1. 初二英语知识点有哪些，语法有哪些
Unit1 Where did you go on vacation?
go on vacation去度假
stay at home待在家里
go to the mountains去爬山
go to the beach去海滩
visit museums 参观博物馆
go to summer camp去参观夏令营
quite a few相当多
study for为……而学习
go out出去
most of the time大部分时间
taste good尝起来很好吃
have a good time玩得高兴
of course当然
feel like给……的感觉；感受到
go shopping去购物
in the past在过去
walk around四处走走
because of因为
one bowl of… 一碗……
the next day第二天
drink tea喝茶
find out找出；查明
go on继续
take photos照相
something important重要的事
up and down上上下下
come up出来
buy sth. for sb. / buy sb. sth.为某人买某物
taste + adj. 尝起来……
look+adj. 看起来……
nothing…but+动词原形
除了……之外什么都没有
seem+（to be）+ adj. 看起来……
arrive in+大地点 / arrive at+小地点
到达某地 decide to do sth.决定去做某事
try doing sth.尝试做某事 / try to do sth.尽力去做某事
forget doing sth.忘记做过某事/ forget to do sth.忘记做某事
enjoy doing sth.喜欢做某事
want to do sth.想去做某事
start doing sth.开始做某事
stop doing sth. 停止做某事
dislike doing sth. 不喜欢做某事
keep doing sth.继续做某事
Why not do. sth.?为什么不做……呢？
so+adj.+that+从句
如此……以至于……
tell sb. (not) to do sth. 告诉某人（不要）做某事
Unit2 How often do you exercise?
help with housework帮助做家务
on weekends在周末
how often多久一次
hardly ever几乎从不
once a week每周一次
twice a month每月两次
every day每天
be free有空
go to the movies去看电影
use the Internet用互联网
swing dance摇摆舞
play tennis打网球
stay up late熬夜；睡得很晚
at least至少
have dance and piano lessons上舞蹈课和钢琴课
go to bed early早点睡觉
play sports进行体育活动
be good for对……有好处
go camping去野营
not…at all一点儿也不……
in one’s free time在某人的业余时间
the most popular最受欢迎的
such as比如；诸如
old habits die hard积习难改
go to the dentist去看牙医
morn than多于；超过
less than少于
help sb. with sth.帮助某人做某事
How about…? ......怎么样？/ ……好不好？
want sb. to do sth.想让某人做某事
How many+可数名词复数+一般疑问句？ …有多少…?
主语+find+that从句. ……发现……
spend time with sb.和某人一起度过时光
It’s+ adj.+ to do sth. 做某事的……的。
ask sb. about sth.向某人询问某事
by doing sth. 通过做某事
What’s your favorite……?你最喜爱的……是什么？
the best way to do sth.做某事的最好方式
2. 初二英语语法有哪些
一般将来时/过去将来时（宾语从句中）
请求和建议
直接引语
间接引语
If条件句
现在完成时
反意疑问句
How
long\
far\often\soon
what's
the
matter.......
3. 初二英语语法有哪些啊、
一、意义与构成
1. 意义：表示过去
1) 发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成影响或后果
2) 某一时间开始并一直持续到现在的动作或状态
2. 基本构成：have/has+ done (过去分词)
3. 句型
基本结构：主语+have/has+ done (过去分词)
a. 肯定句：主语+have/has+ done (过去分词)
b. 否定句：主语+have/has+not+ done (过去分词)
c. 一般疑问句：Have/Has+主语+ done (过去分词)
d. 特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+have/has+主语+ done过去分词
二、过去分词
与动词的过去式一样，动词的过去分词有规则动词过去分词和不规则动词过去分词两种。
1. 规则动词：规则动词的过去分词的构成规则与规则动词的过去式的构成规则相同
1) 一般动词，在词尾直接加“ ed ”
如：work—worked—worked; play—played—played; enjoy—enjoyed—enjoyed.
2) 以“e”结尾的动词，只在词尾加“d ”
如：dance—danced—danced; live—lived—lived; place—placed—placed.
3) 以“辅音字母 + y ”结尾的动词，将 “y” 变为 “i” ，再加“ed”
注意：元音字母+y结尾的动词的过去分词的变法参见一般动词。
如：carry—carried—carried; hurry—hurried—hurried; cry—cried—cried
4) 重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母，先双写这个辅音字母，再加“ed”
如：plan—planned—planned; stop—stopped—stopped; drop—dropped—dropped
2. 不规则动词
不规则动词的过去分词有5种形式：
A-A-A 如：cost—cost—cost; cut—cut—cut; hit—hit—hit
A-B-B 如：bring—brought—brought; build—built—built; catch—caught—caught;
keep—kept—kept; sell—sold—sold; smell—smelt—smelt;
learn—learnt—learnt; say—said—said; meet—met—met;
make—made—made; leave—left—left
此类变化涉及到的动词较多，需要同学们认真记忆。
A-B-C 如：begin—began—begun; blow—blew—blown; drive—drove—drive;
break—broke—broken; forget—forgot—forgotten; eat—ate—eaten;
take—took—taken; do—did—done
此类变化涉及到的动词较多，需要同学们认真记忆。
A-A-B 如：beat—beat—beaten
A-B-A 如：come—came—come
不规则动词的过去分词变化规则多，但是还是有一定的规律所循，希望同学们多花心思，细心记下，这是使用完成时态的基础。
三、用法
1. 现在完成时用来表示过去已发生过或完成的动作或状态，但其结果却和现在有联系，也就是说，动
作或状态发生在过去但它的影响现在还存在。
I have spent all of my money. 我花光了身上所有的钱。
(含义是：I don’t have any money now.)
