Ⅰ 初三英语上册语法
定语从句由关系代词who、whom、whose、which、what、as和关系副词where、when、why等引导，但须记住：
1.what不能引导定语从句.
2.关系词的分析须考虑它在定语从句中的成分。
一.指人的关系代词有who、whose、whom、that. 试分析：
The old man who/whom /that we visited yesterday is a famous artist.
Miss Wang is taking care of the child whose parents have gone to Beijing .
The man with whom my father shook hands just now is our headmaster. （=The man who/whom that my father shook hands with just now is our headmaster.）注：
A． 指人时有时只用who不宜用that。
1．先行词为one、ones或anyone
（1）The comrade I want to learn from is the one who studies hard and works hard.
（2）Anyone who breaks the law should be punished.
2．先行词为these时
These who are going to Beijing are the best students of our school.
3．在there be 开头的句子中
There is a student who wants to see you.
4．一个句子中带有两个定语从句，其中一个定语从句的关系代词是that，另一个宜用who，以免重复。
The student that won the first prize is the monitor who works hards.
5．在非限制性定语从句中
A。I met a friend of mine in the street, who had just come from Japan.
B．主句以who开头的句子中,只用that,不用who。
二．指物的关系代词有which、whose(=of which)、that. 试分析：
1. I like the books which / that were written by Lu Xun.
2. The desks (which/that) we made last year were very good.
3. This is the house in which we lived last year. (= This is the house which /that we lived in last year.)
4. I live in the room whose windows face south. (= I live in the room ,the windows of which face south.)
注：
A. 介词如果位于作为其宾语的关系代词之前时，只能用whom、 which不能用who或that.
(1). The girl about whom they were talking is our monitor.
(2). The book in which there are many interesting things was written by Li Ming.
B. 部分短语动词中的介词不可与动词拆开，在定语从句中其介词不可前置，只能放在其动词之后。
Is this the book which she is looking for?
The old man who/whom they are waiting for is Professor Li.
The child who/whom she is looking after is Wang Ping’s son.
C． 指物时，下列情况下只能用that ，不宜用which。
（1）先行词为不定代词，如All、much、anything、everything、nothing、something、none、the one等。
We are willing to do anything that is good to the people.
I have told them all (that) I know.
All that can be done has been done.
（2）先行词是序数词或被序数词、修饰时。
The first book that I read last night was an English novel.
（3）先行词是形容词最高级或被最高级修饰时。
This is one of the most interesting films that I have ever seen.
This is the best that can be done now.
（4）如果有两个或两个以上分别表示人和物的先行词时(先行词既有人又有物)，定语从句的关系代词用which和who都不合适，只能用that。
We know nothing about the doctors and the hospitals that you are talking about.
There are sheep and men that can be seen on the hill.
（5）如果先行词被the only、the very、the last、the same、any、 few 、little、no、 all 、one of、 just修饰时。
This is the only book that can be lent to you.
（6）当主句是以which开头的特殊问句时，关系代词只用that。
Which is the dictionary that he used yesterday ?
D．只物时，下列情况下只能用which，不宜用that。
（1）关系代词放在介词之后
This is the factory in which we once worked.
（2）非限制性定语从句中
This is the book, which is written by Lu Xun.
（3）that，Those作主语时
Those which are on the desk are English books.
E．先行词前有such、the same、 as时, 关系代词用as，不用that, 但the same…as…表示同样的, the same…that…表示同一的
He knows as many people as are present at the meeting.
Such people as you refer to are rare nowadays.
三．比较When/which、where /which、why.
which I still never forget.
This is the day when I joined the party.
which he spent reading the books.
where I found the book.
which makes machines.
This is the place which we once visited.
which I will never forget.
which I am looking for.
