⑴ 跪求仁爱版八年级上册英语语法
现在完成时
有些瞬间性动词可以表示延续性词义,这时它们就可以与段时间状语连用了。例如: I'm going away for a few days. 我要出去几天。(go away 表示travel) I went to Paris for two weeks. 我去了巴黎两个星期。(go to表示 visit) We go to the seaside for a week every August. 我们每年八月都要到海滨度过一个星期。(go 表示travel) She left me waiting in the rain for an hour.她让我在雨里等了一个小时。(leave表示cause sb. / sth. to be or remain in a particular state or position,即"使某人或某物处于某一特定的状态"。)
编辑本段瞬间性动词的否定形式
瞬间性动词的否定形式可以表示某一状态,这时,可以与段时间状语连用。例如: Don't get off until the bus stops. 等车停了再下车。(停车之前要处于呆在车上的状态。)
编辑本段瞬间性动词的被动结构
"be+瞬间性动词的过去分词"即系表结构也可以表示状态,因此也可以与段时间状语连用。例如: They have been married for ten years. 他们结婚已经十年了。 The book has been lost for a week.那书已经丢了一周了。 当要表达瞬间性动作发生之后一段时间的概念时,可以有多种不同的表达方式。试比较:汤姆到了三十分钟了。 方法1:Tom has been here for 30 minutes. 方法2:It's 30 minutes since Tom arrived. 方法3:Tom got here 30 minutes ago. 艾丽丝直到她妈妈回来了才睡觉。 方法1: Alice didn't go to bed until her mother came back. 方法2: Alice stayed up until her mother came back. 你们认识多长时间了? 方法1: How long have you known each other? 方法2: How long ago did you get to know each other? 方法3: How long is it since you got to know each other? Exercises: 根据汉语完成句子。 1. 火车离开已经十五分钟了。 (1)The train ______ ______ ______ for fifteen minutes. (2) fifteen minutes the train left. 2. 我直到夜里十二点才睡觉。(1)I______ ______ ______ ______ until 12 at night. (2)I______ ______ until 12 at night. 3. 他戒烟已经三个月了。 (1)______ three months______ he ______ ______ smoking. (2)He______ ______ for three months. 4. 他爸爸去世已经三年了。 (1)His father ______ ______ ______ ______. (2)His father______ ______ ______ for three years. (3)______ three years______ his father______. Key: 1. (1)has been gone (2)It's; since 2. (1)didn't go to bed (2)stayed up 3. (1)It's; since; gave up (2)hasn't smoked 4. (1)died three years ago (2)has been dead (3)It's; since; died 可以用现在完成时,但不能加时间段
编辑本段延续性动词和瞬间性动词
延续性动词: live,run,stay,clean,play,hold,watch,teach,read,study,teach,eat,drink,write, da-nce,sing,smoke瞬间性动词pen,stop,like,love,die,win,close,shot,begin,start enter,finish
1、终止性动词:
表示不能延续的动作,即动作发生后立即结束。如:begin,arrive,borrow,buy,break,close, come,fall,dic,finish,go,leave,lend,marry,reach,receive,open,sell,start,stop等。终止性动词的肯定式是不能持续的,所以不能和表示一段时间的状语连用,而终止性的否定式就可以和表一段时间的状语连用,因为否定本身就是可以延续的。如:have a cold是持续性动词,表示“状态”,可与表延续性的时间状语连用,不定冠词不能省略。I′ve had a cold since my arrival(到达 n.).I didn′t go to school because I had had a bad cold for days.catch a cold是短暂性动作,表“动态”:它不能和延续性时间状语连用,不定冠词“a”可有可无,catch可用take,get代替。Put on your coat,or you′ll catch/take/get a cold.Take care not to get cold.但是,若cold前有形容词修饰时,则不定冠词不能省。如:Brown has taken a slight cold.注意下列句子:I have caught a cold for over a week.(×)I have had a cold for over a week.(?)
2、延续性动词:
表示可以延续一段时间的动作或状态。如:be,drink,fly,eat,keep,lie,live,rain等。延续性动词常不能和表示一个短暂具体的时间状语连用;这类动词如用于进行时态,则可以和表示一个短暂具体的时刻连用。He worked at eight yesterday afternoon.(×)He was working at eight yesterday afternoon.(?)
3、代替终止性动词的方法
a)用延续性动词代替终止性动词 1、用have代替buy My brother has had(不能用has bought) this bike for almost four years. 2、用keep或have代替borrow I have kept(不能用have borrowed) the book for quite a few days. 3、用be替代become How long has your sister been a teacher? 4、用have a cold代替catch a cold Tom has had a cold since the day before yesterday. 5、用wear代替put on b)用“be+形容词”代终止性动词 1、be+married代marry 2、be+ill代fall (get) ill 3、be+dead代die 4、be+asleep代fall (get) asleep 5、be+awake代wake/wake up 6、be+gone代lose,die,sell,leave 7、be+open代open 8、be closed代close/shut 9、be+missing(gone,lost)代lose c)用“be+副词”代终止性动词 1“be+on”代start,begin 2“be+up”代get up 3“be+back(to)”代return to,come back to,go back to 4“be here (there)”代come(arrive,reach,get) here或go (arrive,reach,get) there等等 d)用“be+介词短语”代终止性动词 1.“be in/at +地点”代替go to /come to 2.用be in the army 代替join the army 3.“be in/at +地点”代替move to somewhere
终止性动词也可称为非延续性动词,瞬间动词或点动词英语中,动词按其动作发生的方式、动作发生过程的长短,可分为延续性动词和终止性动词。终止性动词也称非延续性动词、瞬间动词或短暂性动词,表示不能延续的动作,这种动作发生后立即结束。如open, close, finish, begin, come, go, arrive, reach, get to, leave, move, borrow,buy等。
编辑本段用法特征
1.可用于现在完成时
终止性动词可用来表示某一动作完成,因此可用于现在完成时。如: The train has arrived.火车到了。Have you joined the computer group?你加入电脑小组了吗?
