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高二英语第一学期涉及的语法

发布时间:2021-01-21 11:59:49

① 高二英语都学习哪些语法

非谓语的四种形式;倒装

② 高二英语主要有哪些语法点

英语语法,本质复上不分什么小制学语法,中学语法,大学语法,更没有所谓的高二语法。这样分都是瞎搞,误人子弟。
我们讲中文会分小学语法,中学语法,大学语法吗?现在有的小学生的语言能力都像大人一样。小学生一样看红楼梦,看水浒。那国外的小学生不是也同样如此吗?

推荐华东理工的《英语思维——英语语法的原理》,该书是国内第一本系统讲解英语语法原理和思维内涵的书,书中第一次真正揭示了“时”和“态”的本质,第一次给出了英语完整的时态框架体系、被动语气的框架体系、虚拟语气的框架体系、从句的框架体系,句法分析等,是第一本从语言原理层面完整系统的呈现英语语法全貌和完整框架体系的书。

也可以网络同名视频课程,短平快,十节课真正理解英语语法,适合那些英语语法混乱毫无章法同学,也适合那些英语还不错,但是没学透无体系遭遇瓶颈无法突破的同学,看完后,对英语的理解有脱胎换骨之感。

③ 高二英语语法

您好!希望能够帮助您!
非限制性定语从句只是对主句内容,或先行词的补充、解释或附加说明。主句与先行词或从句之间一般用逗号分开,常常单独翻译。没有它,主句意思仍然完整。引导非限制性定语从句的关系代词有as,which,who, whom,whose等,作定语从句的主语、宾语、表语及定语。关系副词有when,where等,作定语从句的状语。关系代词和关系副词在定语从句中一般不能省。
一、as引导非限制性定语从句时,可以代主句的全部或部分内容。常表说话人关于说话的依据、态度、评论、看法等。有“正如、像”等意思。定语从句可以置主句句首、句中或句末。as后常接expect,know,report,say,see等动词的主、被动语态句。
1. ____is known to everybody,the moon travels round the earth once every month.
A.It B.As C.That D.What
2.Mike,as we expected,attended the meeting.像我们所期望的那样,迈克参加了会议。
3.He wasn't unconsicious,as could be judged from his eyes.他并未失去知觉,这从他的眼神可以判断出来。
二、which引导非限制性定语从句的情况很多。
I.指代主句的全部或部分内容时,常表事实、状态、起因等,有“这就使得、这一点”等意思,常置主句末。主句与定语从句用逗号分开。
1.Dorathy was always speaking highly of her role in the play,,of course,madethe others unhappy.
A.who B.which C.this D.what
II.指代先行词有多种情况。定语从句置先行词后面。
1.在“n./pron./num....+prep.+ which”,“prep.+which”定语从句里。 1)They talked about a movie,the name of which I've never forgotten.他们谈论过一部电影,我决不会忘记片名。
2)In Sydney the Chinese team got 28 gold medals,16.5 of which were won by women.在悉尼奥运会,中国队夺得了28枚金牌,其中16.5枚是女子夺得的。
3)China has thousands of islands,the largest of which is Taiwan.中国有数千个岛屿,其中最大的是台湾岛。
4)Chaplin went to the states in 1910,by which time he had learnt to dance and act in comedies.卓别林1910年去了美国,那时他已学会跳舞和演喜剧了。
2.表唯一性,或者就是指代先行词的事物时。
The dam,which is the biggest in the world,is 3,830 metres long.大坝长3,830米,是世界上最大的坝。
3.先行词是独一无二的事物时。
The moon,which doesn't give out light itself,is only a satellite of the earth.月球本身不发光,它只是地球的一个卫星。
4.先行词表示类属的事物时。
Football,which is a very interesting game,is played all over the world.足球是一项非常有趣的运动,全世界都踢足球。
5.先行词是专有名词时。
1)Three of the biggest man-made projects in the world are the Great Wall of China,the Pyramids of Egypt and the Aswan High Dam, which is also in Egypt.世界上最大的三项人造工程是中国的长城,埃及的金字塔和阿斯旺高坝,它也在埃及。
2)The Nile,which used to flood every year,now runs more regularly below the dam.尼罗河年年涨洪水,现在比较正常地在大坝下面流过了。
6.先行词是表人的职业、品质、身份等名词,作定语从句的表语时。主句和定语从句之间含有对比的意思。
Mike's brother is a policeman,which he isn't.迈克的哥哥是警察,他可不是。
7.先行词是形容词作定语从句的表语时。主句和定语从句含有对比的意思。
Li Ling is very clever,which Li Long isn't.李玲很聪明,李珑可不是。
8.先行词是集体名词表整体意思时。
My family,which has 35 people,is a large one.我家有35口人,是一个大家庭。
9.先行词是国家名词表地域概念时。
Last year he went to Egypt,which is in Africa.他去年去了埃及,埃及在非洲。
三、as,which是指代主句内容的非限制性定语从句时,表依据、评论与表事实、状态等没有多大差别,又在主句末时,有时可以通用。
1.He is quite pleased,as /which can be seen from his face.他非常高兴,从他的表情可以看出来。
2.You always work hard,as /which everyone knows.大家都知道,你一向勤奋学习。
但是,上面两句把定语从句置主句句首时,就只能用as。
3.This elephant is like a snake,as anybody can see.像任何人都能看见那样,这头象像条蛇。
4.Bamboo is hollow,which makes it very light.竹子是空的,这就使得它很轻。 在否定意义的非限制性定语从句里,一般用which引导。
5.He came to my birthday party,which I didn't expect at all.我完全没有想到,他来参加我的生日聚会了。
四、who,whom,whose等引导非限制性定语从句时,指代人的普通名词、专有名词等。表示正是或专指先行词等情况。在定语从句中作主语、宾语、定语等。
