A. 牛津版初一英语的语法知识点
时态讲解
一、一般现在时主要用于：
1 、表示经常性或习惯性动作。 e.g. It seldom snows here.
2 、表示现在的特征或状态。 e.g. He is always ready to help others.
3 、普遍真理。 e.g. Action speaks louder than words.
4 、剧情图片介绍，背景说明，动作解说。 e.g. (Tom enters the room and sits at the table)
Doctor ： What's your trouble, young man?
Tom ： I've caught a cold, doctor.
5 、时间、条件、让步、方式状语从句表将要发生的动作时。
e.g. Tomorrow we shall go for an outing unless it rains.
与这种时态连用的时间状语常有： always, often, never, seldom, usually, once, a week, now 等。
二、一般过去时主要用于：
1 、表示过去某个时间发生的动作或情况（包括习惯性的动作或状态）
e.g. When did you read the novel? She often came to help us in those days.
2 、谈到过去的情况时 e.g. I didn't know you were so busy.
3 、谈到已死人的情况时 e.g. Lei Feng was a great communist fighter.
与这个时态连用的时间状语常有：
yesterday, last night, the other day, two months ago, in 1985, then, just now, when, after, as soon as 引导的时间状语从句，表示主句动作开始的时间。
三、现在完成时主要用于：
1 、表示到现在为止这一时期中发生的动作或情况，即多次动作的总和。
e.g. We have learnt four English songs this month. How many times have you read the novel?
For many days we haven't seen each other.
2 、表示对现在有影响的某一已发生的动作。
e.g. The delegation has left 代表团已经走了（说明现在不在这里） Look, what you have done. 看你干的事。
与这一时态连用的时间状语有： already, yet, just, ever, never, by now, so far, recently, by the end of this month, since, for 短语，连词 since 引导的时间状语从句。
一般过去时与现在完成时的区别：
一般过去时：重在说明动作在过去发生时的具体情况（时间、地点、方式、对象、细节等）。
现在完成时：只提起已发生的动作（事实）及其影响，不说明动作发生时的具体情况。
cf. Have you had your lunch? What did you have for lunch?
I have ever been to the Great Wall, and I went there last summer with my father.
注：现在完成时表达的动作常具有反复性，故下面一句是错的：
Have you seen the six thirty's news program? 应改为： Did you see the six thirty's news program?
四、现在完成进行时主要用于：表示过去开始的某一动作一直持续到现在，以至延伸到将来，它强调动作延续时间之长久。e.g. I've been writing an article. 我一直在写一篇文章。（还在写）
cf. I've written an article. 我写了一篇文章。（已写完）
It has been raining these days. 这些天一直在下雨。
五、过去完成时
1 、过去完成时是一个相对时态，表示过去的过去，只有在两个过去发生的动作相比较时才可显示出来。
e.g. As soon as we got to the station, the train had left.
注：主从句表达的动作紧接时，即两动作发生的时间没有明显时间上的悬殊或空档时，主从句都可用一般过去时。 e.g. Where did your brother study before he joined the army?
2 、过去完成时可表示截止过去某一时间动作的总或动作的结束。
e.g. By the end of last month. We had reviewed four books By eight o'clock, he had finished his homework.
与这个时态连用的时间状语常有： by 1985, by eight o'clock, by then, by the end of last month, by the time when, when, as soon as, before 等连词引导的时间状语从句，表示主句动作结束的时间。
（六）现在进行时主要用于：
1 、表示现在或现阶段正在进行的动作。 e.g. Listen, someone is crying. What are you doing these days?
2 、代替一般现在时，表示经常性动作或状态，而含有某种感情色彩。
e.g. How are you feeling today? 你今天感觉怎样？（显得亲切）
He is doing well in his lessons. 他的功课很好。（赞扬）
You are always boasting. 你老爱吹牛。（厌烦）
3 、动词 go, come, leave, arrive 等表将要发生的动作时。 e.g. They are leaving for Shanghai.
与这种时态连用的时间状语常有： now, these days, recently, this week 等。
七、过去进行时主要用于： 表示过去某个时刻或阶段正在进行的动作。
e.g. At that time she was working in a PLA unit. 那时她在解放军某部工作。
What were you doing this time yesterday?