2.不可与表示一段时间的状语连用
终止性动词表示的动作极其短暂,不能持续。因此,不可与表示一段时间的状语连用(只限肯定式)。如: (1)他死了三年了。误:He has died for three years. 正:He has been dead for three years. 正:He died three years ago. 正:It is three years since he died. 正:Three years has passed since he died. (2)他来这儿五天了。误:He has come here for five days. 正:He has been here for five days. 正:He came here five days ago. 正:It is five days since he came here. 正:Five days has passed since he came here. (1)、(2)句中的die、come为终止性动词,不能与表示"段时间"的状语连用。那么,应如何正确表达呢?可以采用下面的四种方法:(1)将句中终止性动词转换为相应的延续性动词,如上面两例中的第一种正确表达方式。下面列举几例:leave→be away, borrow→keep, buy→have, begin/start→be on, die→be dead, move to→live in, finish→be over, join→be in/be a member of, open sth.→keep sth. open, fall ill→be ill, get up→be up, catch a cold→have a cold。(2)将句中表示"段时间"的状语改为表示过去确定时间的状语,如下面两例中的第二种正确表达方式。 (3)用句型"It is+段时间+since..."表达原意,如上面两例中的第三种正确表达方式。 (4)用句型"时间+has passed+since..."表达原意,如上面两例中的第四种正确表达方式。
3.可与表示一段时间的状语连用
终止性动词可用于现在完成时否定式中,成为可以延续的状态,因而可与表示一段时间的状语连用。如: He hasn't left here since 1986. I haven't heard from my father for two weeks.
4.否定式与until/till连用
终止性动词的否定式与until/till连用,构成"not+终止性动词+until/till ..."的句型,意为"直到……才……"。如: You can't leave here until I arrive.直到我到了,你才能离开这里。 I will not go to bed until I finish drawing the picture tonight.今天晚上直到我画完画,我才上床睡觉。
5.不可以用于while引导的时间状语从句中
终止性动词可以用于when引导的时间状语从句中,但不可以用于while引导的时间状语从句中。when表示的时间是"点时间"(从句谓语动词用终止性动词),也可以是"段时间"(从句谓语动词用延续性动词)。而while表示的是一个较长的时间或过程,从句谓语动词用延续性动词。如:When we reached London, it was twelve o'clock. (reach为终止性动词) Please look after my daughter while/when we are away. (be away为延续性动词短语)
6.不可与how long连用
终止性动词完成时不可与how long连用(只限于肯定式)。如: 误:How long have you come here? 正:How long have you been here? 正:When did you come here?
瞬间动词,也叫终止性动词、结束性动词、非延续性动词。这类动词所表示的动作在瞬间就可以完成,不能延续下去,即动作从开始到结束所持续的时间极短。瞬间动词往往表示动作的结果,或表示短暂性、一次性的动作。【例词:close, leave, buy, join, become, begin, fall,fall ill,get to(know), come, go, see, hear, hear from, catch a cold, kill 】这类动词的肯定句在一般情况下,不能与表示一段时间的状语或疑问词连用。但是在否定句中,瞬间动词也可以和表示一段时间的状语、连词连用,它的含义是好长时间没进行这个动作了,没进行此动作的状态就可以延续。Eg: 1.I haven't heard from my parents for a long time. 我有好长时间没收到父母来信了。 2.He hasn't left home for a week. 他有一个星期没出门了
编辑本段非延续性动词
(一)
在英语中,有些动词表示的是短暂的动作,没有持续性,即“一发生就结束”的动作。这类动词一般称为“非延续性动词”或“终止性动词”,不能同表示一段时间的状语连用。常见的这类动词有: go, come, leave, arrive, lose, land, catch, join, kill, find 等。 例如: 1. He has joined the club for a long time. ( 错 ) 2. He has been a member of the club for a long time . ( 对 ) 3. His grandfather has died for over 30 years. ( 错 ) 4. His grandfather has been dead for over 30 years . ( 对 ) 【 注意】之所以将这些动词称为瞬间动词,是因为这些动词在眨眼之间发生并终结。故不能与表达“段”的长时间状语连用,不论是在进行时还是现在完成时中。下面的例句是正确的: 1. He is dying. 2. He has died. 一个生物体是死是活,界与其终结生命的前与后的一霎那,如果上述例句加上了表达段的时间状语,试请问:该人是死是活?