Jane has laid the table. Jane已经把桌子摆好了。
(含义是：We can sit and have dinner.)
Michael has been ill. Michael病了。
(含义是：He can’t come to school.)
He has returned from abroad. 他已经从国外回来了。
(含义是：He’s at home now.)
2. 现在完成时可以用来表示发生在过去某一时刻的,持续到现在的情况,常与for（+时间段），
since（+时间点）连用。
Mary has been ill for three days. Mary已经病了三天了。
I have lived here since 1998. 我从1998年起一直住在这。
I have been a teacher for 10 years. 我当老师已经10年了。
注意：点动词（buy, die, join, finish等）不能直接与for, since 连用，需要改变动词。
1) have代替buy
I have bought new car. 他买了辆新车。(含义：他自己有车，不用搭别人车等。)
I have had this bike for almost 7 years. 我买这辆自行车七年了。
2) 用keep或have代替borrow
He has kept the book for a long time. 他借这书好长时间了。
3) 用be in替代come to/ join/ move to等
How long have you been in America? 你来美国多久了？
4) 用be+副词 替代start/ get up/ return to/go back to
The show has been on for half an hour. Hurry up!
演出已经开始了半个小时了。快点！
I’ve been up for an hour, but I still feel sleepy.
我起床已经一个小时了，但是我还是觉得很困。
He has been back to his hometown for a year, but he’s still missing the life in the
city.
他回到故乡都一年了，但是他还是很怀念城市生活。
总之，后加时间的完成时表达中，都表达一个动作所延续的时间，而点动词只表达那一动作，动作之后所处的状态，应该用相应的状态词来表达，如come是“来”的意思，而来之后的日子都是“在…”因为不能用come表达，应该用be in…来表达，意为“一直处于…”。
3. 现在完成时的时间状语
现在完成时属于现在时范围，故不能和过去的时间状语连用。如：yesterday, last Sunday,
in1990, three years ago等。但是，在强调动作产生的后果和影响时，可以和一些表示不确定的时
间状语连用。
如：I have finished my homework yesterday. (×)
I finished my homework yesterday. (√)
1)副词already和yet
already一般用于肯定句中，yet一般用于否定句和疑问句中。
如：I’ve already slept for 12 hours but I’m still feeling tired.
我都睡了12个小时了可是我还是很累。
I haven’t finished working yet.
我还没有完成工作。
Have you found your lost cat yet?
你找到你丢了的小猫了吗？
2)ever和never
多用于否定或疑问句中，表示“曾经”或“从未”。
如：---Have you ever been to the Great Wall? 你曾经去过长城吗？
---No, I haven’t. I have never been to the Great Wall. 没有。我从未去过长城。
3)用表示到说话为止的过去时间状语，如：just, before, up to now, the past few years等。
如：I have just finished my paper. 我才写完我的论文。
I’ve dream about that before. 我以前梦到过那个情景。
Up to now, he has got 3 gold medals in the Olympic Games.
到现在为止，他已经在奥运会中取得了三块金牌。
He has been there three times the last few days.
近几年他去过那里三次了。
4)用包括“现在”在内的时间状语，如：now, today, this morning (month, year, term)等。
如：---Have you met him today?
---No, I haven't.
---今天你见过他吗？---没有。
How many times have you been there this year?
