㈠ 英语语法—什么是主系表结构
英汉对译指导》一书的前言中写道：“天下万事万物无论怎样纷繁，都可以从中理出个道理来。千差万别的英语句子可以统归为五个基本句型。”五个基本句型又通过变换方式成为千差万别的英语句子，表达丰富的思想内容，而谓语动词是一切不同句子的中心。
五个基本句型是：主谓结构，主系表结构，主谓宾结构，主谓双宾语结构，主谓复合宾语（宾语＋宾语补足语）结构。
五个句型贯穿于整个中学英语课本中。为了帮助同学们学好英语，本文拟对主系表结构作一归纳和分析。供同学们学习时参考。
一 . 何谓主系表结构：所谓主系表结构就是英语句子中的主要成分是主语、系动词和表语。
1. 主语（ Subject ）：主语是一句话的中心，表示所说的是谁或是什么，其位置一般放在句首。英语中主语一般不省略。主语主要由名词、动名词、代词或起名词作用的短语或从句来充当。例如：
Li Lei is a Chinese boy. （ Li Lei 是名词，作主语。）
He is from England. （ He 是代词，作主语。）
Feeding the birds is my hobby. （“ Feeding the birds ”是动名词短语，作主语。）
What she said is right. （“ What she said ”是从句，作主语。）
2. 系动词（ Link verb ）：系动词本身有一定的词义，但不能独立作谓语，必须和句子中的表语一起构成谓语。简单地说，将主语和表语联系在一起，并构成一个完整句子的动词就叫做系动词。目前学到的系动词有 be ， feel ， look ， sound ， taste ， smell 等。例如：
This flower is beautiful.
I felt very tired.
You look worried.
It tastes delicious.
3. 表语（ Predicative ）：表语是用来说明主语的身份、特征或状态的。它又叫作主语补足语。表语位于系动词之后，主要由名词、代词、形容词、数词、副词、介词短语、分词（短语）或动名词（短语）等来充当。例如：
I am fine . （ fine 是形容词，作表语）
He is a boy . （ boy 是名词，作表语）
Five plus two is seven . （ seven 是数词，作表语）
We are here . （ here 是副词，作表语）
He is not at home . （“ at home ”是介词短语，作表语）
My hobby is reading . （ reading 是动名词，作表语）
二 . 主系表结构的否定形式和一般疑问句形式的构成情况
（一）否定形式：
1. 主语＋ be （ is ， am ， are ） not ＋表语。
2. 主语＋助动词（ do/ does ）＋ not ＋ feel/ smell/ look…… ＋表语。例如：
She is a good girl. → She is not a good girl.
You look happy. → You don’t look happy.
It smells bad. → It doesn’t smell bad.
（二）一般疑问句形式：
1. Be （ Is / Am/ Are ）＋主语＋表语？
2. 助动词（ Do/ Does ）＋主语＋动词原形＋表语？例如：
This girl is in Row One. → Is this girl in Row One？
She feels terrible. → Does she feel terrible？
We look excited. → Do you look excited？
以上是初中教材中关于主系表结构的重点内容，请同学们一定掌握好。
请大家按句子后面括号内的要求改写句子：
1. Lily is American. （改为一般疑问句）
2. I am from Sichuan. （改为否定句）
3. He looks puzzled. （改为一般疑问句）
4. They feel very excited. （改为否定句）
5. I am not feeling well. （改为肯定句）
6. The news sounds very bad. （改为一般疑问句）
7. We are all here. （改为一般疑问句）
8. The food tastes delicious. （改为一般疑问句）
9. Its name is Mimi. （改为否定句）
10. I feel well. （改为否定句）
Key：
1. Is Lily American？
2. I am not from Sichuan.
3. Does he look puzzled？
4. They don’t feel excited.
5. I am feeling well.
6. Does the news sound very bad？
7. Are you all here？
8. Does the food taste delicious？
9. Its name is not Mimi.
10. I don’t feel well.
㈡ 英语语法（句子结构
At the center is Ms. Rosales, 55, who was born in Mexico and shares a home with José Carlos Bergantinos, an art consultant and collector from Spain， with whom she once operated a gallery in Manhattan, exhibiting the work of artists like Pablo Picasso and Andy Warhol.