(二)
但是,有几个表示去向的非延续性动词如 go, come, start, leave 等,可以同表示时间段的状语 for 短语连用。但要注意,这种用法的 for 短语表示的不是句中谓语动词延续的时间,而是该动词动作完成后再做某事所需要的时间。 例如:1. She has gone to Nanjing for three days. (= She’s come here, intending to stay for three days.) 2. Alice has left for Paris for three months . (= Alice has left for Paris , intending to stay there for three months.) 3. We are starting for Shanghai for two weeks. (= We are going to Shanghai , and we are planning to stay there for two weeks.) 【 注意 】学生如果遇到与第一点所不符的情况,如本点所讲述,不要轻易下结论为“错题”,应该认真分析后再做结论。比如我们学过了这样的结构:make somebody do something; 而我们常可见到这样的句子: He made a candle to give light. 在这个句子中的宾语后面明显带了 to ,与短语所表达的不符,但我们不要忘了: make 的基本意思为“制造”,并且,不定式结构在短语中充当宾语补足语,而在例句中充当状语。
(三)
非延续性谓语动词后有非谓语动词时,可与表示一段时间的状语连用,这时,时间状语所修饰的不是句中的谓语动词,而是非谓语动词。例如: 1. She went to work for two weeks . (for two weeks 修饰 to work) 2. He began to read English for over an hour. ( for over an hour 修饰 to read.) 【 注意 】了解了上述第二点,这一点要好理解的多:一般情况下,这些状语都会放在所修饰的动词或短语附近,稍加分析则不会产生误解。
(四)
如果非延续性谓语动词是否定完成时时,表示的是一种状态,故可同表示一段时间的状语连用;如果非延续性谓语动词的完成时表示经常重复的行为,可同表示时段的时间状语连用,但应慎用。例如: 1. She hasn’t taken part in labor for weeks . 2. I have often gone to Beijing since 1985 . 【 注意 】这一点的关键是:完成时表达的是“状态”,而后面表达段的时间是:“这种状态持续了如此长的时间”。
(五)
在不同的语言环境中,有些动词可以作延续性动词或非延续性动词, 如: sit, walk, move, run, feel 等。例如: 1. He sat in the grass, watching the sun rising. (延续性动词)2. He sat in the grass and began to read. (非延续性动词) 【 注意 】这种用法较为灵活。所以也应灵活分析。从上面的两个句子中我们可以看到:不在具体的句子中,我们无法分清哪个是非延续动词,哪个是延续性动词。只有根据上下文的意思,才好决定。
编辑本段误区
[ 一 ]
瞬间动词的完成时误区之一是:现在完成时表达的是“从前发生的动作”,“延续到现在”。而瞬间动词一瞬间便完成了从发生到结束的全过程,能有完成时吗?现在完成时虽然动作“发生在过去”但其“影响”持续到现在。因整个存在的时间短,所以其完成时不与表达“段”的时间连用。
[ 二 ]
瞬间动词的进行时 误区二: leave, come 等终结性动词,没有进行时的形式。例如 come 这一个词,(尤其在肯定句中,可参见第四点)不与表达段的时间状语连用。比如我们不说: He has come for days. 而要说: He came days ago. 或: It’s days since he came. 常说的 He is coming. /He is leaving./ He is dying 等,并不是表示动作“正在进行”, 而是表示“动作即将发生”。所以,有些语法家认为:瞬间动词的进行时,是将来时的表达法之一。
编辑本段非延续性动词转换为相应的延续性动词:
leave→be away, borrow→keep, buy→have, begin/start→be on, die→be dead, move to→live in, finish→be over, join→be in/be a member of, open sth.→keep sth. open, fall ill→be ill, get up→be up, catch a cold→have a cold。
4. since的四种用法
1) since +过去一个时间点 (如具体的年、月、日期、钟点、1980, last month, half past six)。
I have been here since 1989.
2) since +一段时间+ ago
I have been here since five months ago.
3) since +从句
Great changes have taken place since you left.
Considerable time has elapsed since we have been here.
4) It is +一段时间+ since从句
It is two years since I became a postgraate student
⑵ 英语北京市仁爱教育研究所八年级上册17页的语法点
一般将来时表示将来某个时间要发生的动作或者存在的状态。通常与表示将来的时间状语连用,如tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, next year, next month, next week, in 100 years等。
will do 结构表示将来的用法:
1. 表示预见
Do you think it will rain?
You will feel better after a good rest.
2. 表示意图
I will borrow a book from our school library tomorrow.
What will she do tomorrow?
基本构成如下:
一般疑问句构成:
(1)will+主语+do…? Will Sarah come to visit me next Sunday?
(2)there be 结构的一般疑问句:Will there + be …?
Will there be fewer trees? Yes, there will. / No, there won’t
否定句构成:will + not (won’t)+do
Sarah won’t come to visit me next Sunday.
特殊疑问句构成:
特殊疑问词+will+主语+…?What will Sarah do next Sunday?