限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别：
限制性定语从句
非限制性定语从句
All the students who study hard have passed.学习努力的学生都考试及格了。(只有努力的及格了，不努力的没及格。) All the students ,who study hard have passed.所有的学生都及格了，他们学习努力。（没有人不及格，这些学生都很努力。）
从句是先行词不可缺少的定语（如去掉，主句意思就不完整或不正确。） 从句是对先行词的附加说明（如去掉，主句意思仍清楚，不受影响。） 与主句关系密切，不用逗号 与主句关系不十分密切，用逗号与主句隔开译为汉语时，从句译在先行词前，与先行词用“的”连接 译为汉语时，从句放在主句后面关系代词that可以代替who、whom(指人)、which(指物) 关系代词不用that,只用who、whom(指人)、which(指物) 关系代词代替宾语时可以省略 关系代词不能省略关系代词as和which
先研究下面两个例句：
○1.This elephant is like a snake, as /which everybody can see. =As everybody can see, this elephant is like a snake. 任何人都看得出来，这头象像条蛇。
○2.Tom didn’t pass the physics exam, which made his parents very angry. Tom物理考试不及格，这使得他父亲很生气。
这两个例句中，as和which所代表的都是整个主句所表示的内容。但有两点不同之处：
1． 在形式上as引导的非限制性定语从句可位于主句的后面，也可位于主句的前面；而which引导的非限制性定语从句只能位于主句的后面，不能位于主句的前面。
2． 在意义上，as引导的定语从句和主句的关系一般为一致关系，常译为“正如……”，“就像……”，而which引导的定语从句和主句的关系是因果关系，或which引导的定语从句是对主句的评论。因此，在意思通顺的情况下，which可代替as，而as许多时候不能代替which，如句○2。再如：
1．He was late again, as / which we had expected. =As we had expected, he was late again. 正如我们所料，他又迟到了。/他又迟到了这是我们早就料到的。
2． The street hasn’t been cleared for weeks, which makes it very dirty. 街道好多星期没有打扫了，因此整条街很脏。（不用as）
3．The young man cheated his friend of much money, which was disgraceful. 那年轻人诈骗了他朋友许多钱财，这是不光彩的。（不 用as）
4．He takes exercise everyday, which has done a lot of good to his health. 他每天运动，这对他的身体很有好处。（不用as）
5．As has already been pointed out, English is rather difficult for a foreigner. 正如已经指出的那样，英语对于初学者说，是相当难学的。在such…as…、the same…as…、 as…、 as many…/much as…等结构中,as不能用which代替。如：
1.Such books as this are too difficult for beginners. 这样的书对于初学的人来说是太难了。
=Books such as this are …
=Books like this are …
2.I live in the same building as he (does). 我和他住再同一座大楼里。
3.He knows as many people as are present at the meeting. 他认识所有到会的人。
4.That day we all got up early as usual. 那天我们和平时一样，都起得很早。
“One of the +复数名词”后面定语从句中谓语单复数情况
这一结构后面的定语从句的谓语动词通常用复数形式，跟定语从句所靠近的那个复数名词在数上保持一致。如：
1． That is one of the books that are required for study at school.
2． This is one of the most wonderful novels that have been published since 1990.
3． She is one of the few persons who know Spanish .
4． This is one of the most famous plays that were written in the thirties,
如果one of +复数名词这一结构前面带有the only、the very之类的限定语，后面定语从句的谓语动词则要用单数形式，这是因为定语从句在意义上修饰的是而不是那个复数名词。如：
1.He is the only one of the teachers who knows French in our school.( 修饰the only one)
He is one of the teachers who know French in our school.( 修饰the teachers)
2.This is the only one of the rooms that is free now. (修饰the only one)
This is one of the rooms that are free now. (修饰rooms)
as与which引导的定语从句
两者均可引导非限制性定语从句，有时可以互换，但下列情况多用as。
1. 关系代词引导的定语从句居句首时。 As we all know, the earth is round.
2. 当与such或the same连用时，一般用as。 Such books as you tell me are interesting. I have the same plan as you.
3. 当从句和主句语义一致时，用as，反之则用which。 She has married again, as was expected. She has married again, which was unexpected.
4. as在从句中作主语时，后面常接行为动词的被动语态，如be known，be said，be reported等，如从句中行为动词是主动语态，一般要用which作主语。
She has been late again, as was expected.
Tom has made great progress, which made us happy.