今年你去过那里多少次？
4. 初二英语都有哪些重要语法
1. Talk about how often you do things 谈论做事情的频率。
2. Talk about your health. Make suggestions. 谈论健康话题以及提出建议。
3. Talk about future plans. 谈论未来的计划/打算。
4. Talk about how to get to places. 谈论到达某地的方式。
5. Learn to make invitations, say yes to invitations and say no to invitations and give reasons. 学会发出，接受和拒绝邀请并说出原因。
6. Learn to talk about personal traits and how to compare people. 学会谈论个人品质以及如何比较人们。 II. Key Phrases （重点短语）：
1. how often 多长时间一次
2. junk food 垃圾食品
3. a lot of 许多
4. hardly ever 很少
5. start with 以…开始
6. try to do sth. 试着去做某事
7. look after 照料
8. be kind of unhealthy 有点不健康
9. once a day 一天一次
10. twice a month 一个月两次
11. be good for 对…有好处
12. once in a while 偶尔
13. see a doctor / dentist 看病/看牙医
14. get a cold / fever 感冒/发烧
15. have a stomachache 肚子疼
16. have a toothache 牙疼
17. have a sore throat 嗓子疼
18. lie down and rest 躺下休息
19. drink hot tea with honey 喝加蜂蜜的热茶
20. be stressed out 紧张
21. listen to … 听…
22. get tired 变的疲劳
23. keep healthy 保持健康
24. at the moment 此刻；目前
25. watch TV 看电视
26. play basketball 打篮球
27. babysit her sister 照看她的妹妹
28. visit my friend 拜访我的朋友
29. relax at home 在家放松
30. sports camp 运动野营
31. something interesting
32. go hiking / camping / fishing / shopping / sightseeing 去徒步旅行/野营/钓鱼/购物/观光
33. go away 离开
34. get back to school 返回学校
35. stay for a week 呆一个星期
36. go bike riding 骑自行车兜风
37. takes walks 散步
38. rent videos 租录像带
39. sleep a lot 睡得多
40. think about 考虑
41. take the subway / bus / boat / plane 乘地铁/公共车/小船/飞机
42. get to 到达
43. go by bus / plane / boat 乘公共车/飞机/小船
44. train / subway / bus station 火车/地铁/公共车站
45. bus ride 乘公共车的旅行
46. ride a bike 骑自行车
47. bus stop 公共汽车站
48. on foot 步行
49. leave for 离开去…
50. school bus 学校班车
51. the early bus 早班车
52. be different from 与…不同
53. half past six 六点半
54. in North America 在北美洲
55. a quick breakfast 快捷的早餐
56. need to do 需要做…
57. more than 多于
58. play soccer 踢足球
59. baseball game 棒球比赛
60. school team 校队
61. come over to 过来到…
62. the day after tomorrow 后天
63. be good at 擅长于…
64. two years ago 两年前
65. be outgoing 外向的
66. all the time 一直
67. in some ways 在一些方面
68. look the same 看起来一样
69. talk to everyone 与大家谈话
70. make me laugh 使我笑
III. Key Sentence Structures 重要句型：
Unit 1:
1. －What do you usually do on weekends? －I usually go to the movies.
2. －What does he sometimes do on weekends? －He sometimes surfs the Internet.
3. How often do you exercise? I exercise once a week.
4. How often does she eat vegetables? She eats vegetables three times a day.
5. Most of the students go to the beach every year.
6. It makes a big difference to my grades.
7. My eating habits are pretty good.
Unit 2:
1. What’s the matter? What’s wrong? What’s the trouble?
2. I’m not feeling well. I have a cold / fever/ stomachache / sore throat. /I have a lot of headaches.
3. Maybe you should see the doctor / dentist. You should drink some hot tea with honey.
4. You shouldn’t eat anything for 24 hours.
5. Don’t get stressed out. It will make you sick.
6. I’m sorry to hear that you are not feeling well.
Unit 3
1. －What is she doing for vacation? －She is babysitting her little sister. －That sounds nice / interesting.
2. －When are you going? －I’m going on Monday.
3. －Where are they going? －They are going to Tibet.
4. －Who is she going with? －She is going with her parents.
5. －How long is he staying. －He is staying for a week.
6. －How is the weather there? －I’m hoping the weather will be nice.
7. He is leaving for Hong Kong the first week in June.
8. Have a good time.
Unit 4:
1. －How do you get to school? －I get to school by bus.
2. －How does he go to work? －He usually walks to school.
3. －How long does it take? －It takes about twenty minutes.
4. －How far is it from his home to school? －It’s three miles.
5. What do you think of the transportation in your town?
Unit 5:
1. －Can you come to my party on Wednesday? －Sure, I’d love to. / I’m sorry, I have to have a piano lesson.
2. －Can she go to the movies on Saturday? －No, she can’t. She has to help her mom.
3. －Can you go to the concert on Monday? －When is it? －It’s at four o’clock on Friday.
4. Thanks a lot for the invitation.
5. I’m going to study for a test this evening.
6. What’s the date today?
提问人的追问 2009-11-28 19:54 真厉害，能更多多一点就好!
回答人的补充 2009-11-28 20:32 再给你一些词组和句型I. 应掌握的词组：
1. go to the movies 去看电影
2. look after=take care of 照顾
3. surf the internet 上网
4. healthy lifestyle 健康的生活方式
5. go skate boarding 去划板
6. keep healthy=stay healthy 保持健康
7. exercise=take (much) exercise
=do sports锻炼
8. eating habits 饮食习惯
9. take more exercise 做更多的运动
10. the same as 与什么相同
11. once a month一月一次
12. be different from 不同
13. twice a week一周两次
14. make a difference to 对什么有影响
15. how often 多久一次
16. although=though虽然
17. most of the students=most students
大多数学生
18. shop=go shopping
=do some shopping 购物
19. as for至于
20. activity survey活动调查
21. do homework做家庭作业
22. do house work做家务事
23. eat less meat吃更少的肉
24. junk food垃圾食物
25. be good for 对什么有益
26. be bad for对什么有害
27. want to do sth 想做某事
28. want sb to do sth想某人做某事
29. try to do sth 尽量做某事
30. come home from school放学回家
31. of course=certainly=sure当然
32. get good grades取得好成绩
33. some advice
34. help sb to do sth帮助某人做某事
=help sb with sth
35. a lot of vegetables
=many vegetables许多蔬菜
36. hardly=not nearly / almost not几乎不
37. keep/be in good health保持健康
II. 应掌握的句子：
How often do you exercise? 你（你们）多久锻炼一次身体？
How often + 助动词do(does或did) + 主语 + do sth.? 疑问词how often是问频率(多久一次),（在这里助动词do(does或did) 是起帮助构成疑问的作用）与一般现在时或一般过去时连用，回答一般是用表示频率的副词，如：once, twice, three times…, sometimes, often, quite, often, never, every day, once a week , twice a month , three times a month , three or four times a month 等。
翻译：“你们多久到工厂去一次？”“每星期两次。”
(“How often do you go to the factory?” “Twice a week. ”)
“他们多长时间举办一次舞会？”“通常每两周举办一次。”
(“How often do they have a dancing party?” “Usually, once every other week.”)
