❶ 高一英语比较重要的语法有哪些
先行词在定语从句中充当主语，宾语，时间，地点，原因状语。结构：先行词+关系词+定语从句。1. There she saw a wall of water that was quickly advancing towards her.2. In Japan, someone who sees another person making the gesture will think it means money.3. A theme park is a collection of rides, exhibitions or other attractions that are based on a common theme.4. The park has a conservation center that helps protect marine animals and their habitats in the rivers and coastal waters of Asia.5. Visitors can go on exciting rides where they can feel what it is like to do the things they have seen their heroes do in the movie.6. Oprah Winfrey is a black woman whose rise to fame is an inspiring story.(二)定语从句分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句：限定性定语从句：从句对先行词进行必要的描述或说明，缺少它，则句义显得不完整，从句与先行词紧密相连。非限定性定语从句：对先行词进行补充说明，解释，它与先行词之间有逗号隔开。1. Before she could move, she heard a loud noise, which grew to a terrible roar.2. Tree after tree went down, cut down by the water, which must have been three meters deep.3. Flora, whose beautiful hair and dress were all cold and wet, started crying.4. Their talk includes rhythm and rhyming words as well as tongue twisters, which often make the audience applaud.(三)关系词前面可以根据定语从句的内容加上一些介词，这些关系词在介词后面常用which 或whom.1. There was a man with whom I would have to work together and finally the manager of the company.2. Many people who saw the film were afraid to swim in the sea when they remembered the scenes in which people were eaten by the shark.知识重点与难点(一)当先行词有最高级，序数词修饰，是不定代词，或是all, no, only等形式时，关系代词一般用that，而不能用which。1. The Titanic was the largest ship that had ever been built at that time.2. There is one thing that keeps worrying me.(二)当先行词是表示时间，地点，原因的词时，关系词用when, where, why 还有which, that1. I’m very glad to return to my hometown where I had lived for 10 years.2. This is my hometown which I used to talk about to you.3. I think I can understand the reason why he didn’t tell the truth to me.4. No one believes the reason that he gave us about his absence at the meeting.(三)定语从句的简化表达：1. The man who is sitting on the platform is a professor from Wuhan University.2. The letter that was mailed last night will reach him tomorrow.3. The question that is being discussed is very important.4. You are welcome to a party to be given in our class at 7:45.说明：以上的定语从句部分可以用更加简单的非谓语形式表达出来：1. The man sitting on the platform is a professor from Wuhan University.2. The letter mailed last night will reach him tomorrow.3. The question being discussed is very important.4. You are welcome to a party to be given in our class at 7:45.说明：修饰一个名词除了后面用定语从句以外，还可以用非谓语动词形式：doing短语，done短语，being done短语，to be done短语修饰。其结构和意思如下：1. 被修饰名词+doing短语： 正在做….的人/正在发生的事。2. 被修饰名词+ done短语： 被…..的人/事3. 被修饰名词+being done短语：正在被…..的人/事4. 被修饰名词+ to be done短语：将要被…..的人/事(1)Do you know the man talking to my sister ?(2)The “crazy” gesture, moving the index finger in a circle in front of the ear, means “you have a phone call” in Brazil.(3)Did you see that car being repaired ?(4)In a camera, the lens must be focused on the object to be photographed.(5)The students to attend the meeting will arrive here tomorrow.(6)Goods imported from abroad are not always better than those made in China.(7)The Yellow River, said to be “the mother river” runs across China like a huge dragon.总结：以上做定语的那些短语就是英语语法中所说的分词，不定式的各种形式作定语。1. 这些短语作定语应放在被修饰名词的后面。如果单独一个V-ing或V-ed形式作定语，则可以放在被修饰名词前面。2. 分词作定语时，其动作应与全句动作同时发生。V-ing表示主动意义和正在做，V-ed表示被动意义。being done表示正在被做的3. 不定式作定语表示将要发生的，to be done表示将要被做的【典型例题】[例1] Friendship is needed by all, _____ plays an important role in people’s lives.A. whichB. thatC. whoD. it分析：_____ plays an important role in people’s lives为非限定性定语从句修饰先行词Friendship用which连接定语从句。答案：A[例2] Uncle Li _____ I worked three years ago has retired now.A. whoB. whom C. with whomD. to whom分析：_____ I worked three years ago作为定语从句修饰先行词Uncle Li，从句完整的表达是：I worked with Uncle Li three years ago. 所以关系词前应加上介词with。答案：C[例3] Is this the reason _____ at the meeting for his carelessness in his work ?A. he explained B. what he explained C. how he explainedD. why he explained分析：定语从句_____ at the meeting for his carelessness in his work修饰先行词the reason指“他在会上就他工作中的粗心解释的原因。先行词在从句中做宾语。答案：A[例4] Teachers, _____ work is rather hard, are being better paid than before.A. who B. that C. whichD. whose分析：非限定性定语从句_____ work is rather hard修饰先行词teachers, 它与从句中的work是从属关系，关系词用whose答案：D[例5 ] The Olympic Games , _____ in 776 BC, didn’t included women players until 1912.A. first playingB. to be first playedC. first playedD. to be first playing分析：公元前776年被首次举行的奥运会，直到1912年才容纳女运动员。_____in 776 BC做定语修饰The Olympic Games，指过去的内容，表示被动。用done做定语。答案：C[例6] The houses _____ for the teachers and the construction work will start soon.A. built B. to be built C. to buildD. being built分析：根据句意房子即将开工。_____ for the teachers and the construction work修饰The houses应为The houses The houses将要为教师和施工修建的房子。答案：B[例7] How many of us_____, a meeting that is not important to us would be interested in the discussion?A. attendedB. attendingC. to attendD. have attended分析：根据句意：比如说，我们当中参加一个对我们毫不重要的会议的人会有多少人对这个讨论感兴趣呢?