大概就这些了,希望能帮到你吧 (*^__^*)
⑶ 仁爱版英语八年级上的语法知识点归纳
Unit 2 Topic 1 1. have / catch s cold感冒; 2. see a dentist 看牙医; 3. have a toothache 牙痛 4. have a fever 高烧 5. have the flu 流感 6. have a sore eyes 眼睛痛 7. stay in bed 卧床休息 8. have a good sleep 睡得好 9. take / have a rest = take / have a break 休息一下 10. take some medicine 吃药 11. have a terrible/ bad cold 得重感昌 12. day and night 日日夜夜 13. not so well 不太好 14. lie down 躺下 15. brush the teeth刷牙 16. take care of = look after= care for 照顾;照料 17. check over = look over 检查 18. It’s nothing serious 没什么 19. two pills each time 一次两片 20. much better 好得多 21. have an accident 发生意外 22. hurt a lot 伤得重 23. worry about 担心 24. ice cream 冰激淋 25. plenty of =a lot of =lots of 许多大量 26. boiled water 开水 27. do exercise 做练习 28. care for = like 喜欢 29. take care = be careful = look out 小心 Topic 2 1. go to bed 睡觉 2. stay up 熬夜 3. be bad for 对……有坏外 4. play sports 做运动 5. give up doing 放弃做某事 6. at night 在夜晚 7. in the sun 在阳光下 8. throw ----- about 乱扔 9. ring the day = in the daytime 在白天 10. be necessary for对……来说是必需的 11. have a +部位ache = have a pain in +部位 ……疼 12. get headaches often经常头痛 13. see ----- off 为……送行 14. by mistake 错误地 15. ask for +时间段’s leave 请几天的假 16. need to do sth 需要去做…… 17. get into 进入 18. tidy rooms 打扫房间 19. sweep the floor 扫地 20. as we know 正如我们所知 21. in different ways 用不同的方法 22. too much + 不可数名词 23. too many +可数名词复数 24. walk to 走着去某地 25. less than 不如 Topic 3 1. hurry up 赶快 2. go ahead 开始干吧 3. do some cleaning 做清扫工作;打扫房间 4. all the time 一直 5. keep away from 远离…… 6. just a moment 等一下 7. call / ring sb up = give sb a call / ring 给某人打电话 8. since then 从那时起 9. Chinese medicine 中药 10. call back 回话 11. 时间段+later 多久之后 12. get through 通过 13. give sb the message 给某人捎信 14. take a message 捎信 15. come back 回来 16. go roller skating 滑旱冰 17. It’s one’s ty to do sth 做某事是某人的责任 18. long time no see 很久没见 19. teach oneself = learn ---- by oneself 自学 20. tell story 讲故事 21. water the flowers 浇花 22. cook for 为……做饭 23. play with 和……一起玩
⑷ 仁爱英语八年级上册的全部知识点(就是句型,语法)
http://ittour.nce.com.cn:8001/ReadNews.asp?NewsID=1763
http://ittour.nce.com.cn:8001/ReadNews.asp?NewsID=1761
⑸ 初二英语语法归纳 仁爱版
这里面有些语法点:
http://www.kaoshi.ws/html/2005/0430/199778.html
初二语法复习
1. so+谓语+主语:…也一样. 谓语:be动词/助动词/情态动词
2. so+主语+谓语:的确如此,真的这样.
3. help yourself/yurselves to...请随便吃点...
4. 发现sb做sth : find sb doing sth
5. 不完全同意I don’t really agree.
完全不同意I really don’t agree.
6. 或者..或者...either…or…..就近原则
既不..也不..neither…nor….就近原则
既....又...both…and….谓语用复数
7. 看起来,似乎It seems/seemed that…..
8. 由于...而闻名be famous for….
更详细的语法可以看这里:)
http://www.52en.com/whbm/grammar/index.htm
⑹ 八年级上仁爱版英语单词表和重点句子和语法
仁爱版英语单词表和重点句子和语法
八年级上
1.Should建议某人做某事.(情态动词)用来提建议,表示应该的意思.后接动词原形
(Should+动词原形…..)
2.take/have a rest翻译为:好好休息.take/have可以互换.
3.Shouldn’t=Should not不应该
4.see / watch / hear为感官动词.
1.后接sb. do sth.表示看 / 听到某人在做某事.
①表示经常性地或者是习惯性的动作.
②看到或听到的这个动作的整个过程.
2.后接sb. doing sth.
表示看 / 听到某人正在做某事.一般是指看到/听到这个动作正在进行.
do/doing用来宾语补足语.
5.cherr sb. on 当中sb.用人名或者是人称代词的宾格形式代替.
翻译为:为某人加油 / 喝彩.
6.be going to结构: (用来表示:将来的计划或者是打算.)
翻译为:打算去做某事,计划去做某事.
肯定句:主语+be(am / is / are)+going to+动词原形…..
否定句:主语+be(am / is / are)+not+going to+动词原形…..
疑问句:be(is / are)+主语+going to+动词原形…..
特殊疑问句:疑问词+be+主语+going to…?
7.prefer+名词/动名词/代词/宾语从句/不定式
8.join=become a member翻译为加入.表示加入某个组织或者团体.
9.play for效力于….
10.arrive+in+大地方/arrive+at+小地方 同义的是:get to/reach 翻译为:到达某地
11.go.come.leave表示位置转移,可用现在进行时来表示将来的动作.