“他多久去购一次物？”“一个月一次。”
(“How often does he go shopping?” “He goes shopping once a month.”)
2. “What do you usually do on weekends?” “ I usually play soccer.”
“周末你通常做什么？”“我通常踢足球。”
第一个do为助动词, 在这起帮助构成疑问的作用；而第二个do则是实义动词。
翻译：What do you usually do on weekends? I often go to the movies.
What does she usually do on weekends? She sometimes go hiking.
3. “What’s your favorite program?” “It’s Animal World.”
“你最喜欢什么节目？”“动物世界。”
4. As for homework , most students do homework every day .
as for...意思是“至于；关于”，常用于句首作状语，其后跟名词、代词或动词的
-ing形式（即动名词）。如：
As for him，I never want to see him here. 至于他，我永远不希望在这里见到。
As for the story，you'd better not believe it. 关于那故事，你最好不要相信。
翻译：至于我自己，我现在不想去。
(As for myself, I don’t want to go now. )
至于那个人，我什么都不知道。
(As for the man, I know nothing about him.)
5. Mom wants me to get up at 6:00 and play ping-pong with her .
want to do sth. 意思是“想要做某事”；
want sb. to do sth.意思是“想要某人做某事”。如：
Do you want to go to the movies with me？你想和我一起去看电影吗？
The teacher doesn't want us to eat hamburgers.老师不想让我们吃汉堡包。
6. She says it’s good for my health.
be good for...表示“对……有益（有好处）”;其反义为：be bad for...。（这里for 是
介词，后跟名词、代词或动名词）如：
It's good for us to do more reading. 多读书对我们有好处。
Reading in bed is bad for your eyes.在床上读书对你的眼睛有害。
7. How many hours do you sleep every night?
8. I exercise every day , usually when I come home from school .
9. My eating habits are pretty good . 这里pretty相当于very 。
10. I try to eat a lot of vegetables , usually ten to eleven times a week .
try to do sth.表示“ 尽力做某事 ” ，不包含是否成功的意思而try doing sth.表示
“（用某一办法）试着去做某事”。如:
You’d better try doing the experiment in another way.
你最好试试用另一种方法做这个试验。
11. My healthy lifestyle helps me get good grades.
help sb.(to) do sth.帮助某人做某事
12. Good food and exercise help me to study better.
这里better是well的比较级，而不是good的比较级
13. Is her lifestyle the same as yours or different?
＝Is her lifestyle the same as your lifestyle or is her lifestyle different from yours? be the same as … / be different from …
5. 初二英语必须要掌握的语法知识和课外词语
初二英语语法 几种常见时态的相互转换
英语中的几种时态在一定情况下可以互相转换，以下是几种常见的转换形式：
一、一般过去时与现在完成时的转换
在现在完成时中，延续性动词能与表示一段时间的状语连用，瞬间动词却不能。但是，可以用别的表达方式：①瞬间动词用于"一段时间 + ago"的一般过去时的句型中；②瞬间动词可改成与之相对应的延续性动词及短语，与一段时间连用；③瞬间动词用于"It is + 一段时间 + since + 一般过去时"的句型中，表示"自从……以来有……时间"的意思，主句一般用it is来代替It has been;④瞬间动词用于"Some time has passed since + 一般过去时"的句型中。请看：
A. He joined the League two years ago.
B.He has been in the League for two years.
C. It is two years since he joined the League.
D. Two years has passed since he joined the League.
二、一般现在时与现在进行时的转换
在一般现在时中，at加上名词表示"处于某种状态"，如at work（在工作）, at school（上学、上课）等。此短语可与进行时态转换。请看：
Peter is at work, but Mike is at play.
Peter is working, but Mike is playing.
三、现在进行时与一般将来时的转换
在现在进行时态中go, come, leave, start, arrive等动词常与表示将来的时间状语连用表示将要发生的动作。如：I am coming, Mum! 意为"我就来，妈妈！"请看：
The train is leaving soon.
The train will leave soon.
四、"be going to+动词原形"与"will(shall)+动词原形"结构的转换
"be going to+动词原形"表示打算、计划要做的事；将来时"will(shall)+动词原形"结构在书面语中，当主语为第一人称时，常用助动词shall。在口语中，所有人称都可以用will。请看：
We are going to visit the Great Wall next Sunday.
We shall visit the Great Wall next Sunday.