1.Bob's father,who worked on the project,spent four years in Egypt.鲍勃的父亲从事这项工程,在埃及度过了四年。
2.Dad,this is Zheng Jie,who I knew in Paris.爸,这是郑杰,我在巴黎认识的。 这一句是用主格who代替宾格 whom。
3.His mother,whom he loved dearly, died in 1818.他非常爱戴他的母亲,她死于 1818年。
4.Mr King,whose legs were badly hurt, was quickly taken to hospital.金先生的腿受了重伤,他很快就被送去住院了。
n./pron./num....prep.whom;prep. whom;in whose +n.;the +n.of whom等引导非限制性的定语从句。
5.He spoke of a pen-friend,the name of whom /whose name I've never forgotten.他提到过一个笔友,他的名字我从未忘记。
6.About 2,000people,many of whom were Europeans,worked on the project.大约两千人从事过这项工程,其中很多是欧洲人。
7.In his office there are nine clerks,the youngest of whom is Mr Liu.他办公室有9个职员,其中最年轻的是刘先生。
8.I decided to write about Chaplin,one of whose films I had seen several years before.我决定写有关卓别林的文章,他的一部电影我几年前就看过了。
9.We went to hear this famous singer, about whom we had heard many stories.我们去听这个著名的歌唱家演唱。我们已经听说了有关他的很多故事。 品黄黑MYK
10.Mr Pattis,in whose office Ms King was working,was very surprised when he found out her secret.金女士在帕蒂思办公室工作。他发现她的秘密时感到非常惊奇。
五、when,where引导非限制性定语从句时,作定语从句的状语。when =and then, where =and there。why不引导非限制性定语从句。
1.He was quickly taken to hospital,where a doctor wanted to examine Mr King's legs.金先生很快被送去住院,在那里一个医生要检查他的腿。
2.We will put off the outing until next week,when we won't be so busy.我们把郊游推迟到下个星期,那时我们不会那么忙了。
3.He went to America in 1912,where and when he was noticed by an important film director.他在1912年去了美国,当时他在那里引起了一个重要电影导演的注意。
在prep.where /when非限制性定语从句里,where =there,when =then。
4.His head soon appeared out of the second storey windows,from where he could see nothing but trees.他的头很快从第二层楼的一个窗户伸出来了,从那里他只能看见树木。
5.That was in 1929,since when things have been better.那是在1929年,从那时起情况就已经好转了。
6.I went to bed at ten,before when I was reading for an hour.我10点去睡觉,在那时以前我看了1小时的书。
有时候where /when可以用prep.which替换。
7.The southern states wanted to set up a country of their own,where they would be free to keep black slaves.南方各州要建立一个属于他们自己的国家,在那里他们将自由地保留黑人奴隶。
8.I still remembered January 10,on which /when he came to see me.我仍然记得1月10日,那一天他来看我了。
练习题:用所给的词语填空。少数可以用多次。
A.as B.which C.who D.whom E.whose F.when G.where H.by which time I.from which J.from whom K.north of which L.some of whom M .the biggest of which
1.Dick is going to join in the football game,____was agreed at the meeting.
2.My brother had been an engineer,____ was what he wanted to be.
3.He reached Beijing in 1998,____, some time later,he became a professor.
4. ____is said above,the number of the students in our school has increased.
5.Write a letter to a friend,____has some difficulties with his studies.
6.There are four rooms in the house,____ is a drawing room.
7.We will move into the new house next week,____it will be completed.
8.When lost in work,he often was,____he would forget all about eating and sleeping.
9.He is a model worker,____we can learn a lot.
10.They had to delay the sports meet till next week,____the weather will be fine.
11.The workers,____stayed there for two years,came from Africa.
12.The building over there is a hospital,____ is a small river.
13.We shall have to make a decision about Ms King,____story I've just told you.
14.Mr Liu,____I spoke of just now, would go to Australia.
15.The Nile,____electricity is proced,now runs regularly below the dam.
Keys:1.A/B2.B3.G4.A(As)5.C6.M 7.H 8.A 9.J10.F 11.L 12.K 13.E 14.C /D 15.I