_____, say, a meeting that is not important to us修饰How many of us做定语。与全句动作同步.答案：B[例8] She has three children, _____ is working in Australia.A. whoB. one of whom C. one of them D. none of them分析：非限定性定语从句__ is working in Australia修饰先行词three children，根据从句中的is判断，是说：三个孩子中的一个在澳大利亚工作。答案：B【模拟试题】1. Susan is the very girl _____ the good deed.A. whom I think didB. whom I think she didC. who I think didD. I think who did2. Luckily, the poor boy had enough money _____ he could buy a train ticket.A. by whichB. on whichC. with whichD. for which3. The book _____ he devoted much time is to come out next month.A. whereB. whichC. to whichD. on which4. The day came finally _____ I was given an opportunity to act in the play.A. whenB. in that C. whichD. in which5. 1. Don’t you think the question _____ tomorrow is of great importance.A. being discussedB. discussedC. to be discussedD. to discuss6. The food _____ at the moment is for the dinner party.A. cookedB. to be cooked C. is being cookedD. being cooked7. Do you know the teacher _____ under the big tree ?A. readB. readsC. readingD. being read【试题答案】1. C Susan 正是我认为作了好事的那位女孩。先行词the very girl在从句中做think的宾语，同时又是后面宾语从句did the good deed.的主语，所以关系词不能用whom2. C 定语从句_____ he could buy a train ticket.修饰先行词money：用这笔钱买火车票。关系词前面需要加介词：with3. C定语从句_____ he devoted much time意思是：他把大量的时间都投入在这本书上了。devote….to sth.关系词前加介词：to4. A 定语从句_____ I was given an opportunity to act in the play修饰先行词the day ：先行词the day在从句中做时间状语：在这一天我得到了扮演一个角色的机会。5. C 短语_____ tomorrow做定语修饰the question，根据表达的内容：明天即将被讨论的问题。应当用不定式的被动结构做定语。6. D 短语_____ at the moment做the food的定语,表示：正在做的食物。Being done 做定语表示：正在被……的……。7. C 现在分词短语reading under the big tree做定语修饰the teacher 表示：正在大树下看书的那位老师。情态动词1. 情态动词的推测表达2. 情态动词表达虚拟语气3. 某些情态动词的特殊用法知识重点与难点总结知识重点：情态动词在表达推测意义的句子中的运用：(一)用情态动词表达事实的推测。can，could，might，may，must可以用来表达对事实的推测。根据说话人对事实的把握性大小，must表示“肯定…”，may / might / can / could表示“可能……”， must只用于肯定句中，may / might的否定式may not / might not表示 “可能不……”, 而can / could可以用于疑问句，表示“可能，可能……吗?”，其否定式can’t / couldn’t 表示“不可能”。用情态动词可以对现在或过去的事实进行推测。对不同的时间内容推测有不同的结构。(二)对现在的事实进行推测：主要结构：…must / may / might +动词原形be+名词/形容词/介词短语be + doing例句：1. You must be Jeanne. I’m Mathilde Loisel. We used to know each other very well.2. They must be in bed already at this time of the night.3. The teacher must be joking.4. Freda isn’t in class. She must be sick.5. There must be something wrong.6. She might be very clever, but she hasn’t got much common sense.7. He may be arriving this evening.8. He may be traveling around the world.9. The keys can’t be in the room. I have just searched it very carefully.10. Can the news be true ?(三)对过去的事实进行推测：结构：情态动词+have done / been+名词/形容词/介词短语例句：1. Mrs. Longmans must have been a pretty girl in her youth.2. He couldn’t have seen Anna yesterday. She’s gone abroad.3. I think I must have left my glasses in the library.4. He might have overslept again.5. Where can Tom have gone ?情态动词表达虚拟语气：表达“本来…”，“不然早就…”。这是情态动词的一种虚拟语气用法。表示说话人所讲的与所发生的事实相反。表达了说话人的埋怨，后悔的语气。其结构是在一些情态动词后面加 have done 结构。根据要表达的意思，有如下结构：should have done / ought to have done：本应该……shouldn’t have done / oughtn’t to have done：本不该……could have done：本来可以……needn’t have done：本来没必要……would like to have done：本来很想……would rather not have done: 本来不愿意……could / might / have done: 不然早就……例句：1. You shouldn’t have laughed at his mistakes.2. You could have told us earlier.3. I ought to have bought that dictionary last week.4. You ought not to have spent so much time in reading novels.5. We need not have been in a tearing hurry to catch the train.6. They would like to have seen that film last film.7. If he had given me his number, I could have telephoned him.8. They might have been frozen to death but for the rescue in time.知识难点：某些情态动词的特殊用法：need 和dare 的两种形式的用法need 和dare可以用做实义动词，后面接不定式(to do)结构，在疑问句和否定句中，加助动词do/does/did/或don’t/doesn’t/didn’t。作为情态动词使用时，主要用于疑问句和否定句中。情态动词needn’t(没有必要，不必)相当于don’t have to例句：1. It is cold, you need to wear some warm clothes.2. Need I stay here with you for a while ? Thank you, you needn’t.3. How dare you speak to parents like that ?注意：句型I dare say+从句。 意思是：我肯定…… = I’m sure或There is no doubt that+从句。例句：I dare say that my uncle will get the money if I die.will和would表示“意志”或“愿意”，would 则指过去愿意做……例句：1. He said that he would help us.2. You may telephone if you will accept this job.would可以表达“过去习惯做……”类似于“used to do”例句：1. When we were children, we would go swimming every summer in that river.表示请求，固定的句型：Will/Would you please do…? / Would you like to do…?例句：Will/Would you please give him a message when you see him ?shall1. 用于第一，三人称，表示“请求”;“建议” 或“推荐”例句：1. Shall we start the meeting now?2. Shall I watch TV now ?3. Shall my son carry the case for you ?2. 用于第二人称，表示“命令，“要求”，“许诺”例句：1. You shall take whatever you like.2. You shall not go to the party with me if you make so much noise again.在表示推测的否定句或疑问句中，常用can /can’t /could / couldn’t表示，意思是：“可能…吗?”;“…不可能…”。而不能使用mustn’t或must等词。