6. 八年级英语需要掌握的语法有那些
一、词法
1、名词
A）、名词的数
我们知道名词可以分为可数名词和不可数名词，而不可数名词它没有复数形式，但可数名词却有单数和复数之分，复数的构成如下：
一）在后面加s。如：fathers, books, Americans, Germans, apples, bananas
二）x, sh, ch, s, tch后加es。如：boxes, glasses, dresses, watches, wishes, faxes
三）1）以辅音字母加y结尾的变y为i再加es 如：baby-babies, family-families, ty-ties, comedy-comedies, documentary-documentaries, story-stories
2）以元音字母加y结尾的直接加s。如：day-days, boy-boys, toy-toys, key-keys, ways
四）以o结尾加s（外来词）。如：radios, photos, 但如是辅音加o的加es：如: tomatoes西红柿, potatoes马铃薯
五）以f或fe结尾的变f为v再加es(s)。如：knife-knives, wife-wives, half-halves, shelf-shelves, leaf-leaves, yourself-yourselves
六）单复数相同（不变的）有：fish, sheep, deer鹿子, Chinese, Japanese
七）一般只有复数，没有单数的有：people,pants, shorts, shoes, glasses, gloves, clothes, socks
八）单词形式不变，既可以是单数也可以是复数的有：police警察局，警察, class班，同学, family家，家庭成员
九）合成的复数一般只加主要名词，多数为后一个单词。如：action movie-action movies, pen pal-pen pals; 但如果是由man或woman所组成的合成词的复数则同时为复数。如：man doctor-men doctors, woman teacher-women teachers
十）有的单复数意思不同。如：fish鱼 fishes鱼的种类, paper纸 papers报纸，卷子，论文, work工作 works作品，工厂, glass玻璃 glasses玻璃杯，眼镜, orange桔子水 oranges橙子, light光线 lights灯, people人 peoples民族, time时间 times时代, 次数, chicken 鸡肉 chickens 小鸡
十一） 单个字母的复数可以有两种形式直接加s或’s。如：Is (I’s), Ks (K’s)。但如是缩略词则只加s。如：IDs, VCDs, SARs
十二） 特殊形式的有：child-children, man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, mouse-mice, policeman-policemen, Englishman-Englishmen
B）名词的格
当我们要表示某人的什么东西或人时，我们就要使用所有格形式。构成如下：
一）单数在后面加’s。如：brother’s, Mike’s, teacher’s
二）复数以s结尾的直接在s后加’，如果不是以s结尾的与单数一样处理。如：Teachers’ Day教师节, classmates’; Children’s Day六一节, Women’s Day三八节
三）由and并列的名词所有时，如果是共同所有同一人或物时，只加最后一个’s，但分别拥有时却分别按单数形式处理。如：Mike and Ben’s room迈克和本的房间（共住一间），Mike’s and Ben’s rooms迈克和本的房间（各自的房间）
2、代词
项目 人称代词 物主代词 指示代词 反身代词
人称 主格 宾格 形容词 名词性
第一人称 单数 I me my mine myself
复数 we us our ours ourselves
第二人称 单数 you you your yours yourself
复数 you you your yours yourselves
第三人称 单数 she her her hers herself
he him his his himself
it it its its this that itself
复数 they them their theirs these those themselves
3、动词
A） 第三人称单数
当动词是第三人称单数时，动词应该像名词的单数变动词那样加s，如下：
一）一般在词后加s。如：comes, spells, waits, talks, sees, dances, trains
二）在x, sh, ch, s, tch后加es。如：watches, washes, wishes, finishes
三）1）以辅音字母加y结尾的变y为i再加es。如：study-studies, hurry-hurries, try-tries
2）以元音字母加y结尾的直接加s。如：plays, says, stays, enjoys, buys
四）以o结尾加es。如：does, goes
五）特殊的有：are-is, have-has
B） 现在分词
当我们说某人正在做什么事时，动词要使用分词形式，不能用原形，构成如下：
一）一般在后加ing。如：spell-spelling, sing-singing, see-seeing, train-training, play-playing, hurry-hurrying, watch-watching, go-going, do-doing
二）以不发音e的结尾的去掉e再加ing。如：dance-dancing, wake-waking, take-taking, practice-practicing, write-writing, have-having
三）以重读闭音节结尾且一个元音字母＋一个辅音字母（注意除开字母组合如show –showing, draw-drawing）要双写最后的辅音字母再加ing。如：put-putting, run-running, get-getting, let-letting, begin-beginning
四）以ie结尾的变ie为y再加ing。如：tie-tying系 die-dying死 lie-lying 位于
4、形容词的级
我们在对两个或以上的人或物进行对比时，则要使用比较或最高级形式。构成如下：
一） 一般在词后加er或est(如果是以e结尾则直接加r或st)。如：greater-greatest, shorter –shortest, taller –tallest, longer –longest, nicer- nicest, larger -largest
二）以重读闭音节结尾且1个元音字母＋1个辅音字母(字母组合除外，如few-fewer fewest)结尾的双写结尾的辅音再加er /est。如：big-bigger biggest, red-redder reddest, hot-hotter hottest
三） 以辅音字母＋y结尾的变y为i加er/est。如：happy-happier happiest, sorry-sorrier sorriest, friendly-friendlier friendliest(more friendly most friendly), busy-busier busiest, easy-easier easiest
四）特殊情况：(两好多坏，一少老远)
good/well - better best many/much - more most bad/ill – worse worst
little- less least old- older/elder oldest/eldest far- farther/further farthest/furthest
5、数词 (基变序，有规则；一、二、三，自己背；五、八、九、十二；其它后接th；y结尾，变为i, eth跟上去。) first, second, third; fifth, eighth, ninth, twelfth; seventh, tenth, thirteenth, hundredth; twenty-twentieth, forty-fortieth, ninety-ninetieth
二、句式
1.陈述句
肯定陈述句 a) This is a book. (be动词)
b) He looks very young. (连系动词)
c) I want a sweat like this. (实义动词)
d) I can bring some things to school. (情态动词)
e) There’s a computer on my desk. (There be结构)
否定陈述句 a) These aren’t their books. b) They don’t look nice.