英语被动语态
一、概述
英语中有两种语态，主动和被动。
例如：Many people speak English. 谓语：speak的动作是由主语many people来执行的。 被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者，即行为动作的对象。例如：English is spoken by many people.主语English是动词speak的承受者。 所谓主动句就是由主动态动词(词组)作谓语动词的句子，而被动句则是由被动态动词(词组)作谓语动词的句子。 例如：He opened the door.他开了门。(主动句) The door was opened.门被开了。(被动句)
二、被动语态的构成
被动语态由“助动词be＋及物动词的过去分词”构成。人称、数和时态的变化是通过be的变化表现出来的。现以teach为例说明被动语态在各种时态中的构成。
一般现在时：am／is／are＋taught
一般过去时：was／were＋taught
一般将来时：will／shall(be going to) be＋taught
现在进行时：am／is／are being＋taught
过去进行时：was/were being＋taught
现在完成时：have／has been＋taught
过去完成时：had been +taught
过去将来时：would(was/were going to) be+taught
三、被动语态的用法
(1)不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁。 例如： Some more interesting novels were stolen last year. 一些新小说去年被写了。(没说小说是谁写的) This book was published in 1981.这本书出版于1981年。
(2)强调动作的承受者，而不强调动作的执行者。 例如：the window was broken by Mike.窗户是迈克打破的。 This book was written by him.这本书是他写的。 Eight hours per day for sleep must be guaranteed.每天8小时睡眠必须得到保证。
四、主动语态变被动语态的方法
(1)把主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语。
(2)把谓语变成被动结构(be＋过去分词) (根据被动语态句子里的主语的人称和数，以及原来主动语态句子中动词的时态来决定be的形式)。
(3)把主动语态中的主语放在介词by之后作宾语，将主格改为宾格。例如： All the people laughed at him. He was laughed at by all people. They make the bikes in the factory. The bikes are made
Ⅱ 初三上学期的英语语法有哪些
英语语法以及基础也就是在初中这个阶段就打好基础，如果这个阶段出错，以后很难有所提高版。老师上课时权笔记要认真做，不仅要做，还要把它记在脑海里，通过练习可以得到巩固。初中语法没什么太深的内容，你想想英语语法无非分成时态和语态，如果你基础好就不必花冤枉钱买那么多语法书啃，课堂45分钟十分重要。
Ⅲ 谁有英语初三上册的语法知识点啊
你要的内容如下：
Unit 1 Topic1
1 it’s + adj +to do sth. 做、、、是…样的
2 come back from 从、、、回来
3 take place 发生
4 more and more 越来越多
5 have been to 去过、、、
6 have gone to 去了、、、
7 take photos 照相
8 take part in 参加
9 have no time to do没时间做、、、
10 in detail 详细的
11 in order to 为了
12 afford 负担得起support支持
13 get a good ecation 受好教育
14 see …oneself亲眼所见
15 have a chance to do 16有机会做、、、
16 Keep in touch with保持联系
17 far away 远离
18 reform and opening-up改革开放
19 not only …but also 不但而且
20 make rapid progress取得巨大进步
21 prefer A to B更喜欢A
22 现在完成时结构：
肯：S+ have\has +动分
否：S+ have\has + not +动分
疑：Have\has+S+动分
答：Yes, S+ have\has
No, S+ haven’t\hasn’t
Unit 1Topic2
1 get lost；走失，迷路
2 so do I .我也如此
否：neither +be\do\情态动词+主语
so +主语+ be\助动词\情态动词
（表达两者对同一事物的看法） A 如此，A的确如此
3 it seems that+从句
4 population 人口，居民 常用large或small来修饰
5 happen 碰巧发生, 指偶
6 take the place of代替、、、的位置
7because 因为，连接从句
because of +n.\v-ing 短语
8 be strict with sb 对某人要求严格
be strict in（ doing ）sth 对做某事要求严格
9increase by 表示：增加了、、、
10increase to+具体的增长后的数字
11 反义疑问句:前肯后否，前否后肯
12 carry out 实行，进行，执行
13 What’s the population of...?
=What’ the number of the people in ...?
14one child policy 独生子女政策
15developing country发展中国家
16 developed country 发达国家
17数字的读法来试着总结一下：
1）三个数字为一组
2) 百位和十位之间用and连接（如果没有十位，百位和各位之间也用and连）
2）thousand （三位数前）million（六位数前）billion（九位数前）
18cause;引起，导致=bring about
19分数：母序子基，
分子大于1，分母加s
四分之一亦作： a quarter
二分之一亦作： a half
20be short of 缺乏
21be short for 是、、、的缩写
22be known as =be famous as作为、、、而闻名
23be famous for因为、、、而闻名
be famous in在、、方面而闻名
24work well in doing sth.做的好
25take measures to do sth. 采取措施做某事
26 offer to do sth. 主动提出要做某事
offer sb sth 给某人提供某物
27prefer: 更喜欢
1）prefer A to B 和A比较更喜欢B
2) prefer doing sth. 更喜欢做某
3）prefer to do rather than do sth.宁愿而不
28 called =named= with the name of 叫做
29 unless 除非，如果不= if not
30 a couple of 一对，一双，夫妇
31 a place of interest一处名胜
32现在完成时态二：
1现在完成时不能和明确的表示过去的时间状语联用，如：yesterday, last week, in 1999等，它们适用与一般过去时。
2）常与不明确的过去时间状语联用：already, yet, just, before, ever, lately, once等。
Unit 1Topic3
1how do you like...?
= what do you think of ...?
2get used to (doing) sth.