请高手分析一下句子中with whom的用法和句子结构
答：这句话的主句是At the center is Ms. Rosales。是同位语。who-从句是非限制性定语从句（至句尾）。
在这个从句中，又出现了一个人名Jose Carlos Bergantinos, 后面又来了一个同位语an art consultant and collector form Spain. 后面又来了一个非限制性定语从句，来对这个人的情况加以补充。 而这个从句后面又有一个现在分词短语作状语，表示伴随情况：exhibiting ...
㈢ 英语语法句子结构
They主语 are谓语 very low maintenance表语.
And, most important状语,the yellow divers 主语if ication,状语从句or spreading the risk状语, with the investor's money.状语，这个句子没回有谓语，有误的。答
㈣ 英语语法结构
这三种结构的相同点: 意思相同,都表示"众所周知/我们大家都知道"
不同点:用法各不相同.
It is known to us all中的It为形式宾语,因此这种结构后必须接一个主语从句来作真正的主语.
这个主语从句可以是that或wh-类连词引导的从句.即:
It is known to us all+that/what/when/where/how从句.
as is known to us all是由as引导的定语从句,
as指代后面或前面的整个主句,因此as is known to us all结构可放句首,也可放句中或句末,
但一定要用逗号与主句隔开.
what is known to us all是一个名词性从句,常用来作主语从句,用于这个结构中:
What is known to us all is that....
例如: It is known to us all that he will visit our school tomorrow .
=As is known to us all , he will visit our school tomorrow .
=What is known to us all is that he will visit our school tomorrow .
As is known to us all, the earth goes round the sun!
=It is known to us all that the earth goes round the sun!
=What is known to us all is that the earth goes round the sun!
It is known to us all when the meeting will be held .
It is known to us all where the meeting will be held .
It is known to us all why you didn't come to school yesterday.
㈤ 英语语法总结，所有的
一、非谓语动词
“非谓语动词”可分为动词不定式、动名词和分词。它在句子中的作用很多：除了不作谓语外，它可以充当主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语与复合宾语(主语补语或宾语补语)。有些及物动词后面接不带to的不定式作复合宾语。这些动词归纳如下：一感(feel)．二听(hear，listen to)，三让(have，1et， make)，四看(see，watCh，notice，observe)。再加上help somebody(to)do something和美国英语look at somebody do somthing。还有“二让”属特殊：get somebody to do something 与keep somebody doing。而有些及物动词后面接动名词(the -ing form)作宾语。这些动词归纳为一句话：Papa C makes friends。这是由如下动词的开头字母组成：permit，advise， practise，avoid,consider,mind, allow,keep,enjoy,suggest, finish，risk，imagine,escape,need，delay，stand(忍受)。 为了容易记住，也可以编成顺口溜：“允许完成练习，建议避免冒险，考虑延期逃跑，喜欢保持想象，需要反对忍受”。其相对应的动词依次是：permit/allow,finish,practise；
advise／suggest， avoid，risk： consider， delay， escape／miss； enjoy／appreciate， keep， imagine； need/want／require,mind． can't help／can’t stand。
二、复合句
1、学生最容易混淆的是定语从句与同位语从句的区别。
例如：A、The news that our team has won the match is true． (同位语从句)
B、The news that he told us surprised everybody here． (定语从句)
关键的区别在于连接或关系代词that：有意义的是定语， 无意义的是同位。因为引导定语从句的that在从句中作主语或 宾语，而引导同位语从句的that只起到连接词的作用。
2、接着容易混淆的是引导定语从句的关系代词that与 which：that之前是不定(代词)、序数(词)、(形容词)最高级：which之前是介词短语与逗号(非限制性)。
例如：A、All that we have to do is to practise every day．
B、The first lesson that I learned will never be forgotten．
C、I have lost my pen，which I like very much.