④ 高二英语语法的重点和难点!

非谓语动词(包括不定式,现在分词,过去分词)
虚拟语气
倒装句
复习被动语态(包括各种常见的时态的被动语态和非谓语动词的被动形式)
复习IT的用法

⑤ 人教版 高二英语 上册中 语法有哪些 十分感谢的了~~~

上册?是指必修5吗?
非谓语动词,省略句,倒装句。

⑥ 高一及高二上学期英语的重要知识点整理

对不起,我是教理科的。专业是化学和数学。对英语是外行。不好意思,帮不了你。请原谅。

⑦ 高二英语语法

一.语法倒装
1.当句首为here,there,now ,then,such,等副词,谓语动词为be, go, come等时要倒装。
Here is the book you want. 你要的书在这儿。
There goes the bell. 铃响了。
Now comes your turn. 现在轮到你了。
★当主语为人称代词,则不用倒装。
There he comes! 他来了!
Here they are. 他们在这儿。
Here it is. 给你。
Behind the desk she stood. 他站在桌子后面。

2.The more……,the more结构的倒装。
The more you study, the more you know. (宾语前置)

3.感叹句中的倒装
How happy the children are! (表语前置)

4.表示次数,顺序的副词位于句首要倒装。
Twive within her lifetime has she been to England. 她一生已两次到过英国。
Next came a man in his forties. 下一个来的是一个40几岁的人。

5.与前面的句子相同,表示“也”,后面句子开头常用“so, neither, nor,either,no more”等引导的倒装句,并用do, have, be, can代替实义动词。
They can leave now, so can we. 他们现在可以离开了,我们也能。
You have helped her, and so has she you. 你帮助过她,她也帮助过你。
★但是如果表示对前面句子的肯定则不用倒装。
He is a good student, so he did. 他是个好学生,他的确是.

*6.than或as引导的分句,表示两个句子的主语相比较时,要用倒装,用法与前一个相似.
John will give you more than will Jack. Jonh给你要比Jack多.
He travelled a great deal as did most of his friends. 他到过很多地方旅行,他的多数朋友也是这样.

7.从句中关系副词的倒装
He could tell where his home was.

*8.well等表示方式,程度的副词位于句首要倒装。
Well did I know her. 我很了解她。

*9.有情态动词的谓语中,行为动词的倒装表示强调。
Write a poem I can’t, let me write an essay instead.

二.修辞倒装
1. Only在句首引导的状语从句表示强调要倒装。如果句子为主从复合句,则主句倒装,从句不倒装
Only in this way can we learn English well.
Only when one falls ill does one know the value of the health.

