Ⅰ 义务教育课程标准实验教科书七年级上英语语法、句型和短语归纳
Period One(七年级上Units 1-12)
一、大纲要求
词汇
单词
what, name, your, this, pen, that, how, thank, parent, brother, these, those, where, take, under, on, in, have, play, basketball, many, interesting, let, like, tomato, shoes, help, months of the year, guitar, shower, usually, favorite, days of the week
短语
do homework, go to bed, thanks for, get to
句型
重点句型
What’s…name? Where’s…? Do you like…? Can you…? Do you have…?
When do you…?
交际用语
Hello! Hi! Nice to meet you!
二、重点解析
单词：
1. have
have是英语中一个非常重要的动词，它在不同的词组中，具有不同的含义，现将其用法简要归纳如下：
(1) 作“有”讲时，强调“所属关系”，表示“拥有”的意思。其主语常为人或物。eg:
My father has a new computer. 我爸爸有一台新电脑。
I have many story books. 我有许多故事书。
(2) “have + 表示一日三餐的名词”，意为“吃、用餐”。 eg:
I have breakfast at seven every morning. 我每天早上七点钟吃早饭。
(3) “have + 表示食品、饮料等名词”，意为“吃、喝”。eg:
I have some bread for breakfast every day. 我每天早餐吃些面包。
Please have a cup of tea. 请喝杯茶。
(4) “have + 表示动作的名词”，没有固定的意思，常与表示动作的动词同义。eg:
have a rest 休息一下 have a swim 游泳 have a look（at…）（朝……）看一眼
have a drink (of …) 喝一点（……）
(5) “have + 表示某种活动的名词”， 意为“进行、举行”。eg:
have a class 上课 have a birthday party 举行生日聚会
2. start
start 动词，意思是“开始，出发”，可用于start to do sth. 和start doing sth.结构中。eg:
School starts at eight o'clock. 8点钟开始上课。
I start to watch TV. 我开始看电视。
They start singing. 他们开始唱歌。
3. usually
usually, sometimes, always, often 等词在英语中被称为“频度副词”，是用来表示动作或状态的
频率。使用时位置如下：
(1)放在be动词之后。eg:
He is often late for school. 他上学经常迟到。
(2)放在行为动词之前。eg:
She always does her work well. 她总是把工作做得很好。
(3)放在情态动词或助动词之后。eg:
What time do you usually get up?
(4)sometimes 的位置较灵活，可放在句首，也可放在句中，有时还可放在句尾。eg:
Sometimes he goes to school on foot. 有时他步行去上学。
I sometimes go to see my uncle on Saturday. 我有时在星期六去看我的叔叔。
词语辨析：
1. each &every
each 代词，意为“每个”，可作主语、宾语、同位语和定语，强调个体。而every 是形容词，意思为“每，每个”，只能作定语，强调全体或全部。eg:
Each of the girls has a banana. 每个女孩都有一个香蕉。（此句不能用every替换each）
Give the boys two apples each. 给每个男孩两个苹果。（此句不能用every替换each）
Each boy has a sweater. 每个男孩都有一件毛衣。
Every boy has a T-shirt. 每个男孩都有一件T恤衫。
2. look ( look at)& see
两者汉语中的意思相近，都有“看”的意思。但英语中两词的用法截然不同。look表示“看”的过程，并不表明“看到”。而且look是不及物动词，如果表示“看某物（人）”，look后要加介词at；而see指“看到”，表示“结果”。eg:
Look at the blackboard! 看黑板！（look只表示“看”，并不一定“看到”）
What can you see on the blackboard? 你在黑板上能看到什么？
(see表示“看到”，即 “看的结果”)
3. too, also& either
三者都表示“也”，但在使用的时候too 和also一般用于肯定的陈述句和疑问句中,其中too放在句末，前面多用逗号隔开；also放在be动词、助动词或情态动词之后，实义动词之前。either 一般放在否定句的句末。 eg:
I like comedies, too.=I also like comedies. 我也喜欢喜剧。
Ann doesn't like thrillers and I don't like them either. 安不喜欢恐怖片，我也不喜欢。
句型：
1. —What’s your name? 你叫什么名字？
—My name is Jenny. 我叫詹妮。
(1) 询问别人姓名，更委婉礼貌的说法有：My I know your name? Can I have your name?
Will you please tell me your name?
回答姓名可直接说：I’m Jenny.
(2) 动词be变化表
原形
现在式过去式
过去分词
现在分词
be
am/is→was
are→were
been
being
2. What’s this in English? 这个用英语怎么说？
其他几种不同的表达方式：What’s this called in English? What’s the English for this?
Can you say it in English?
[注]in 在该句中为介词，表示“用……方式”。
3. It’s under the bed. 它在床下面。
under prep. 在……之上
(1)under 表示在某物垂直的正下方，两者之间不接触。 eg:
The cat is under the table. 猫在床子底下。
(2)on 表示在某物的上面，但两者可互相接触。 eg:
The book is on the desk. 书在桌子上。
(3)in 表示“在……内部，在……里面”。eg:
They are in the office. 他们在办公室里。
(4)near 表示在某物的附近，意为“接近，靠近” eg:
My house is near a bookstore. 我家在一个书店附近。
(5)behind 表示在某物体的后面。 eg:
Li Ming is behind me. 李明在我后面。
4. Do you like hamburgers? 你喜欢汉堡包吗？
(1) like v. 喜欢
① like sb./sth. eg:
I like the book. 我喜欢这本书。
② like to do sth. 表示目前一时爱好做某事。 eg:
I like to play volleyball. 我想去玩排球。
③ like doing sth. 表示习惯上喜欢做某事。 eg:
I like dancing. 我喜欢跳舞。
(2) like 作介词，表示“像”，与look 或be 连用。 eg:
He looks like his father. 他长得像他爸爸。
She is like an English girl. 她像个英国女孩。
Do it like this. 照这样做。
5. OK, I’ll take it. 好吧，那我把他带走了。
take v. 拿，取
(1) It takes sb. some time to do sth. 干某事花费某人多少时间 eg:
It took him an hour to get there. 他花了一个小时才到那儿。
(2) take out 带出（人），邀请，取出（物） eg:
I’m taking the children out to the movies tonight. 今晚我带孩子们去看电影。
(3) take + a + 名词= have + a + 名词 eg: take a bath / rest / shower /walk
(4) 固定短语: take part in 参加 take place 发生 take care of 照顾
[注] ① take 当 “拿走，带到”讲时，指把东西带到别的地方，即把东西从近处带到远处。eg: Take the books to the classroom. 把这些书拿到教室里去。
② bring也是“拿”的意思，指把东西从别的地方带到说话人所在地或者他指定的地点
即把东西从远处带到近处，意为“拿来”“带来”“取来”。eg:
Please bring some books to my home. 请把这些书带到我家来。
6. Can you dance? 你会跳舞吗？
Can 为情态动词，意思是“能，会，可以”。
(1) 情态动词没有人称和数的变化，即无论主语是第一人称、第二人称还是第三人称，无论是单数还是复数，情态动词都没有变化。
(2) 情态动词后面要跟动词原形。eg:
He can speak French. 他会说法语。
(3) 带情态动词的句子变为疑问句时，将情态动词提前；变否定句时，在情态动词后加not.
eg: We can see an eraser in the pencil box.
→ Can you see an eraser in the pencil box?
→ We can’t see an eraser in the pencil box.
7. Can you help kids with swimming? 你能帮助小孩游泳吗？
(1)help 可作动词，指“帮助，援助”，常指积极地给予实际的精神的或物质的帮助，帮助的人值得信赖。eg:
He helped me to find the train station. 他帮我找到了火车站。
常用的句式有：
① help sb. with sth. 在某一方面帮助某人。eg:
The teacher helps him with his English. 老师帮助他学习英语。
② help sb. (to) do sth. 帮助某人做某事。eg:
I often help my mother (to) do housework. 我常常帮妈妈做家务。
(2) 动词help 还可作 “吃（会餐用语）讲。eg:
Please help yourself to the fruit. 请随意吃水果吧。
(3) can’t help doing sth. 表示“禁不住做某事”；can’t help sb. to do sth. 表示“不能帮助某人做某事”。 eg:
I can’t help myself crying. 我情不自禁地哭起来。
I can’t help him to say sorry. 我不能代替他道歉。
(4) help 可用作名词，指“帮助，救济”。 eg:
I need some help. 我需要一些帮助。
8. I can play the guitar. 我会玩吉他。
(1) play 的宾语为乐器时，意为“演奏“，乐器名词前要加定冠词the. eg:
play the violin (the piano) 拉小提琴（弹钢琴）
(2) play 后面可接表示球类的名词，意为 “打球”或 “踢球”，球类名词前不加任何冠词或其他
限定词，该名词也不用复数形式。eg:
play basketball 打篮球，不能说 play the / a football 或play footballs.
(3) play with 的宾语常为玩的东西。eg:
play with toys (snow; fire …) 玩玩具（雪，火等）
(4) play 还可作名词，意为“剧”。 eg: TV play 电视剧。
9. — Can you draw? 你会画画吗？
— Yes, a little. 是的，会一点。
(1) a little“一点，稍微”，为程度副词，作状语，修饰动词、形容词或副词。eg:
I like her a little. 我有点喜欢她。（修饰动词）
The T-shirt is a little big. 这件T恤衫有点大。（修饰形容词）
(2) a little后加名词，意思是“一些，少许”，表示肯定概念，作定语，修饰不可数名词。 eg:
I can speak a little English. 我会说一点英语。
(3) little后加名词，意思是“几乎没有，很少的”，表示否定概念。eg:
I can speak little Japanese. 我几乎不会说日语。
10. — What time do you usually get up, Rick? 雷克，你经常几点起床？
— I usually get up at five o'clock. 我经常五点起床。
若询问“某人什么时间做某事”，可用“What time do /does＋主语＋动词原形＋……”句型。其中what time是用来对具体时间提问的，可以用when替换。若问时间，一般说“What's the time?”，也可以说“What time is it?”，回答说“It's...”，不能说“The time is...”。eg:
— What time does he usually go to bed? 他通常什么时间睡觉？
— He usually goes to bed at about eleven. 他通常大约11点睡觉。
— What's the time? 几点了？
— It's 11 o'clock. 11点。
[注]what time 与when 都可以表示“什么时候”。前者所表示的时间比较精确，指“几点钟”、“几时几分”；后者表示的时间范围较广，有时也可以指“几点钟”、“几时几分”，用来代替 what time。
语法：
1. 可数名词&不可数名词
不可数名词通常指不能以数目来计算的东西。它一般没有复数形式。前面不能用many, several, a few 等词修饰，但可用some, much, a lot of, a little, any 等词修饰。eg:
There is a little water in the bottle. 瓶子里有点儿水。
可数名词是指能以数目来计算，可以分成个的人或东西。因此它有复数形式，
其构成规则如下：
情况
构成方法
读音
例词
一般情况
加-s
清辅音后读[s]，浊辅音和元音后读[z]
dog-dogs, teacher-teachers
以s, x, ch, sh结尾
加-es
-es读[iz]
bus-buses, box-boxes,
brush-brushes, watch-watches
以ce, se, ze, ge结尾的词
加-s
读[iz]
orange-oranges house-houses
以辅音字母＋y结尾的词
变y为i加-es
-es读[z]
city-cities, baby-babies,
factory-factories
以元音字母＋y结尾的词
加-s
读[z]
boy-boys, toy-toys,
key-keys monkey-monkeys
以f或fe结尾的词
变f或fe为v，再加-es
-ves读[vz]
leaf-leaves, knife-knives,
shelf-shelves, thief-thieves
以辅音字母＋o结尾的词
加-es
-es读[z]
tomato-tomatoes,
potato-potatoes
加-s
-s读[z]
photo-photos, zoo-zoos
radio-radios kilo-kilos
[注]① 以th 结尾的名词变为复数时，mouth-mouths month-months
② 单复数同形的名词 sheep-sheep 绵羊 deer-deer 鹿 Chinese-Chinese 中国人
fish-fish 鱼
(2) 不可数名词不能直接用a (an)或数词来修饰。若要表示它的个体意义时，必须与一个表示量的短语连用。eg:
a piece of news 一条新闻 a cake of soap 一块肥皂
a bottle of ink 一瓶墨水
(3) 如果用代词代替不可数名词，不能用one 来代替。
试比较：
He would like pears. Please give one to him. 他想要吃梨。请给他一个。
(句中的pears 是可数名词复数形式，可用one 代替其单数。)
He would like bread. Please give some to him. 他想吃面包，请递给他一块。
(句中的some 不能用one 来代替。)
2. 冠词的用法
冠词位于名词之前，用来说明所指的人或物。冠词分为不定冠词和定冠词。
(1) 不定冠词a, an
a 和an 是不定冠词的两种形式。a 用在以辅音（指发音不指字母）开头的词前，而 “an” 用在以元音（指发音不指字母）开头的词前。eg: a banana, an apple
① a 和an 表示数量“一”。
② 泛指人或事物的类别。 eg.
