㈠ 初一英语上册，每个单元知识语法总结点
初一英语语法总结
一、 词法 1、名词A）、名词的数
我们知道名词可以分为可数名词和不可数名词，而不可数名词它没有复数形式，但可数名词却有单数和复数之分，复数的构成如下：
一）在后面加s。如：fathers, books, Americans, Germans, apples, bananas
二）x, sh, ch, s, tch后加es。如：boxes, glasses, dresses, watches, wishes, faxes
三）1）以辅音字母加y结尾的变y为i再加es 如：baby-babies, family-families, ty-ties, comedy-comedies, documentary-documentaries, story-stories
2）以元音字母加y结尾的直接加s。如：day-days, boy-boys, toy-toys, key-keys, ways
四）以o结尾加s（外来词）。如：radios, photos, 但如是辅音加o的加es：如: tomatoes西红柿, potatoes马铃薯
五）以f或fe结尾的变f为v再加es(s)。如：knife-knives, wife-wives, half-halves, shelf-shelves, leaf-leaves, yourself-yourselves
六）单复数相同（不变的）有：fish, sheep, deer鹿子, Chinese, Japanese
七）一般只有复数，没有单数的有：people,pants, shorts, shoes, glasses, gloves, clothes, socks
八）单词形式不变，既可以是单数也可以是复数的有：police警察局，警察, class班，同学, family家，家庭成员
九）合成的复数一般只加主要名词，多数为后一个单词。如：action movie-action movies, pen pal-pen pals; 但如果是由man或woman所组成的合成词的复数则同时为复数。如：man doctor-men doctors, woman teacher-women teachers
十）有的单复数意思不同。如：fish鱼 fishes鱼的种类, paper纸 papers报纸，卷子，论文, work工作 works作品，工厂, glass玻璃 glasses玻璃杯，眼镜, orange桔子水 oranges橙子, light光线 lights灯, people人 peoples民族, time时间 times时代, 次数, chicken 鸡肉 chickens 小鸡
十一） 单个字母的复数可以有两种形式直接加s或’s。如：Is (I’s), Ks (K’s)。但如是缩略词则只加s。如：IDs, VCDs, SARs
十二） 特殊形式的有：child-children, man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, mouse-mice, policeman-policemen, Englishman-Englishmen
B）名词的格
当我们要表示某人的什么东西或人时，我们就要使用所有格形式。构成如下：
一）单数在后面加’s。如：brother’s, Mike’s, teacher’s
二）复数以s结尾的直接在s后加’，如果不是以s结尾的与单数一样处理。如：Teachers’ Day教师节, classmates’; Children’s Day六一节, Women’s Day三八节
三）由and并列的名词所有时，如果是共同所有同一人或物时，只加最后一个’s，但分别拥有时却分别按单数形式处理。如：Mike and Ben’s room迈克和本的房间（共住一间），Mike’s and Ben’s rooms迈克和本的房间（各自的房间）
2、代词 项目 人称代词 物主代词 指示代词 反身代词
人称 主格 宾格 形容词 名词性
第一人称 单数 I me my mine myself
复数 we us our ours ourselves
第二人称 单数 you you your yours yourself
复数 you you your yours yourselves
第三人称 单数 she her her hers herself
he him his his himself it it its its this that itself
复数 they them their theirs these those themselves
3、动词 A） 第三人称单数
当动词是第三人称单数时，动词应该像名词的单数变动词那样加s，如下：
一）一般在词后加s。如：comes, spells, waits, talks, sees, dances, trains
二）在x, sh, ch, s, tch后加es。如：watches, washes, wishes, finishes
三）1）以辅音字母加y结尾的变y为i再加es。如：study-studies, hurry-hurries, try-tries
2）以元音字母加y结尾的直接加s。如：plays, says, stays, enjoys, buys
四）以o结尾加es。如：does, goes 五）特殊的有：are-is, have-has
B） 现在分词
当我们说某人正在做什么事时，动词要使用分词形式，不能用原形，构成如下：
一）一般在后加ing。如：spell-spelling, sing-singing, see-seeing, train-training, play-playing, hurry-hurrying, watch-watching, go-going, do-doing
二）以不发音e的结尾的去掉e再加ing。如：dance-dancing, wake-waking, take-taking, practice-practicing, write-writing, have-having
三）以重读闭音节结尾且一个元音字母＋一个辅音字母（注意除开字母组合如show –showing, draw-drawing）要双写最后的辅音字母再加ing。如：put-putting, run-running, get-getting, let-letting, begin-beginning