D、The house in front of which there is a garden is my home．
三、It的用法
1、It除了代替人和物以外，还可以作形式主语。而真正的主语(不定式、动名词或从句)则放于谓语或表语之后。
例如：It is nor easy to finish the work in two days.
然而有少数表语之后接动名词作真正的主语。这些表语是：无助(no help)、无用(no use)、没好处(no good)；工作(hard work)、费时(a waste of time)、又危险(a danger)。
例如：A、It is no use crying over spilt milk.
B、It is a waste of time waiting for him．
2、It还可以作形式宾语。通常下列动词后面可接it作形式宾语：2f2tcjm(find，feel,think,take,consider，judge, make)。
例如：A、He made it clear that he was not interested in this subject．
B、I think it no use arguing with him.
3、It用于强调句式。要强调句子的某一部分(主语、宾语、 状语)，可以把it当作先行词。这种句子的结构是：It is(was)+ 被强调部分+that(who)+句子的其余部分。
例如：A、It iS Professor Lin who teaches us English—(强调主语)
B、It was in Shanghai that l saw the film.—(强调状语)
C、It was in 1990 that I worked in the factory．(同上)
但要注意与定语从句的区别。
例如：D、It was 1990 when I worked in the factory．(定语从句)
在强调句式里，我们把强调结构It is(was)…that除去，句子还很完整。如例句C。而例句D就不能。
四、倒装结构
学生容易混淆的是全部倒装与部分倒装。如何区分之，编个顺口溜：副(adv.)介(prep．)提前全倒装，其它句式部分倒；否定提前倒助动，让步状语倒表语；复合句式倒主句，不
倒装的属特殊。下面举例说明：
A、Here comes the bus．(副词提前，全倒装)
B、Here he comes.(代词作主语，不倒装)
C、In front of the house lies a garden.(介词短语提前，全倒装)
D、Never shall I do this again.(否定词提前，部分倒装)
E、Young as he is ,he knows a lot.(让步状语从句，表语倒装)
F、Only when he told me did I realize what trouble he was in．(only 修饰状语，主句倒装)
G、Only he can save the patient.(only修饰主语．不倒装)
H、Not only will help be given to people,but also medical treatment will be provided.(否定词提前，部分倒装)
I、Not only he but also we like sports.(连接两个主语，不倒装)
五、虚拟语气
虚拟语气也是一个难点。所谓虚拟语气是表示说话人的愿望、假设、猜测或建议，而不表示客观存在的事实。它通过句子的谓语动词的特殊形式来表示。现归纳如下：纯假设，用虚拟，动词时态退一级：条件句，分主从，主句谓语前加would (should,could，might)；表愿望,用虚拟，wish后面接宾语(从句)：现在过去与将来，动词时态退一级：提建议，用虚拟，宾语(从句)动词用(should)do：俩建议，三要求，再加坚持与命令(suggest,advise,demand,require,request,insist,order)：It is time和eoukd rather,后接丛句用虚拟：部分主语从句中， 谓语用虚拟结构 (It is necessry /important/natural/natural/strange/strange that……should do)。 下面举例说明：
A、If you came tomorrow,we would have the metting. (条件句虚拟)
B、Without air,there would be no living things.(同上)
C、We wish we had arrived there two hours earlier.(表示愿望虚拟）
D、He demanded that we (should)start right away.(表示建议虚拟)
E、It is(high)time that we left (should leave)now．(特殊从句虚拟）
F、I would rather you gave me the book．(同上)
G、It is necessary that we should clean the room everyday，(主语从句虚拟)
H、He speaks English so fluently as if he were English． (特殊从句虚拟)
㈥ 英语语法结构
there be 句型就是倒装句的一种，实际上这句话的结构应该是：about 105 males are born for every 100 females.如果看得更明白一些版可以这样说：for every 100 females, about 105 males are born. born是bear生育的权done结构，大约105个男性被生出来的意思。此句表示男女比例为1.05：1
㈦ 初二英语语法归纳
1. look pretty 看上去漂亮的
1. taste salty 尝起来咸的
2. feel tight 感觉有些紧
3. smell sour 闻上去酸的
4. sound noisy 听上去吵闹的
5. so much food 这么多食物
6. get the food ready把食物准备好
7. can’t wait to do sth.迫不及待地做某事
8. hear from sb. 收到某人的来信
9. shake hands 握手
10. last message 上个信息
11. be proud of sb. 为某人自豪
12. have a party 开聚会
13. the first time 第一次
14. family member 家庭成员
15. say hello to sb.与某人问好
16. have a try 试一试
17. introce sb. to sb.把某人介绍给
18. get angry with sb. 对某人生气
19. be afraid of doing sth 害怕做某事.