A horse is a useful animal. 马是有用的动物。
③ 第一次提到某人或某物。 eg.
There is a new desk in my room. 我房间里有一张新书桌。
④ 用于某些固定短语中。 eg. a few, a little, a lot of.
(2) 定冠词the.
the 是定冠词，它常用于：
① 特指某一个（些）人或事物。 eg.
The book on the desk is Lily’s. 书桌上的那本书是莉莉的。
②谈话双方都知道的人或事物。 eg.
—Where is the kite? 风筝在哪儿？
—It’s on the wall. 在墙上。
③第二次提到的人或物。 eg.
There is a table in the room. On the table there is a map. 房间里有张桌子。桌子上有张地图。
④序数词，最高级的形容词前面。 eg.
Jack is the tallest boy in our class. 杰克是我们班上最高的男孩。
⑤用于某些专有名词之前。 eg.
The United States. 美国
⑥世界上独一无二的事物的名词前面。 eg.
The sun is bigger than the earth. 太阳比地球大。
⑦用在一些习惯用语中。 eg. in the afternoon. 在下午 on the left 在左边
3. 名词所有格
名词所有格表示名词与其后面的名词之间的所有或隶属关系，其功能如同物主代词，意为“某
人的……”或“某物的……”。
英语中的名词所有格有两种形式： “名词＋’s”所有格和of 所有格。
(1)“名词＋’s”所有格
① 单数名词后直接加’s；若单数名词以s结尾，只需要加’。eg:
Jim’s coat 吉姆的外套 Jones’ mother 琼斯的妈妈
② 以s结尾的复数名词，只加' 。 eg:
Teachers’ Day 教师节 the twins’ books 双胞胎的书
③ 不以s 结尾的不规则的名词复数，加’s。 eg:
Children’s Day 儿童节 men’s shoes 男式鞋
④ 表示两者共同拥有时，只在最后一个名词后加’s；表示两者各自拥有时，要在每个名词后加’s。
注意比较：
Lucy and Lily’s mother 露茜和莉莉的妈妈
Lucy’s and Kate’s rooms 露茜和凯特各自的房间
(2) of 所有格：动物和无生命名词的所有格一般使用介词of 短语来表示。eg:
the name of her cat 她的猫的名字 a picture of our school 一张我们学校的图片
有时有生命的东西也用of 所有格，可与“名词＋’s”所有格互换。 eg:
the name of the boy =the boy’s name 这个男孩的名字
额外收获：
① 表示时间、距离、国家、城市等无生命的名词也可以使用“名词＋’s”所有格。eg:
a few years’ time 几年时间 today’s newspaper 今天的报纸
② 有些名词的所有格表示住所、诊所、商店时，常去掉后面被修饰的词。 eg:
to my uncle’s 到我叔叔家
三、巩固练习
1. Han Lei, Jim and I in No.22 Middle School.
A. all are B. am all C. are all D. all （2003. 东北师大附中）
2. Some are flying kites near the river.
A. child B. boy C. children D. childs (2003. 天津)
3. If you don’t mind, pass me apple, please.
A. a B. an C. the D. / （2003. 青岛）
4. The students are listening their teacher very carefully.
A. to B. on C. for D. at （2003. 天津）
5. Ted, the radio is too loud. Please .
A. turn it over B. turn it on C. turn it back D. turn it down （2003. 南京）
6. — does a car cost in China?
—It can cost as little as 50,000 yuan and as much as 300,000 yuan
A. How many B. How price C. How money D. How much （2003. 黄冈）
7. An apple a day is good your health.
A. at B. for C. in D. with （2003. 烟台）
8. —Did you enjoy your stay in Hangzhou?
—Yes, I had wonderful time.
A. a B. an C. the D. / （2003. 杭州）
9. —Who taught English last term? Was _____Mr Smith?
—No, Miss White did.
A. you, it B. you, he C. your, it D. your, that （2003. 山东）
10. Jim’s dog looks a fox. He _____it very much.
A. like, likes B. like, like B. likes, like D. likes, likes （2003. 宁夏）
11. China lies the east of Asia and ____ the north of Australia.
A. to, to B. in, to C. to, in D. in, on （2003. 天津）
12. I’ll tell you news about the sports meeting.
A. many B. some C. a few （2003. 四川）
13. The old woman kept one black dog and two white .
A. one B. ones C. those D. one’s
14. There’ll be evening party in the garden next Friday.
A. a B. the C. / D. an
15. John’s uncle has many friends. Mr Shute is a friend of .
A. John’s uncle B. John uncle’s C. John’s uncle’s D. John uncle
16. Lucy has to do today.
A. many homeworks B. a homework C. much homework D. a piece homework
17. In time, those mountains will be covered with trees, too.
A. few years B. a few years’ C. a few year D. a few year’s
18. The color of my trousers different from_____ of yours.
A. is, one B. is, that C. are, it D. are, this
19. There are a lot of down there but hardly any_____.
A. sheeps, people B. sheep, people C. sheeps, persons D. sheep, peoples
20. 用can / may / must / need 填空。
① He ride a bike now.
② the news be true?
③ I watch TV after supper?
④ May I take the dictionary away? No,, you /Yes, you .
⑤ You come earlier tomorrow.
⑥ Must I clean all the rooms? No, you .
⑦ Need I go? Yes, you . / No, you .
⑧ You have a rest.
Ⅱ 我需要人教版七年级英语下册各单元的所有词组，句型，语法，是我老师要我们收集的，多者得到所有的财富值
句子成分
一 定义
组成句子的各个部分叫句子成分。句子成分在英语的学习过程中有着举足轻重的作用。如果说词汇是砖，那么句子成分就如建筑的框架结构 。掌握好该部分对整个英语的学习起着事半功倍的效果。英语的句子成分包括主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、补语、同位语。
（一） 主语：(subject) 是一个句子的主题( theme)， 是句子句子主要说明的人或事物。它的位置一般在一句之首。可用作主语的有单词、短语、从句乃至句子。
1．名词作主语。
The man is a doctor.
那个男的是医生
2．代词用作主语。
He told a joke but it fell flat.
他说了个笑话，但没有引人发笑
3．数词用作主语。
One is enough.
一个就够了。
4．名词化的形容词用作主语。（常见的名词化的形容词the old ,the young , the rich ,the poor 等，一般情况下它们作主语谓语用复数）。
The old are happy .
老人们很幸福。
5．不定式用作主语。
To see is to believe.
眼见为实。
[特别提醒]：为避免句子头重脚轻，常用it 做形式主语，真正的主语放在句尾。
It is important for us to achieve our dream.
对我们来说 ，实现我们的梦想很重要。
6． 动名词用作主语。
Smoking is bad for you.
吸烟对你有害。
7．从句作主语。
That you are late for class is impolite.
你上课迟到是不礼貌的。
What you said is right .
你说的是对的。
特别提醒:1.that引导主语从句时, that不可省。
2. 在there be 句型中主语位于be之后。
There are 30 boys in the room.
房子里有30个男孩。
(二 )谓语
谓语是说明主语的动作、状态或特征。为方便初学者掌握， 我们按动词的类别来看谓语的组成，一般可分为五类：
1.不及物动词（vi.）作谓语。
The sun rises.
太阳升起来。
This medicine works.
这药有效。
2.及物动词( vt.)作谓语。
We love China.
我们爱中国。
Tom visited the Great Wall last year.
汤母去年参观了长城。
He spent one hour finishing the task.
他花了一小时完成这个任务。
特别提醒:实义动词分为及物和不及物两大类。在词汇表中以vt. ,vi.形式呈现。及物动词后必须跟宾语，不及物动词后则不能。在记忆动词时 ，要用熟悉它们及物与否， 这对以后高中定语从句的学习也很重要。
3.系动词加表语联合作谓语。
He is a boy.
他是个男孩。
I feel happy.
我感幸福。
The food tastes good.
这食物尝起来不错。
注：常见的系表结构有：fall ill, fall asleep , turn red, go bad, go wrong , stay warm, keep quiet,等。一般情况下，系动词后常跟形容词作表语。但be动词不受此限制，具体的表语再述。
4.情态动词加动词原型作谓语。
The little boy can speak English.
这个小男孩能说英语。
5.助动词加动词原型作谓语。
They didn’t solve the problem last night.
他们昨晚没解决这问题。
（ 三）宾语（object）
宾语表示动作行为的对象，跟在及物动词或及物短语之后，不同的动词后面跟不同的宾语 ，主要可分为简单宾语、 双宾语和复合宾语三类。
I.简单宾语：能作简单宾语的有名词、代词、数词、动词不定式、动名词 、从句等。
1.名词作宾语。
I love the world.
我爱这世界。
2.代词作宾语。
She always helps me.
她总是帮我。
3.数词作宾语。
We need five.
我需要五个。
4.动词不定式作宾语。
The girl wants to go shopping.
这女孩想购物。
5.动名词作宾语。
The students enjoy singing.
学生们喜欢唱歌。
6.从句作宾语。
I know (that) you are a good kid.
我知道你是个好孩子。
She told me what I should do.
她告诉我应该做的。
II.双宾语：有些及物动词可以带两个宾语，往往一个指人，一个指物，指人的叫间接宾语 (direct object)，指物的叫直接宾语(indirect object)。
He gave me some ink.