四）以ie结尾的变ie为y再加ing。如：tie-tying系 die-dying死 lie-lying 位于
4、形容词的级
我们在对两个或以上的人或物进行对比时，则要使用比较或最高级形式。构成如下：
一） 一般在词后加er或est(如果是以e结尾则直接加r或st)。如：greater-greatest, shorter –shortest, taller –tallest, longer –longest, nicer- nicest, larger -largest
二）以重读闭音节结尾且1个元音字母＋1个辅音字母(字母组合除外，如few-fewer fewest)结尾的双写结尾的辅音再加er /est。如：big-bigger biggest, red-redder reddest, hot-hotter hottest
三） 以辅音字母＋y结尾的变y为i加er/est。如：happy-happier happiest, sorry-sorrier sorriest, friendly-friendlier friendliest(more friendly most friendly), busy-busier busiest, easy-easier easiest
四）特殊情况：(两好多坏，一少老远)
good/well - better best many/much - more most bad/ill – worse worst
little- less least old- older/elder oldest/eldest far- farther/further farthest/furthest
5、数词 (基变序，有规则；一、二、三，自己背；五、八、九、十二；其它后接th；y结尾，变为i, eth跟上去。) first, second, third; fifth, eighth, ninth, twelfth; seventh, tenth, thirteenth, hundredth; twenty-twentieth, forty-fortieth, ninety-ninetieth
二、句式
1.陈述句 肯定陈述句
a) This is a book. (be动词)
b) He looks very young. (连系动词)
c) I want a sweat like this. (实义动词)
d) I can bring some things to school. (情态动词)
e) There’s a computer on my desk. (There be结构)
否定陈述句
a) These aren’t their books. b) They don’t look nice. c) Kate doesn’t go to No. 4 Middle School.
d) Kate can’t find her doll. e) There isn’t a cat here. (=There’s no cat here.)
2. 祈使句
肯定祈使句 a) Please go and ask the man. b) Let’s learn English! c) Come in, please.
否定祈使句a) Don’t be late. b) Don’t hurry.
3. 疑问句
1) 一般疑问句 a) Is Jim a student? b) Can I help you? c) Does she like salad? d) Do they watch TV? e) Is she reading?
肯定回答: a) Yes, he is. b) Yes, you can. c) Yes, she does. d) Yes, they do. e) Yes, she is.
否定回答: a) No, he isn’t. b) No, you can’t. c) No, she doesn’t. d) No, they don’t. e) No, she isn’t.
2) 选择疑问句 Is the table big or small? 回答 It’s big./ It’s small.
3) 特殊疑问句
① 问年龄 How old is Lucy? She is twelve.
② 问种类 What kind of movies do you like? I like action movies and comedies.
③ 问身体状况 How is your uncle? He is well/fine.
④ 问方式 How do/can you spell it? L-double O-K.
How do we contact you? My e-mail address is [email protected].
⑤ 问原因 Why do you want to join the club?
⑥ 问时间 What’s the time? (=What time is it?) It’s a quarter to ten a.m..
What time do you usually get up, Rick? At five o’clock.
When do you want to go? Let’s go at 7:00.
⑦ 问地方 Where’s my backpack? It’s under the table.
⑧ 问颜色 What color are they? They are light blue. What’s your favourite color? It’s black.
⑨ 问人物 Who’s that? It’s my sister.
Who is the boy in blue? My brother.
Who isn’t at school? Peter and Emma.
Who are Lisa and Tim talking to?
⑩ 问东西 What’s this/that (in English)? It’s a pencil case.
What else can you see in the picture? I can see some broccoli, strawberries and hamburgers.
11问姓名 What’s your aunt’s name? Her name is Helen./She’s Helen.