c) Kate doesn’t go to No. 4 Middle School. d) Kate can’t find her doll.
e) There isn’t a cat here. (=There’s no cat here.)
2. 祈使句
肯定祈使句 a) Please go and ask the man. b) Let’s learn English!
c) Come in, please.
否定祈使句a) Don’t be late. b) Don’t hurry.
3. 疑问句
1) 一般疑问句 a) Is Jim a student? b) Can I help you? c) Does she like salad?
d) Do they watch TV? e) Is she reading?
肯定回答: a) Yes, he is. b) Yes, you can. c) Yes, she does. d) Yes, they do. e) Yes, she is.
否定回答: a) No, he isn’t. b) No, you can’t. c) No, she doesn’t. d) No, they don’t. e) No, she isn’t.
2) 选择疑问句 Is the table big or small? 回答 It’s big./ It’s small.
3) 特殊疑问句
① 问年龄 How old is Lucy? She is twelve.
② 问种类 What kind of movies do you like? I like action movies and comedies.
③ 问身体状况 How is your uncle? He is well/fine.
④ 问方式 How do/can you spell it? L-double O-K.
How do we contact you? My e-mail address is ***.
⑤ 问原因 Why do you want to join the club?
⑥ 问时间 What’s the time? (=What time is it?) It’s a quarter to ten a.m..
What time do you usually get up, Rick? At five o’clock.
When do you want to go? Let’s go at 7:00.
⑦ 问地方 Where’s my backpack? It’s under the table.
⑧ 问颜色 What color are they? They are light blue.
What’s your favourite color? It’s black.
⑨ 问人物 Who’s that? It’s my sister.
Who is the boy in blue? My brother.
Who isn’t at school? Peter and Emma.
Who are Lisa and Tim talking to?
⑩ 问东西 What’s this/that (in English)? It’s a pencil case.
What else can you see in the picture? I can see some broccoli, strawberries and hamburgers.
11问姓名 What’s your aunt’s name? Her name is Helen./She’s Helen.
What’s your first name? My first name’s Ben.
What’s your family name? My family name’s Smith.
12 问哪一个 Which do you like? I like one in the box.
13 问字母 What letter is it? It’s big D/small f.
14 问价格 How much are these pants? They’re 15 dollars.
15 问电话号码 What’s your phone number? It’s 576-8349.
16 问谓语(动作) What’s he doing? He’s watching TV.
17 问职业(身份) What do you do? I’m a teacher.
What’s your father? He’s a doctor.
三、时态
1、一般现在时 表示普遍、经常性的或长期性的动作时使用一般现在时，它有：
Be 动词：She’s a worker. Is she a worker? She isn’t a worker.
情态动词：I can play the piano. Can you play the piano? I can’t play the piano.
行为动词：They want to eat some tomatoes. Do they want to eat any tomatoes? They don’t want to eat any tomatoes.
Gina has a nice watch. Does Gina have a nice watch? Gina doesn’t have a watch.
2、现在进行时 表示动词在此时正在发生或进行就使用进行时态，结构为sb be v-ing sth + 其它.
I’m playing baseball. Are you playing baseball? I’m not playing baseball.
Nancy is writing a letter. Is Nancy writing a letter? Nancy isn’t writing a letter.
They’re listening to the pop music. Are they listening the pop music? They aren’t listening to the pop music.
7. 初二英语上半学期要掌握的语法有哪些
一、形容词副词比较级①构成1．一般单音节词和少数以-er，-ow结尾的双音节词，比较级在后面加-er，最高级在后面加-est；
（1）单音节词
如：small→smaller→smallest short→shorter→shortest
tall→taller→tallest great→greater→greatest
（2）双音节词
如：clever→cleverer→cleverest narrow→narrower→narrowest
2．以不发音e结尾的单音节词，比较在原级后加-r，最高级在原级后加-st；
如：large→larger→largest nice→nicer→nicest able→abler→ablest
3．在重读闭音节（即：辅音＋元音＋辅音）中，先双写末尾的辅音字母，比较级加-er，最高级加-est；
如：big→bigger→biggest hot→hotter→hottest fat→fatter→fattest
4．以“辅音字母＋y”结尾的双音节词， 把y改为i，比较级加-er，最高级加-est；
如：easy→easier→easiest heavy→heavier→heaviest
busy→busier→busiest happy→happier→happiest
5．其他双音节词和多音节词，比较级在前面加more，最高级在前面加most；
如：beautiful→more beautiful→most beautiful
different→more different→most different
easily→more easily→most easily
注意：（1）形容词最高级前通常必须用定冠词 the，副词最高级前可不用。
例句： The Sahara is the biggest desert in the world.