他给了我一点墨水。
They buy us some books.
他们给我们买了一些书。
I teach them English.
我教他们英语
常见带双宾语的动词有：
第一类：give, lend, bring, send, return, pass, write, show, hand, teach等。
第二类：buy, get, fetch, make, sing, draw等。
间接宾语在句中通常位于直接宾语之前，但有时间接宾语也可以位于直接宾语之后，这时间接宾语前面须加介词to，表示动作对谁做的，或加介词for，表示动作为谁做的。一般来说，第一类动词后的间接宾语可以换为由to引起的短语，第二类动词之后的间接宾语可换为由for引起的短语。
He gave some ink to me. 他给了我一点墨水。
Please made a model ship for her. 请给她做一艘模型船。
〔教你巧学巧记〕
巧记带双宾语的动词
带双宾语的及物动词，如果把直接宾语置于间接宾语之前，必须在变换时加“to”或“for”。这11个及物动词可以概括为下边两句话，读起来妙趣横生，效果很好。
“七给”一“带”to不少，
“买”“画”“制作”for来了。
说明：“七给”（give, pass, lend, write, show, send, hand）和“带”（bring）8个及物动词，在直接宾语前置时，必须在后面加上“to”。即：“vt. ＋sth.＋to＋sb.”
“buy”（买），“draw”（画），“make”（制作）三个动词，在直接宾语前置时，则必须在后。
III. 复合宾语：有些及物动词的宾语后面还需要有一个补足语，意思才完整，宾语和它的补足语构成复合宾语。该部分在补语详述。
I find the water in the river very dirty.
我发现河里的水很脏。
[特别提醒] 为避免句子头重脚轻，常用it 做形式宾语，真正的宾语放在句尾。
I find it hard to make ends meet.
我发现我的钱不够花。
（四）表语：表语是谓语的一部分，它位于系动词之后，说明主语身份、特征、属性或状态。在be动词之后可由名词、代词、形容词、副词、不定式、介词短语 、从句等充当。在其他系动词之后主要由形容词充当。
1.名词作表语。
I’m a teacher.
我是个老师。
Jim turned teacher.
Jim became a teacher.
吉姆成了医生
特别提醒:turn跟单数的可数名词不用冠词，become后则必须用。
2.代词作表语。
This car is mine.
这车是我的
3.形容词作表语。
The weather is fine today.
今天天气好。
His face turned red.
他的脸变红了。
4.副词作表语。
Nobody is in
没有人在。
5.不定式作表语。
To protect the earth is to protect ourselves.
保护地球就是保护我们自己。
6.介词短语作表语。
I’m in danger.
我在危险中。
7.从句作表语。
The reason why I was late for class is that I miss the first bus.
我上课迟到的原因是我错过了头班车。
She didn’t studied hard, that’s why she failed to pass the exam.
她不努力学习，那是她为何考试失败的原因。
（五） 定语：在句中修饰名词或代词的成分叫定语。用作定语的主要是形容词、代词、数词、动词不定式、v-ing、过去分词、介词短语、从句等。形容词、代词、数词、名词、单个的v-ing作定语时，通常放在被修饰的词前面。
1.形容词作定语。
The new teacher is easygoing.
这位新老师很随和。
2.人称、指示代词作定语。
My friend will come.
我的朋友会来。
This book is mine.
这本书是我的。
3.名词作定语。
The bike shop is around the corner.
自行车在拐角处。
4.数词作定语。
I need five books.
我需要五本书。
5.动词不定式作定语。
The first one to come is Lily.
第一个来的是李里=利。
6.V-ing、V-ing短语作定语。
The reading room attracts many students everyday.
阅览室每天吸引很多学生。
The dog standing in the rain is barking.
站在雨中的狗正在叫。
7.过去分词及过去分词短语作定语。
The fallen leaves look like little boats dancing in the wind.
落叶看起来像小船在风中飘舞。
The girl named Rose often surfs the Internet.
名叫罗思的女孩常常上网。
8.介词短语作定语。
People in trouble are in great need of help.
困境中的人们很需要帮助。
9.从句作定语。
The lady who is in red is my niece.
穿红衣的女孩是我侄女。
（六） 状语
修饰动词、形容词、副词以及全句的句子成分，叫做状语。用作状语的通常是副词、介词短语、不定式和从句等。
1.副词作状语。
Please listen to me carefully.
请仔细听我讲。
This method is very useful。
这个方法很有用。
2.介词短语作状语。
Smith lived in Paris .
史密斯过去住巴黎。
3.不定式作状语。
To make a living , he works hard.
为了谋生，他努力工作。
4.从句作状语。
When I was a child , I wanted to be a scientist.
当我还是个小孩子， 我想成为一名科学家。
(七)补语：用在有些及物动词的宾语后面补充说明宾语的内容和状态，以求意思完整，宾语和它的补语构成复合宾语。初高中常考的能跟补语的动词有 make、 find、 leave、 keep 等 。
1.名词作补语。
We make him our monitor.
我们让他当班长。
2.形容词作补语。
His success made us happy.
他的成功让我们高兴。
Leave the door open.
3.现在分词作补语。
Don’t keep the water running when you brush your teeth.
当你刷牙时，别让水流着。
4.过去分词作补语。
I found myself surrounded by the bees.
我不知不觉被蜜蜂包围了 。
5. 介词作补语。
They found themselves in a difficult situation.
他们发现他们陷入困境。
6.动词原型作补语。
Let me help you.
让我来帮你。
7.不定式作补语。
You can ask your teacher to give you some advice.
你可以请老师给你一些建议。
〔教你巧学巧记〕
句子成分巧划分
英语简单句共有五种基本句型。成千上万个英语句子都是这五种句型扩大或缩小演变而形成的。英语句子成分的划分方法与汉语大小相同，尤其是谓语部分更复杂。因为英语动词有四大类，而且各类动词的功能也不尽相同。下面我们就划分英语句子成分的方法，利用口诀加实例的形式进行综述：
主在前、谓在中、宾语、状语后面冲①。
短语定语主宾后，形、代定语主宾前②。
间宾直宾紧相依，直、间之间to、for连③。
宾补位于宾语后，地状常在时间前④。
例1. I have English class on Monday.
主语（在句首） 谓语（在句子中间） 宾语 状语（在句子末尾）
上述句子成分的划分用上了第①句口诀，结合上述句子剖析口诀①：
（A）主在前：指主语常位于一个句子的前面（即句首）；
（B）谓在中：指谓语常位于一个句子的中间（尤其指主要谓语动词）；
（C）宾语、状语后面冲：指宾语、状语位于句子的尾部，好像打仗兵、卒在后面冲一样。
例2. Our politics teacher often tells us
（物主代词作）定语 主语 （副词作）状语 谓 （人作）间宾
a story about Comrade LeiFeng On Saturday.
（事物作）直宾（介词短语作后置）定语 状语
上面这个句子成分的划分用上了口诀第②句和第③句，现将这两句口诀解释如下：
（A）短语定语主宾后：指介词短语或其他短语在句子作定语常放在主语或宾语的后面。如上句中的about Comrade LeiFeng作定语就是 story的后面。
（B）形、代定语主宾前：指形容词、代词作定语常位于一个句子的主语或宾语的前面。如上句中的our这个形容词性物主代词就放在politics teacher 前面作定语。
（C）句中our这个形容词性物主代词就放在politics teacher前面作定语。
（D）间宾直宾紧相依：指某些动词后面常接两个宾语（即直接宾语和间接宾语）。在通常情况下，表示人的名词或代词作间宾，表示物的名词或代词作直宾。而且在结构上间宾后面紧接着是直宾，中间不用任何词。如果强调直接宾语，则可以把直宾调到间宾之前。这时，直宾后面要加上介词to或for再接间宾，这就叫“直、间之间to、for连”。如：
例3. He gave some money to me.
主 谓 定 直宾 间宾
ChenHua asked us to watch a volleyball match
主语 谓语 宾语 宾语补足语
in the Capital Stadium next Sunday.
地点状语（位于时间状语之前） 时间状语
上述句子成分的划分用上了第④句口诀。现将这句口诀解释如下：
（A）宾补位于宾语后：指宾语的补足语常常位于宾语的后面，如上句中的to watch a volleyball match位于宾语us之后作补足语。
（B）地状常在时状前：指地点状语常常在时间状语的前面，如上句中的in the Capital Stadium就是放在next Sunday之前。
例4. This boy is my brother.
主语 系 + 表语（谓语）
上述句子中含有连系词，“连系动词＋表语”构成谓语，这是一个特定结构。
第二节 句子的类型
一 简单句：由一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语或（并列谓语）构成的句子。英语的简单句主要有五种类型。
（一）主语+谓语 （S +Vi）
Birds fly.
鸟飞翔。
（二）主语+谓语+宾语(S + V t +O)
We love China.
我们爱中国。
（三）主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语(S + V t + O i + O d )
He gave me a hand yesterday.
他昨天帮了我。
（四）主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补语(S + V t + O + O c)
The boss asks the girl to go abroad.
老板叫那个女孩出国。
The player made us laugh.
那个演员让我们笑了。
（五）主语+系动词+表语(S+V-link +P)
Ms Xiong is very beautiful.
熊女士很漂亮。
二．并列句:由连词and ,but ,so however, therefore, while 等连接两个或两个以上的的简单句而构成的句子。
He loves English and I loves English, too.
他喜欢英语， 我也喜欢英语。
I know the news ,but I don’t want to tell him.
我知道那个消息， 但是我不想告诉他。
He is in trouble now, so you should help him.
他现在陷入困境了， 你应该帮助他。
[特别提醒]
在用英语表达时，句与句之间必须有恰当的关联词。不能让两个句子孤零零的放在那里。
对：Lily always works hard, so she win the first place every term.
错：Lily always works hard, she win the first place every term.
三 复合句:含有从句的句子就叫复合句。由从属连词引出的句子是从句，与从句相对的是主句。根据从句在句中的作用，从句可分为名词性从句，
（主语从句，表语从句，宾语从句，同位语从句），形容词从句（定语从句），副词性从句（状语从句）。
What I told you is important.我告诉你的事情很重要。
主语从句
主句
People say that tomorrow is another day.人们都说明天又是新的一天。
宾语从句
主句
That’s why you go.那是为什么你离开。
表语从句
主句
The news that he is a king is still unknown to everyone here.
同位语从句
这儿的每个人都不知道他是个国王的事情。
主句
God helps those who help themselves. 天助者自助之。
定语从句
主句
Because he was ill, he didn’t go to school.
原因状语从句 主句
因为他病了 ，所以他没有去上学。
四 并列复合句:并列句中含有从句的句子。
I know the news that his father was fired ,but I don’t want to tell him.
我知道他父亲被炒的事情，但我不想告诉他。
第三节 句子的种类
一．陈述句 说明一个事实或者陈述说话人的看法通常用降调，句末用句号。英语的句号是一个点“.”陈述句分为肯定句和否定句两种。
肯定句 We can go there.
我们能去那儿。
否定句 we can’t go there.