2.never等具有否定意义的词和词组居于句首要倒装。(紧跟否定词后的句子倒装,其他句子为正常语序。)
常见的否定词有:never、rarely、seldom、little、hardly、not、nowhere等
常见的否定词组有:not until、not often、hardly…when、no sooner…than、neither…nor、not only… but also
Little did I know that she had already left. 我一点也不知道她离开了。
Not often do they meet. 他们不常见面。
Not only is he rich but also he is very kind.
★*Not 放在句首修饰句子的主语,构成主语的一部分,则不需要倒装。
Not a word was said.
Not a word did I say at the meeting. (not 修饰谓语动词)
→I didn’t say a word at the meeting.

3. as / though引导的让步从句(就是as/though表“虽然、尽管”的意思)必须将表语或状语(形容词, 副词, 分词,动词,名词)提前
形容词Young as/thought she is, she has seen much of the world. 她虽然年轻,但却见过许多世面。
副词Hard though he tried, he still failed. 他虽然努力了,但仍然失败了
动词Object hard as you may/do/will, I ' ll go. 纵使你反对,我也要去.
◆句首是实义动词, 其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语, 随实义动词一起放在主语之前。
分词:Situated as it was near the market, the house was very quiet. 房子虽然坐落在市场附近,但它很安静。
名词:Quiet student as he may be, he talks a lot after class.
◆句首名词不能带任何冠词,但可带定语.

*”that”引导原因状语从句从句中的表语一定要用倒装。
Pretty that she is, she attracks many men. 因为她漂亮,因此她吸引了很多男人。

4.为加强语气,“so…that”的结构中的so, such放在句首是要倒装
He walked so fast that none of us could catch up with him.
→So fast did he walked that none of us could catch up with him.

5.为使句子平衡,用倒装。
(1)主语较长,倒装表语
On the floor were piles of books, magazines and newspaper. 地板上是一堆堆的书,杂志和报纸。
Happy are those who are contented. 知足者常乐。
(2)倒装宾语以求强调
What he did, I can’t imagine.
Every word he spoke to her, she felt as a insult. 他对她说的每一个字,她都认为是侮辱。

6.为了生动地描写动作,“in, out, away, up, down,off”等副词可以放在句首倒装.用法与第一个相似.
Away flew the bird! → The bird flew away. 鸟(一下子)飞走了
Off went Jack! → Jack went off. Jack去了.
★主语是代词,则用正常语序。

7.*某些习惯用法中的倒装.
How goes it with you? 你好么?
What mattered it? 这有什么关系?
What care I? 关我什么事?

⑧ 高二英语语法有哪些

刚给你查我高中书 可惜没有了 高二的语法很多 高三少了 高中基本把语法学的差不多了 大学没有多少重点语法 全在高中

⑨ 求高二上学期,语法内容。

高二上学期英语语法总结
Grammar focus语法重点
1.The simple passive form of the infinitives.
不定式被动态的一般形式的内涵及用法。
2.Four functions of the infinitives used as subject,attribute,object and adverbial.用作主语、定语、宾语和状语的不定式的四种功能的用法。
本单元的语法项目是不定式的被动式,具体讲解如下:
①当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所表示动作的承受者时,不定式一般用被动形式。不定式被动形式在句中可作主语、表语、状语、补语等。如:
To be obeyed was natural to her.她生性让别人听命于她。(作主语)
The problem remained to be solved.这个问题还有待解决。(作表语)
It needs not to be said that they are very happy together.
不必说他们在一起非常幸福。(作宾语)
There were plans to be made at once.要立即制定计划。(作定语)
He has returned only to be sent away again.
他回来以后又被打发走了。(作状语)
The captain ordered the flag to be hoisted.
船长命令升旗。(作宾语补足语)
The book is intended to be read and not to be torn.
这书是供人阅读的而不是供人撕毁的。(作主语补足语)
②在某些句子中,不定式虽表被动,但仍用主动形式。如:
What is to pay?要付多少钱?
The reason is not far to seek.道理很浅显。
He gave me some books to read.他给了我一些书读。
We found the report easy to understand.我们发现这些报告很容易懂。

