或者不做某事
why don't you do sth. = why not do sth.
例句：Why don't you get her a camera? = Why not get her a camera?
what about = how about
例句：How about some tennis balls? = What about some tennis balls?
重点短语：fall asleep 入睡
give away 赠送；分发
hear of = hear about 听说
take an interest in = be interested in 对……感兴趣
make friends with 与……交友
make progress 取得进步
keep → kept → kept 动词 keep 的原形、过去式和过去分词
feed → fed → fed 动词 feed 的原形、过去式和过去分词
fall → fell → fallen 动词 fall 的原形、过去式和过去分词
hear → heard → heard 动词 hear 的原形、过去式和过去分词
Reading Strategy(阅读方法)
To understand the important ideas from the text, we must "summarize".(为了了解文段最主要的意图，我们必须要进行总结。) Do this by answering "who, what, where, why" questions as you read.(在阅读时，常注意回答时间、地点、人物这些基本要素问题，达到总结的目的。)
Unit 9 Have you ever been to an amusement?
重点语法：现在完成时态
do/does 的现在完成时态形式：(have/has) done
do/does 的现在完成时态的被动语态：(have/has) been done
现在完成时态主要强调过去发生的事情对现在的影响。
例句：我去年去过美国，那是我第一次出国。
I have ever been to America. It's the first time for me to go abroad.
重点短语：have a great time = have a good time = have fun = enjoy oneself 玩得高兴
on board 在船上
end up doing sth. 结束做某事
all year round = all over the year 终年
understand → understood → understood 动词 understand 的原形、过去式和过去分词
Reading Strategy(阅读方法)
After reading, write down three or more things you have learned. (在阅读整篇文章之后，把你学到的三样或更多事物写下来。)We always remember things better if we take time to reflect. (如果我们花时间去思考一些问题的话，那么我们就能更容易地记住一些事情。)
Unit 10 It's a nice day, isn't it?
重点语法：反意疑问句
反意疑问句由肯定陈述句加否定问句构成，或者由否定陈述句加肯定问句构成。
例句：He's a student, isn't he?
She's not his mother, is she?
回答反意疑问句时，要根据事实来回答。若事实是肯定的，则必须用 yes 回答。若事实是否定的，则必须用 no 回答。
例句：你还没有准备好，对吧？
You're not ready, are you?
是的，我没有准备好。
No, I'm not.
不，我准备好了。
Yes, I am.
重点短语：look through 浏览
come along 出现；发生
get along 相处
at least 至少
at most 至多
a thank-you note 感谢信
forget → forgot → forgotten 动词 forget 的原形、过去式和过去分词
little → less → least 形容词 little 的原级、比较级和最高级
many/much → more → most 形容词 many/much 的原级、比较级和最高级
更多语法知识点请参见书后附录的 Grammar (语法) 章节。
I. 初中八年级英语所有语法
现在完成时
1.构成
现在完成时是由助动词 have(has)+动词的过去分词构成。助动词说明该谓语是属于现在时范围。它和主语的人称、数要保持一致。过去分词是主要的谓语动词，说明句子的意义。
2.用法
（1）表示动作发生在过去某个不确定的时间，但对现在留下了某种影响和结果。常被just, already, yet 等副词修饰。常与非延续性动词连用。 如：
-Have you had lunch yet? -Yes, I have. I've just had it. 你（已经）吃午饭了吗？ 我刚刚吃过。（现在我不饿了）
（2）表示从过去某一时刻开始一直持续到现在的动作或状态。这个动作可能刚停止，可能仍然在进行。常用延续性动词，常带有for和since（自从）等表示一段时间的状语。
如：He has taught here since 1981. 他自1981年就在这儿教书。（可能还要继续教）
I haven't seen her for four years. 我有四年没见到她了。
(3）表示说话前发生过一次或多次的动作，现在成为一种经验，一般译为汉语“过”，常带有twice, ever, never, three times等时间状语。
如： I have been to Beijing twice. 我去过北京二次。
3．结构
1）陈述句结构：主语＋have( has)（not）+过去分词＋其它。have not=haven’t has not= hasn’t.
2) 一般疑问句结构：Have( Has )＋主语＋过去分词＋其它？
3) 特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词＋have(has) +主语+ 过去分词＋其它？
e.g. He has already finished his homework.
He hasn’t finished his homework yet.
Has he finished his homework yet? --Yes, he has. / No, he hasn’t. / No, not yet.