What’s your first name? My first name’s Ben.
What’s your family name? My family name’s Smith.
12 问哪一个 Which do you like? I like one in the box.
13 问字母 What letter is it? It’s big D/small f.
14 问价格 How much are these pants? They’re 15 dollars.
15 问电话号码 What’s your phone number? It’s 576-8349.
16 问谓语(动作) What’s he doing? He’s watching TV.
17 问职业(身份) What do you do? I’m a teacher.
What’s your father? He’s a doctor.
三、时态
1、一般现在时
表示普遍、经常性的或长期性的动作时使用一般现在时，它有：
Be 动词：She’s a worker. Is she a worker? She isn’t a worker.
情态动词：I can play the piano. Can you play the piano? I can’t play the piano.
行为动词：They want to eat some tomatoes. Do they want to eat any tomatoes? They don’t want to eat any tomatoes.
Gina has a nice watch. Does Gina have a nice watch? Gina doesn’t have a watch.
2、现在进行时
表示动词在此时正在发生或进行就使用进行时态，结构为sb be v-ing sth + 其它.
I’m playing baseball. Are you playing baseball? I’m not playing baseball.
Nancy is writing a letter. Is Nancy writing a letter? Nancy isn’t writing a letter.
They’re listening to the pop music. Are they listening the pop music? They aren’t listening to the pop music. 望采纳 ..
㈡ 英语中语言点和语法点什么意思
就是学习英语的时候会遇到的与语法相关的问题
㈢ 英语常用的几个语法点有什么，
英语常用的几个语法点有什么， 中学语法大全 代词
目录
人称代词的用法 2
人称代词之主、宾格的版替换权 2
代词的指代问题 3
并列人称代词的排列顺序 3
物主代词 4
双重所有格 4
反身代词 4
相互代词 5
指示代词 6
疑问代词 7
关系代词 8
every, no, all, both,... 9
none, few, some, any,... 10
代词比较辩异one, that和it 11
one/another/the other 11
"the"的妙用 12
anyone/any one;... 12
both, either, neither,... 13
many, much 14
few, little, a few,... 14
㈣ 感叹句是初中英语哪个单元的语法点
英语中，感叹句是抒发强烈感情的句子，如欢乐、兴奋、惊奇、愤怒、悲伤等。一般读降调，书面语中句末用感叹号。 一、感叹词(以及副词、形容词)表示的感叹句： Alas!哎呀! Oh!啊!哦!哎哟! Well!好啦! Why!什么(话)!嗯!岂有此理!好好! Excellent!好极了! 二、短语表示的感叹句： Dear me!哎呀! Great Heavens!天哪! My goodness!嗳呀! None of your nonsense!不要胡扯了! 三、从句表示的感叹句： As if it were my fault!好像是我的过错似的! To think a scandal of this sort should be going on under my roof!真想不到这种丑事竟然出在我们家里! 四、表语表示的感叹句： Just my luck!唉，又倒霉了! Sorry，my mistake!对不起，是我的错! 五、How用于感叹句的几种句型： 1.How+形容词 How lovely!多可爱啊! How nice!多好啊! How kind of you!您好客气! 2.How+形容词+主语+谓语 How tall she is!她个子多高啊! How fond he was of it!他多么喜欢它啊! 3. How+副词+主语+谓语 How well George writes!乔治写得多好啊! How beautifully she sings!她唱歌唱得多美啊! 4. How+主语+谓语 How he ran!他跑得多快啊! How they shout!他们叫喊得多厉害呀! 5.How+形容词(+名词)+谓语+主语 How strange and impressive was life!人生是多么奇妙动人啊! How precise and thorough are her observations!她的观察是多么准确和透彻啊! For how many years have I waited!我等了多少年呀! 六、What用于感叹句的几种句型： 1.What+a/an/the+名词 What a fool!真是个傻瓜! What a pity!真是遗憾! What the heck/dickens!(你讲的)什么玩意啊! 2.What+名词 What luck!多幸运啊! What fun!多么好玩啊! 3.What+(a/an)+形容词+名词 What funny stories!多么好笑的故事! What terrible luck!太不走运了! What a rotten day!多倒霉的一天! 4. What+ a/an+形容词+名词(+主语)+谓语 What an enormous crowd came!来了多么大的一群人呀! 5. What+名词+主语+谓语 What lovely flowers those are!那些花多美啊! 七、such用于感叹句的句型： We have had such sport!我们玩得好极了! 八、肯定的修辞问句表示的感叹句： Am I tired!(= I’m extremely tired.)我累极了! Can he run!(=He can run exceptionally well.)他真会跑! Was she angry!(=she was very angry indeed.)她气极了! Did he look annoyed!他看来很烦恼! Has she grown!她长大了! 九、否定的修辞问句表示的感叹句： Aren’t they sweet!(=They are very sweet.)他们多可爱啊!