我们不能去那儿。
二． 疑问句
1. 一般疑问句 以be, have,情态动词或助动词开始，通常要求用yes或no回答，有时也可用certainly , perhaps , not at all等回答。 句子通常用升调。
Are you ready?
你准备好了吗？
Do you love dogs?
你爱狗吗？
Have you ever been to Shanghai?
你去过上海吗？
2. 特殊疑问句:以疑问代词who, whom, whose, which, what和疑问副词when, where, why, how以及how引出的词组 how many， how long 等开头的句子，不能用yes或no来回答,读降调。
When shall we go?
我们什么时候去？
What do you do?
你干什么工作？
How many people are there in your family?
你家有多少人？
3. 选择疑问句：提出两个（或多个）选项看哪一个是正确的句子，两部分（或多部分）由or连接，or前的部分读升调，or后的部分读降调。Or可连接两个（或多个）表语、宾语、状语、谓语动词或分词，不能用yes或no来回答，语序为一般疑问句。
-- Are you a student or a teacher?
你是老师还是学生？
--I ‘m a teacher.
我是老师。
4.反义疑问句:提出情况或看法，问对方是否同意的句子，一般由两部分组成：“肯定的陈述句，+否定的简略句”或“否定的陈述句+肯定的简略问句”陈述句的部分通常为降调，简略问句的语调有两种：当说话者对称述部分表述怀疑时用升调，当说话者坚信陈述部分是事实时用降调;用yes 或no回答。
--You went to school yesterday ,didn’t you?
你昨天上学去了，对吧？
--Yes, I did./No , I didn’t.
不，我去了 。/对， 我没去。
--It isn’t yours, is it?
他不是你的，是吧？
--Yes, it is ./No, it isn’t.
不，是我的。/是的，不是我的。
[特别提醒]
1． 陈述部分含有no ,hardly, never, little, few等含有否定意义的词时，其后的简略部分不用否定。（不包括带有否定意义的前后缀的词，如dislike ,unfair等）
The boy has few friends, does he?
这个男孩没有朋友，对吧？
Mary dislikes singing, doesn’t she?
玛丽不喜欢唱歌 ，是吗？
2.祈使句的反义疑问句。
Let’s go out to play, shall we?
我们出去玩，好吗？
Let us go fishing, will you ?
去钓鱼，好吗 ？
3.如果主句的谓语是think, suppose, believe, imagine, expect, feel等且
主语为第一称或第二人称时简略问句仅有肯定或否定是与主句相对应，而主语和时态等却要与宾语从句一致：
I don’t think he can come back , can he?
我想他不能回来，是吗？
三． 祈使句:表示请求、命令、叮嘱、号召等，谓语动词用原形；祈使句一般都读降调；句末用 “!”或 “.”
Come here, please!
请过来！
Don’t laugh at others.
不要嘲笑他人。
四．感叹句: 表示喜怒哀乐等情绪，句末用感叹号“！”；读降调；多用what或how引起；what用来修饰一个名词；how修饰一个形容词、副词或动词：
What a nice lake it is!
那是一个多美的湖啊！
What fine weather it is!
多好的天气呀！
How clever the kid is!
这个小家伙多聪明哈！
How nice a lake it is!
多美的湖啊！
How well she dances!
她跳得多好！
How he loved his family!
他多么爱他的家！
走 向高考
1. (2007北京卷)You have failed two tests. You’d better start working harder, ____you won’t pass the course.
A.and B. so C. but D. or
答案：D
译：你已经两科挂了，你最好还是开始努力学习，否则你又过不了。 析：or连接的并列从句。
2. (2007北京卷) When you’ve finished with that book, don’t forget to put it back one the shelf, ____?
A. do you B. don’t you C. will you D. won’t you
答案:C
译：你读完那本书后，别忘了把它放回书架，好吗？
析：祈使句的反义疑问句。
3. (2007湖南卷) Reality is not the way you wish things to be, nor the way they appear to be, _______the way they actually are.
A. as B. or C. but D. and
答案:C
译：事实不是你想像的，也不是它表面的那样的，而是他本来的样子。
析：but连接的并列从句。
练
Ⅲ 七年级下册英语（人教版）7、8、9模块的语法，句型，重点短语
Unit7 What does he look like?
一．短语
1. look like 看起来像.... 2. curly /short/straight/long hair 卷／短／直发
3. medium height/build 中等高度／身体 4. a little bit 一点儿…
5. a pop singer 一位流行歌手 6 .have a new look 呈现新面貌
7. go shopping (do some shopping) 去购物 8. the captain of the basketball team篮球队队长
9. be popular with sb 为---所喜爱 10. one of --- ---中的一个
11 .stop to do sth 停下来去做某事 12. stop doing sth 停止正在做的事情
13 .tell jokes/ stories 讲笑话/ 讲故事 14. have fun doing sth 愉快地做某事
15. remember ( forget) to do sth 记得（忘记）做某事（没有做的）
16 . remember (forget) doing sth 记得（忘记）做过某事（已做）
二．本单元的重点句：
1.Is that your friend? No, it isn’t. 2. What does she look like?
3. I think I know her. ( I don’t think I know her.) 4. Wang Lin is the captain of the basketball team.
5. She’s a little bit quiet. 6 .Xu Qian loves to tell jokes.
7 .She never stops talking. 8 .She likes reading and playing chess.
9. I don’t think he’s so great. 10. I can go shopping and nobody knows me.
11. Now he has a new look.
三．重难点解析
1. What does/ do +主语 + look like? 询问某人的外貌特征，看上去什么样？
Eg: What does your friend look like?
2. 形容头发时， 可按照先长短，后曲直， 最后说颜色的顺序说。(长形色)
Eg: She has long curly black hair.
3. one of + 名词复数 ，谓语动词要用“单三”形式。
Eg: One of his friends is a worker.
4. 不定代词做主语时， 谓语动词要用“单三”形式。修饰不定代词词，应该放在它的后面．
Eg: I can go shopping and nobody knows me.
5．He is …(通常为形容词，包括身高、体形等)
He has…（通常为形容词修饰的名词，包括头发、五官）
He wears…（穿、戴、留。可以是衣服、帽子、鞋子等，也可以是眼镜、手表、胡须）
6．I don’t think…的用法 表达否定的看法I don’t think she is good-looking.(否定主观态度)
Unit 8 I＇d like some noodles
一． 短语
1．beef and tomato noodles＼noodles with beef and tomato 牛肉西红柿面
chicken and cabbage noodlesmutton and potato noodles
tomato and egg noodlesbeef and carrot noodles
2．would like to do sth \want to do s.th 想要作某事
3．what kind of noodles什么种类的面条 4．what size bowl of noodles什么大小碗型的面
5．a large＼medium\small bowl of noodles 大＼中＼小碗的面
6．ice cream冰淇淋orange juice桔汁green tea绿茶RMB人民币phone number
7． House of Dumplings＼noodles饺子＼面馆Dessert House甜点屋
二．重点句型
1． What kind of vegetables\meat\ drink food would you like?
I’d like …… I’d like chicken and cabbage noodles.
2. What kind of noodles would you like? I’d like beef noodles.
3. What kind of noodles would you like? I’d like chicken and cabbage noodles.
4. What size bowl \plate of noodles would you like?
5. I’d like a large \ medium\ small bowl noodles.
6. What size cake would you like? I would like a small birthday-cake.
三．重难点解析
1．would like 想要 （表示一种委婉的语气）其用法相当于want.
would like + 名词 would like an apple (want an apple)
would like to do sth He would like to play soccer.
----Would you like to see the dolphins? ----Yes, I’d like to.
（1）would 是情态动词，没有人称和数的变化，可与人称代词缩写为’d, 与其它情态动词一样可帮助完成疑问句和否定句。（你能举出例子吗？） 我想要些牛肉。 I’d like some beef.
她想去打乒乓球。She would like to play ping-pang. （你能变否定句和疑问句吗？）
（2) Would you like sth.? 是提建议的一种句型，如需用一些，用some而不用any.
肯定回答是： Yes, please./ All right./ Yes./OK. 其否定回答是：No, thanks.
2． What kind of noodles would you like?
kind 在此句中作“种类”讲，a kind of 一种，all kinds of 各种各样的。kind of 有几分
A cat is a kind of animal. There are all kinds of animals in the zoo The cat is kind of smart.
3．Can I help you?你要买什么? 肯定Yes, please . I would like …… 否定No, thanks.
Unit 9 How was your weekend
一．短语
1. play +运动 play soccer play tennis play sports
play the + 乐器 play the guitar play with…和某人＼物玩耍
2．have +三餐 have breakferst \lunch \ supper
3. study for… clean the room visit sb stay at homehave a party talk show
4．go to the beach go to the movies go for a walk go to the mountains
5．go shopping\do some shopping \go to the shop 买东西
6．last weekend＼over the weekend 上周末on weekends 每周末
7．on +某日＋morning\afternoon\evening (或具体的某一天) in + morning\afternoon\evening
in+世纪\年＼月＼季节at +时刻last (next) month＼year\week
8．what about＋n\v-ing\pren=how about ……呢
9. spend the weekend last week 度过上周的周末
10．it’s time to do sth＝it’s time for sth 该做么的时候了 11．look for寻找．．．．．
二，重点句型和语法
1．一般过去时
表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态,通常与过去的时间状语连用:
yesterday ,last week(month,year)
（1）系动词be的过去时: am(is) →was, are →were
陈述句：He was at home yesterday.
否定句：He wasn’t at home yesterday.
疑问句：Was he at home yesterday? Yes ,he was./No ,he wasn’t.
（2）行为动词的一般过去时:
陈述句：主语+动词过去式+其它 I go to the movie. →I went to the movie.
否定句：主语+助动词didn’t+动词原形+其 I don’t go to school today. →I didn’t go to school.
一般疑问句：Did +主语+动词原形+其它Do you have breakfast? →Did you have breakfast?
Yes,I do./No,I don’t. Yes,I did./No,I didn’t.
（3）规则动词的过去式变化规则
变化规则 例词
一般在词尾加—ed. play→played
以不发音的e结尾的，只加--d. like →liked
love →loved
以辅音字母+y 结尾的，变y为i ,再加—ed. study →studied
carry →carried
以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节，先双写这个辅音字母，再加-ed stop →stopped
plan →planned
动词不规则变化：
do →did have →had go →went see →saw read →read get →got
give →gave sleep →slept eat →ate write →wrote find_---found
2. what’s the date today? It’s …
3. What was the date yesterday? It was…
What’s the weather like today? It’s …?
4. How was your weekend?
6．What did she do ? She did her homework
7．What did he do last weekend ? He played soccer
8．．It’s time to go home= It’s time for home
Ⅳ 人教版七年级英语下册单词、短语、语法复习
1. 他轻轻走出教室,因为他惟恐打扰了他人.
He went out of the classroom quietly ____________________________________________.
2. 在下雨，恐怕火车不能准点到了。
It’s raining. ____________________________________________. on time.
3. 今天他早起了一点，这样上学就不会迟到了。
He got up a little earlier so that ____________________________________________.
4. 帮助别人也会给我们自己带来很多快乐。
Helping others ____________________________________________.
5. 大部分青少年喜欢上网。
Most of the teenagers ____________________________________________.