20. be excited about doing sth.做某事感到兴奋
21. do something wrong 做错事
22. ride a bicycle 骑自行车
23. would like to do sth. 想要做某事
24. make cookies 做小甜饼
25. What’s the matter with you? 你怎么了？
26. What’ she like? 她为人怎样？
27. What does she look like? 她长的怎样？
feel (感觉，摸起来)
sound（听起来）
look（看上去）
28.主语+感官动词(连系动词) seem （好象） +adj.
smell（闻起来）
taste （吃起来）
keep （保持）
become / get/ turn （变得）
Mole 8
1. around town 环城之行
2. go along 沿着---走
3. turn left/ right into---向左/右转
4. on the corner of (在街道)拐角处
5. between---and---在----和----之间
6. on the left of---在---的左边
7. opposite the market 在市场的对面
8. by boat 乘船
9. take boat 乘船
10. on a clear day 在晴朗的日子里
11. the way to -------的路
12. the best way 最好的方法
13. get off 下（车， 船）
14. go past 走过
15. go for a walk 散步
16. buy things you need 买你需要的东西
17. go swimming 去游泳
18. get something to eat 买些吃的东西
19. be full of 装满了---
20. most of 大多数
21. at the ticket office 在售票处
22. follow it on the map
23. Where is the park?
How can I get to the park?
Can you tell me the way to the park?
Is there a park near here?
Do you know the way to the park?
Mole 9
1.濒危动物: animals in danger
2.需要做某事: need to do
3.没有喝水： without drinking
4.了解: learn about…
5.令人惊奇的事情:: the surprising thing
6.很吃惊地干某事: be surprised to do sth
7.干某事很悲伤: It’s sad to do sth
8.为了…而杀死: kill…for…
9.停止捕杀很难: It’s hard to stop killing
10.没有地方住: no places to live in
11.没有足够吃的食物no enough food to eat
12.这水不好喝: The water isn’t good to drink
13.带走它: take it away
14.住在森林里: live in the forests
15.决定不做某事: decide not to do
16:变得很严峻: become very serious
17.以…为生: live on…
18.照顾: look after (them, her…)
19.有足够住的地方:enough places to live in
20.越来越少的土地居住 less and less land to live on
21.制定计划: make a plan
22.生长得更好：grow better
23.最著名的科学家: the best-known scientist
24.以 而闻名: be famous for…
25.的标志（象征） the symbol of…
26.想起 think of…
27.考虑: think about (it)
28.例如: for example / such as…
29.几乎没有熊猫 very few pandas.
30.也，同样 as well as…
31.你真是太好了干某事 It’s really nice of you to do sth…
32.向某人展示某物show sb about sth..
33.干某事的一个计划: a plan to do sth…
34.设计海报 design a poster
35.保持…干净: keep sth clean
36.保持地球的干净: keep the Earth clean
37.砍伐森林: cut down the forests
38.污染河流: pollute the rivers
39.为某人而工作: work for sb
40.在野外: in the wild
41.究竟 : on earth
42.听到那个消息很难过：I’m sorry to hear that.
43.使得某人发狂: make sb mad
44: 把它变脏: make it dirty
45. 查找它: find it out
46.和平地生存：live in peace.