㈤ 英语中什么是语法（具体点）!!!
语法是语言学的一个分支,研究按确定用法来运用的词类、词的屈折变化或表示相互关系的其他手段以及词在句中的功能和关系
语言的结构规律。包括词法和句法。词法指词的构成及变化规律；句法指短语和句子的组织规律。
语法是语言表达的规则。各种语言都有不同的语法，包括人类语言和计算机语言等。语法学是语言学的一部分。
现代语法学包括语音学、音系学（见音韵学）、形态学（词法）、句法学、语义学。
数据通信中的意思
语法：数据及控制信息的格式、编码及信号电平等。
rules of a language governing the sounds, words, sentences, and other elements, as well as their combination and interpretation. The word grammar also denotes the study of these abstract features or a book presenting these rules. In a restricted sense, the term refers only to the study of sentence and word structure (syntax and morphology), excluding vocabulary and pronunciation.
A common contemporary definition of grammar is the underlying structure of a language that any native speaker of that language knows intuitively. The systematic description of the features of a language is also a grammar. These features are the phonology (sound), morphology (system of word formation), syntax (patterns of word arrangement), and semantics (meaning). Depending on the grammarian's approach, a grammar can be prescriptive (i.e., provide rules for correct usage), descriptive (i.e., describe how a language is actually used), or generative (i.e., provide instructions for the proction of an infinite number of sentences in a language). The traditional focus of inquiry has been on morphology and syntax, and for some contemporary linguists (and many traditional grammarians) this is the only proper domain of the subject.
In Europe the Greeks were the first to write grammars. To them, grammar was a tool that could be used in the study of Greek literature; hence their focus on the literary language. The Alexandrians of the 1st century BC further developed Greek grammar in order to preserve the purity of the language. Dionysus Thrax of Alexandria later wrote an influential treatise called The Art of Grammar, in which he analyzed literary texts in terms of letters, syllables, and eight parts of speech.
The Romans adopted the grammatical system of the Greeks and applied it to Latin. Except for Varro, of the 1st century BC, who believed that grammarians should discover structures, not dictate them, most Latin grammarians did not attempt to alter the Greek system and also sought to protect their language from decay. Whereas the model for the Greeks and Alexandrians was the language of Homer, the works of Cicero and Virgil set the Latin standard. The works of Donatus (4th century AD) and Priscian (6th century AD), the most important Latin grammarians, were widely used to teach Latin grammar ring the European Middle Ages. In medieval Europe, ecation was concted in Latin, and Latin grammar became the foundation of the liberal arts curriculum. Many grammars were composed for students ring this time. Aelfric, the abbot of Eynsham (11th century), who wrote the first Latin grammar in Anglo-Saxon, proposed that this work serve as an introction to English grammar as well. Thus began the tradition of analyzing English grammar according to a Latin model.
The modistae, grammarians of the mid-13th to mid-14th century who viewed language as a reflection of reality, looked to philosophy for explanations of grammatical rules. The modistae sought one “universal” grammar that would serve as a means of understanding the nature of being. In 17th-century France a group of grammarians from Port-Royal were also interested in the idea of universal grammar. They claimed that common elements of thought could be discerned in grammatical categories of all languages. Unlike their Greek and Latin counterparts, the Port-Royal grammarians did not study literary language but claimed instead that usage should be dictated by the actual speech of living languages. Noting their emphasis on linguistic universals, the contemporary linguist Noam Chomsky called the Port-Royal group the first transformational grammarians.