不定式作主语、定语、宾语和状语的功能和用法讲解如下:
由于不定式有名词、形容词和副词的特点,所以它在句中可做主语、表语、宾语、定语、同位语、状语、补语等。但由于时间关系,今天我只把不定式作主语、定语、宾语和状语的用法讲解一下。
1)作主语。如:
To see is to believe.眼见为实。
To serve the people is our ty.为人民服务是我们的职责。
在日常英语中,常用it作为语法上的主语,即形式主语,而将真正的主语放在后面。
It is our ty to serve the people.为人民服务是我们的职责。
2)作宾语。如:
I couldn't afford to buy a new car.我买不起汽车。
Have you decided to marry him?你决定嫁给他吗?
有些动词常常跟不定式作宾语,它们是:want,wish,hate,prefer,hope,continue,manage,try,ask,offer,start,forget,remember,begin,decide,agree,choose,learn,pretend,promise,mean,expect,desire等。
另外,在一些复合宾语中,常用it代表不定式作为形式宾语,而将真正的宾语不定式放在后面。如:
I thought it right to do this test.我认为做这项实验是对的。
3)作定语。通常都置于被修饰名词或代词之后。如:
This is the best way to solve this problem.
这是解决这个问题的最好办法。
I have a lot of work to do.我有许多工作要做。
如果不定式和它所修饰的词有逻辑上的动宾关系,且这个不定式是不及物动词,则它后面需有必要的介词。如:
He is a good comrade to work with.他是一个很好共事的同志。
There is nothing to think about.没什么值得考虑的。
4)作状语,表示目的、结果、原因等。如:
He went home to see his parents.他回家看望父母。(表目的)
I turned the radio down so as not to disturb you.
我把收音机音量调小,以免打扰你。(表目的)
The problem is too hard to understand.
这问题太难了,理解不了。(表结果)
What have I done to make you unhappy?
我做了什么事使你不高兴?(表结果)
I'm glad to hear the news.听了这消息,我很高兴。(表原因)
I was surprised to see him there.
我真想不到会在那里见到他。(表原因)
Grammar focus语法重点
The past participle used as attribute and predicative
用作定语和表语的过去分词