4.现在完成时的时间状语
1）现在完成时属于现在时范围，故不能和过去的时间状语连用。如: yesterday, last Sunday, in1990, three years ago等。但是，在强调动作产生的后果和影响时，可以和一些表示不确定的时间状语连用。
a. 用副词already和yet。already一般用于肯定句中，yet一般用于否定句和 疑问句中。如：We have already finished our homework.我们已完成作业了。
They haven't finished their homework yet.他们还没有完成作业。
b. 用ever 和never。多用于否定或疑问句中，表示“曾经”或“从未“等。 如：-Have you ever been to the Great Wall?你曾经去过长城吗？
-I have never been to the Great Wall.我从未去过长城。 c. 用表示到说话为止的过去时间状语，如just（刚刚）, before（以前）, up to now（直到现在）/ until now, in the past (few years/ three days 等), so far (迄今为止) recently 等。 例如：I have seen her before, but I can not remember where. 我以前见过她，但记不起在哪里见过。
He has been there three times the last few days. 近几年他去过那里三次了。 d.用包括“现在”在内的时间状语，如：today, this morning (month ,year, term等.例如：-Have you met him today? - No, I haven't. 今天你见过他吗？我没有。
How many times have you been there this year? 今年你去过那里多少次？
2） 现在完成时可以和带有since或for等表示“一段时间”的状语连用,表示动作或状态从某一时刻开始，一直持续到现在。如：I haven't seen him for two years. 但是，像come, arrive, buy等终止性动词不能与表示“一段时间”的状语连用。要用，必须改为“be（在）”等延续性动词来表述。现归纳总结一下由非延续性动词到延续性动词的转换：
arrive → be here begin (start) → be on die →be dead come back → be back leave → be away fall ill (sick, asleep) → be ill (sick, asleep) go out →be out finish →be over put on →wear 或be on get up →be up join →be in / be a member of… open → be open close →be closed go to school→ be a student borrow →keep buy →have catch(a cold)→ have(a cold) get to know →know begin to study → study come to work→ work
如：He has been a soldier for three years.他参军三年了。或He has been in the army for there years. 不可以说He has joined the army for there years.
His father has been dead for two years.他父亲去世二年了。（不可以说has died）
The film has been on for ten minutes.电影已开始十分钟了。（不可以说has begun）
We have studied English for three years. （不可以说have begun） 我们（开始）学英语已三年了。
5. 现在完成时和一般过去时的区别
现在完成时和一般过去时都表示在过去完成的动作。但现在完成时强调的是这一动作与现在的关系。如对现在产生的结果或影响等，而一般过去时只表示动作在过去某一时刻发生，不表示和现在的关系。试比较：
I have lost my new book. 我把新书丢了。（现在还未找到）
I lost my new book yesterday. 我昨天把新书丢了。（昨天丢的，现在找到与否没说明）
6.几点注意事项 （1）have been(to)与have gone( to)的区别：have been(to) 表示“去过某地（现在已经回来了）”，可用于各人称；have gone(to) 表示“去某地了（说话时某人不在当地）”，常用于第 三人称，前者可与once ,never, several times等连用，后者则不能。如：They have been to Beijing twice.他们去过北京两次。 He has gone to Beijing . 他去北京了。 （2）“It is或has been + 一段时间+ since引导的时间状语从句”表示“某人干某事已经多长时间了”。since从句的谓语要用非延续性动词 若动词延续，则译成相反的意思。如：It is two years since his father died. =His father has been dead for two years.他父亲去世已有三年了。 It is two years since his father lived here. 他爸爸不住这儿已有三年了。 （3）终止性动词现在完成时的否定式，已变成一种可以延续的状态，因此可以和表示一段时间的状语连用。如：I haven't left here since 1997.自从1997年以来，我一直没有离开过这儿。 （4）.提问for短语或since状语用how long。
(5).完成时的否定形式与比较级连用表达最高级含义。如：
I have never seen a better film.我从未看过一部更好的电影。（这部最好）
注：否定式与比较级连用表示最高级含义不一定用于完成时态。如：
--- What about going fishing? --- I can’t agree more.(我再同意不过了哦)
.语法—直接引语变间接引语（多数情况下变为宾语 从句）
(1). 直接引语如果是陈述句，变为间接引语时，用连词that 引导（口语中可以省略引导词）宾语从句。把下列句子变为间接引语或直接引语：
a. “I’ll visit my aunt tomorrow.” Lily said. ____________________________.
b. Our teacher often say to us,” It’s important to finish your homework.”
_______________________________________________________
c. They said they would meet at 9:00 p.m. that night.
“_______________________________________.”they said.
d. Lana said that she wasn’t mad at Marcia anymore.
Lana said’”_______________________________.”
(2). 直接引语如果是一般疑问句，变为间接引语时，变为由连词if 或whether引导的宾语从句。把下列句子变为间接引语或直接引语：
a. “Will you have a surprise party for me?” he asked me.
_______________________________________________
b. She asked Tom,” Can you help me?” ___________________________ c. He asked me if I knew who killed the cat.
He asked ，”__________________________________?”
(3). 直接引语如果是特殊疑问句，变为间接引语时，疑问词不变，宾语从句用陈述语序。把下列句子变为间接引语或直接引语：
a. The teacher asked,” Why are all the windows open?”
______________________________________________.
b. “When will you find out the time?” she asked me.