习惯于做某事
3 used to do sth.过去总是做某事
4 be used to do sth 被用作、、、
5 since and for
since:1）since+过去某一时间点或句子如具体的年、月、日期、钟点、1980, last month, half past six)。
2) since +一段时间+ ago
3) since +从句
for+一段时间
6 is called 被称为
7 success n.
successful adj.
successfully adv.
succeed v. 成功
succeed in doing sth.成功做事
收藏 分享
Unit 2Topic1
1 be harmful to sb.\sth.对某人物有害
2 there be +sth\sb doing sth 有某人或某物正在做某事
3 pour...into ..把、、、倒入、、、
4 a waste of time 浪费时间
5 influence v. 对、、、有影响
6 hold one’s breath. 摒住呼吸
7 take a deep breath深呼吸
8 in a bad mood坏心情
9 in a good mood 好心情
10 can’t stand sth\doing sth.
不能容忍（做）某事
11 hope +从句
wish sb to do sth
hope to do sth
12take drugs 吸毒
表示服药都用 take 或have ,不用eat.
13so that 结果状语从句
14 not all .部分否定“不是所有的、、
15 quite a few 许多大量
16 it is reported \it is said 据报道\据说
17 no better than 和、几乎一样坏
18 do (great) harm to 对、、、有害
19 have an (no) effect on sth.
对某事有（没）影响
20 many kinds of许多种
21 be bad for 对、、、有害
22 greener people 环保者
23 high blood pressure 高血压
24直接引语变间接引语
1）若直接引语引号里的内容是陈述句，那么改为间接时，要用连词 (that)
2）一般疑问句要用连词 if/whether (不可以省略) 去掉引号加if（或whether）， 陈述语序要记住。 时态、人称和状语， 小心变化别马虎。
3）特殊疑问句要用连词 wh- 即特殊疑问词本身（不可省）直接去引号， 陈述莫忘掉。 助动do（does）、did， 一定要去掉。
时态：直接引语变间接引语时态对应转换表
直接引语时态 间接引语时态
一般现在时→ 一般过去时
一般将来时→ 过去将来时
现在进行时→ 过去进行时
一般过去时→ 过去完成时
现在完成时→ 过去完成时
过去完成时→ 过去完成时
Unit 2Topic2
1 as a result 结果
2 something useful有用的东西
3 none of 一个也没有
4 here and there 到处
5 care for=take care of 照顾
6 change into变成
7 stop\prevent…from doing阻止
8 cut down砍倒
9 human beings人类
10 millions of数百万的
11 take away拿走
12 the level of 、、的水平
13 refer to 涉及到
14 take up占据
15 deal with处理
16 不定代词：
some\any\no\every+
thing\one\body\where
(谓三，定后)
Unit 2Topic3
1 work for 为、、、工作
2 it’s \was +|adj+of\for sb to do sth.
3 be supposed to do sth 应该
4并列连词
and 表示并列or 表示选择，否则
while 表示对比 but表示转折
5 ought to 情态动词+动原
6 on time 按时，准时
7 make sure of 弄清楚、、
8 make sure +从句
9 in time ，及时
10 on time 按时
11 nuclear energy 原子核能源
12 one of + 名词复数（谓三）
13 biogas technology 生物气技术
14 rennewable energy可再生资源
15 1990s 20世纪90年代
16 the best-known最著名的
17 how often 多长时间一次（频率）
18 how long 多长时间（回答时间短）
19 how soon 多久（多用将来时回答）
20 how far 多远（距离）
Unit3Topic1
1 stick to 坚持坚守+名词
2 stick to+ving 坚持做某事
3一般现在时被动语态:
S+is/am/are+及物动词过去分词
4 one day 将来有一天、过去的一天
5 some day 只表示将来有一天
6 can’t wait to do sth. 迫不及待7 have a （good） chance to do sth 有（好）机会做某事
8 have no chance to do sth.
没机会做某事
9 throughout the world 全世界
10 try\do one’s best to do竭尽所能做某事
11 from now on 从现在开始
12 pleased with 对、、、满意
13 on business 出差
14 be similar to 和、、、相似
15 be the same as 和、、、一样
16 It’s possible that+ 从句
17 have (no) trouble \difficulty （in） doing sth.
做某事（没）有麻烦
18 be in trouble 处于不幸苦恼
19 if necessary如果有必要
20 translate...into...翻译
21 ask sb for help 向某人求助
22 study n.研究书房 v 学习
23 show sb the way to指路
24 show sb +疑问词+ to do
25a number of 许多+复数名词
26 the number of…、、、的总数(谓三)
27 regard …as…把、、、看作、、、=consider…as…
28含有情态动词的被动语态，
结构：情态动词can,may,should等+be+及物动词的过去分词
否定：应在情态动词后面加not；
疑问：应将情态动词移到句首
29 in the nineteenth century. 表示世纪in the +序数词+century
30 take the leading position
处于领先地位
Unit3Topic2
1 follow the doctor’s advice
遵医嘱
2 say hello to sb 向某人问好
3 different adj. difference n. differently adv.