（2） 形容词most前面没有the，不表示最高级的含义，只表示"非常"。
It is a most important problem.
=It is a very important problem.
6．有少数形容词、副词的比较级和最高级是不规则的，必须熟记。
如：good→better→best well→better→best
bad→worse→worst ill→worse→worst
old→older/elder→oldest/eldest
many/much→more→most little→less→least
far →further/farther→ furthest/farthest②用法1．“A + be +形容词比较级 + than + B” 意思为“A比B更……”。
如：This tree is taller than that one. 这棵树比那棵树高。
注意：
① 在含有连词than的比较级中，前后的比较对象必须是同一范畴，即同类事物之间的比较。
②在比较级前面使用much，表示程度程度“强得多”。
如：A watermelon is much bigger than an apple.
③ very, quite一般只能修饰原级，不能修饰比较级。
2．“比较级 + and + 比较级”或“more and more +原级”表示“越来越……”
如：It becomes warmer and warmer when spring comes.
春天来了，天气变得越来越暖和了。
It is getting cooler and cooler.
天气越来越凉爽。
The wind became more and more heavily.
风变得越来越大。
Our school is becoming more and more beautiful.
我们的学校变得越来越美丽。
3．在含有or的选择疑问句中，如果有两者供选择，前面的形容词要用比较级形式。
如：Who is taller,Tim or Tom? 谁更高，Tim还是Tom?
4. “the +比较级……, the+比较级”，表示“越……越……”。
The more money you make, the more you spend.
钱你赚得越多，花得越多。
The sooner，the better.
越快越好。
5. 表示倍数的比较级用法：
①. A is …times the size /height/length/width of B.
如：The new building is three times the height of the old one.
这座新楼比那座旧楼高三倍。(新楼是旧楼的四倍高)
②. A is …times as big /high/long/wide/large as B.
如：Asia is four times as large as Europe.
亚洲是欧洲的四倍大。(亚洲比欧洲大三倍)
③. A is …times larger /higher/longer/wider than B.
如：Our school is twice bigger than yours.
我们学校比你们学校大两倍。
6.形容词、副词的最高级形式主要用来表示三者或三者以上人或事物的比较，表示“最……”的意思。
句子中有表示范围的词或短语。如：of the three, in our class等等。
如：He is the tallest in our class.
他在我们班里是最高的。
7."否定词语+比较级"，"否定词语+ so… as"结构表示最高级含义。
Nothing is so easy as this.
=Nothing is easier than this.
=This is the easiest thing.
8. 比较级与最高级的转换：
Mike is the most intelligent in his class.
Mike is more intelligent than any other student in his class
7.修饰比较级和最高级的词
1）可修饰比较级的词
①.a bit, a little, rather, much, far, by far, many, a lot, lots, a great deal, any, still, even等。
②. 还可以用表示倍数的词或度量名词作修饰语。
③. 以上词(除by far)外，必须置于比较级形容词或副词的前面。
注意： 使用最高级要注意将主语包括在比较范围内。
(错) Tom is the tallest of his three brothers.
(对) Tom is the tallest of the three brothers.
2)下列词可修饰最高级：by far, far, much, mostly, almost。
This hat is nearly / almost the biggest.
注意：
a. very可修饰最高级，但位置与much不同。
This is the very best.
This is much the best.
b. 序数词通常只修饰最高级。
Africa is the second largest continent.
8.要避免重复使用比较级。
(错) He is more cleverer than his brother.
(对) He is more clever than his brother.
(对) He is cleverer than his brother.
9.要避免将主语含在比较对象中。
(错) China is larger that any country in Asia.
(对) China is larger than any other country in Asia.
10.要注意对应句型，遵循前后一致的原则。
The population of Shanghai is larger than that of Beijing.
It is easier to make a plan than to carry it out.
11.要注意冠词的使用，后有名词的时候，前面才有可能有名词。
比较：Which is larger, Canada or Australia?
Which is the larger country, Canada or Australia?
She is taller than her two sisters.
She is the taller of the two sisters.二、连词but and or 表示并列用and 表示转折用but 表示选择用or三、条件状语从句经典语句：If it dosen't rain tomorrow,we will go to the zoo.
If you open the door，i will come in.
条件状语从句就是用以表示“在某种条件下,会……”
常用if ,in case , on condition等词来引导
连接词主要有 if, unless, as/so long as, on condition that,provided,suppose,supposing 等。.
主句用一般将来时，if或unless引导的条件状语从句用一般现在时。
固定搭配：unless = if...not.
e.g. Let's go out for a walk unless you are too tired.