【典型例题】1. —Do you think he will do me a favor ?—As far as I know, he is the last one to help others. He _____ be prepared to give you a hand, though.A. mightB. must C. canD. should分析：本题考查情态动词推测性用法。 根据he is the last one to help others.(他是最不可能帮助别人的人)，既然如此，那么“帮助你”的可能性也就最小了。答案为A2. —Look, someone is coming. Guess who it ____ be ?—I think it ___ be Tom.—I don’t think it ___ be ____ .A. can ; must ; can ; heB. may ; can ; must ; himC. must ; can ; must ; hisD. might ; must ; can ; himself分析：根据备选答案。 can表示推测时用于疑问句或否定句中。本题首句就应该是Guess who can it be? 第二句应该是I think it must be Tom.(说话人十分肯定)。第三句表达了说话人对前一个人的否定。即：I don’t think it can be him/he.(不可能是他)。答案为A3. —Do you know Ms. Wang likes walking after supper ?—Sure. She ____ around the campus now.A. must be walkingB. must walkC. may walkD. may be walking分析：关键词Sure告诉我们说话人的口气十分肯定。根据句子语境：她此刻肯定正在校园散步呢。must be doing表示肯定正在做。答案为A4. —I stayed at a hotel in New York.—Oh, did you ? You _____ with Barbara.A. could have stayed B. could stay C. would sayD. must have stayed分析：首句说：我在纽约住在一家宾馆里。在此a hotel是泛指。所以D选项不合题意。
❷ 英语高一语法和句子结构有哪些
先行词在定语从句中充当主语,宾语,时间,地点,原因状语.结构：先行词+关系词+定语从句.1. There she saw a wall of water that was quickly advancing towards her.2. In Japan, someone who sees another person making the gesture will think it means money.3. A theme park is a collection of rides, exhibitions or other attractions that are based on a common theme.4. The park has a conservation center that helps protect marine animals and their habitats in the rivers and coastal waters of Asia.5. Visitors can go on exciting rides where they can feel what it is like to do the things they have seen their heroes do in the movie.6. Oprah Winfrey is a black woman whose rise to fame is an inspiring story.(二)定语从句分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句：限定性定语从句：从句对先行词进行必要的描述或说明,缺少它,则句义显得不完整,从句与先行词紧密相连.非限定性定语从句：对先行词进行补充说明,解释,它与先行词之间有逗号隔开.1. Before she could move, she heard a loud noise, which grew to a terrible roar.2. Tree after tree went down, cut down by the water, which must have been three meters deep.3. Flora, whose beautiful hair and dress were all cold and wet, started crying.4. Their talk includes rhythm and rhyming words as well as tongue twisters, which often make the audience applaud.(三)关系词前面可以根据定语从句的内容加上一些介词,这些关系词在介词后面常用which 或whom.1. There was a man with whom I would have to work together and finally the manager of the company.2. Many people who saw the film were afraid to swim in the sea when they remembered the scenes in which people were eaten by the shark.知识重点与难点(一)当先行词有最高级,序数词修饰,是不定代词,或是all, no, only等形式时,关系代词一般用that,而不能用which.1. The Titanic was the largest ship that had ever been built at that time.2. There is one thing that keeps worrying me.(二)当先行词是表示时间,地点,原因的词时,关系词用when, where, why 还有which, that1. I’m very glad to return to my hometown where I had lived for 10 years.2. This is my hometown which I used to talk about to you.3. I think I can understand the reason why he didn’t tell the truth to me.4. No one believes the reason that he gave us about his absence at the meeting.(三)定语从句的简化表达：1. The man who is sitting on the platform is a professor from Wuhan University.2. The letter that was mailed last night will reach him tomorrow.3. The question that is being discussed is very important.4. You are welcome to a party to be given in our class at 7:45.说明：以上的定语从句部分可以用更加简单的非谓语形式表达出来：1. The man sitting on the platform is a professor from Wuhan University.2. The letter mailed last night will reach him tomorrow.3. The question being discussed is very important.4. You are welcome to a party to be given in our class at 7:45.说明：修饰一个名词除了后面用定语从句以外,还可以用非谓语动词形式：doing短语,done短语,being done短语,to be done短语修饰.其结构和意思如下：1. 被修饰名词+doing短语： 正在做….的人/正在发生的事.2. 被修饰名词+ done短语： 被…..的人/事3. 被修饰名词+being done短语：正在被…..的人/事4. 被修饰名词+ to be done短语：将要被…..的人/事(1)Do you know the man talking to my sister ?(2)The “crazy” gesture, moving the index finger in a circle in front of the ear, means “you have a phone call” in Brazil.(3)Did you see that car being repaired ?(4)In a camera, the lens must be focused on the object to be photographed.(5)The students to attend the meeting will arrive here tomorrow.(6)Goods imported from abroad are not always better than those made in China.(7)The Yellow River, said to be “the mother river” runs across China like a huge dragon.总结：以上做定语的那些短语就是英语语法中所说的分词,不定式的各种形式作定语.1. 这些短语作定语应放在被修饰名词的后面.如果单独一个V-ing或V-ed形式作定语,则可以放在被修饰名词前面.2. 分词作定语时,其动作应与全句动作同时发生.V-ing表示主动意义和正在做,V-ed表示被动意义.being done表示正在被做的3. 不定式作定语表示将要发生的,to be done表示将要被做的【典型例题】[例1] Friendship is needed by all, _____ plays an important role in people’s lives.A. whichB. thatC. whoD. it分析：_____ plays an important role in people’s lives为非限定性定语从句修饰先行词Friendship用which连接定语从句.答案：A[例2] Uncle Li _____ I worked three years ago has retired now.A. whoB. whom C. with whomD. to whom分析：_____ I worked three years ago作为定语从句修饰先行词Uncle Li,从句完整的表达是：I worked with Uncle Li three years ago. 所以关系词前应加上介词with.