4 be different from
5 English-speaking countries
讲英语的国家
6 spoken English 英语口语
7用现在进行时态表将来，有意图打 算安排的含义，比较生动，所常用的动词有：(come go start leave arrive ...)
8 depend on 视、、、而定，取决于、、、
9 make +宾语+过去分词：
make myself understood
使、、、怎么样 表示被动的含义
10人做主语 need to do
11物做主语need doing
=need to be done
12 What do you mean?
= what’s your meaning?
13see sb off =send sb off 送别
14the way to去、、的路
15with his thumb rais手指向上
16reach get to arrive at（小\in 大）到达
17clam down 冷静
18 send sb sth=send sth to sb
给某人寄，发送、、、
19 in twenty minutes 20分钟后 in+时间段 用于将来时
20 Are you kidding?
21 be worried about sth\sb
对、、、担心
22 generally speaking 一般来说，
23 as for sb\sth 至于某人某物
24 frist floor 一楼
second floor 二楼 （美式英语）
ground floor 一楼
first floor 二楼
second floor 三楼（英式英语）
25though =although=even though
虽然，尽管
26 be close to 靠近
27 ask for a ride 搭乘
28 give sb a ride 捎某人一段路
29 come about 发生
30 be forced to do sth 被迫做、、、
31 in the beginning 最初，起初
32German 德语，德国人
Germany 德国
变复数：中日不变英法变，
其他S在后面German--Germans 33 write to sb 给某人写信
34 in the past +时间段 ，在过去的、、、，通常用于现在完成时
35 I’m going. 我要走了
（现在进行时除表现在外，还可以表示将来。现在进行时表将来时常有“意图”“安排”或“打算”的含义。这种现在进行时比较生动，给人一种期待感）
Unit3Topic3
1 have long conversations with 与、、、常谈
2 work hard at...在、、、努力
3 oral English=spoken English
口语
4 in public
5 sleepy adj 困的，欲睡的；
asleep adj. 熟睡的，睡着的；sleepless adj失眠的
sleep v.n 睡；
sleeper n.睡的很沉的人.
6 be afraid of doing（自己也无法左右的突发事情）
be afraid to do
7 it seems that +从句
= sb \sth seems to do 似乎好像
8 I don’t know what to do.
疑问词+动词不定式做宾语
9 at times 有时
10 feel like+n.\pron.\ doing sth =would like +n\pron\to do sth. 喜欢，想要
11 give up doing sth. 放弃做某事
12 keep a diary 记日记 （有习惯） write a diary 写一篇日记
13 I beg your pardon. 对不起，请原谅
14 give sb some advice(n.) on \about...给某人一些有关、、、的建议
15 do lots of listening practice
做大量听力训练
16 breathe v. breath
17 wonder v.想知道=want to know
18 the best time to do sth.
做某事最好的时间
19 advise(v.) sb to do sth.
建议某人做某事
20 hold （have）a class meeting
开班会
21 in one’s opinion 依某人的看法
22 It’s an honor to do sth.
做某事感到荣幸
23 Good job! = Well done!
24 remember to do \doing
(forget to do\doing)
25 as long as 只要=only if
26 agree with sb同意某人的意见
27 agree to do sth同意做某事
28 agree on sth 同意某事
29 belive in sb 信任某人
belive sb 相信某人
30 not always 未必，不一定
31 last but not least 最后但同样重要
32 keep （on） doing sth.
一直不断地做某事
33 keep sb doing th
让某人一直做某事
34 总结：wh-+ to do
wh-指when where what which who whom 及how ,他们和动词不定式联用, 即为wh-+to do 结构，在句中常用作主语表语或宾语
Unit4Topic1
1the legend about 有关、、、的传说
2 be known to 被、、、知道了
3 dream of doing sth 梦想做、、
后也可直接+n.\pron. 梦见、、、
4make great progress in (doing)sth 在某方面取得巨大进步
5 achieve one’s dream 实现，成就某人的梦想
6 speed n.速度 at a high speed 高速 7 at a speed of 以、、、的速度
8 in every direction 向四面八方
9 introction n. 介绍
introce v.介绍，引进
10 introce...to sb把、、、介绍给、、、、
11 expect sb to do sth
期望某人做某事
12 a kind of all kinds of
many different kinds of
13 others 泛指其他的 the others
特指其他的，后不接名词
other 泛指其他的 the other特指其他的 后可加名词
other+名词=others
the other+名词=the others
14究竟，到底
15 add ...to...加，增加
16 on earth 在地球上
17 there is no doubt 毫无疑问
18 place and cancel orders
下订单和取消订单
19 come into being
出现， 产生，开始存在
20 instead of 代替，而不是
21 for instance =for example 例如
such as 常指列举同类事物
22 one’s own 某人自己的
23 follow sb to do sth
跟着某人去做某事
24 type （it） in 把它输入
25 conect ...to \with
把、、、和、、、连接
26 turn on 打开 turn off 关闭
turn up大声 turn down 小声
（各种开关）
Unit4Topic2
1 be allowed to do sth.