47.自然保护区: nature reserve
48.最后: at last
49.干某事是有趣的: It’s interesting to do
50.需要保护: need to protect…
51.变得稀少: become rare
52.最濒危的动物之一one of the animals most in danger
53．出生： be born
54．由于许多不同的原因：for many different reasons
Mole 10
1. offer to do sth. 主动提出做某事
2. watch a performance of 看----的演出
3. the center of the neighbourhood 居住地的中心
4. say goodbye to sb. 向某人说再见
5. the Qing Dynasty 清朝
6. the Anti-Japanese War 抗日战争
7. send sb. to some place 送/派某人去某地
8. the Teacher’s School 师范学校
9. from – to – 从----到----
10. be named 被命名为
11. people’s artist 人民的艺术家
12. great Master of Language 语言大师
13. folk music 民歌
14. magic shows 魔术表演
15. at the teahouse 在茶馆
16. enjoy sth. 从某事得到乐趣
17. the twentieth century 二十世纪
18. give a wonderful welcome 热烈欢迎
19. take place 发生
20. make them study hard 使他们努力学习
21. fall in love with sb. 与某人相爱
22. marry sb. 娶了/嫁给某人
23. the best part of the film 电影最好的部分
24. the name of ----的名字
25. more than one meaning 不止一个意思
26. the same dream 相同的梦想
27. Beijing Children’s Art Theatre 北京儿童艺术剧院
28. a gold medal 金牌
29. somebody else 别的人
30. a well-known poet 著名的诗人
31. a writer for TV, opera and drama 一位集电视剧，歌剧及戏剧创作于一身的作家
32. finish doing sth 结束做某事
33. be good for 对---有利
34. understand their children better 更好的了解孩子
35. manage to do sth. 设法做成某事
36. make a decision 做出决定
Mole 11
1. The Spring Festival 春节
2. at the moment 现在
3. depend on 根据---而定/ 依靠
4. find out 找出，查明
5. choose carefully 仔细挑选
6. the places to see 要看的地方
7. in winter 在冬天
8. change colour 改变颜色
9. in the northwest 在西北
10. remember to do sth 记得干某事
11. freezing cold 非常冷
12. from time to time 时常
13. take an umbrella 带把雨伞
14. for a long time 长时间
15. on holiday 度假
16. best of all 最好的是
17. start to do sth. 开始做某事
Unit 1: How often do you exercise?
【应掌握的词组】
1. go to the movies 去看电影
2. look after = take care of 照顾
3. surf the internet 上网
4. healthy lifestyle 健康的生活方式
5. go skate boarding 去划板
6. keep healthy=stay healthy 保持健康
7. exercise=take(much)exercise=do sports锻炼
8. eating habits 饮食习惯
9. take more exercise 做更多的运动
10. the same as 与什么相同
11. be different from 不同
12. once a month一月一次
13. twice a week一周两次
14. make a difference to 对什么有影响
15. how often 多久一次
16. although = though虽然
17. most of the students=most students
18. shop=go shopping=do some shopping 购物
19. as for至于
20. activity survey活动调查
21. do homework做家庭作业
22. do house work做家务事
23. eat less meat吃更少的肉
24. junk food垃圾食物
25. be good for 对什么有益
26. be bad for对什么有害
27. want to do sth 想做某事
28. want sb to do sth想某人做某事
29. try to do sth 尽量做某事
30. come home from school放学回家
31. of course = certainly = sure当然
32. get good grades取得好成绩
33. some advice
34. hardly=not nearly / almost not几乎不
35. keep/be in good health保持健康
36.be stressed紧张的，有压力的
37. take a vacation 去度假
48.get back 回来
Unit 2 What’s the matter?
【应掌握的词组】
1. Have a cold 感冒
2. sore back 背痛
3. neck and neck 并驾齐驱，齐头并进
4. I have a stomachache 我胃痛
= I have got a stomachache
= There is something wrong with my stomach
= My stomach hurts
= I have (got) a pain in my stomach
5. What’s the matter? 怎么了？
= What’s the trouble (with you)?
= What’s your trouble?
= What’s wrong (with you)?
= What’ the matter (with you)?
=What has happened to you?
= Is there anything wrong (with you)? = what’s up?