答案：C[例3] Is this the reason _____ at the meeting for his carelessness in his work ?A. he explained B. what he explained C. how he explainedD. why he explained分析：定语从句_____ at the meeting for his carelessness in his work修饰先行词the reason指“他在会上就他工作中的粗心解释的原因.先行词在从句中做宾语.答案：A[例4] Teachers, _____ work is rather hard, are being better paid than before.A. who B. that C. whichD. whose分析：非限定性定语从句_____ work is rather hard修饰先行词teachers, 它与从句中的work是从属关系,关系词用whose答案：D[例5 ] The Olympic Games , _____ in 776 BC, didn’t included women players until 1912.A. first playingB. to be first playedC. first playedD. to be first playing分析：公元前776年被首次举行的奥运会,直到1912年才容纳女运动员._____in 776 BC做定语修饰The Olympic Games,指过去的内容,表示被动.用done做定语.答案：C[例6] The houses _____ for the teachers and the construction work will start soon.A. built B. to be built C. to buildD. being built分析：根据句意房子即将开工._____ for the teachers and the construction work修饰The houses应为The houses The houses将要为教师和施工修建的房子.答案：B[例7] How many of us_____, a meeting that is not important to us would be interested in the discussion?A. attendedB. attendingC. to attendD. have attended分析：根据句意：比如说,我们当中参加一个对我们毫不重要的会议的人会有多少人对这个讨论感兴趣呢?_____, say, a meeting that is not important to us修饰How many of us做定语.与全句动作同步.答案：B[例8] She has three children, _____ is working in Australia.A. whoB. one of whom C. one of them D. none of them分析：非限定性定语从句__ is working in Australia修饰先行词three children,根据从句中的is判断,是说：三个孩子中的一个在澳大利亚工作.答案：B【模拟试题】1. Susan is the very girl _____ the good deed.A. whom I think didB. whom I think she didC. who I think didD. I think who did2. Luckily, the poor boy had enough money _____ he could buy a train ticket.A. by whichB. on whichC. with whichD. for which3. The book _____ he devoted much time is to come out next month.A. whereB. whichC. to whichD. on which4. The day came finally _____ I was given an opportunity to act in the play.A. whenB. in that C. whichD. in which5. 1. Don’t you think the question _____ tomorrow is of great importance.A. being discussedB. discussedC. to be discussedD. to discuss6. The food _____ at the moment is for the dinner party.A. cookedB. to be cooked C. is being cookedD. being cooked7. Do you know the teacher _____ under the big tree ?A. readB. readsC. readingD. being read【试题答案】1. C Susan 正是我认为作了好事的那位女孩.先行词the very girl在从句中做think的宾语,同时又是后面宾语从句did the good deed.的主语,所以关系词不能用whom2. C 定语从句_____ he could buy a train ticket.修饰先行词money：用这笔钱买火车票.关系词前面需要加介词：with3. C定语从句_____ he devoted much time意思是：他把大量的时间都投入在这本书上了.devote….to sth.关系词前加介词：to4. A 定语从句_____ I was given an opportunity to act in the play修饰先行词the day ：先行词the day在从句中做时间状语：在这一天我得到了扮演一个角色的机会.5. C 短语_____ tomorrow做定语修饰the question,根据表达的内容：明天即将被讨论的问题.应当用不定式的被动结构做定语.6. D 短语_____ at the moment做the food的定语,表示：正在做的食物.Being done 做定语表示：正在被……的…….7. C 现在分词短语reading under the big tree做定语修饰the teacher 表示：正在大树下看书的那位老师.情态动词1. 情态动词的推测表达2. 情态动词表达虚拟语气3. 某些情态动词的特殊用法知识重点与难点总结知识重点：情态动词在表达推测意义的句子中的运用：(一)用情态动词表达事实的推测.can,could,might,may,must可以用来表达对事实的推测.根据说话人对事实的把握性大小,must表示“肯定…”,may / might / can / could表示“可能……”, must只用于肯定句中,may / might的否定式may not / might not表示 “可能不……”, 而can / could可以用于疑问句,表示“可能,可能……吗?”,其否定式can’t / couldn’t 表示“不可能”.用情态动词可以对现在或过去的事实进行推测.对不同的时间内容推测有不同的结构.(二)对现在的事实进行推测：主要结构：…must / may / might +动词原形be+名词/形容词/介词短语be + doing例句：1. You must be Jeanne. I’m Mathilde Loisel. We used to know each other very well.2. They must be in bed already at this time of the night.3. The teacher must be joking.4. Freda isn’t in class. She must be sick.5. There must be something wrong.6. She might be very clever, but she hasn’t got much common sense.7. He may be arriving this evening.8. He may be traveling around the world.9. The keys can’t be in the room. I have just searched it very carefully.10. Can the news be true ?(三)对过去的事实进行推测：结构：情态动词+have done / been+名词/形容词/介词短语例句：1. Mrs. Longmans must have been a pretty girl in her youth.2. He couldn’t have seen Anna yesterday. She’s gone abroad.3. I think I must have left my glasses in the library.4. He might have overslept again.5. Where can Tom have gone ?情态动词表达虚拟语气：表达“本来…”,“不然早就…”.这是情态动词的一种虚拟语气用法.表示说话人所讲的与所发生的事实相反.表达了说话人的埋怨,后悔的语气.其结构是在一些情态动词后面加 have done 结构.根据要表达的意思
❸ 高一英语必修一语法
呵呵 希望对你有所帮助 祝楼主进步哈
一. 直接引语和间接引语
（一）直接引述别人的原话，叫做直接引语；用自己话转述别人的话，叫做间接引语。间接引语一般构成宾语从句。直接引语必须放在引号内，间接引语则不用引号。直接引语改为间接引语时，除将引语部分变成宾语从句外，还必须对直接引语中的人称、时态、指示代词、时间状语、地点状语等进行改变。
1. 时态的变化：直接引语变为间接引语时，通常受转述动词said, asked等的影响而使用过去化的时态，即把原来的时态向过去推，也就是一般现在时变为一般过去时，现在进行时变为过去进行时，等等。例如：
Tom said to me,“My brother is doing his homework.”
→Tom said to me that his brother was doing his homework.
2. 人称代词、指示代词、时间状语、地点状语等等的变化： 根据意义进行相应的变化，例如：
She asked Jack,“Where have you been?”
→She asked Jack where he had been.
He said,“These books are mine.”
→He said that those books were his.
（二）直接引语改为间接引语时，都使用陈述语序，但是因为原句的句式不同，所以变成间接引语时所用的连词会有所不同。直接引语如果是一般疑问句，用连接词whether或if；如果是特殊疑问句，则用疑问词引导间接引语。转述的动词一般用asked，可以在其后加上一个间接宾语me, him, her, us等。如：
She said,“Is your father at home?”
→She asked me if/whether my father was at home.