______________________________________________.
c. “What’s the matter with you, Alice?” he asked.
_____________________________________
d. They asked me where my friends were.
____________________________________________
(4).直接引语如果是肯定型祈使句，变为间接引语时，谓语变为tell sb. to do 或ask sb. to do 等句式。把下列句子变为间接引语或直接引语：
a. “Make sure the door is closed，” she said to her little son.
____________________________________________________.
b. “Tell me the news, please.” Li Hui said to me.
____________________________________________________.
c. He asked me to take care of his pet dog.
“_______________________________，” he said to me.
(5).直接引语如果是否定型祈使句，变为间接引语时，谓语变为tell sb.not to do 或ask sb. not to do等。把下列句子变为间接引语或直接引语：a. “Don’t smoke in the room,” he said to me.
________________________________________________.
b. “Don’t shout at the old man,” I said to him.________________________
c. Our teacher told us not to talk in class.
“____________________________, “ our teacher said to us.
d. My mother told me ___ others when they are in trouble.
A. not to laugh at B. don’t laugh at C. not laugh at D. never laugh at
2. if 条件句 在一般将来时的句子里（指主句），时间状语从句、条件状语从句等的谓语动词用一般现在时代替将来时。当主句含有情态动词或主句为祈使句时，从句也用一般现在时。如：You must pay for it if you lose it.
附加疑问句
附加疑问句由“陈述句 + 附加疑问句”两部分构成。一般有两种形式：前肯后否或前否后肯。对附加疑问部分应注意以下几点： 1）主语只能用人称代词；2）附加疑问句的not必须与（be /助/情）缩写；3）附加疑问句的时态必须与陈述部分的时态一致。
Tom is a worker, isn’t Tom? (改错) _______ You can swim, can not you? ( 改错) ______
特别注意以下几种反意疑问句
1.陈述部分含否定意味的词如few,little,never,nothing,nobody,no,hardly,none,seldom等时，附加疑问句应使用肯定形式；但如果陈述句部分含有un-, in-, im-, dis-等否定前缀构成的派生词时，该陈述句部分仍做肯定处理，疑问部分用否定形式。
He hardly speaks English, does he? They are unhappy, aren’t they?
2. this/that作主语时，无论是否指人，疑问部分用it；these/those用they。
This is your brother, isn’t it? Those are books,_______________?
3.陈述部分的主语如果是one, 疑问部分主语用one或he。One can’t be always young, can one/ he?
4.陈述部分的主语是everything, something, nothing, anything时，附加疑问句的主语应用it；陈述部分的主语是everybody, somebody, nobody, everyone, no one时，附加疑问句的主语应用they或he。
Everything is ready, ___________? Everyone is here, ____________?
5.陈述部分是祈使句时，附加疑问句一般用：will you? 但注意：
Let’s…（包括听者在内）, 附加疑问句一般用shall we? Let us/him/me …（不包括听者在内）， 附加疑问句一般用will you? Let’s go for a walk, shall we? Let him come in, will you?
6.陈述部分是there be结构时，应用be there?结构来完成。 There’s little water, _________？
7..陈述部分含that引导的宾语从句时，疑问部分通常与主句一致。但当主句陈述部分是”I / We think (believe, suppose) +宾语从句”时，附加问句应与从句一致。I’m sure + 宾语从句也是如此
1).She said I did it, _________? 2)We don’t think you are right，________?
3) I’m sure you’ll help me, ____________?
8.如果陈述部分是I am… , 附加疑问部分为aren’t I? I am older than you, __________?
9.陈述部分含had better, would like时， 疑问部分分别用hadn’t…?和wouldn’t…? You’d better go out , _______________? You’d like to go there, ____________________?
10.陈述部分是感叹句，附加问句的人称代词应与主语一致，疑问部分用否定形式。 What a kind girl, isn’t she? What a fine day, ___________?
11.the+形容词表示一类人，其附加疑问句主语用复数代词。 The poor had no right to speak at that time, did they?
12. 由neither…nor，either… or ， not only…but also ， both…and ， not…but，…or…， …and…等连接的并列主语，附加疑问部分用复数。
Neither you nor I am wrong, are we? Both Jack and Tom went there, didn’t they?
13.当陈述部分含有have to时，附加疑问部分的助动词应根据have 的变化，分别用don’t， doesn’t， didn’t。 He has to take your advice, doesn’t he?
14.当陈述部分的主语是从句、不定式、动名词或词组时，附加疑问部分的主语通常用it。 What he said at the meeting is very important, isn’t it? Swimming in rivers is a good sport, _____________?
15.当陈述部分含有wish时，附加疑问部分的助动词用may。I wish to use your computer, may I?
16. 当陈述部分的谓语是“used to+动词原形（过去常常干某事）”时，疑问部分用“didn’t+主语”或“usedn’t +主语”。 He used to live in London, didn’t he? / usedn’t he?