6. sore throat 咽喉痛
7. lie down and rest 躺下休息
8. see a dentist 看牙医
9. drink lots of water 多喝水
10. hot tea with honey 加蜂蜜的热茶
11.That’s a good idea 好主意
12.That’s too bad 太糟糕了
13.I think so 我认为如此
14. I’m not feeling well. 我觉得不太舒服
= I’m not feeling fine/all right.
= I’m feeling ill/sick. =I feel terrible/bad.
= I don’t feel well.
15. get some rest 多休息
16. I have no idea = I don’t know 我不知道
17. stressed out 筋疲力尽
18. I am tired 我累了 He is tired. 他累了
19. a healthy lifestyle健康的生活方式
20. traditional Chinese doctors传统中医
21. a balance of yin and yang阴阳调和
22. you have too much yin.你阴气太盛
23. to eat a balance diet饮食平衡
24. healthy food 健康食品
25. stay healthy 保持健康
=keep healthy=keep in good health
= keep fit
26. enjoy oneself (myself, yourself, herself, himself, themselves, ourselves, itself
反身代词) 玩得高兴，过得愉快
=have a good time = have a wonderful time
= have fun
27. enjoy sth. =like sth. (名词)喜欢某物,
enjoy doing sth.喜欢做某事=like dong sth
practice doing sth.练习做某事，
mind doing sth. 介意做某事，
finish doing sth.完成某事，
give up doing sth.放弃做某事，
can’t help doing sth.忍不住做某事，
keep ding sth. 坚持做某事. （keep on doing sth. / keep sb. doing sth. ）
be busy doing sth. 忙着做某事
be used to doing sth.习惯于做某事
make a contribution to doing sth.为..做贡献
go on doing sth. 继续做某事
forget doing sth.忘记做某事
remember doing sth. 记得做某事
spend....(in) doing sth. 花（时间）来做某事
prefer doing sth.to doing sth.比起（做...）来更愿意（做...）
28. at the moment = now 此刻
29. Host family 东道家庭
30. Conversation practice会话练习
31. I’m sorry to hear that.听到此事我很难过
初二语法复习
1. so+谓语+主语：…也一样. 谓语:be动词/助动词/情态动词
2. so+主语+谓语:的确如此,真的这样.
3. help yourself/yurselves to．．．请随便吃点．．．
4. 发现sb做sth : find sb doing sth
5. 不完全同意I don’t really agree.
完全不同意I really don’t agree.
6. 或者．．或者．．．either…or…..就近原则
既不．．也不．．neither…nor….就近原则
既．．．．又．．．both…and….谓语用复数
7. 看起来，似乎It seems/seemed that…..
8. 由于．．．而闻名be famous for….
更详细的语法可以看这里：）
http://www.52en.com/whbm/grammar/index.htm
㈧ 英语语法点归纳,详细的,
从网络上截取下来的知识，希望对你有帮助。
名词和主谓一致 I. 名词的种类 专有名词 普通名词 国名地名人名，团体机构名称 可数名词 不可数名词 个体名词 集体名词 抽象名词 物质名词 特别注意名词类别的相互转换 个体名词与抽象名词的相互转换 例 句 意 义 名词性质 ①She held some flowers in her hand. ②The trees are now in flower 花儿 个体名词 开花 抽象名词 ①Youth is beautiful. ②He is a youth of twenty 青春 抽象名词 年轻人 个体名词 ①They have achieved remarkable success in their work. ②—How about the Christmas evening party? —I should say it was a success. 成功 抽象名词 成功的事 个体名词 物质名词与个体名词的相互转换 例 句 意 义 名词性质 ①Iron is a kind of metal. ②Please lend me your iron. 铁 物质名词 熨斗 个体名词 ①He broke a piece of glass. ②He broke a glass. 玻璃 物质名词 玻璃杯 个体名词 ①I bought a chicken this morning ②Please help yourself to some chicken 小鸡 个体名词 鸡肉 物质名词 抽象名词与个体名词的转换 具有动作意义的抽象名词加用与某些动词（如：have等）连 用，表示某一次短暂的动作 ①—I’d like______information about the management of your hotel,please. —Well, you could have____word with the manager. He might be helpful A.some,a B.an,some C.some,some D.an,a ②They sent us word of the latest happenings. 消息 （抽象名词） A.a B.an C./ D.the ③Could we have word before you go to the meeting? 话（个体名词） A.a B.an C./ D.the 类例：have a dream/a rest/a smoke/a swim/a trip/a wash/a discussion/a look take a walk/a bath make an advance(进步)/make an early start(早点出发) /make a decision/make a change/give a cry of pain(发出痛苦的叫声) /give a try 表示知识和时间的抽象名词转换为普通名词时可以用来表示 其中的一部分 ①Many people agree that___knowledge of English is a must in____international trade today. A.a, / B.the, an C.the, the D. /, the a knowledge of truth(知道实际情况) give a fuller knowledge of China(提供关于中国更为翔实的知识) have a knowledge of shorthand(有速记的知识) ②If there were no examination, we should have______at school. A.the happiest time B.a more happier time C.much happiest time D.a much happier time ③ is money. A.The time B.A time C.Time D.Times 抽象名词转换为普通名词可用来表示“一次、一阵、一种”具体的行为、事件、现象或结 果。