“What do you do every Sunday?”My friend asked me.
→My friend asked me what I did every Sunday.
直接引语如果是祈使句，改为间接引语时，要将祈使句的动词原形变为带to的不定式，并在不定式的前面根据原句的语气（即请求或命令）加上ask, tell, order等动词，如果祈使句为否定式，则在不定式前加not。其句型为：ask / tell / order someone (not) to do something. 例如：
She said to us,“Please sit down.”
→She asked us to sit down.
He said to him,“Go away!”
→He ordered him to go away.
He said, “Don’t make so much noise, boys.”
→He told the boys not to make so much noise.
二. 各种时态的被动语态
被动语态概述
被动语态的概念：它是动词的一种形式，表示主语与谓语之间的执行或被执行关系。主动语态表示主语是谓语动作的执行者，例如：They saw the little boy crying by the river. 被动语态表示主语是谓语动作的承受者，例如：The little boy was seen crying by the river.
被动语态的构成
被动语态的形式是由“助动词be+动词的过去分词”构成。助动词be随着主语的人称、数、时态等的不同而变化。几种常见时态的被动语态形式如下：
1. 一般现在时 am/is/are + 过去分词
例如：Rice is planted in the south of China.
2. 一般过去时 was/were + 过去分词
例如：These trees were planted the year before last.
3. 一般将来时 will/shall + be + 过去分词
例如：A sports meeting will be held next week in our school.
4. 现在进行时 am/is/are + being + 过去分词
例如：Your radio is being repaired now.
5. 过去进行时 was/were + being + 过去分词
When he got there, the problem was being discussed.
6. 现在完成时 have/has + been + 过去分词
His work has been finished.
Has his work been finished? Yes, it has. / No, it hasn’t.
7. 过去完成时 had + been + 过去分词
注意：
1．除了be之外的其它系动词如get, stay等也可以和过去分词构成被动语态。例如：Their questions haven’t got answered.
2. 含有情态动词的谓语变成被动语态使用“情态动词+ be + 过去分词”结构。例如：
More attention should be paid to the old in this country.
This work can’t be done until Mr. Black comes.
3. 含有“be going to”, “be to”等结构的谓语，其被动语态分别用“be going to + be + 过去分词”和“be to + be + 过去分词”。例如：
The problem is going to be discussed at the next meeting.
All these books are to be taken to the library.
4. 被动语态与系表结构的区别：“连系动词+用作表语的过去分词”构成的系表结构，与被动语态的形式完全一样，所以应注意它们的区别。被动语态中的过去分词是动词，多强调动作；系表结构中的过去分词相当于形容词，多强调状态。前者通常可用by 引出动作的执行者，而后者则不可以。例如：
The map was changed by someone.（被动结构）
That custom remained unchanged for many centuries.（系表结构）
系表结构中的过去分词通常可被very修饰，被动语态中的过去分词往往要用much修饰。
例如：
He was very excited.（系表结构）
He was much excited by her words.（被动结构）
5. 主动形式表被动意义。有些动词的主动形式有被动意味，如 open, read, sell, shut, wash, wear, write等。此时句子的主语一般是物。例如：
These books sell well. 这些书很畅销。
The door won’t shut. 这门关不上。
The clothes wash well. 这些衣服很好洗。
❹ 高一英语语法全部详解
11. 动词的时态
11.1 一般现在时的用法
1） 经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频腮度的时间状语连用。时间状语： every…, sometimes, at…, on Sunday。例如：
I leave home for school at 7 every morning. 每天早上我七点离开家。
2） 客观真理，客观存在，科学事实。例如：
The earth moves around the sun. 地球绕太阳转动。
Shanghai lies in the east of China. 上海位于中国东部。
3） 表示格言或警句。例如：
Pride goes before a fall. 骄者必败。
注意：此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。
例：Columbus proved that the earth is round. 哥伦布证实了地球是圆的。
4） 现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。例如：
I don't want so much. 我不要那么多。
Ann writes good English but does not speak well. 安英语写得不错，讲的可不行。
比较：Now I put the sugar in the cup. 把糖放入杯子。
I am doing my homework now. 我正在做功课。
第一句用一般现在时，用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作，表示言行的瞬间动作。第二句中的now是进行时的标志，表示正在进行的动作的客观状况，所以后句用一般现在时。
返回动词的时态目录
11.2 一般过去时的用法
1）在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。例如：时间状语有：yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。例如：
Where did you go just now? 刚才你上哪儿去了？
2）表示在过去一段时间内，经常性或习惯性的动作。例如：
When I was a child, I often played football in the street. 我是个孩子的时候，常在马路上踢足球。
Whenever the Browns went ring their visit, they were given a warm welcome.
那时，布朗一家无论什么时候去，都受到热烈欢迎。
❺ 高一英语重要句型小结
●知识网络
1.重要句型
(1)decide if (which,what,when,where,how)…
(2)I think that…
(3)What\’s the matter?
(4)It\’s nothing serious.
(5)advise sb.(not)to do sth.
(6)It\’s one\’s turn to do…
2.重要词汇及短语
(1)make a list of .列……表
(2)give sb. advice 给某人建议
(3)act it out 表演
(4)keep up with 跟上
(5)make the right choices 作正确选择
(6)be based on 根据……
(7)be harmful to 对……有害
(8)keep a balanced diet 保持平衡饮食
(9)be short of 缺乏……
(10)best of all 最
(11)dress up 给……穿盛装，乔装打扮……
(12)Compare A with B 把A和B作比较
(13)have…in common 有……共同之处
(14)give thanks for 为……而致谢
(15)share one\’s hopes(belief,faith,optimism)与某人有共同希望（信仰、信念、乐观态度）
(16)play tricks on 捉弄……
(17)lose(gain)weight 体重减少（增加）
(18)make peace(with) （与……），讲和，言归于好
(19)treat sb.to(a nice lunch) 请某人（吃顿美午餐）
(20)do one\’s homework all wrong. 把作业做错了
(21)in other words 换句话说
(22)take in 欺骗
3．主要语法
（1）复习“提建议”“给忠告”的几种表达法
（2）学习情态动词。
Unit 15~Unit 16
●知识网络
1.重要句型
(1)There is no doubt that…
(2)What happened to sb.?