6. 你介意帮我一把吗？盒子太沉了。
____________________________________________.? The box is too heavy.
7. 现在已是春天，天气越来越暖和了。
It’s spring now. The weather ____________________________________________.
8. 我们每天都应该帮父母做家务。
We’re supposed to____________________________________________.
9. 你愿意花时间志愿帮助老人吗？
____________________________________________. help the old?
10. 我喜欢流行歌曲。他们总让我激动。
I like pop songs. They always ____________________________________________.
11. Sam喜欢运动，而Tom喜欢静静地读书。
Sam likes playing sports, ____________________________________________.
12. 我们来踢足球吧。
我有一点累了，我愿意睡一会儿。
--- ____________________________________________.
--- I’m a little tired. ____________________________________________. for a while.
13. 大部分人都喜欢音乐。有的人喜欢可以随之哼唱的音乐,有的人则喜欢可以随之起舞的音乐。
Most people like music. ____________________________________________.they can sing
along with, ____________________________________________.
14. 我刚才听见有人在走廊大声说话。
I ____________________________________________. in the hallways just now.
15. 连续学习三个多小时后，Amy停下来休息。
After____________________________________________. for more than three hours, Amy ____________________________________________.
16. 别爬树了。危险。
____________________________________________.It’s dangerous!
17. 下周日是妈妈的生日了。给她一个让她想不到的礼物如何
Next Sunday is mother’s birthday. ____________________________________________.?
18. 您能给我们一些假期的建议吗？
____________________________________________. for the vacation?
Key:
1. He went out of the classroom quietly because he was afraid of troubling others.
2. It’s raining. I’m afraid that the train can’t arrive on time.
3. He got up a little earlier so that he wouldn’t be late for school today.
4. Helping others brings us a lot of happiness as well.
5. Most of the teenagers enjoy surfing the Internet.
6. Do you mind giving me a hand? The box is too heavy.
7. It’s spring now. The weather is getting warmer and warmer.
8. We’re supposed to help parents do some chores every day.
9. Would you like to volunteer your time to help the old?
10. I like pop songs. They always make me excited.
11. Sam likes playing sports, while Tom enjoys reading quietly.
12. --- Let’s play football.
--- I’m a little tired. I like to sleep for a while.
13. Most people like music. Some like music they can sing along with, others like music they can
dance to.
14. I heard someone talk loudly in the hallways just now.
15. After keeping studying for more than three hours, Amy stopped to have a rest.
16. Stop climbing the tree. It’s dangerous!
17. Next Sunday is mother’s birthday. How about giving her a surprise gift?
18. Could you please give us some suggestions for the vacation?
be afraid of doing sth / that
be famous / late / ready / sorry for
buy / give /show / send / pass / bring / lend / tell sb sth
enjoy / hate / finish / mind / keep / go on doing sth
get + 比较级
help sb (to) do / help sb with
Would you like to …?
keep / make sth + adj.
like to do / like doing
make / let sb (not) do sth
One … the other … / Some … others …
see / hear sb do (doing) sth
stop to do / stop doing
What about / How about …?
Will (Would, Could) you please …?
Ⅳ 人教版七年级英语下册重点短语总汇,语法总结。
人教版新目标英语七年级（下）各单元知识概要
Unit 1 Where’s your pen pal from?
一、词组
be from= come form 来自...
pen pal=pen friend 笔友
like and dislike 好恶；爱憎
live in….在...居住
speak English 讲英语
play sports 做体育运动
a little French 一些法语
go to the movies 去看电影
an action movie 一部动作片
on weekends 在周末
Excuse me 对不起，打扰
get to 到达、抵达
beginning of 在...开始的时候
at the end of 在...结束的时候
arrive at /
二、句型
（1）、Where主 +be+主语＋from?
主语＋be+from+地点.
（2）、Where do/does+主语＋live?
主语＋live/lives in…
（3）、What language do/does +主语+speak?
主语＋speak/speaks….
（4）、主语＋like/likes+doing…
三、日常交际用语
1－Where is your pen pal from?
－He’s from China.
2－Where does she live?
-－She lives in Tokyo.
3－Does she speak English?
－Yes,she does/No,she dosen’t.
4－Is that your new pen pal?
－Yes,he is /No,he isn’t.
5－What language does she speak?
－She speaks English.
Unit 2 Where’s the post office
一、词组
post office 邮局
pay phone 投币式公用电话
next to 在...隔壁
across from 在...对面
in front of 在...前面
between…and… 在...和...之间
on a street 在街上
in the neighborhood 在附近
on the right/left 在右边／在左边
on one’s right/left 在某人的右边／左边
turn right/left 向右／左转
take a walk 散步
have fun 玩得开心
the way to …去...的路
take a taxi 打的／乘出租车
go down(along)…沿着...走
go through...穿过...
have a good trip 旅途愉快
二、句型
(1)、Is there a bank near here?
Yes,there is .It’s on Centre Street.
No,there isn’t.
(2)、Where’s the sumpermarket?
It’s next to the library.
(3)、Bridge Street is a good place to have fun.
(4)、I hope you have a good trip.
(5)、If you are hungry,you can buy food in the restaurant.
(6)、Talk a walk though the park..
(7)、enjoy后接名词或动词-ing形式.
Do you enoy(=like) your work?
Do you enjoy(=like) living in the city?
三、日常交际用语
(1)、Is there a ….?句型Eg:
-Excuse me.Is there a hotel in the neighborhood.
-Yes, there is. No.there isn’t
(2)、Where is …?句型Eg:
-Where is the park,please?
-It’s behind the bank.(肯定回答)
-I’m sorry I don’t know. (否定回答)
(3)、Which is the way to +地点? 句型.例如：
- Which is the way to the library.
(4)、How can I get to +地点?句型.例如：
-How can I get to the restaurant?
(5)、Can you tell me the way to +地点？句型.例
- Can you tell me the way to the post office?
(6)、Let me tell you the way to my house.
(7)、Just go straight and turn left.
Unit 3 Why do you like koalas?
一、词组
want to do sth .想要做某事
want sb to do sth 想要某做某事
want sth 想要某物
Let sb do sth 让某人做某事
kind of 有几分\种类
a kind of 一种…
…years old …年龄 如：ten years old 十岁
like to do sth 喜欢做某事
like doing sth
play with … 与...一起玩
be quiet 安静
ring the day 在白天
at night 在夜间
have a look at.. 看...
one…the other 一个...另一个...
二、句型
(1)、-why do you like pandas?
-Because they’re very cure.
(2)、-Why dose he like koalas?
-Because they are kind of interesting.
(3)、-Where are lions from?
-Lions are from South Africa.
(4)、-What animals do you like?
-I like elephants.
三、日常交际用语
(1)、-Let’s see the lions.
(2)-Why do you want to see the lions?
-Becase they are very cute.
(3)-Do you like giraffes?
Yes,I do./ No,I don’t
(4)-What other animal do you like?
_I like dogs.too
other+ 名词的复数.表示没有特定的数量范围
the other+名词的复数表示有特定的数量范围.
(5)-Why are you looking at me?
-Because you are very cute.
(6)-Let us play games. –Great!
Let me see.
Unit 4 I want to be an actor.
一、词组
want to be+职业 想要成为。。。
shop assistant 店员
bank clerk 银行职员
work with 与。。。一起工作
work hard 努力工作
work for 为。。。而工作
work as 作为。。而工作
get.. from…从。。。获得。。。
give sth.to.sb /give.sb.sth 把某物给某人
正确的表示：give it/them to sb.
错误的表示：give sb.it/them
in the day 在白天
at night 在夜间
talk to /with 与…讲话
go out to dinners 外出吃饭
in a hospital 在医院
newspaper reporter 报社记者
movie actor 电影演员
二、句型
(1)-What do/does+某人+do?
例：-What do you do?-I’m a student.
-What dose he do? He’s a teacher.
(2)-What do/does+某人+want to be?
例：What do you want to be?-I want to be a teacher.
-What does she want to be ?She want to be a nuser.
(3)-Where does your sister work?
-She works in a hospital.
(4)-Does he work in the hospiat
Yes.he does/No,he doesn’t
(5)-Does she work late?
-Yes,she does/No.she doesn’t
(6)－英语中询问职业的几种表达方式：
What do/does …do?
What is…? What is your father?
What’s one’s job?例：What’s your father’s job?
Unit 5 I’m watching TV.
一、词组
do homework 做家庭作业
watch TV 看电视
eat dinner 吃饭；就餐
clean the room 打扫房间
read newspaper/a book 看报纸／看书
go to the movies 看电影
write a letter 写信
wait for 等待；等候
talk about 谈论。。。。
play basketball/soccer/ 打篮球／踢足球
take photos 拍照
TV show 电视节目
Some of。。。 。。。中的一些
a photo of my family 我的家庭照
at school 在学校
be with 和。。。一起
in the tree 在树上
二、句型
(1)-What+be+主语+doing? ….正在做什么？
-主语＋be+doing。。。 …正在做某事。
例： －what are you doing?
-I’m doing my homework.
(2)-Thanks for … 为。。。而感谢
例：Thanks for your letter.
(3)-Here are/is…
例：Here are some of my photos.
Here is a photo of my family.
(4)-That sounds good.
(5)-This TV show is boring.
三、日常交际用语
(1)-Do you want to go to the movices? –Sure.
(2)-When do you want to go? –Let’s go at seven.
(3)-Where do people play basketball? –At school.
(4)-What’s he waiting for?-He’s waiting for a bus.
(5)-What’s he reading? He’s reading a newspaper.
1)现在在进行时的形式是：
助动词be(am,is,are)+动词-ing形式（也叫现在分词），表示现在（说话的瞬间）正在进行或发生的动作。
2)现在进行时的肯定句形式
主语+be(am,is,are)+动词现在分词+其他
I’m watching TV.
3)现在进行时的否定句形式
主语+be(am,is,are)+not+动词现在分词+其他
They are not playing soccer.
4)现在进行时的一般疑问句形式及回答:
Is(am,are)+主语+动词现在分词+其他?
Yes,主语+is/am/are. No,主语+isn’t/aren’t/am not.
Are you reading? Yes,I am. No,I am not.
5) 现在进行时的特殊疑问句形式:
特殊疑问词+is/am/are+主语+现在分词+其他?
例:What is your brother doing?
6) 动词+ing形式(现在分词)的构成.
1一般情况下在动词词结尾加-ing.
如: eat--eating, do—doing,clean—cleaning,
play—playing,
2以不发音的元音字母e结尾的动词,先去掉e再加-ing.
如:take--taking,write—writing,have-having
come—coming.dance--dancing
3词尾如果是以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节词.应该先双写这个辅音字母,再加-ing.
如:run—runing,sit—sitting ,swim—swimming.
Shop—shopping.put—putting,sit—sitting
Unit 6 It’s raning!
一、词组
Around The World 世界各地
On vacation 度假
Take photos 拍照
On the beach 在海边
a group of people 一群人
play beach volleyball 打沙滩排球
be surprised 惊讶的
be surprised at sth./sb.对某人或某人感到惊讶
in this heat 在酷暑中
be relaxed 放松
have a good time 玩得很痛快
in different kind of weather 在不同的天气里
Thank sb for(doing)sth由于（做）某事而感谢某人
How’s it going? 近况如何
Some…others…一些…另一些…
Look like..看起来像。。。
二、句型／日常交际用语
(1)-How’s the weather(+地点)? –It’s raining?