被允许做某事
2 allow sb to do sth.
允许某人做某事
3 too much 太多，即可修饰不可数名词也可修饰动词名前动后
4 much too放在形容词和副词之前，太、、、 much too long 太长
much too fast太快
5 show sth to sb = show sb sth
把某物给某人看
6 show sb around 带领某人参观
7 be made of 看得出原材料
8 be made from 看不出原材料
9 be made in 在、、、制造
10 be made by sb 由某人制造
11 be used for 被用来做
12 be used by 被谁所用
13 be used to do 被用来做、、、
14 in people’s daily life
在人们的日常生活
15 it’s said that 据说，听说
16 ring one’s life 某人的一生
17 go this way 这边请
18 was created 被创造
19 DNA脱氧核糖核酸
20 has been used
现在完成时的被动语态
结构：have\has +been+动分
21 no one 用来指认其后不能接of ,用作主语时谓语动词用单三
22 none不仅指认也可指物，其后常接of短语
23 none用来回答how many no one 用来回答who
24 know\say for certain 确切的知道
25 be surprised at \by +名词、代词 为、、、而感到惊讶
26 be surprised to do sth.
为、、、而感到惊讶
27 think for oneself 独立思考
28 think to oneself 自己心里想
29 warn sb to do sth 警告某人做某事
30 Warn sb about\of sth 警告某人某事
31Warn sb against doing sth
=warn sb not to sth
警告某人不做某事
32 no longer 不再=not …any longer
33 treat sb\sth as\like sth.
以、、、的方式对待
34 be meant to do sth.应该做某事特别是应某人的吩咐或根据职责
35 in the …field 在、、、领域
36 make a contribution(s) to
sth.\doing sth.为、、、做贡献
37 in…direction 按、朝、、、的放心
38 work well 奏效，起作用
39总结：一般过去时的被动语态was\were +动词的过去分词
40 work as 从事某种职业
41 work on、upon 从事，忙于
42 the rest 剩余的部分+ of+名词
43 lose one’s way=get lost 迷路
44 work out 计算，算出
Unit4Topic3
1 be able to 的意义等同于can,
但是can 没有将来时和完成时
2 be able to 与can 不能重叠使用
3 What fun! 多么有趣啊！
4 not…until… 直到、、、才、、、
5 think, believe, suppose, imagine, expect 否定前移
6 with one’s own eyes 亲眼所见
7 on the radio 通过收音机
8 discover v.发现invent v.发明
9 find out 找出
1
0 base… on 以、、、为根据
11 decide to do sth. 决定做某事
decide on sth 决定某事
12 name…after… 以、的名字给、、、取名
13 be named after (被动语态)
14 at a distance of 相隔
15 at a distance 在远处
16 two-fifths as strong as
相当于、、、的五分之二强度
17 half as big as 像、、、一半那样大
18 twice as long as 像、、、两倍那样长
19 what’s worse 更糟的是、、、
20 What’s more 更有甚者，而且
21…there has been… 已经有、、、
22 there may be 可能有
23 there will be=there is going to be 将要有
24 alone 单独，独自一个人，不含感情色彩
25 lonely指内心的孤独，地方的荒无人烟，又浓重的感情色彩
26 总结：含有情态动词的被动语态
结构：情态动词+be+动分
否：在情态动词后直接+not
疑：把情态动词提前
参考资料：网络文库
Ⅳ 初三英语语法大全（深圳牛津版）
一般新华书店会有的吧、比较权威
Ⅳ 谁可以帮我归纳初三上学期的英语语法和句型啊。。急！是新课标的版本。。
1、并列句基本概念：
并列复合句是由两个或两个以上并列而又独立的简单句构成。两个简单句常由并列连接词连在一起；但有时不用连接词,只在两个简单句之间用一逗号或分号。
2、常见的并列句：
(1)用来连接两个并列概念的连接词有and,not only…but also…,neither…nor…等,and所连接的前后分句往往表示先后关系、递进关系。前后分句的时态往往保持一致关系,若第一个分句是祈使句,那么第二个分句用将来时。
(2)表示在两者之间选择一个,常用的连接词有or,otherwise,or else,either…or…等,前后分句的时态往往保持一致关系,若第一个分句是祈使句,那么第二个分句用将来时。
(3)表明两个概念彼此有矛盾、相反或者转折,常用的连接词有but,yet,still,however等,前后分句时态一致。
(4)说明原因,用连接词for,前后分句时态一致。
(5)表示结果,用连接词so,前后分句时态一致。
主从复合句
1、概念：
主从复合句由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成。主句为句子的主体,从句只用作句子的一个次要成分,不能独立成为一个句子。从句通常由关联词引导,并由关联词将从句和主句联系在一起。如：While the grandparents love the children, they are strict with them.(爷爷奶奶们很爱孩子,同时对他们也严格要求。)/It seemed as if the meeting would never end.(看起来会议没完没了。)/Hurry up,or(else) you'll be late.(快点,要不然就来不及了。)/However I cook eggs,the child still refuses to eat them.(不管我用什么方法煮鸡蛋,小孩还是不肯吃。)
2、分类：
从句按其在复合句中的作用,分为主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、定语从句和状语从句等。（参见以下各条）
3、各从句在句子中的位置以及用法：
(1)表语从句：在句子中作连系动词的表语的从句,它位于主句中的系动词之后。
例如：That is why he did not come to school yesterday. / It is because you are so clever.