(3)I don\’t think I know you.
(4)Could you please do…?
(5)It seems like…
2.重要词汇及短语
(1)give sb.a clue 给某人线索
(2)fall asleep 熟睡
(3)recognize 辨认，认出
(4)after all 毕竟，到底
(5)marry 结婚
(6)try on （试）穿上……
(7)without luck 不幸，倒霉
(8)be worth 值……
(9)pay off 偿清
(10)at the most 最多
(11)take up 开始，从事于，继续，接纳
(12)play the role of 扮演……
(13)come up with 赶上，提供，提出
(14)rehearse the plays 排练戏剧
(15)Good luck! 祝你好运！
(16)field of science 科学领域
(17)in my opinion 依我的观点来看
(18)protect…from… 保护……免受……
(19)go against 违背，反对
(20)end in a tie 打成平局
(21)much too 太……
(22)pro or contra 赞成或反对
3.主要语法
（1）复习“征求许可”“询问可能性”“给予指导”的表达法。
（2）继续学习情态动词。
Unit 17~Unit 18
●知识网络
1.重要句型
（1）It is said that…
（2）make it possible to do sth.
（3）wish you a lot of success
（4）There are times when…
（5）It is…to do sth.
2.重要词汇及短语
（1）at the top of one\’s voice高声地、大声地
（2）self rescue 自救
（3）be thankful for… 对……感谢
（4）be in good health 身体状态好；健康
（5）make a decision 做决定
（6）take shelter 躲藏、躲避
（7）refer to 谈及、指着，涉及、参考
（8）keep the peace 维持和平
（9）come to terms with… 甘心忍受
（10）best seller 畅销（书）
（11）hold no promise 失言，不信守承诺
（12）Best of luck to you! 祝您好运!
（13）make good choices 做正确选择
（14）be made up of 由……组（构）成
（15）make electricity 发电
（16）take possession of… 占有……
（17）National holiday 国庆节
（18）in relation to 关于，有关……的
（19）compare…with… 把……与……比较
（20）stand for 象征……；代表……
（21）…has a population of 有……人口
（22）native language 母语
（23）official language 官方语
（24）at an early age 早期
（25）keep deer 养鹿
（26）of high quality 高质量
（27）go sailing(camping…) 去航海（野营）
3.主要语法
（1）主谓一致
（2）代词“it”的用法
Unit 19~Unit 20
●知识网络 1.重要句型
(1)It is (was …that(who)… (2)There are many ways to do…
(3)What do you think of… (4)I will…〔I\’m going to/hope(plan, intend, want)to do〕
2.重要词汇及短语
(1)have an effect on…对……有影响
（2）play a role of…扮演……；起……作用
（3）be friendly to对……友好
（4）depend on依靠；由……决定；取决于
（5）shortage of…缺乏……
（6）be known as…作为……而著称
（7）in other words换句话说
（8）a variety of不同……；形式多样的……
（9）do experiments做实验
（10）at the right time of the year在一年的适当时机
（11）the spring (autumn) ploughing春（秋）耕
（12）year after year年复一年
（13）from generation to generation一代又一代地
（14）at sunset在日落时
（15）tongue twister绕口令
（16）in the right order以正确的顺序
（17）on the stage在舞台上，在……时期
（18）act as充当……；担任……
（19）make fun of愚弄……；嘲笑……
（20）play on words玩文字游戏
（21）mother tongue母语
（22）have in common with…有……共同之处
（23）have a long tradition of…有……悠久传统
（24）date back to…追溯于……；起源于……
（25）advise sb. to do sth.建议某人做某事
（26）be satisfied with对……感到满意
（27）add to 增加
（28）diving board跳水板
（29）as…as/can(could)尽可能地……
（30）drive off赶走；驱赶
（31）enjoy a long life延年益寿；长寿
（32）in great surprise(total silence)非常惊奇地（非常寂静）
（33）get confused感到困惑
3.主要语法 （1）it在强调句中的用法
（2）v+ing形式作定语及宾语补足语
Unit 21~Unit 22
●知识网络
1.重要句型
(1)How could you do…?
(2)Thanks for…
(3)That\’s very kind of you.
(4)What about…?
(5)There is nothing better than to do…
(6)Excuse me. Does this road lead to…?
(7)Excuse me. Where can I find…?
2.重要词汇及短语
（1）body language身势语
（2）tell the truth说实话
（3）ahead of提前；在……前面
（4）give sb. a hand帮助……
（5）index finger食指
（6）vary from culture to culture由于文化不同而不同
（7）get through克服
（8）Well done!做得好！
（9）come up with赶上……；提出……
（10）put things in order把东西有序排列（放起来）
（11）be divided into被分割成……
（12）risk冒险
（3）focus on注意……；关注；以……为重点
❻ 高一英语语法
高一语法(一) 定语从句
定义:★在复合句中用来修饰名词或代词(这个名词或代词在英语中叫先行词)的从句叫定语从句.
定语从句常见的引导词是:that, which who, whom, whose, when, where, why
及.as九个
定语从句必须从 ①先行词,②成份 ,③引导词 三要素着手
引导词在定语从句作宾语时可以省略
★ what不能引导定语从句 / sth that =what all that =what
当第一要素"先行词"是指代物的名词或代词时,其后的定语从句的引导词用that 或which在定语从句中作主语或宾语
e.g. A plane is a machine (that / which can fly.)
物 ↘ 作从句中的主语
The noodles (that / which I cooked )were delicious.
物 ↘ 作从句中的宾语(可省略)
当第一要素先行词是指代人的名词或代词时,用that 或 who在定语从句中作主语,用that /who/whom 在定语从句中代替宾语
e.g. The foreigner( that/who visited our school yesterday) is from Canada.
↘作从句中的主语
The girl (that/who/whom you saw yesterday) is Jim's sister.
↘作从句中的宾语(可以省略)
关于定语从句中可以作介词宾语的引导词
只有引导词which ,whom才可在定语从句中直接跟在某一介词的后面作宾语.
e.g. The athlete( to whom you talked) is a famous runner.