(2)-What’s the weather like?—It’s sunny./It’s cold and snowing.
(3)-How’s it going? –Great./Not bad.
(4)Thanks you for joining CCTV’s Around The World show?
(5)-Is Aunt Wang there? –Yes,she is/No,she isn’t
Unit 7 What dose he look like?
一、词组
look like 看起来像....
curly /short/straight/long hair 卷／短／直发
medium height/build 中等高度／身体
a little bit 一点儿…
a pop singer 一位流行歌手
play的用法。
wear glasses 戴眼镜
have a new look 呈现新面貌
go shopping 去购物
the captain of the basketball team 篮球队队长
Nobody knows me 没有人认识我
二、句型
1) --What does he look like?
--He’s really short.He has short hair.
2) --She has beautiful,long black hair.
3) --I don’t think he’s so great .
4) --What do you look like? I’m tall.I’m thin.
5) --What do they look like?-
--They are medium height.
6) --She never stops talking.
--Stop doing(sth)表示停止正在干的事.
如:He stop listening
--stop to do (sth)表示停下来去做某事
如:He stops to listen.
7)I can go shopping and nobody knows me.
Unit 8 I’d like some noodles.
1.词组
would like 想要
a large/medium/small bowl 大碗/中碗/小碗
what size 什么尺寸
orange juice 桔汁
green tea 绿茶
phone number 电话号码
as well as 而且
what kind of 表示….的种类
a kind of 一种…
some kind of 许多种…
a bowl of rice 一碗米饭
a bottle fo orange juice 一瓶桔子汁
three oranges 三个桔子(可数)
a bottle fo orange j 一瓶桔子汁(不可数)
some chicken 一些鸡肉(不可数)
three chickens 三只小鸡(可数)
二\句型
1)What kind of … would you like? 你想要…?
EG:--What kind of noodles would you like?
--Beef and tomato noodles. please.
2)We have lare ,medium,and small bowls.
3)I like mplings,I don’t lkee noodles.
三\日常交际用语
(1)—Can I help you?
--I’d like some noodles.please.
(2)--what kind of noodles would you like?
--I’d like mutton and potato noodles. Please.
( 3)—Would you like a cup fo green tea?
--Yes,please./No,thanks
would like后面还可以跟不定式.即:
A:would like to do.sth.想要做某事.
He would like to see you today.
B:would like sb.to.do.sth.想要某人做某事
What would you like me to do.
Unit 9 How was your weekend?
一、词组
do one’s homework 做某人的家庭作业
如：do my homework 做我的家庭作业
play +运动或棋类
如：play soccer 踢足球 play chess 下棋
play +乐器 如：play the guitar 弹吉他
go to the movies 去看电影
do some reading 阅读
study for the (math) test 准备（数学）考试
stay at home 呆家里
go to summer camp 去夏令营
go to the mountains 去爬山
visit sb 拜访某人
go shopping 去购物
last month 上个月
three days ago 三天前
yesterday 昨天
look for 寻找
go for a walk 散步
in the morning/afternoon/evening 在早上／在下午／在晚上
play computer games 玩电脑游戏
It was time to do sth 该。。。的时候了
二、句型
（1）I visited my aunt last weekend.
(2)-- How was your weekend?
--It was great./OK
(3)—It was time to go home.
三、日常交际用语
(1)—What did you do last weekend?
--On Saturday morning,I played teenis.
(2)—How was your weekend?
--It was great.I went to the brach.
一般过去时态
一般过去时态表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态,动词通常用一般过去式来表示,除动词be的过去式was/were有人称变化,其他都没人称的变化.
过去式的构成
(1) 一般情况下在动词词尾加-ed.如:
stay—stayed help—helped visit-visited
(2) 词尾是e的动词加-d.
如:like—liked live—lived
(3) 以一个元音字母加一个辅音结尾的重读闭章节应双写该辅音字母,再加-ed.如:
stop—stopped plan—planned
(4) 以辅音字母+y结尾的动词,要将y改为i再加-ed.如: study—studied worry—worried
(5) 不规则动词的过去
am/is—was are—were have-had
go—went find—found do—did see-saw
Unit 10 Where did you go on vacation?
一、词组
ptetty good 相当好；不错
in the conner 在角落
kind of boring 有点无聊
be lost 迷路
feel happy 感到高兴
be fun 很有趣
on vacation 在度假
Central Park 中央公园
the Great Wall 长城
the Palace Museum 故宫
Tian’an Men Square 天安门广场
二、句型
(1)—Where did you go on vacation?
--I went to the breach.
(2)—How was the weather?
--It was hot and humid.
(3)--It was kind of boring
(4)—That made me feel very happy.
(5)--We had great fun playing in the water.
--have great fun doing sth表示“愉快地做某事”，“做某事很有趣”
(6)I helped him find his father.That made me feel very happy.
help sb.(to)do.sth.帮助某人做某事（to可省）
make sb.do.sth. 使某人做某事
let sb.do.sth.
Let me help you carry(搬动) it.
(7)I found a small boy crying in the conner.
find sb.doing sth.发现某人正在做某事。
find sb.do.sth.发现某人做某事（整个过程）
Unit 11 What do you think of game shows?
一、词组
talk show 谈话节目
soap opera 肥皂剧
sports show 体育节目
game show 比赛节目
think of 认为
how about… …怎么样？＝what about…
in fact 事实上
a thirteen-year-old boy 一个十三岁的男孩＝ The boy is thirteen years old
talk to(with)… 跟 …谈话
thanks for… 为…感谢
each student 每个学生
key ring 钥匙链
baseball cap 棒球帽
the school magazine 校刊
can’t stand 不能忍受
don’t mind 不介意／无所谓／不在乎
二、句型
(1)—What do you think of situation comedy?
-- I love them
(2)—I asked students about fashion.
(3)—This is what I think.
(4)--I don’t mind what young people think of me!
(5)—Can you please put my letter in next month’s magazine?
三、日常交际用语
(1)—What do you think of suop operas?
--- I love them/I don’t mind them/I can’t stand them/I don’t like.
(2)—How about you? ---I do.too.
(3)--What do you think of …?
--=How do you like…?
如：What do you think of the picture?
=How do you like the picture?
Unit 12 Don’t eat in class.
一、词组
school rules 学校规章制度
break the rules 违反规章制度
in the hallways 在过道
listen to music 听音乐
in the music room 在音乐教室里
in the dining hall 在餐厅
sports shoes 运动鞋
gym class 体育课
after school 放学后
have to do 不得不做
too many 太多
get up 起床
by ten o’clock 十点之前
make dinner 做饭
the children’s palace 少年宫
二、句型
(1)—Don’t arrive late for class.
(2)—We can’t listen to music in the hallways,but we can listen to it outside.
(3)—What else do you have to do?
-- We have to clean the classroom.
(4)--Can we wear hats in school?
--Yes,we can/ No,we can’t.
(5)-Do you have to wear a uniform at school?
-Yes,we do /No,we don’t.
重难点精析
祈使句
通常用来表示命令、请求、禁止、建议、警告等语气。它的主语you(听话人)通常省略。其构成通常有以下几种形式。
1)Be型（即系动词原型be+表语＋其他）。
如：Be quiet,please.
否定句Don’t + be+表语+其他。
如：Don’t be angry.
2)Do型（即系动词原形＋宾语＋其他）。如：
Open you books,please.
否定句Don’t +实义动词原形+宾语+其他。
如：Don’t eat in the classroom.
3)Let型（即Let+宾语+动词原形+其他）如：
Let me help you.
Let’s go at six o’clock.
否定句一般在宾语后加not。如：
Let’ not watch TV.
4)No+V-ing型（此种形式通常用于公共场合的提示语中，意为“禁止做某事“）如：
No smoking! 严禁吸烟！
No talking! 不许交谈！
No passing! 禁止通行！
No parking! 不许停车
Ⅵ 初一(下)英语语法,短语,句型总结
七年级下册英语语法点总结(1)
分类：英语学习
Unit 1 Where’s your pen pal from?
一．短语：
1 ．be from = come from 来自于----
2． live in 居住在---
3． on weekends 在周末
4 ．write to sb = write a letter to sb 给某人写信；写信给某人
5 ．in the world 在世界上 in China 在中国
6．pen pal 笔友 14 years old 14岁 favorite subject 最喜欢的科目
7．the United States 美国 the United Kingdom 英国 New York 纽约
8．speak English 讲英语 like and dislike 爱憎
9．go to the movies 去看电影 play sports 做运动
二．重点句式：
1 Where’s your pen pal from? = Where does your pen pal from/
2 Where does he live?
3 What language(s) does he speak?
4 I want a pen pal in China.
5 I can speak English and a little French.
6 Please write and tell me about yourself.
7 Can you write to me soon?
8 I like going to the movies with my friends and playing sports.
三．本单元的国家，人民、语言对应。
1 Canada---- Canadian---- English / French
2 France------ French------French
3 Japan------Japanese----Japanese
4 Australia----Australian----- English
5 the United States------ American---- English
6 the United Kingdom---British----- Enghish
Unit 2 Where’s the post office?
一． Asking ways: (问路)
1． Where is (the nearest) ……？ （最近的）……在哪里？
2． Can you tell me the way to ……？ 你能告诉我去……的路吗？
3． How can I get to ……？ 我怎样到达……呢？
4． Is there …… near here / in the neighborhood? 附近有……吗？
5． Which is the way to ……？ 哪条是去……的路？
二．Showing the ways: （指路）
1. Go straight down / along this street. 沿着这条街一直走。
2. Turn left at the second turning. 在第二个路口向左转。
3. You will find it on your right. 你会在你右手边发现它。
4. It is about one hundred metres from here. 离这里大约一百米远。
5. You’d better take a bus. 你最好坐公交车去。（You’d better+动词原形）
三．词组
1. across from …… 在……的对面 across from the bank 在银行的对面
2. next to…… 紧靠…… next to the supermarket 紧靠超市
3. between……and…… 在……和……之间
between the park and the zoo 在公园和动物园之间
among 表示位于三者或三者以上之间
4. in front of…… 在……前面 There is a tree in front of the classroom.
课室前面有棵树。
in the front of…… 在……（内）的前部 There is a desk in the front of the classroom.
课室内的前部有张桌子。
5. behind…… 在……后面 behind my house 在我家后面
6. turn left/ right 向左/右拐
on the left/right of…… 在某物的左/右边 on the left of our school 在我们学校的左边
on one’s left/right 在某人的左/右边 on my left 在我左边
7. go straight 一直走
8. down /along…… 沿着……（街道） down/along Center Street 沿着中央街
9. in the neighborhood=near here 在附近
10 welcome to…… 欢迎来到……
11. take /have a walk 散步
12. the beginning of…… ……的开始,前端
at the beginning of…… 在……的开始,前端
in the beginning 起初，一开始
13. have fun=have a good time=enjoy oneself 玩得开心，过得愉快
我昨天玩得很开心。 I had fun yesterday.