这时名词前往往有形容词修饰 ①Oh, John. _____you gave me! A.How a pleasant surprise B.How pleasant surprise C.What a pleasant surprise D. What pleasant surprise ②She looked up when I shouted. A.in a surprise B.in the surprise C.in surprise D.in some surprise 其它例子：The gift came as a complete surprise to me. We have had some unpleasant surprise ③It is_____work of art that everyone wants to have a look at it. A.so unusual B. such unusual C.such an unusual D.so an unusual II. 名词的数 规则名词的复数形式：名词的复数形式，一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es（参看有关语法书）。英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的，请看下表 规 则 例 词 1 改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式 man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice 2 单复数相同 sheep, deer, series, means, works, fish, species 3 只有复数形式 ashes, trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses, compasses, contents 4 一些集体名词总是用作复数 people, police, cattle, staff 5 部分集体名词既可以作单数（整体）也可以作复数（成员） audience, class, family, crowd, couple, group, committee, government, population, crew, team, public, enemy, party 6 复数形式表示特别含义 customs(海关), forces(军队), times(时代), spirits(情绪), drinks(饮料), sands(沙滩), papers(文件报纸), manners(礼貌), looks(外表), brains(头脑智力), greens(青菜), ruins(废墟) 7 表示“某国人” 加-s Americans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans 单复数同形 Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese 以-man或-woman结尾的改为-men,-women Englishmen, Frenchwomen 8 合成名词 将主体名词变为复数 sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy friends 无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数 grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches 将两部分变为复数 women singers, men servants III. 主谓一致 规则 情 况 举 例 语 法 一 致 原 则 以单数名词或代词动词不定式短语，动名词短语或从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式；主语为复数时，谓语动词 用复数形式。 His father is working on the farm. To study English well is not easy. Reading in the sun is bad for your eyes. What he said is very important for us all. 由what引导的主语从句，后面的谓语动词多数情况用单数形式，但若表语是复数或what从句是一个带有复数意义的并列结构时，主句的谓语动词用复数形式。 what I bought were three English books. What I say and do is (are) helpful for you. 由连接词and或both…and连接起来的主语后面，要用复数形式的谓语动词。但若所连接的两个词是指同一个人或物 时，它后面的谓语就用单数形式。由and 连接的并列单数主语前如果分别有no, each, every 或more than a (an)/one,many a (an) 修饰时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。either, neither, each, every 或no+单数名词和由some, any no, every构成的复合不定代词，都作单数看待。. Lucy and Lily are twins The writer and artist has come. Every student and every teach is in the classroom. Many a boy and many a girl likes it. No boy and no girl likes it. Each of us has a new book. Is everyone here today? Somebody is speaking in class. Everything around us is matter 若none of 后面的名词是不可数名词，它的谓语动词就要用单数。若它后面的名词是复数，它的谓语动词用单数或复数都可以。 None of the sugar was left. None of us has (have) been to America. 在定语从句里，关系代词that, who, which 等作主语时，其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。 Those who want to go please write their names on the blackboard. He is one of my friends who are working hard. He is the (only) one of my friends who is working hard. 