↘介词 ↘只用whom不用who 代人athlete
This is the room( in (介词) which he lived 3 years ago.) (其中in which 可以用where换,)
★但介词也可留在原词组中,上句也可如下表示:
The athlete (that/who/whom you talked to )is a famous runner.
This is a room (that/which he lived in 3 years ago.)
注:常见的不可分拆的词组有:take care of , look after, look for, catch up with, keep up with
look out for ,catch sight of etc.
当第一要素先行词是指人或物的名词或代词,在定语从句中修饰别的名词时都用whose 来代替人或物,意为"他(们)的,或它(们)的"在从句中作定语.
e.g. This is a door (whose color is brown).
↘代替了"门的 "修饰color 在从句中作定语
Harry is the boy( whose mother is our maths teacher.)
/ Harry is the boy, the mother of whom is our maths teacher .
↘ 代替"男孩的" 修饰mother 在从句中作定语
/Harry is the boy ,of whom the mother is our maths teacher.
稍难例句
The child was saved by a man ,the name of whom/whose name/of whom the name was unknown.
There are 54 students in our class, 25 of whom are girls /相当于 of whom 25 are girls.
The Greens have two daughters, both of whom /of whom both are college students.
The journey around the world took the old sailor nine months, of which the sailing time was 226 days./ /相当于/the sailing time of which was226days
或 226days of which was the sailing time./
注意以下句子: (多样化例句)
The beggar has no money with which he can buy food .
/The beggar has no money which /that he can buy food with .
The beggar has no money with which to buy food.( 引导词后直接跟了不定式短语)
/The beggar has no money to buy food with
The peasants built some stores in which to store their grain. (可以模仿以上例句举一反三)
★在有些定语从句中常只能用that引导定语从句,而不能用who/whom/which与它互换.
当第一要素先行词中既有人又有物时
e.g. I still remember the school and the teachers (that he mentioned yesterday.)
当第一要素先行词是指物的不定代词 如anything , all , everything, much, something. (sth that =what all that =what)
e.g. All (that /can be done) has been done(能做的一切都做了)
/What can be done has been done
I can do all (that )/what I can║ to help you.
that可省因为它在定语从句中作宾语
Jack is no longer the lazy boy that he used to be
/Jack is no longer what he used to be .
Shanghai is no loner what it used to be
/Shanghai is no longer the city that it used to be. .
当第一要素先行词中带有the only, the very 修饰物时
e.g. He was the only person( that knew about the secret.)
4. 当第一要素先行词中有序数词或形容词的最高级时
e.g. This is the first book〔 (that) I have bought.〕
This is the best film (that )I have ever seen
5. 以疑问词who, which 开头的疑问句为避免重复
Who is the boy( that is talking to our headmaster )
Which of us that knows something about physics does not know this
一般只能用who的搭配anyone who , he who, anybody who,
Anyone who /He who /Whoever doesn't reach the great wall is not a true man.
★ 注意下句的先行词和主句的谓语单复数
He is the only one of the teachers who /that knows French in our school.
He is one of the teachers who/that know French in our school.
当第一要素先行词是指时间的名词时,其后的定语从句的引导词一般用when,在定语从句中作时间状语.
e.g. I still remember the day ( when I first came to Beijing.)
↘表时间的名词 ↘作从句中的状语"在那天"
当第一要素先行词是指地点的名词时,其后的定语从句的引导词一般用where在定语从句中作地点状语.
e.g. The factory (where his father works )is in the west of the city.
↘表地点的名词 ↘作从句中状语"在那家工厂"
★ ★ case ,point situation ,scene 等是表示地点的抽象名词,其后的定语从句常常用where引导
当第一要素先行词是reason 时,其后的定语从句的引导词一般用why (the reason why) 在定语从句中作原因状语.
e.g. There are several reasons( why we can't do that).
★**但并非看到先行词是指时间或地点的名词及reason 时,就马上用引导词when ,where or why ,要看在定语从句中缺少了什么成份,如果第一要素"先行词"的确是时间或地点的名词及reason,就立刻分析第二要素"成份",如果定语从句中缺少了成份主语或宾语,这时只能把先行词第一要素时间或地点的名词及reason,看作指物的名词,然后选择第三要素"引导词"用that/which 而不能如例句"五,六, 七"中用when ,where, or why .
e.g. I still remember the day (that/which we spent (度过) together ) last summer.
↘表时间的名词 ↘在定语从句中作spent的宾语故不用when
The factory (that / which we visited last week) is my father's.
↘表地点的名词 ↘ 在定语从句中作visit 的宾语,故不用where
The reason (that /which was given by him) was right.
↘表原因 ↘在定语从句中作主语,故不用why
***还要注意典句 The reason is that ………是表语从句
eg. The reason is that he has difficulty in learning English .
The reason (why he is late for school) is that he missed the early train.
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★★以上所举例子全部为限制性定语从句,主从句之间无逗号分开,因此,如果主从句之间有逗号隔开,后面的从句即被称为非限制性定语从句.引导词that是永远不会出现在非限制性定语从句中.
e.g. Dinner starts with a small fish, which (不用that) is called a starter .
Yesterday I met LiPing , who(不用that) look very tired.
十.引导词As 引导的定语从句常在such ….as, the same …as , as…as结构中 ,as在定语从句作主语或宾语.
Such a boy (as you referred to just now) is too curious.
I have the same reference book ( as was described in the lecture .)
I have as many books〔 as you (have) 〕
区别下列两组句子.
This is the same book( as he bought yesterday .) ( 同一种书)
This is the same book( that he bought yesterday.)( 同一本书)
He is such a lovely boy as we all like. (定语从句中作like 的 宾语)
He is such a lovely boy that we all like him.( 结果状语从句
十一,★ As 也可以引导非限制性定语从句. 但要区别which引导非限制性定语从句.
As 引导非限制性定语从句,可以放在句首,或句中, 谓语常是 expect, know, hope , realize ,see, understand
Eg. He stands out of the crowd in music, as everybody can see.
= As everybody can see, he stands out of the crowd in music
2. As 引导非限制性定语从句,不用于否定句.而which可以.
Eg. He took the first place, which we didn't expect.
which引导非限制性定语从句只能放在句中,且主从句之间常有因果关系.