If you are not too tired, let's go out for a walk.
if 引导的条件句有真实条件句和非真实条件句两种:
真实条件句，
如：If it rains tomorrow, we won’t go on a picnic.
非真实条件句是虚拟语气的一种，表示与事实相反，如：
If I were you, I would go with him.
so/as long as只要
由as (so) long as, in case引导。
So long as you’re happy, it doesn’t matter what you do.
只要你高兴，你做什么都没有关系。
You may borrow my book as long as you keep it clean.
只要你保持书的清洁，你就可以把我的书借去。
Take your umbrella in case it rains.
带着你的伞吧，以防下雨。
四、原因状语从句（because和because of的用法） because+句子 because of+名词短语/名词五、五种基本句式 1、主语+谓语（S+V） 2、主语+谓语+直接宾语（S+V+DO） 3、主语+连系动词+表语（S+V+P） 4、主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语（S+V+IO+DO） 5、主语+谓语+直接宾语+宾语补足语（S+V+DO+OC）六、副词的构成 1、大多数形容词直接+ly 2、以le结尾的形容词-e+y 3、以不发音的e结尾的形容词-y+ily七、过去进行时 ①用法：1.表示过去某一时间内（正在）进行的动作
如：I was doing my homework at 9 p.m. last Sunday.
2.表示一动作正在进行时，另一动作同时正在进行.
(1)用while连接（while只接doing）（注：如果主句和从句都是一般过去时，可以用while连接两个句子）
例:My mother was cooking while I was doing my homework.(可以持续动作时态一致)
(2）when表示（when可以接doing或did，when后动作时间长，用doing，时间短，用did）
例:I was doing my homework when my mother came in.(间接表达了具体时间)
3.重复的动作
When he worked here, John was always making mistakes.
4.表示过去将要发生的动作
She told us Mr.Lee was arriving here.
5.用于故事，以提供其时间背景
6.表示礼貌
7有时可强调过去某一动作延续时间较长 [编辑本段]常用的时间状语 this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten last evening, when, while
My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself.
It was raining when they left the station.
When I got to the top of the mountain, the sun was shining. [编辑本段]典型例题 (1) Mary _C_ a dress when she cut her finger.
A. made B. is making C. was making D. makes
答案C. 割伤手指是已发生的事情，应用过去时。同 时，when表时间的同时性，"玛丽在做衣服时"提供事情发生的背景，因此用过去进行时。
(2) As she _b__ the newspaper, Granny ___ asleep.
A.read； was falling B. was reading； fell C. was reading； was falling D. read；fell
答案C. 句中的as = when, while，意为"当……之时"。描述一件事发生的背景时，用过去进行；一个长动作发生的时候，另一个短动作发生。句意为 "在她看报纸时，奶奶睡着了。"句中的 fell (fall的过去时)，是系动词，后跟形容词，如：fall sick。 过去进行时的基本用法:表示过去某个时刻或时间正在进行过持续进行的动作,句中往往需要有时间状语来表示这一特定的时间. What were they doing just now? 他们刚才在干什么?②句型肯定句=主语(I/he/she/they/we)+was/were+doing+其它
否定句=主语(I/he/she/they/we)+was/were+not+doing+其它
一般疑问句及答语=Was/Were+主语(I/he/she/they/we)+doing+其它 答语：Yes,I was./No,I wasn't.
特殊疑问句=特殊疑问词+was/were+主语(I/he/she/they/we)+doing+其它
过去进行时vs一般过去时
都强调过去发生的事
进行时强调过程，不一定完成
过去时强调事件，一定完成
p,s表示一个动作正在进行时，另一个动作发生了
如：He played when I was studying.
不用于进行时的动词
感官动词：hear,see,notice,feel,taste……
表示态度感情的动词：like,love,hate……
表心理状态：feel,want,prefer……
表占有：own,have,……
表存在状态和持续：look,owe,be……
when 和while的用法区别
两者的区别如下：
①when是at or ring the time that, 既指时间点，也可指一段时间；
while是ring the time that，只指一段时间，因此when引导的时间状语从句中的动词可以是终止性动词，也可以是延续性动词，而while从句中的动词必须是延续性动词。
②when 说明从句的动作和主句的动作可以是同时，也可以是先后发生；while 则强调主句的动作在从句动作的发生的过程中或主从句两个动作同时发生。
③由when引导的时间状语从句，主句用过去进行时，从句应用一般过去时；如果从句和主句的动作同时发生，两句都用过去进行时的时候，多用while引导，如：
a. When the teacher came in, we were talking.
当此句改变主从句的位置时，则为：
While we were talking, the teacher came in.
b They were singing while we were dancing.
8. 初二英语必掌握、很重要的语法（要全部）
反义疑问句
各种从句（主要是宾语从句的几个分类）
现在完成时
直接引语
间接引语
各种单词的用法（＋to、＋ing、＋原型什么的）
9. 初二英语需要掌握的语法有哪些
1，基础英语应该掌握A，名词单复数，B简单动词的时态变化如现在时，过去时，将来时，C简单的主谓一致，就是IS在HE后是IS，在THEY后边成ARE，
别的没什么了，