在强调句型中应与被强调部分一致 It is I who am going to the cinema tonight. It is we who are going to the cinema tonight. 如果集体名词指的是整个集体，它的谓语动词用单数形式； 如果它指的集体的成员，其谓语动词用复数形式 The police are looking for the lost child. The cattle are eating grass in the field. His family has moved to the south .(他的一家) His family are watching TV.（他的家人） Class four is on the third floor.（四班） Class Four are unable to agree upon a monitor.（四班的学生） 由a lot of /lots of/ plenty of/ a heap of/ heaps of/ the rest of/the majority of+名词构成的短语以及由分数或百分数+名词构成的短语作主语时，其谓语动词的数要根据短语中后面名词的数而定。 There are a lot of people in the classroom. Three-fourths of the surface of the earth is sea. 50 percent of the students in our class are girls. 此外，还有a number of +复数名词有类似的用法（用复数），但the number of +复数名词的数就得依number 而定（用单数）。 A number of students have gone to the farm to help the farmer pick apples. The number of pages in this book is three hundred. 在倒装句中，谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致 There comes the bus. On the wall are many pictures. Such is the result. Such are the facts. Between the two hills stands a monument. 逻 辑 意 义 一 致 原 则 What, who, which, any, more, all 等代词可以是单数，也可是复数， 主要靠意思来决定。 Which is your bag? Which are your bags? Are any of you good at English? Has any of you got a pen? All can be done has been done. All is going well. All have been taken out. All have gone to Beijing. 表示时间重量长度价值等的名词的复数作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数形式，这是由于作主语的名词在概念上是一个整体。 Thirty minutes is enough for the work.. Twenty pounds is too dear. 如强调这类词的复数意义，则谓语动词要用复数形式 Forty kilos of water are used every day. 若英语是书名名格言剧名报名国名等的复数形式，其谓语动词通常用单数形式。 The United States is smaller than China. “The Arabian Nights” is an interesting story-book. 表数量的短语“one and a half”后面接复数名词作主语时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。 One and a half apples is left on the table. 一些学科名词是以-ics结尾，如：mathematics, politics, physics 以及news, works 等。都属于形式上是复数的名词， 实际意义为单数名词， 它们作主语时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。 The paper works was built in 1990.这家造纸厂建于1990年。 I don’t think physics is easy to study. trousers, glasses, clothes, shoes, scissors (剪刀)等词作主语时，谓语用复数，但如果这些名词前有a(the) pair of 等量词修饰时（clothes被a suit of 修饰）谓语动词用单数。 My glasses are broken. The pair of shoes under the bed is his. “定冠词the+形容词或分词”，表示某一类人动词用复数；若表示某一类东西时，动词用单数。 The old are taken good care of there. The beautiful gives pleasure to all. 就 近 /远 一 致 原 则 当两个主语由either or, neither nor, not only but also ,whether or 连接时，谓语动词和邻近的主语保持一致,即就近一致。 Either the teacher or the students are our friends. Neither he nor they are wholly right. Neither they nor he is wholly right. Is neither he nor they wholly right? there be 句型中be 动词的单复数取决于其后的主语。如果其后是由and 连接的两个主语，则应与靠近的那个主语保持一致，即就近一致。 There are two chairs and a desk in the room. There is a desk and two chairs in the room. 主语后面跟有with, together with, except, but, like, as well as, no less than, rather than, more than, besides, along with, including, in addition to 等引起的短语， 谓语动词要跟主语一致，即就远一致。 Mr. Green, together with his wife and children, has come to China. A woman with a baby was on the bus. Nobody but Jim and Mike was on the playground. She, like you and Tom, is very tall. The girls as well as the boy have learned to speak Japanese. No one except my teachers knows anything about it.