I had a good time yesterday.
I enjoyed myself yesterday.
14. have a good trip 旅途愉快
15. take a taxi 坐出租车
16. 到达：get to +地方 get here/ there/ home 到这/那/家
arrive in +大地方 I arrive in Beijing.
arrive at +小地方 I arrive at the bank.
reach +地方
17．go across 从物体表面横过 go across the street 横过马路
go through 从空间穿过 go through the forest 穿过树林
18．on + 街道的名称。 Eg: on Center Street
at + 具体门牌号+街道的名称 Eg: at 6 Center Street
三．重难点解析
1．enjoy doing sth 享受做某事的乐趣，喜爱做某事
I enjoy reading. 我喜爱读书。
到目前为止，我们学了两个特殊的动词finish和enjoy，都是要带 doing.
I finish cleaning the room. 我扫完了这间屋子。
2．hope to do sth 希望做某事 I hope to pass this exam. 我希望通过这次考试。
hope +从句 I hope tomorrow will be fine. 我希望明天将会晴朗。
（从句即是一个小句子，这个小句子又放在大句子中，从属于大句子，所以叫从句。如tomorrow will be fine是一个从句，它又放在I hope 的后面，形成句中有句。）
3. if 引导一个表示假设的句子。
If I have much money, I will go to the moon. 如果我有许多钱，我就会去月球。
If you are hungry, you can buy some food in the supermarket.
如果你饿了的话，你可以在超市买一些食物。
四．本单元的反义词、近义词配对
1new—old 2 quiet--- busy 3 dirty--- clean 4 big---- small
Unit 3 Why do you like koala bears?
一．重点词组
eat grass eat leaves be quiet very shy very smart very cute
play with her friends kind of South Africa other animals
at night in the day every day ring the day
二. 交际用语
1. Why do you like pandas? Because they’re very clever.
2. Why does he like koalas? Because they’re kind of interesting.
3. Where are lions from? They are from South Africa.
4. What other animals do you like?
I like dogs, too.
Why?
Because they’re friendly and clever.
5. Molly likes to play with her friends and eat grass.
6. She’s very shy.
7. He is from Australia.
8．He sleeps ring the day, but at night he gets up and eats leaves.
9．He usually sleeps and relaxes 20 hours every day.
10．Let’s see the pandas first.
11．They’re kind of interesting.
12．What other animals do you like?
13．Why do you want to see the lions?
三. 重点难点释义
1、kind of 有点，稍微
Koala bears are kind of shy. 考拉有点害羞。
kind 还有“种类”的意思
如：各种各样的 all kinds of
We have all kinds of beautiful flowers in our school.
2、China n. 中国 Africa n. 非洲
China 和Africa都是专有名词，首字母都应该大写，而且和介词in连用。
There are many kinds of tigers in China.
There are many kinds of scary animals in Africa.
3、friendly adj. 友好的，和蔼可亲的
它是名词friend的形容词形式，常常和be动词连用, be friendly。
The people in Cheng are very friendly.
4、with prep. 跟，同，和…在一起
I usually play chess with my father.
注意区别与and的用法，and通常用于连接主语或宾语，连接主语时，
如果有I, I通常放在 and 之后，如：
My father and I usually play chess together.
Play with “和…一起玩耍”“玩…”
I often play with my pet dog.
Don’t play with water!
5、day和night 是一对反义词，day 表示白天或一天，night表示夜或夜晚。
通常说in the day, ring the day, at night。
Koala bears often sleep ring the day and eat leaves at night.
6、leaf n. 叶子
复数形式为：leaves, 类似的变化还有：wife—wives, wolf—wolves,
knife—knives等。
7、hour n. 小时；点钟
hour前边通常加上冠词an 表示“一个小时”， 即：an hour。
There are 24 hours in a day and 60minutes in an hour.
8、be from 来自…
be from = come from
Pandas are from China. = Pandas come form China.
9、meat n. （食用的）肉，为不可数名词，表示“许多”时，使用much来修
饰，即：much meat
He eats much meat every day.
10、grass n. 草，为不可数名词，表示“许多”时，使用much来修饰，即：much grass。
There is much grass on the playground.
四. 语法知识
特殊疑问句通常以“what”、“who”、“which”、“when”、“where”、“how”、“how old”、“how many”等开头，对某一具体问题进行提问。
特殊疑问句的基本构成有两种情况：
1. 疑问句+一般疑问句结构。这是最常见的情况。例如：
What’s your grandfather’s telephone number? 你爷爷的电话号码是多少？
Who is that boy with big eyes? 那个大眼睛的男孩是谁？
Which season do you like best? 你最喜欢哪个季节？
When is he going to play the piano? 他什么时候弹钢琴？
Where does he live? 他住在哪儿？
How are you? 你好吗？
How old are you? 你多大了？
How many brothers and sisters do you have? 你有几个兄弟姐妹？
2. 疑问句+陈述句结构。这时疑问词作主语或修饰主语。例如：
Who is on ty today?
今天谁值日？
Which man is your teacher?
哪位男士是你的老师？
我们学过的What/How about+名词/代词+其他？也是特殊疑问句，它是一种省略结构。
例如：
I like English. What/How about you? 我喜欢英语。你呢？
What about playing basketball? 打篮球怎么样？
Unit 4 I want to be an actor.
一．短语：
1 want to do sth 想要作某事
2 give sb sth = give sth to sb 给某人某物 / 把某物给某人
3 help sb do sth 帮助某人作某事 Eg: I want to help my mother do some housework at home.
4 help sb with sth 帮助某人谋事 Eg: I want to help my mother with some housework at home
5 in the day 在白天
6 at night 在晚上
7 talk with/ to sb 和----谈话
8 be busy doing sth 忙于做某事 Eg: He is busy listening to the teacher.
9 in a hospital 在医院l
10 work/ study hard 努力工作
11 Evening Newspaper 晚报
二．重点句式及注意事项：
1 询问职业的特殊疑问词是what；有三种主要句式
① What + is / are + sb?
② What + does/ do + sb + do?
③ What + is/ are + 名词所有格/ 形容词性物主代词 + job?
2 People give me their money or get their money from me.
3 Sometimes I work in the day and sometimes at night.
4 I like talking to people.
5 I work late. I’m very busy when people go out to dinners.
6 Where does your sister work?
7 then we have a job for you as a waiter.
8 Do you want to work for a magazine? Then come and work for us as a reporter.
9 Do you like to work evenings and weekends?
10 We are an international school for children of 5-12.
三． 本单元中的名词复数。
1 policeman--- policemen 2 woman doctor----- women doctors 3 thief-----thieves
Ⅶ 初一年级应掌握的英语单词、语法、句型、短语汇总，悬赏100分！
你应该去书店买本总结的练习，网上的没那么全的
Ⅷ 初中人教版英语重点语法、词汇词组辨析、句型
11. 动词的时态
11.1 一般现在时的用法
1） 经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频腮度的时间状语连用。时间状语： every…, sometimes, at…, on Sunday。例如：
I leave home for school at 7 every morning. 每天早上我七点离开家。
2） 客观真理，客观存在，科学事实。例如：
The earth moves around the sun. 地球绕太阳转动。
Shanghai lies in the east of China. 上海位于中国东部。
3） 表示格言或警句。例如：
Pride goes before a fall. 骄者必败。
注意：此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。
例：Columbus proved that the earth is round. 哥伦布证实了地球是圆的。
4） 现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。例如：
I don't want so much. 我不要那么多。
Ann writes good English but does not speak well. 安英语写得不错，讲的可不行。
比较：Now I put the sugar in the cup. 把糖放入杯子。
I am doing my homework now. 我正在做功课。
第一句用一般现在时，用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作，表示言行的瞬间动作。第二句中的now是进行时的标志，表示正在进行的动作的客观状况，所以后句用一般现在时。
返回动词的时态目录
11.2 一般过去时的用法
1）在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。例如：时间状语有：yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。例如：
Where did you go just now? 刚才你上哪儿去了？
2）表示在过去一段时间内，经常性或习惯性的动作。例如：
When I was a child, I often played football in the street. 我是个孩子的时候，常在马路上踢足球。
Whenever the Browns went ring their visit, they were given a warm welcome.
那时，布朗一家无论什么时候去，都受到热烈欢迎。
3）句型：It is time for sb. to do sth "到……时间了" "该……了"。例如：It is time for you to go to bed. 你该睡觉了。
It is time that sb. did sth. "时间已迟了" "早该……了" ，例如It is time you went to bed. 你早该睡觉了。
would （had） rather sb. did sth. 表示'宁愿某人做某事'。例如：I'd rather you came tomorrow.还是明天来吧。
4） wish, wonder, think, hope 等用过去时，作试探性的询问、请求、建议等，而一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去，现已不复存在。例如：I thought you might have some. 我以为你想要一些。
比较：Christine was an invalid all her life.（含义：她已不在人间。）
Christine has been an invalid all her life.（含义：她现在还活着）
Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years. （含义：达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。）
Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years. （含义：现在还住在肯塔基州，有可能指刚离去）
注意： 用过去时表示现在，表示委婉语气。
1）动词want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。例如：
Did you want anything else? 您还要些什么吗？
I wondered if you could help me. 能不能帮我一下。
2）情态动词 could, would。例如：
Could you lend me your bike? 你的自行车，能借用一些吗？
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11.3 used to / be used to
used to + do："过去常常"表示过去习惯性的动作或状态，但如今已不存在。例如：
Mother used not to be so forgetful. 老妈过去没那么健忘。
Scarf used to take a walk. 斯卡夫过去常常散步。
be used to + doing： 对……已感到习惯，或"习惯于"，to是介词，后需加名词或动名词。例如：
He is used to a vegetarian diet.
Scarf is used to taking a walk. 斯卡夫现在已习惯于散步了。
典型例题
---- Your phone number again? I ___ quite catch it.
---- It's 69568442.
A. didn't B. couldn't C. don't D. can't
答案A. 本句虽没有明确的时间状语，但从语意上看出，在听的时候没有听懂这个动作发生在过去，因此应用过去时。
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11.4 一般将来时
1） shall用于第一人称，常被will 所代替。will 在陈述句中用于各人称，在征求意见时常用于第二人称。例如：
Which paragraph shall I read first？ 我先读哪一段呢？
Will you be at home at seven this evening? 今晚七点回家好吗？
2） be going to +不定式，表示将来。
a. 主语的意图，即将做某事。例如：What are you going to do tomorrow? 明天打算作什么呢？
b. 计划，安排要发生的事。例如：The play is going to be proced next month。这出戏下月开播。
c. 有迹象要发生的事。例如：Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm. 看那乌云，快要下雨了。
3） be +不定式表将来，按计划或正式安排将发生的事。例如：
We are to discuss the report next Saturday.我们下星期六讨论这份报告。
4） be about to +不定式，意为马上做某事。例如：
He is about to leave for Beijing. 他马上要去北京。
注意：be about to do 不能与tomorrow, next week 等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。
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11.5 be going to / will 用于条件句时，be going to表将来,will表意愿。例如：
If you are going to make a journey, you'd better get ready for it as soon as possible.