本单元的语法项目是过去分词作定语、表语。它们的用法讲解如下:
1)过去分词作定语。如果是及物动词的过去分词作定语,过去分词与被修饰词有逻辑上的被动关系,且表完成的状态;如果是不及物动词的过去分词作定语,过去分词与被修饰词在逻辑上没有主被动关系之说,所以不及物动词的过去分词只表完成的状态。但有些表示思想感情的过去分词如astonished,disappointed,excited,frightened,interested,pleased,surprised,tired,worried等既不表主动,又不表完成。此外,作定语的过去分词如果是单词,一般放在被修饰词的前面;作定语的过去分词如果是动词短语,一般放在被修饰词的后面。如:
We need more qualified teachers.我们需要更多的合格老师。
He stepped carelessly on some broken glass.
他不小心踩到了碎玻璃上了。
The letter written by my brother is on the desk.
我兄弟写的信在桌子上。
The TV set made in China are good quality.
中国制造的电视机质量很好。
You can drink boiled water,not boiling water.
你可以喝白开水,但不可以喝沸腾的水。
From his disappointed look,I knew he didn't pass the examination.
从他的失望表情看,我知道他没通过考试。
2)作表语,过去分词作表语,多表示主语的状态。如:
This machine part is broken.这个机器零件坏了。
He looked very excited.他看起来很激动。
有些过去分词实际上已被看成形容词了,常见的有:delighted,disappointed,discouraged,drunk,amused,astonished,hurt,interested,crowded,tired,satisfied,pleased,surprised,worried,excited,married,puzzled,upset等。
Grammar focus语法重点
The Past Participle used as Object Complement
用作宾补的过去分词
本单元的语法项目是过去分词作宾补,你能把它的用法讲解一下吗?
师:过去分词作宾补,与前面的宾语有逻辑上的被动关系且表动作的完成。
1)作表感觉或心理状态的动词的宾补,它们是:see,hear,watch,feel,find,think等
We hear the music played by the band.我们听了乐队演奏这首乐曲。
I found her greatly changed.我发现她变化很大。
Everybody thought the battle lost.人人都认为这场战役输掉了。
2)作使役动词的宾补,它们是:make,keep,leave,have,get,help等
When you speak,you have to make yourself understood.
说话时要让人听懂。
Please keep us informed of the latest development.
请随时向我们通报事态的最新发展。
I must get my bike repaired.我必须请人修自行车。
3)作表希望或要求的动词的宾补,它们是:want,like,wish,prefer,need,declare,report,order,acknowledge等。这种用法与不定式的被动形式作宾补基本相同。
I don't want any of you(to be)involved in the scandal.
我不要你们任何人牵涉到丑闻中去。
The viewers wish the serial film(to be)continued.
观众们希望这部系列片继续下去。
She needs the work(to be)done before tomorrow.
他要此项工程明天以前完成。
Grammar focus语法重点
The Past Participle used as Adverbial
用作状语的过去分词
本单元课文中出现了许多过去分词作状语的句子,您能把这一语法现象讲解一下吗?
师:无论过去分词作状语还是现在分词作状语,分词的逻辑主语都要和主句的主语一致。过去分词与主句的主语应是被动关系。过去分词作状语,表示时间、原因、让步或伴随等,这种过去分词通常相当于状语从句。下面我将举例说明。
1)表时间
(When the metal is)Heated,the metal expands.加热后,这种金属会膨胀。(The couple took good care of the baby while(the couple was)occupied by their work.这对夫妇一边工作,一边很好地照顾这个婴儿。
像第二句那样当强调实践概念时,过去分词之前可用连词when,while。
2)表原因
(As he was)Greatly surprised,he couldn't say a word.
他大吃一惊,一时说不出话来。
(Because she was)Scolded by the teacher,the girl felt unfair.
那姑娘因受老师责备,而愤愤不平。
3)表让步
Even if(I were)invited,I wouldn't go.即使受邀请,我也不愿去。
Though(they were)defeated again and again,they went on fighting.尽管一再遭受挫败,他们仍然继续战斗。
4)表伴随
He stared at me(he was)astonished.他两眼瞪着我,惊恐万状。
Einstein walked along the street,(he was)lost in thought.爱因斯坦漫步街头,沉浸在思索中。
Grammar focus语法重点
Noun Clauses introced by relating pronoun“that”
由关系代词“that”引导的名词性从句
本单元的语法项目是关联词“that”引导的名词性从句,你能把它的内涵及用法讲解一下吗?
that引导名词性从句时,本身没有什么意思,它只起一个连接作用。①that引导主语从句时,一般不可省略,且可把that所引导的主语从句放在后面,前面用it代替that从句;当然,当主句用了被动语态或是一般疑问句时多用it作形式主语;如主句是感叹句时,必须用it作形式主语,把that从句放在后面。②引导及物动词的宾语从句时,在不引起歧义的情况下,that可以省略;that很少引导介词的宾语从句(中学阶段常见的能引导that从句的介词有:except、but、in等),如介词引导that从句作宾语,常常在其后加it,在加that从句作宾语。③that从句作表语从句,一般不可省略。④that从句作同位语从句,一般不可省略。请看下列例句:
That we shall be late is certain.=It is certain that we shall be late.
我们要晚了,这是确定无疑的。
It is said that he's got married.听说他结婚了。