Structural description of the sentence “The man will hit the ball,” assigned by the …
By 1700 grammars of 61 vernacular languages had been printed. These were written primarily for purposes of reforming, purifying, or standardizing language and were put to pedagogical use. Rules of grammar usually accounted for formal, written, literary language only and did not apply to all the varieties of actual, spoken language. This prescriptive approach long dominated the schools, where the study of grammar came to be associated with “parsing” and sentence diagramming. Opposition to teaching solely in terms of prescriptive and proscriptive (i.e., what must not be done) rules grew ring the middle decades of the 20th century.
The simplification of grammar for classroom use contrasted sharply with the complex studies that scholars of linguistics were concting about languages. During the 19th and early 20th centuries the historical point of view flourished. Scholars who realized that every living language was in a constant state of flux studied all types of written records of modern European languages to determine the courses of their evolution. They did not limit their inquiry to literary languages but included dialects and contemporary spoken languages as well. Historical grammarians did not follow earlier prescriptive approaches but were interested, instead, in discovering where the language under study came from.
As a result of the work of historical grammarians, scholars came to see that the study of language can be either diachronic (its development through time) or synchronic (its state at a particular time). The Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure and other descriptive linguists began studying the spoken language. They collected a large sample of sentences proced by native speakers of a language and classified their material starting with phonology and working their way to syntax.
Generative, or transformational, grammarians of the second half of the 20th century, such as Noam Chomsky, studied the knowledge that native speakers possess which enables them to proce and understand an infinite number of sentences. Whereas descriptivists like Saussure examined samples of indivial speech to arrive at a description of a language, transformationalists first studied the underlying structure of a language. They attempted to describe the “rules” that define a native speaker's “competence” (unconscious knowledge of the language) and account for all instances of the speaker's “performance” (strategies the indivial uses in actual sentence proction). See generative grammar; transformational grammar.