12.make sb./sth.+形容词 使某/人某物怎么样
13.be good for 对…..有益 be bad for 对…..有害
14.keep sth./sb. +形容词 使某人/某物保持某一种状态
15.主语+spend+时间+on sth./ (in)doing sth.某人花了时间/金钱做某事
16.pretty =very或者quite 翻译为:很,非常
17.There be句型的一般将来时: 翻译为(某地将要发生某事)
①There+be going to+be…… (be going to句型)
②There+will+be…… (will句型,没有人称和数的变化)
18.be sure+that(从句)/to do sth. 翻译为:确信
19.do sb. a favor / help sb. / give sb. a hand 经常用来表示寻求帮助
20.one of +名词复数形式/代词的宾格 翻译为:…..中之一
如果one of 做主语,谓语动词用第三人称单数
21.Would you mind+doing stn.? 做…..你介意吗?
Would you mind+not+doing stn. 做……你不介意吗?
英语中,表示委婉请求的表达方式
回答:
①接受:1.not at all没问题 2.of course not没问题
②拒绝:1.I’m sorry ,I’m afraid you’d better not 对不起,恐怕你不能这样做
22.need +to do sth. 翻译为:需要做某事
23.keep doing sth. 翻译为:继续做某事
24.lose the game输了这场比赛
25.be angry with sb. 翻译为:生某人的气 with为介词,sb.接人称代词的宾格形式
26.have a fight争吵;打架 fight做名词讲
27.say sorry to sb. 翻译为:向某人道歉 sb.接名词/人称代词的宾格形式
28.with one’s help / with the help of sb. 翻译为:在某人的帮助下
29.keep sb. doing sth. 翻译为:使某人一直做某事
30.will句型的一般将来时:(will没有人称和数的变化,适用于任何人称)
①肯定句型:主语+will+动词原形 翻译为:计划,打算去做某事
②否定句型:主语+will+not+动词原形 翻译为:不打算,不计划去做某事
③疑问句型:Will+主语+动词原形…? 翻译为:打算,计划去做某事吗?
回答:1.肯定回答Yes,主语+will 2.否定回答:No,主语+won’t/will not.
31.be late for来晚了;迟到
32.be sorry for+sth./doing sth. 翻译为:为……而感到抱歉
33.be important to sb. 翻译为:对某人说是重要的
34.quite + a bit/a lot 表示频率 后接of用来修饰名词
35.enjoy doing sth.喜欢做某事
36.start/begin+to do sth./doing sth. 翻译为:开始做某事
37.also用于句中 用于肯定句
Either用于句末 一般用于否定句
Too用于句末 一般用于肯定句
as well用于句末 一般用于肯定句 全部都表示”也”的意思
38.get 动词, get tired easily中做系动词,后接tired(形容词)做表语.
39.build sb. up 翻译为:增强某人的…… sb.接人称代词的宾格形式和名词
40.have fun doing sth.从……中得到乐趣
41.have fun / have a good time / enjoy oneself 翻译为:玩得愉快,开心
42.have fun doing sth. / enjoy doing sth. 翻译为:乐于做某事
43.fill out =fill in 填写
fill sb. out 填写…… sb.为名词/人称代词的宾格形式
44.be with 和……相处;和……在一起
45.be friendly to sb. 翻译为:对某人友好
46.make friends with sb. 翻译为:和某人交朋友
47.prefer…to.. 翻译为:比起……来,更喜欢……
48.maybe 是副词,表示大概,也许或者可能的意思 在句子中做状语
may be may是情态动词,加上be 翻译为:可能是,大概是 在句子中做谓语
49.how about/what about+名词/动名词 翻译为:……怎么样
50.be free 反义 be busy 翻译为:空闲的 繁忙的
51.every +基数词+复数名词 翻译为:”每……”
52.be fond of +名词/动名词=like +动名词/名词 翻译为:喜欢;乐意做某事
what’s wrong with …=what’s the matter=what’s up?询问对方的情况
have a cold=catch/get a cold 患感冒
Why not +动词原形…?
Why don’t you…? 两者都是同义句,都用于提建议
4.had better+动词原形 翻译为:最好做某事 用于任何人称
had better+not+动词原形 翻译为:最好别做某事 没有任何和数的变化.
5.take sb./sth.+to+地点 翻译为:带某人/某物去某地
6.sth. with sth. 翻译为:加入某物的物品
7.too many+可数名词的复数形式…
too much+不可数名词,用于动词后,修饰动作…
much too+形容词/副词…
8.形容词修饰不定代词:不定代词+形容词
10.sick 用于名词前,修饰名词做定语 翻译为:生病
ill 不能做定语 两者都可在句子中做表语
11.worry about+人称代词宾格形式/名词…
12.both…and…做主语,谓语动词用复数
13.plenty of=lots of/a lot of=many=much 翻译为:一些,大量的
many+可数名词的复数形式 much+不可数名词…
14.tell sb. to do sth.告诉某人做某事
15.give up doing sth. =stop doing sth. 放弃/停止做某事
16.enough 翻译为:足够的 用法:
①做形容词讲时,放在名词前.后
②做副词讲时,用来修饰动词或者形容词,只能放于所修饰词后.