How strange it is that the children are so quiet!
真奇怪孩子们如此安静。
He told me(that)he would come to Gu'an the next day.
他告诉我第二天他来固安。
He did come here in that he had another thing to do.
他没来是因为他有其他事要做。
You can depend on it that he is a millionaire.
你就放心吧,他是百万富翁。
The fact is that he doesn't understand English at all.
事实上他根本不懂英语。
I know the fact that the doesn't understand English at all.
我知道他根本不懂英语(那个事实)。
如何区别 where 引导的定语从句与状语从句
1.where 引导定语从句时,where 是关系副词,在从句中作地点状语,其前面有表示地点的先行词,where 引导的从句修饰先行词。例如:
The bookshop where I bought this book is not far from here.
我买这本书的那个书店离这里不远。
This is the house where I lived two years ago.
这就是我两年前住的那所房子。
We will start at the point where we left off.
我们将从上次停下来的地方开始。
2.where 引导状语从句时,where 是从属连词,where 引导的从句修饰主句的谓语动词,where 前面没有表示地点的先行词。例如:
Wuhan lies where the Changjiang River and the Han Jiang River meet.
武汉位于长江和汉江的汇合处。
Mark a mark where you have any doubts or questions.在有疑问的地方做一个记号。
I found my books where I had left them.我在我原来放书的地方找到了我的书。
有时,where 引导的地点状语从句兼有抽象条件含义,可放在主句的前面,而 where 引导的定语从句则不能。例如:
Where there is a will,there is a way.(谚语)有志者事竟成。
Where there is water,there is life.有水的地方就有生命。
3.在有些情况下,where 引导的定语从句可转换为 where 引导的地点状语从句。例如:
A tall building was put up at the place where there used to be a desert.( = A tall building was put up where there used to be a desert.)在以前曾是沙漠的地方盖起了一幢高楼。
Bamboo grows best in places where it is warm and where it rains often.( = Bamboo grows best where it is warm and where it rains often.温暖而多雨的地方最适合于竹子生长。
Grammar focus语法重点
Noun Clauses Introced by Question Words
由疑问词引导的名词性从句
[讲解]由疑问词引导的名词性从句多作主语从句、宾语从句或表语从句,偶尔也作同位语从句。在作上述从句时,其句型结构应该采用以下两种:
1.疑问词 + 主语 + 谓语动词 + 其他
2.本身是主语的疑问词 + 谓语动词 + 其他
不管采用哪种句型,其词序总是正装的,即主语必须置于谓语动词前面。
[例句]
1)What you need is more practice.(主语从句)
2)What is hard is to do good all one's life and never do anything bad.(主语从句)
3)I can't imagine when we will be able to travel in space.(动词宾语从句)
4)This reminded me of what he had once told us.(介词宾语从句)
5)The problem is whether robots will be smarter than humans.(表语从句)
6)Scientists have not found answers to the question why there is no life on Mars.(同位语从句)
Grammar focus语法重点
虚拟语气
语气是一种动词形式,表示说话人对某一行为或事情的看法和态度。英语中共有三种语气:陈述语气、祈使语气、虚拟语气。本单元所讲的是虚拟语气。
虚拟语气是一种特殊的动词形式,用来表示说话人所说的话不是一个事实,而只是一种愿望、假设、怀疑、建议、猜测、可能或纯粹的空想等。
本单元要学习关于虚拟语气的以下三个用法:
1.虚拟语气在一般现在时的条件句和主句中的谓语动词的形式如下:
从 句 主 句
过去式(be用were) would + 动词原形
[例句]
1)If I knew German,I would read Das Capital in the original.
要是我懂德文,我就读《资本论》的原文。
2)If he were here now,everything would be all right.
要是他现在在这儿,一切就都没问题了。
3)How nice it would be if I could stay a bit longer!
2.虚拟语气在wish后的宾语从句中的应用。
如果该宾语从句表示一般现在时,其动词一律用其过去式形式,be用were;如果该从句表示一般过去时,其动词形式要用:had + 过去分词;如果该从句表示现在进行时,其动词形式要用were/was + 现在分词;如果该从句表示一般将来时,其动词形式要用:would/could + 动词原形。
[例句]
1)I wish I were/was as strong as you.
2)I wish I remembered his phone number.
3)I wish I had not forgotten his address the other day.
4)How I wish it weren't/wasn't raining now!
5)I wish he would try again.
3.虚拟语气在含有as if引导的从句中的动词形式与wish后的宾语从句中的动词形式相同。
1)He acts as if he were/was an expert.
2)It seems as if it were/was spring.
3)They are talking as if they had been friends for years.
Grammar focus语法重点
Subjunctive Mood in the Past Tense and the Future Tense
一般过去时与一般将来时中的虚拟语气
[ ]表示过去情况的虚拟条件句的主句与从句中谓语动词的主要形式如下:
从 句 主 句
had + 过去分词 would have + 过去分词
[例句]
1.If we had left a little earlier,we would have caught the train.
2.If I hadn't taken your advice,I would have made a bad mistake.
3.You wouldn't have caught cold if you had put on more clothes.
[ ]表示将来情况的虚拟条件句的主句与从句中的谓语动词的主要形式如下:
从 句 主 句
were to/should + 动词原形 would + 动词原形
[例句]
1.If I were to study at Harvard University next year,I would major in biology.
2.If he were to/should travel on Mars in the future,he would drive a space wagon all over it.
注:在虚拟条件中,有时可以把表示假设的从属连词if省掉不用,在此语境中,就把从句中的助动词had,should或were移至其主语前,如:
1.Had we made enough preparations,we might have succeeded in doing the experiment.
2.Were they to act like that again,we would/should criticize them severely.
3.Should we fail again next time,we wouldn't lose courage.
Grammar focus语法重点
Inversion 倒装
主语与谓语有两种顺序:一是主语在前,这和汉语是一致的,称为自然语序或正装语序。反之,如果谓语的全部或一部分置于主语之前,就是倒装语序。
产出倒装语序主要有两个原因:语法结构的要求;第二种则是修辞上措辞和安排的需要。下面就是按两种要求讲授本单元有关倒装语序的知识。
1.主谓倒装
A)凡表方位、方向或时间的副词或介词词组处于句首时往往引起主谓倒装。如:
1)There exist different opinions on this question.
关于这个问题存在着不同的意见。
2)Here comes the old lady.那位老太太来了。
3)Then came the hour we had been looking forward to.
我们期待的时刻到来了。
4)Up went the arrow into the air.
飕的一声箭射上了天空。
5)Now comes your turn.现在轮到你了。
6)Through the air hurtled a jet-plane.
呼地一声在天空中飞过一架喷气式飞机。
B)否定词置于句首,引起部分倒装(助动词或情态动词移至主语前),如:
1)Never before has our country been so prosperous.
我们的国家从来没有这样繁荣昌盛。
2)Hardly did I think it possible.我几乎认为这是不可能的。
3)On no account should we follow blindly.我们决不应盲从。
C)“only + 状语”置于句首引起部分倒装,如:
1)Only after a bitter struggle was the aim achieved.
只有在艰苦斗争之后这一目标才得以实现。
2)Only in this way can we hope to improve the situation there.
只有用这种方式我们才有可能改善那里的局势。
D)省略了if的虚拟条件句中要用部分倒装,如:
1)Should anyone phone me,tell him to call me again in two hours' time.
万一有人给我打电话,叫他两小时以后再给我打。
2)Had I been informed earlier,I might not have bought the air ticket.
要是早点通知我,我就可能不买那机票了。
2.表语倒装
当表语置于句首,其系动词也就随之移至主语前形成完全倒装,如:
1)Near the southern end of the village was a large apple orchard.
靠近村子南头是一个很大的苹果园。
2)Among its exhibits are computers and mobile phones made in China.
在展品中有中国制造的电脑和手机。
3)Their grandparents are very warm-hearted,as are their parents.
他们的祖父母是非常热心的人,他们的父母也一样。
Grammar focus语法重点
Ellipsis省略
在有些英语句子中,某些成分被省略掉了,这样的句子称为省略句(Elliptical Sentences)。一般说来在上下文已经交待清楚的情况下,可以省略那些已经提到的或不言而喻的部分。
省略是避免重复、突出重要内容和使上下文紧密连接的一种语言手段。
省略可出现于简单句、并列复合句和主从复合句中。
一、常被省略的部分
1.省略主语
Beg your pardon?请再说一遍。(省略I)
2.省略谓语或谓语的一部分
He is a doctor and his wife a teacher.
他是医生,他妻子是老师。(省略is)
I will do the best I can.我将尽力而为。(省略do)
3.省略表语
表语的省略指的是:在主系表句子中,回答其问句时省略表语。这种省略已成固定格式,如果不省略反而不成句子习惯。There be句型的回答以及其反意问句的后半部分也要用省略式。
—Are you hungry?你饿吗?
—Yes,I am.(hungry).我饿。
4.省略宾语
This is the book(that)you're looking for.
5.主语和谓语(系动词)一起省略
—What would you like to eat?—你要吃什么?
—(I would like)Rice and meat.—米饭和肉。
6.在if,when,though,as if等引导的从句中,如果其谓语动词是be,可将主语一起省略。Don't speak while(you are)eating.吃饭时别说话。
7.一般疑问句的省略回答中动词只用系动词、情态动词、助动词
Can you swim?Yes,I can/No,I can't.
8.只保留一个主要句子成分,其余全部省略。
What did you get?A book.(保留宾语)
Wait!(保留谓语)
9.the reason why,the time when等限定性定语从句中可省略关系副词。
This is the place(where)we came last month.
这就是我们上个月来过的地方。
That was the reason(why)he had not arrived on time.
这就是他没按时到达的原因。

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