(2)宾语从句：在句子中作及物动词或介词的宾语。
①基本形式：（主句＋）连词+从句主语+从句谓语+...
②关于宾语从句连词的选择：
若从句来源于一个陈述句,那么,连词用that,在口语中that可以省略;
若从句来源于一个一般疑问句,连词则用if或whether;
若从句来源于一个特殊疑问句,则连词就是疑问词(如what,who,where,when等)
例如：They believe that the computer will finally take the place of human beings.(他们相信计算机终将代替人类。)(从句本来就是陈述句) / I wonder whether I should say something for him to the headmaster.(我不知道是不是该为他在校长跟前说点什么。)(从句来源于一般问句 Shall I say something for him to the headmaster?) /He asked me where he could get such medicine.(他问我在哪儿能搞到那样的药。)(从句来源于特殊问句Where can he get such medicine?)
③宾语从句的时态问题：如果主句是现在时,从句则用现在某一时态,甚至可以用过去时；
如主句是过去时,从句则相应地使用过去某一时态,遇到客观真理时仍然用现在时。如：I think I will do better in English this term.(我想本学期我的英语会学得好点。)/The teacher asked the boy if the earth is round.(老师问那个男孩地球是不是圆的。)
④下列结构后面的从句一般也作为宾语从句看待：
Be sorry/afraid/sure/glad+that从句,如：I'm sorry I'm late.(对不起,我迟到了。)/I'm afraid he isn't in at the moment. (恐怕他此刻不在家。)
(3)状语从句：在复合句中作状语,其位置可以在主句前或主句后。状语从句可以分为时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、比较、让步、条件等几种。状语从句由从属连接词引导。
时间状语从句通常由when,as,while,after,before,since,assoonas,since,till(until),while,whenever等引导。时间状语从句一般放在句首或句尾,特别注意,时间状语从句不允许使用将来时,而应该用现在时替代。如：When you finish the work, you may go out to play with Sam.(你完成工作就可以出去和Jim一起玩了。)/I won't leave until Mum comes back.(妈妈回来了我才会走。)
地点状语从句通常由where,wherever等引导。如：Go back where you came from!(哪里来还滚到哪里去！)/I will never forget to catch the thief who stole my necklace wherever he may be.(我永远也不会忘记去抓住那个偷我项链的贼,无论他会在哪里。)
原因状语从句通常由because,since,as等引导,一般放在句首或句尾。如：He went abroad because his father had found a good university for him.(他出国了,因为他父亲给他找了一所好大学。)
目的状语从句通常由sothat...,so...hat...,inorderthat...等引导,往往放在句尾,从句中通常含有can/could/may/might等情态动词。如：He got up earlier so that he could catch the first train.(他起身更早为的是赶上第一班车。)
结果状语从句通常由sothat...,so...that...等引导,放在句尾。结果状语从句一般表示已经发生的事情,故多为过去时态。如：He lost so many bikes that he decided never to buy a new one.(他丢了那么多辆自行车,他决定再也不买新车了。)
比较状语从句通常由as,than,as(so)...as等引导,一般省略从句的谓语部分,只剩下名词或代词(用主格或宾格均可)。如：Jane is much taller than I/me.(Jane比我高多了。)/I don't have as many books as you (do).(我书没有你多)
让步状语从句通常由though(although),as,evenif(eventhough),however,whatever等引导。如：Evenifyoupaythedebt(债务)for me, I will not thank you because it has nothing to do with me.(即使你替我还了债我也不会感谢你,因为它与我毫无关系。)/He wears a T-shirt though it is very cold.(他穿了一件T恤衫,尽管天很冷。)