17.talk with/to sb. 和某人洽谈
Talk about 谈论关于…
18.among 表示在三者或三者以上
between 表示两者之间,和and搭配 翻译为:在……之间
19.do one’s best 尽(某人)全力,one’s 接名词所有格.物主代词
20.do some doing sth. 做……事
21.must句型: (must+主语…?)
①肯定回答:—Yes,主语+must.
②否定回答:1.—No,主语+don’t/doesn’t+have to. 2.—No,主语+need not.
22.keep away from sth. 翻译为:远离某物
23.ring sb. up =call sb.=give sb. a call/ring/phone 翻译为:给某人打电话
24.care for sb. 翻译为:照顾某人
25.It’s+形容词/名词+to do sth. 翻译为:做…是…的
26.teach oneself=learn by oneself 翻译为:自学
27.hate+动名词/名词/代词 翻译为:讨厌……
28.help sb. (to) do sth. 翻译为:帮助某人做某事
29.enjoy oneself=have a good time=have fun 翻译为:过得愉快
30.by oneself 翻译为:亲自,自己
31.help oneself to+食物 翻译为:请随便吃点……
32.say to oneself 翻译为:自言自语;心里想
⑺ 仁爱英语八年级上册语法
Unit 1 Playing Sports
Topic 1 What’s your favorite sport?
重点语法
一般将来时:
(一)be going to 结构: ①表示主语进行某一将来行动的打算、意图。这种打算常经过预先考虑并含有自己做好某些准备的意思,因此通常认为用be going to表达的行动很可能会见诸实践。 如:I’m going to play basketball with my classmates this Sunday.
我打算本周日和同学们一起打篮球。
She is going to buy a sweater for her mother.
她打算为她妈妈买一件毛衣。
②表预测。指根据迹象推测,而且马上或很快就要发生。
如:Look at those clouds. It’s going to rain. 瞧那些乌云!快要下雨了!
(二) will + 动词原形:表示单纯的将来事实,常与表将来的时间状语如:tomorrow, soon, later, next time(week/month/year…)等连用。will not = won’t; 缩略形式为’ll.
表示作出立即的决定。这种意图并未经过事先的考虑或计划,是临时的一种决定。
如:a. ----Please put your things away, Tom. 汤姆,把你的东西收拾好。
----I’m sorry. I’ll do it right away. 对不起。我马上就去做。
b. ----Would you like coffee or tea? 您要咖啡还是茶?--I will have a cup of tea,please. 我要一杯茶。c. Don’t worry. I’ll help you. 别担心。我会帮你的。
表示预测。指说话人对于将来的看法、假设和推测。
如: I’m sure our team will win next time. 我确信下次我们队会赢。
Maybe she will go to the gym. 也许她会去体育馆。
表示许诺。如: I’ll do better next time. 下次我会做得更好的。
I’ll visit you tomorrow. 明天我会去看你的。
句式:肯定句:I/She/He/They will go to play baseball soon.
否定句:I/She/He/They won’t go to play baseball soon.
一般疑问句:Will you/she/he/they go to play baseball soon?
回答:Yes, I/she/he/they will. No, I/she /he/they won’t.
(三)动词plan, come, go, leave, fly等用现在进行时表示将要发生的事.
如: I’m coming. 我就来。
He is leaving for Shanghai. 他将到上海去。
We are going to Beijing. 我们将去北京。
5. There be 句型的一般将来时
正:There will be a sports meeting in our school this weekend.
= There is going to be a sports meeting in our school this weekend.
误:There will have a sports meeting in our school this weekend.
= There is going to have a sports meeting in our school this weekend.
四、重点语法
(一) 情态动词: must 与 have to
① must "必须;一定”, 表示有做某一动作的必要或义务,侧重表达说话者的主观看法.(只有一种时态)如:We must wash hands before meals. 饭前我们必须洗手.
We must eat healthy food. 我们必须吃健康的食物.
② have to “不得不,必须”, 侧重表示因客观条件或客观环境的迫使而"不得不做某事".(可用于各种时态)
如:It’s too late. I have to go now. 太迟了.现在我得走了.
I had to borrow some money at that time. 那时我不得不借了一些钱.
*----Must we keep the windows open all the time?---No, we don’t have to. / No, we needn’t. (注意回答时不能用No, we mustn’t.)
1)Are you free this evening? = Do you have time this evening? 你今天晚上有空吗?
三.语法学习
1.I used to listen to rock music but now I collect telephone cards and paintings. (Page 53)
我过去常听摇滚乐,可现在我集电话卡和画。
used to do sth. 这一结构表示过去的习惯(过去经常反复发生的动作)或状态(暗含的意思是现在已不复存在),只有一种形式,即过去式,用于所有人称。used to的否定形式为:used not to do或didn’t use to do。疑问句为Used you to... ? 或 Did you use to...?如:
1)I used to go to school on foot.
我过去步行上学。(暗含的意思是:我现在不再步行上学了。)
2)Mary used to sleep late.
玛莉过去总是很晚才睡觉。(暗含的意思是:玛莉现在睡觉不再那么晚了。)
3)I used to walk along the road after supper.
我过去常常在晚饭后沿着这条马路散步。
4)He used not to like Peking opera, but now he’s very fond of it.