The study of grammatical theory has been of interest to philosophers, anthropologists, psychologists, and literary critics over the centuries. Today, grammar exists as a field within linguistics but still retains a relationship with these other disciplines. For many people, grammar still refers to the body of rules one must know in order to speak or write “correctly.” However, from the last quarter of the 20th century a more sophisticated awareness of grammatical issues has taken root, especially in schools. In some countries, such as Australia and the United Kingdom, new English curricula have been devised in which grammar is a focus of investigation, avoiding the prescriptivism of former times and using techniques that promote a lively and thoughtful spirit of inquiry.
语法在大英网络全书的定义：统摄声音,文字，句子和其他要素，以及它们的组合和解释的语言规范。“语法”这个词也指对这些抽象特征的研究，或这些规则的指南手册。严格意义上说，“语法”这个术语是指对于句子和词语结构（句法和形态学）的研究，但不包括词汇和发音。
一个普遍接受的当代语法定义是：以一种语言为母语的任何人靠直觉就知道的语言结构。对语言特征的系统描述也是一种语法，而这些特征包括音位学（声音） ，形态学（系统构词） ，句法（词语安排模式）和语义（意思） 。根据语法学家的研究，语法可以规范（即提供一些正确用法的规则） ，描述（即，描述了语言实际上是如何使用的） ，或生成（即提供一种指导，使无限的句子在一种语言中产生） 。传统的调查重点，在于形态学和句法，对于一些当代语言学家（和许多传统的语法学家），这是唯一正确的研究领域。
在欧洲，希腊人最早写关于语法的著作。对他们来说，语法是一个工具，可以用来研究希腊文学，因此他们的重点是文学语言。公元前一世纪的Alexandrians进一步发展希腊语法，以保持纯净的语言。亚历山大的狄俄尼索斯后来写出一篇影响深远的论文，称为《语法的艺术》，他在其中分析文学文本中的字母，音节，和八段话语。
古罗马人接受了希腊人的语法体系，并运用于拉丁语。除了公元前一世纪的瓦罗Varro认为语法学家应该发现结构，而不是强行指定结构，大多数拉丁语法学家没有试图改变希腊系统，还设法保护他们的语言避免衰败。希腊人和亚历山大人的语言模型是荷马的语言，西塞罗和维吉尔的作品设定了拉丁语的语法标准。最重要的拉丁语语法学家多纳图斯（公元4世纪）和普里西安（公元6世纪）的作品在欧洲中世纪被广泛用于拉丁文语法教学。中世纪的欧洲的教育使用的是拉丁文，拉丁语语法成为人文教育的基础课程。 恩斯罕的修道院长，阿尔弗里克Aelfric（ 11世纪） ，第一个写拉丁语语法的盎格鲁撒克逊人，建议以此引入英语语法。从此，开始了依据拉丁语法的英语语法分析的传统。
第13世纪中叶至14世纪中叶的语法学家认为语言是现实的反映，从哲学中寻求解释语法的规则。他们寻求一个“普遍”的语法universal grammar，以此作为了解存在being的手段。在十七世纪的法国，来自罗亚尔港的一些语法学家也对这种普遍语法感兴趣。他们声称，思想的共同要素可以在所有语言的语法类别中辨识出来。与希腊语和拉丁语的语法学家不同，罗亚尔港语法学家没有研究文学语言，他们认为语言的用法应当取决于实际的生活语言。当代语言学家乔姆斯基也注意到对语言的共性的强调，他称罗亚尔港派为第一批转型语法学家。
到1700年，61种方言语法书已经印制。这些书的目的主要是改革，净化，或规范语言，并用于教学。当时语法规则通常仅仅用于正式，书面，文学的语言，并不适用于纷繁复杂的实际口语。这一规范性的手段长期在学校占主导地位，学生们对语法的学习往往和“解析”以及句子图解联系在一起。在20世纪的中后期，对于这种仅仅关注规范性和禁止性（即，什么不能做）规则的语法教育，出现了越来越多的反对声音。
课堂语法的简化和语言学家的复杂研究形成了鲜明对比。19世纪到20世纪初，历史主义观点蓬勃发展。认识到每一种现存的语言都是在不断变化中的学者们研究了欧洲语言所有类型的书面记录，以确定其演变路径。他们没有局限于文学语言，还研究了方言和当代口头语。历史主义的语法学家没有采用先前的规范性办法，但更加关注他们研究的语言的来源。
由于历史主义语法学家的工作，学者们看到，语言的研究可以是历时性的（其贯穿历史的发展）或同步性的（在特定的时间段的状态）。瑞士语言学家索绪尔和其他描述性语言学家开始研究口头语。他们收集了大量操母语者的语句样本，对这些材料进行分类，从音位学入手，一直研究到句法。
20世纪后半叶的转换生成语法学家，如乔姆斯基，研究了操母语者能生成和理解无限句子所需要的知识。而像索绪尔那样的描述语言学家则去审查单个话语样本，以求达到描述一种语言的目的。转换生成语法学家首先研究了语言的潜在结构。他们试图描述一种能够定义操母语者语言“能力”（底层的语言知识）的“规则”，解释说话人的种种“表现”（语言生成时的实际策略）。
在过去的千百年里，语法理论引起了哲学家，人类学家，心理学家和文学批评家的兴趣。今天，语法存在于语言学领域之内，但仍保留了与其他许多学科的联系。对于很多人来说，语法仍然指的是一整套必须知道，以保证“正确”语言输出的规则，然而，从20世纪后25年以来，对语法研究的更为复杂的意识，已经在学校生根发芽。在一些国家，如澳大利亚，英国，新的英语课程中语法是重点，而且避免之前僵硬的规范，提倡生动而深刻的调查精神。
㈥ 英语中什么叫做知识点和语法点
英语中,一些常考的地方,考试出题的地方叫知识点……易错的地方,理解比较难的地方叫难点,语法点是英语知识点中主要考试语法的地反
希望楼主,英语能有新提高,一览众山小……
㈦ 什么是英语语法点
词有词法，句有句法，大的比如名词、冠词、数词、时态语态、宾语从句、定语从句等专题，小的如每个专题里的语法知识点