条件状语从句通常由if,unless,aslongas等引导,条件状语从句一般放在句首或句尾,特别注意,时间状语从句不允许使用将来时,而应该用现在时替代。You will certainly fail in the coming final exams unless you work much harder.(即将来到的期末考试你肯定考不及格,除非你更用功。)/If it doesn't rain tomorrow, we shall go hiking.(如果明天不下雨我们就要去徒步旅行。)
[注意]1、because与so；(al)though与but；if与so不可以同在一个句子中成对出现。
2、时间、条件、原因,让步状语从句放在句首时需要用逗号与主句隔开。
(4)定语从句：在复合句中作定语用修饰句子中某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。
①定语从句的位置：放在名词或代词的后面。如：The man who has an umbrella in his hand is my uncle.(手上抓了一把雨伞的人是我的叔叔。)
②语法术语的改变：被修饰的名词或代词称为先行词；引导定语从句的连接词称为关系词,其中that、which、who称为关系代词,where、when、how称为关系副词。
③关系代词或关系副词的作用：
关系代词who、whom和whose指人,分别在从句中作主语、宾语和定语。which指物that多指物,有时也指人,它们在从句中可以作主语或宾语。定语从句中关系代词作从句宾语时可以省略。This is the thief (that/who/whom) we have been looking for these days.(这个就是我们近日一直在找的小偷。) /Please find a room which is big enough for all of us to live in.(请找一间足够大能住下我们全体的房间。)
关系副词when或where引导定语从句时,它们在从句中分别作时间状语和地点状语。如：This is the room where they had a quarrel a week ago.(这是一个星期前他们吵架的房间。)/I can never forget the day when I first saw you.(我永远不会忘记第一次见到你的日子。)
④限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句在句中不能省略,否则主句意思就不完整。非限制性定语从句和主句之间往往用逗号分开,这种从句是一种附加说明,如果从句子中省去,也不致于影响主句的意思。如：She spent the whole evening talking about her latest book, which none of us had heard of.(她一个晚上都在谈论她最近的书,我们一个人都没有听说过那本书。)
[注解]
1、关系代词只能用that的情况：
当先行词是指事物的不定代词(all,anything等),或先行词部分含有最高级,或含有序数词时,不能用其他的关系代词,只能用that.如：All that Lily told me seems untrue.(Lily告诉我的话似乎不真 实。) /Can you give me anything that has no sugar inside? (能不能给我点里面没有糖的东西？) /This is the first two-story bus that runs in our city.(这是第一辆运行于我市的双层公交车。)
2、关系代词在从句中作主语时一般用who(指人)、that(指物),而不用that指人或用which指物。
如：Do you know the woman who is weeping in the corner?(你认识那个在角落里哭泣的女人吗？)/Do not tell me any words that have nothing to do with me.(跟我无关的话,请一个字也不要说。)
3、关系代词作从句的宾语时,常用which或whom,较少使用that或who,而且,关系代词常常省略。
如：Tom's father was the first parent whom our teacher talked to. (Tom的父亲是我们老师第一个谈话的人。)
4、当关系代词紧跟在介词后面时,必须用which或whom,而当介词移到句尾时,则又可以使用that或who.
如：This is the room in which Miss Lionce lived. (=This is the room Miss Lionce lived in.) (这是李小姐曾经居住过的房间。)
(5)主语从句：在句子中充当句子主语的从句叫主语从句。位于谓语动词之前。通常由that,whether以及疑问连词引导。一般情况下,常用it替代主语从句,而将主语从句移到句尾。如：When we should start is still a question.(我们该在什么时候开始还是个问题呢。)
直接引语和间接引语
1、直接引语和间接引语：在陈述句中,直接引用说话人原来的语句,称为直接引语。在书写时,直接引语用引号。用自己的词语来转述表达原来说话人说的内容,称为间接引语。
2、直接引语改变为间接引语：
1、直接引语如果是陈述句,变为间接引语时应注意以下各点：
①不用引号,而用连接词that,但有时可省略。
②人称作相应变化；
③主句里的动词如果是过去时,间接引语中的时态一般应作相应改变：一般现在时变一般过去时；一般将来时变过去将来时；现在进行时变过去进行时；现在完成时变成过去完成时；一般过去时变成过去完成时；但一般过去时如与一个具体的过去时间连用,则时态不变。
如：He says,