他过去不喜欢京剧,但现在非常喜欢。
现在大多数人在口语中或不太正式的书面语中对否定句和疑问句常使用与do 连用的形式。例如:
1)I didn’t use to like skating, but now I like it very much.
我过去不喜欢滑冰,但现在很喜欢。
2)Did you use to go there?你以往常去哪儿?
3)There used to be a theatre here, didn’t there?以前这里有一座剧院,是不是?
另外,注意be used to doing sth.与used to do sth.的区别:
be used to doing sth “习惯于…,适应于…”如:
1)He is used to working hard. 他习惯于努力地工作。2)He used to bring me roses when he came to see me. 过去他来看我时,常带玫瑰花。
3)I’m used to doing jogging in the morning now. 我习惯于早上慢跑。
be used to do sth.“某物被用来做某事”。如:
1)Wood is used to make paper. 木材被用来生产纸张。
2)Computers can be used to do a lot of work now. 如今电脑可用来做许多事。
2. Collecting stamps must be great fun! (Page 53)集邮肯定很有趣!
must在这里是情态动词,作用是用来表示推测,可以翻译为“想必”。如:
1)Your brother must be in the school. I saw him just now.
你的哥哥想必在学校。我刚才看见他了。
2)Your friend must have left for Nanjing yesterday.
你的朋友想必昨天已经离开去南京了。
3) She thought that her present must be in the box.她以为礼物一定是在盒子里。
4) You must be thirsty after a long walk.走了很长的路,你一定渴了。
5) It must be ten o’clock now.现在肯定有10点钟了。情态动词must的三种否定形式
must表示“必须”时,其否定回答为don’t have to,意思为“不需要”。如:
1)Must I pay back the money right now? No, you don’t have to.
我必须现在偿还这笔钱吗?不,你不需要现在还。2)You must listen to the teacher carefully in class.你必须在课堂上认真听讲。
must表示“推测”时,其否定形式为can’t,意思为“不可能”。如:
1)I’ve seen what she is talking about, so she can’t be telling lies.我目睹了她所说的事情,因此,她不可能在说谎。
2)Yesterday I received a letter from him, so he can’t be here. 昨天我收到了他的信,所以说他不可能在这儿。而must not的意思为“绝对不可,不许,禁止”。如:1)You must not smoke in the hospital.你绝对不可以在医院里吸烟。
2)You must not cross the road when the traffic lights are red.交通灯是红色时,你千万不能过马路。3.He doesn’t mind whether they’re good or not. 他并不介意它们是否是好的。
此句为以whether引导的宾语从句。whether...or not“不论是否……”。如:
1)You have to get up early everyday whether it rains or not.你必须天天早点起床,不论是否下雨。2)Whether we go or not matters little.不论我们是否去,关系不大。
if与whether的区别。
二者在引导宾语从句时一般可换用。如:
1)I want to know if / whether it is going to rain tomorrow.我想知道明天是否下雨。
2) He asked me if / whether Li Ping was at home.他问我李平是否在家。3) He didn’t understand if / whether the stranger told a lie.他不明白那个陌生人是否说的是假话。
但下列几种情况不能换用。
whether 后可紧接or not,而if一般不能。
Let me know whether or not you can come.
你能来还是不能来,请告诉我一声。
whether引导的宾语从句可移到主句前,if则不能。如:Whether this is true or not, I can not say.这件事是否真实,我说不上。
不定式前用whether,不用if。如:I haven’t decided whether to go to the cinema or to stay at home.我还没有决定是看电影还是留在家里。
介词后可用whether,不用if。如:
I haven’t settled the question of whether I’ll go back home.我是否回家还没有定。
Topic2 I like pop music
三.语法学习
1. What a pity! (Page 61)真遗憾!
这是一个由what引导的感叹句。what引导感叹句的基本构成为:
what + a / an +(形容词)+可数名词单数!
what +(形容词)+可数名词复数/不可数名词!如:1)What a stupid question!多么愚蠢的问题啊!2)What lively boys they are! 多么活泼的男孩子们啊2. What are you going to do this Sunday evening?(Page61) 这一周日晚上你想干什么1)“be going to” 是一般将来时的一种表达方法.它表示:
i) 现在打算在最近或将来要做某事. 如: Tom is going to Beijing with his father next week.
ii) 说话人根据已有的迹象认为可能要发生某事. 如: There are a lot of dark clouds. It’s going to rain.
2) “be going to”句式的基本结构:
肯定句:主语+be going to … eg. He is going to stay at school.
否定句:主语+be + not +going to… eg. I’m not going to the library this afternoon.
一般疑问句: Be +主语+going to… eg. Are you going to play tennis next week?
3)be going to 用于there be 结构时要用There be going to be + 主语+其它形式.
如: There is going to be a football game tomorrow.
4)与be going to 连用的时间状语有: next week/month/year, tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, this evening, in the future等.
Topic3 The movie is so wonderful!
三.语法学习 I was doing some washing. I was doing some cleaning. (Page 69)
我在洗衣服。 我在打扫卫生。这句用的是过去进行时.
1. 过去进行时表示过去某一时刻正在进行或发生的动作,也表示过去一段时间内的活动或那个阶段正在进行的动作.如:
He were watching TV at 8:00 last night.