Now if you will take off your clothes, we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror.
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11.6 be to和be going to
be to 表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事，be going to 表示主观的打算或计划。例如：
I am to play football tomorrow afternoon. 明天下午我去踢球。（客观安排）
I'm going to play football tomorrow afternoon. 明天下午我想去踢球。（主观安排）
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11.7 一般现在时表将来
1）下列动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般现在时可以表示将来，主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。例如：
The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. 火车明天上午六点开。
When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes. 汽车什么时候开？十分钟后。
2）以here, there等开始的倒装句，表示动作正在进行。例如：
Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming. 车来了。
There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing. 铃响了。
3）在时间或条件句中。例如：
When Bill comes （不是will come）, ask him to wait for me. 比尔来后，让他等我。
I'll write to you as soon as I arrive there. 我到了那里，就写信给你。
4）在动词hope, take care that, make sure that等的宾语从句中。例如：
I hope they have a nice time next week. 我希望他们下星期玩得开心。
Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room. 离开房间前，务必把窗户关了。
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11.8 用现在进行时表示将来
下列动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return等现在进行时可以表示将来。例如：
I'm leaving tomorrow. 明天我要走了。
Are you staying here till next week? 你会在这儿呆到下周吗？
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11.9 现在完成时
现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态，其结果的影响现在还存在；也可表示持续到现在的动作或状态。其构成：have （has） +过去分词。
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11.10 比较一般过去时与现在完成时
1）一般过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。
2）一般过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用，或无时间状语。
一般过去时的时间状语：yesterday, last week，…ago, in1980, in October, just now等，皆为具体的时间状语。
现在完成时的时间状语：for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in past years, always等，皆不确定的时间状语。
共同的时间状语：this morning, tonight, this April, now, already, recently, lately 等。
3）现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，动词一般是延续性的，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.。
一般过去时常用的非持续性动词有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。例如：
I saw this film yesterday. （强调看的动作发生过了）
I have seen this film. （强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了）
Why did you get up so early? （强调起床的动作已发生过了）
Who hasn't handed in his paper? （强调有卷子未交，疑为不公平竞争）
He has been in the League for three years. （在团内的状态可延续）
He has been a League member for three years. （是团员的状态可持续）
句子中如有过去时的时间副词（如yesterday, last, week, in 1960）时，不能使用现在完成时，要用过去时。
（错）Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.
（对）Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.
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11.11 用于现在完成时的句型
1）It is the first / second time.... that…结构中的从句部分，用现在完成时。例如：
It is the first time that I have visited the city. 这是我第一次访问这城市。
This is the first time （that） I've heard him sing. 这是我第一次听他唱歌。
注意：It was the third time that the boy had been late.
2）This is +形容词最高级+that…结构，that 从句要用现在完成时。例如：
This is the best film that I've （ever） seen. 这是我看过的最好的电影。
典型例题
（1） ---Do you know our town at all?
---No, this is the first time I ___ here.
A. was B. have been C. came D. am coming
答案B. This is the first time 后面所加从句应为现在完成时，故选B。
（2） ---Have you ____ been to our town before?
---No, it's the first time I ___ here.
A. even, come B. even, have come C. ever, come D. ever, have come
答案D. ever意为曾经或无论何时，反意词为never，此两词常用于完成时。
注意：非延续性动词的否定形式可以与表示延续时间的状语连用。即动作不发生的状态是可以持续的。
（错）I have received his letter for a month.
（对）I haven't received his letter for almost a month.
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11.12 比较since和for
Since 用来说明动作起始时间，for用来说明动作延续时间长度。例如：
I have lived here for more than twenty years.我住在这儿二十多年了。
I have lived here since I was born. 我从出生起就住在这儿了。
注意：并非有for 作为时间状语的句子都用现在完成时。
I worked here for more than twenty years. （我现在已不在这里工作。）
I have worked here for many years.（现在我仍在这里工作。）
注意：用句型转换的方法，很容易排除非延续动词在有for/since结构的完成时中的误用。
1）（对） Tom has studied Russian for three years. = Tom began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now.
2）（错） Harry has got married for six years. = Harry began to get married six years ago, and is still getting married now.
显然，第二句不对，它应改为 Harry got married six years ago. 或 Harry has been married for six years.
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11.13 since的四种用法
1） since +过去一个时间点（如具体的年、月、日期、钟点、1980, last month, half past six）。例如：
I have been here since 1989. 1989起，我一直在这儿。
2） since +一段时间+ ago。例如：
I have been here since five months ago. 我在这儿，已经有五个月了。
3） since +从句。例如：
Great changes have taken place since you left. 你走后，变化可大了。
Great changes have taken place since we were here. 我们走后，变化可大了。
4） It is +一段时间+ since从句。例如：
It is two years since I became a postgraate student. 我考上研究生有两年了。
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11.14 延续动词与瞬间动词
1） 用于完成时的区别
延续动词表示经验、经历； 瞬间动词表示行为的结果，不能与表示段的时间状语连用。例如：
He has completed the work. 他已完成了那项工作。 （表结果）
I've known him since then. 我从那时起就认识他了。（表经历）
2） 用于till / until从句的差异
延续动词用于肯定句，表示"做……直到……" 瞬间动词用于否定句，表示"到……，才……"。例如：
He didn't come back until ten o'clock. 他到10 点才回来。
He slept until ten o'clock. 他一直睡到10点。
典型例题
1. You don't need to describe her. I ___ her several times.
A. had met B. have met C. met D. meet
答案B. 首先本题后句强调对现在的影响，我知道她的模样，你不用描述。再次，several times告知为反复发生的动作，因此用现在完成时。
2. ---I'm sorry to keep you waiting.
---Oh, not at all. I ___ here only a few minutes.
A. have been B. had been C. was D. will be
答案A. 等待的动作由过去开始，持续到现在，应用现在完成时。
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11.15 过去完成时
1） 概念：表示过去的过去
----|----------|--------|----> 其构成是had +过去分词构成。
那时以前 那时 现在
2） 用法
a. 在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。例如：
She said （that）she had never been to Paris. 她告诉我她曾去过巴黎。
b. 状语从句
在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在先，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。例如：
When the police arrived, the thieves had run away. 警察到达时，小偷们早就跑了。
c. 表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用过去完成时表示"原本…，未能…"。例如：
We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't. 那时我们希望你能来，但是你没有来。
3） 过去完成时的时间状语before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。例如：
He said that he had learned some English before. 他说过他以前学过一些英语。
By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself. 到了十二岁那年，爱迪生开始自己谋生。
Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.
汤姆失望了，因为他到达晚会时，大部分客人已经走了。
典型例题
The students ___ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she ___ in the office.
A. had written, left B，were writing, has left C. had written, had left D. were writing, had left
答案D. "把书忘在办公室"发生在"去取书"这一过去的动作之前，因此"忘了书"这一动作发生在过去的过去，用过去完成时。句中when表示的是时间的一点，表示在"同学们正忙于……"这一背景下，when所引导的动作发生。因此前一句应用过去进行时。
注意： had hardly… when 还没等…… 就……。例如：
I had hardly opened the door when I he hit me. 我刚打开门，他就打了我。
had no sooner…than 刚…… 就……。例如：
He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it. 他刚买了这辆车，转眼又卖了。
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11.16 用一般过去时代替过去完成时
1） 两个动作如按顺序发生，又不强调先后，或用then，and，but 等连词时，多用一般过去时。例如：
When she saw the mouse，she screamed. 她看到老鼠，就叫了起来。
My aunt gave me a hat and I lost it. 姑妈给了我一顶帽子，我把它丢了。
2 ） 两个动作相继发生，可用一般过去时；如第一个动作需要若干时间完成，用过去完成时。例如：
When I heard the news, I was very excited.
3） 叙述历史事实，可不用过去完成时，而只用一般过去时。例如：
Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492.
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11.17 将来完成时
1） 构成will have done
2） 概念
a. 状态完成：表示某事继续到将来某一时为止一直有的状态。例如：
They will have been married for 20 years by then. 到那时他们结婚将有二十年了。
b. 动作完成：表示将来某一时或另一个将来的动作之前，已经完成的动作或获得的经验。例如：
You will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow. 明天此时，你已经到达上海了。
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11.18 现在进行时
现在进行时的基本用法：
a. 表示现在（指说话人说话时）正在发生的事情。例如：
We are waiting for you. 我们正在等你。
b. 习惯进行：表示长期的或重复性的动作，说话时动作未必正在进行。例如：
Mr. Green is writing another novel. 他在写另一部小说。（说话时并未在写，只处于写作的状态。）
c. 表示渐变，这样的动词有：get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等。例如：
The leaves are turning red. 叶子在变红。
It's getting warmer and warmer. 天越来越热了。
d. 与always, constantly, forever 等词连用，表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态，往往带有说话人的主观色彩。例如：
You are always changing your mind. 你老是改变主意。
典型例题
My dictionary ___, I have looked for it everywhere but still___ it.
A. has lost, don't find B. is missing, don't find C. has lost, haven't found D. is missing, haven't found.
答案D. 前句是一个仍在持续的状态，应用进行时，由于没有找到，其影响仍然存在，应用完成时，瞬间动词用于否定式时可用于完成时。
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11.19 不用进行时的动词
1）表示事实状态的动词，如have, belong, possess, cost, owe, exist, include, contain, matter, weigh, measure, continue等。例如：I have two brothers. 我有两兄弟。
This house belongs to my sister. 这房子是我姐的。
2）表示心理状态的动词，如know, realize, think see, believe, suppose, imagine, agree, recognize, remember, want, need, forget, prefer, mean, understand, love, hate等。例如：I need your help. 我需要你的帮助。
He loves her very much. 他爱她很深。
3）瞬间动词，如accept, receive, complete, finish, give, allow, decide, refuse等。例如：
I accept your advice. 我接受你的劝告。
4）系动词，如seem, remain, lie, see, hear, smell, feel, taste, get, become, turn等。例如：
You seem a little tired. 你看上去有点累。
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11.20 过去进行时
1）概念：表示过去某时正在进行的状态或动作。
2）过去进行时的主要用法是描述一件事发生的背景；一个长动作延续的时候，另一个短动作发生。
3） 常用的时间状语有this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten last evening, when, while等。例如：
My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself. 我兄弟骑车时摔了下来，受了伤。
It was raining when they left the station. 他们离开车站时，正下着雨。
When I got to the top of the mountain, the sun was shining. 我到达山顶时，阳光灿烂。
典型例题
1） Mary ___ a dress when she cut her finger.
A. made B. is making C. was making D. makes
答案C. 割伤手指是已发生的事情，应用过去时。同时，when表时间的同时性，"玛丽在做衣服时"提供事情发生的背景，因此用过去进行时。
2） As she ___ the newspaper, Granny ___ asleep.
A. read；was falling B. was reading； fell C. was reading； was falling D. read；fell
答案B.句中的as = when, while，意为"当……之时"。描述一件事发生的背景时，用过去进行；一个长动作发生的时候，另一个短动作发生。句意为 "在她看报纸时，奶奶睡着了。"句中的 fell（fall的过去时），是系动词，后跟形容词，如：fall sick。