Eg. You saved my life, which I will never forget.
↘ 因 ↘果
十 二,★注意先行词way ,time后的定语从句
当先行词是way意为"方式, 方法"时,引导定语从句的关系词有三种形式.
What surprised me was not what he said but the way in which/that / 不填 he said it.
注意下面两个句子中关系词的不同,试比较
The way in which/that /不填 he explained the sentence to us was not difficult to understand.
他向我们解释句子的那种方法不难理解.
The way ( that /which /不填 ) (he explained ∧to us was quite simple.(作explained的宾语)
他向我们解释的那种方法很简单.
先行词是time时,若time 是"次数"时, 应用关系代词that引导定语从句,that可省略;若time作"一段时间"讲时,应用关系副词when或介词at/ring+which引导定语从句.如:
This is the second time (that) the president has visited the country.(表第几次时,必须用完成时)
I could hardly remember how many times (that) I've failed.
This was at a time when/ring which there were no radios, no telephones or no TV sets.
Attributive clauses 定语从句 综合一练)(2007/9/20)
★定语从句的补充说明:
Which仅表示"这件事,这(个/点)"等,相当于and that 或and this;
as 表示"正如/正象/这一点..."等as常引导肯定的非限制性定语从句.
否定的非限制性定语从句则用which.
在下列一些固定结构中,用as不用which:
As we (all) know, as is well known, (众所周知)as we (all) can see, as you say,
as is said/mentioned above, as you may have heard, as you may remember,
as is often the case,(情况经常如此) as often happens 等.
★注意以下例句:
Eg: 1. He failed to keep his promise , which
disappointed me
and that
2.He has a lot of magazines ,some of which
are about sports.
and some of them
3.There are fifty students in the class ,three-fifths of whom
are girls.
and three-fifths of them
★如何区别定语从句和强调句
1. 强调句型 It is +被强调部分(人)that/who+其他……
强调句型 It is +被强调部分(物)that …+其他
当强调名词时,注意勿与定语从句混淆.如
★It was in the company that my father worked in for ten years.(定语从句)
that /which my father worked for ten years.(强调句)
★----where did you have the shampoo
----- It was in the barber's shop (that /which you recommended to me. (定语从句) )(that I had the shampoo.) (强调句)(此句常常省略的)
that I had a shampoo and set. (强调句)
It /this is the first time that I have visited Scotland. (定语从句)
★
It was for the first time that I visited Scotland. (强调句)
这些定语从句中,that在从句部分担当成分.如果去掉it is ….that ….,句子结构就不完整了.而在强调句中,如果去掉it is ….that/who …这个架子.,只需要把语序稍加调整,句子结构仍是完整的.
★★特别注意难句
带有定语从句的强调句型"It is +被强调的名词+修饰该名词的定语从句+that/who引导的强调句+其他部分".如
It was in that barber's shop( which/ that was managed by Coney)that I met the pop star.
It is always the mouth( which talks too much ) that causes troubles.
It is only a man who has seen much of the world that can be a leader.
------When did he have a traffic accident
-----It was in 2005 when he was in college. that he had a traffic accident (此句常常省略的)
❼ 高一英语语法总结包括重点句子！
英语时态有16种，但是常用的只有9种：一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、现在完成时、过去完成时、过去将来时、现在完成进行时。 1、一般现在时的用法 1)经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频度的时间状语连用。 2)客观真理，客观存在，科学事实。 3)表示格言或警句中。 4) 现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。 2 一般过去时的用法 表示过去某时间发生的动作或存在的状态。 1）在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。 2）表示在过去一段时间内，经常性或习惯性的动作。 3）句型： It is time for sb. to do sth "到……时间了" "该……了" It is time sb. did sth. "时间已迟了" "早该……了" would (had) rather sb. did sth. 表示'宁愿某人做某事' 4) wish, wonder, think, hope 等用过去时，作试探性的询问、请求、建议等。 注意： 用过去时表示现在，表示委婉语气。 1）动词want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。 2）情态动词 could, would. 3. 一般将来时 表示将来的动作或状态。 1)shall用于第一人称，常被will 所代替。 will 在陈述句中用于各人称，在争求意见时常用于第二人称。 2)be going to +不定式，表示将来。 a. 主语的意图，即将做某 b. 计划，安排要发生的事。 c. 有迹象要发生的事 3) be +不定式表将来，按计划或正式安排将发生的事。 4) be about to +不定式，意为马上做某事。 注意：be about to 不能与tomorrow, next week 等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。 4.现在完成时 现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状 态，其结果的确和现在有联系。动作或状态发生在过去但它的影响现在还存在；也可表示持续到现在的动作或 状态。其构成： have (has) +过去分词。 5.过去完成时 概念：表示过去某一段时刻或某一动作之前完成的动作或存在的状态。 ----|-------|-----|---->其构成是had +过去分词构成。 那时以前 那时 现在 2）用法 a. 在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。 b. 状语从句 在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在先，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。 c. 表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用过去完成时表示"原本…，未能…" 3) 过去完成时的时间状语before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。 注意：had no … when 还没等……就…… had no sooner… than 刚……就…… 6.将来完成时 1) 构成will / be going to do sth. 2) 概念 a. 状态完成：表示某事继续到将来某一时为止一直有的状态。 b. 动作完成：表示将来某一时或另一个将来的动作之前，已经完成的动作或获得的经验。 7.现在进行时 现在进行时的基本用法： a. 表示现在( 指说话人说话时) 正在发生的事情。 b. 习惯进行：表示长期的或重复性的动作，说话时动作未必正在进行。 c. 表示渐变的动词有：get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等。 d. 与always, constantly, forever 等词连用，表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态，往往带有说话人的主观色彩。 8. 过去进行时 1）概念：表示过去某时正在进行的状态或动作。 2）过去进行时的主要用法是描述一件事发生的背景；一个长动作发生的时候，另一个短动作发生。 3)常用的时间状语this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten last evening, when, while 9. 将来进行时 1)概念：表示将来某时进行的状态或动作，或按预测将来会发生的事情。 2）常用的时间状语Soon, tomorrow, this evening，on Sunday, by this time，tomorrow, in two days, tomorrow evening