They were writing a book last month.
1. 过去进行时由be (was/were)+动词ing 形式构成的,肯定句:主语+was/were +doing +…
否定句: 主语+wasn’t/weren’t +doing +…
一般疑问句: Was/Were+主语+doing+…
肯定回答:Yes, 主语+was/were.
否定回答:No, 主语+wasn’t/weren’t.
如: They were studying English at this tine yesterday.They weren’t studying English at this time yesterday. Were they studying English at this time yesterday?
Yes, they were. / No, they weren’t.
11. Then decide how you are going to spend your weekend. (Page 74)
然后决定你的周末怎么过。
spend度过;花费(时间、金钱)。结构有:spend...on sth., spend...(in)doing sth. 如:
1)He spent 5 yuan on the post card. 他买这张明信片花了5元钱。
2)They spent three days looking for the lost sheep on the hill.
他们用了三天的时间在山上找丢失的羊。
12. Did you have a good time? (Page 76) 你们玩得高兴吗?
have a good time = enjoy oneself过得愉快;玩得高兴。类似的说法还有have a great time, have a nice time, have a wonderful time。
三.语法学习 I was doing some washing. I was doing some cleaning. (Page 69)
我在洗衣服。 我在打扫卫生。这句用的是过去进行时.
1. 过去进行时表示过去某一时刻正在进行或发生的动作,也表示过去一段时间内的活动或那个阶段正在进行的动作.如:
He were watching TV at 8:00 last night.
They were writing a book last month.
2. 过去进行时由be (was/were)+动词ing 形式构成的,肯定句:主语+was/were +doing +…
否定句: 主语+wasn’t/weren’t +doing +…
一般疑问句: Was/Were+主语+doing+…
肯定回答:Yes, 主语+was/were.
否定回答:No, 主语+wasn’t/weren’t.
如:They were studying English at this tine yesterday. They weren’t studying English at this time yesterday. Were they studying English at this time yesterday? Yes, they were. / No, they weren’t.
Unit 4 Our World
三.语法学习
(一.)现在进行时与过去进行时的区别:
1.现在进行时表示现在正在发生或正在做的事情,基本结构be+现在分词。如:
肯定句:The robots are making a car now. 这些机器人正在生产小汽车。
否定句:We are not studying on the Internet. 我们没有在互联网上学习。
疑问句:Is the teacher looking up the word in the dictionary?这个老师正在词典中查这个词吗?特殊疑问句:Who am I talking to?我在和谁谈话?
2.过去进行时表示过去某一时间,正在发生或正在做的事情。基本结构was(were)+现在分词。
肯定句:When he came in,I was writing a letter.当他进来时,我在写一封信。
否定句:They weren’t watching TV while she was reading.她读书时,他们没在看电视。
疑问句:Was the UFO flying to us at 8 last night ?昨晚8点UFO向我们飞来了吗?特殊疑问句:What were you drinking while we were sleeping?我们睡觉时,你们在喝什么?
进行时态往往用在时间状语从句中,常与when,while等连词搭配。
(二.)be sure结构表示肯定和不肯定。be sure一般用来表示肯定,be not sure(whether/if)表示不肯定。
be sure后面可以跟不定式和宾语从句。跟不定式一般译为“一定……”,跟宾语从句,译为“确信……”。如:We are sure to repair the TV well. 我们一定修好这台电视机。
I’m sure you can finish your work. 我确信你能完成你的工作。Are you sure whether(if)he switched the computer on? 你确信他打开还是没有打开电脑?
三. 语法学习
反意疑问句:由陈述句(或祈使句、感叹句)加一个简短问句构成的疑问句叫反意疑问
句。实质是前面陈述句的反问句。一般对应规律:前肯后否;前否后肯。即陈述部分为肯定形式,附加问句用否定形式;陈述部分为否定形式,附加问句用肯定形式。
如:There are many pyramids in Egypt,aren’t there?在埃及有许多金字塔,不是吗?Sally visited the Great Wall last month,didn’t she?萨莉上个月参观了长城,不是吗?He doesn’t realize the importance of saving water,does he?他没有意识到节约用水的重要性,是吗?
特例点拨:①I’m your good friend,aren’t I?我是你的好朋友,不是吗?I don’t think you can rebuild the house,can you?我认为你不能重修这座房子,是吗?(I don’t think…主要在说think后的内容,故按从句变化)。
②陈述部分有nobody,nothing,never,no,few(没几个),little(几乎没有),hardly(几乎不)等否定或半否定词时,仍视为否定句。根据反意疑问句对应规律,疑问部分用肯定形式。如:There is nothing in the room,is there?屋子里什么也没有,是吗?
Maria never surports me,does she? 玛丽亚从未支持过我,是吗?
He had few apples,did he? 他几乎没有苹果,是吗?
③祈使句的反意疑问句:无论肯定或否定,通常在祈使句后加上will you?如:
Please close the door,will you?请关门好吗?
Don’t tear down the old walls,will you?不要拆毁古墙,好吗?
但以Let’s开头的祈使句用shall we?如:
let’s make a survey,shall we?我们做个调查,好吗?