与这个时态连用的时间状语常用： at nine o'clock, this time last night, these days, at that time 等。
用 when 引导的时间状语从句表示主句的动作正在进行的时间。
e.g. When he came in, I was reading a newspaper.
注：
1 、 while 引导时间状语从句叙述过去的动作时，从句常用过去进行时。
e.g. I read a magazine while I was waiting for the bus.
2 、 when 用作并列连词，意为“这时”，连接两分句时，第一句多用过去进行时。
e.g. I was reading a newspaper when he came in.
一般过去时与过去进行时的区别：
一般过去时：强调过去某一时间开始或完成的动作。
过去进行时：强调过去某一时间正在进行的动作。
试区别下面两句：
We were building a reservoir last winter. 去年冬天我们在修建一座水库。（可能尚未建成）
We built a reservoir last winter. 去年冬天我们修建了一座水库。（已经建成）
八、一般将来时主要用于： 表示将要发生的动作或情况
e.g. Tom will have a bike of his own.
与这个时态连用的时间状语常用： tonight, tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, next week, in three hours, two days later 等。
一般将来时态与其它结构表将来情况的区别：
一般将来时态 ：主要从时间的角度表将要发生的动作或情况。
be going to 结构 ：①表（主观上）打算或准备做某事时。 ②表有发生某事的预兆时。
e.g. They are going to have a competition with us in studies. It is going to rain.
据以上区别，故下面一句是错的：
I am going to be eighteen years old next year. 应改为： I shall be eighteen years old next year.
be about to do sth 结构 ：意为“刚要做某事”、“马上要做某事”强调时间之紧迫性。
e.g. We are about to discuss this problem. 我们将马上讨论这个问题。
be to do sth 结构： 表示按计划、安排、规定将实施某事或表示注定会发生某事。
e.g. When is the train to leave. All these things are to be answered for.
及物动词与不及物动词
英语中按动词后可否直接跟宾语，可把动词分成及物动词与和及物动词。
1.及物动词： 字典里词后标有vt. 的就是及物动词。及物动词后必须跟有动作的对象（即宾语），可直接跟宾语。see 看见 (vt.) +宾语 I can see a boy.
2.不及物动词：字典里词后标有vi. 的就是不及物动词。不及物动词后不能直接跟有动作的对象（即宾语）。若要跟宾语，必须先在其后添加上某个介词，如to,of ,at后方可跟上宾语。
具体每个动词后究竟加什么介词就得背动词短语了，如listen to,look at…..
3. 宾语（动作的对象）：是名词或代词，或相当于名词的词或短语（如动名词）。其它词不看作动作的对象呢。
4.举例：“看”
(1)see 看见 (vt.) +宾语 I can see a boy.
(2)look 看 (vi.) x宾语(即不能直接加宾语). Look! She is singing.
Look carefully! (注意：carefully 是副词，不是名词，故不作宾语哟)
(3)look at 看…….+宾语 Look at me carefully! (me是代词，作宾语了)
连系动词
连系动词本身有一定的词义,但不能独立作谓语,必须与表语一起构成谓语。
表语通常由名词、形容词,或相当于名词或形容词的词或短语等充当,说明主语是什么或怎么样。
一、 连系动词的类型有：
1. "存在"类:表示存在或具有某种特征或状态.这类连系动词强调"存在"。常见的有:be(是),look(看起来),feel(摸上去),seem(似乎是),appear(似乎、显得),prove(证明是),smell(闻起来),taste(尝起来),sound(听起来)等。例如:
The story sounds true.
Those oranges taste good.
2. "持续"类:表示某种情况或状态的持续。这类连系动词强调"持续"。常见的有:remain(依然),keep(保持),stay(保持),continue(继续、仍旧),stand(处于某状况或情形)等。例如:
Why don't you put the meat in the fridge? It will stay fresh for several days.
It's already ten in the morning. The store remains closed. What's the matter?
3. "变化"类:表示由一种情况或状态变化成另一种情况或状态。这类连系动词强调"变化"后的情况或状态.常见的有:become(变成), turn(变成), grow(变得), go(变得)等。例如:
Put the fish in the fridge, or it will go bad in hot weather.
二、注意事项
1. 有些连系动词通常不用于被动语态和进行时态中。如:feel, taste等词。例如:
-Do you like the material?
-Yes, it feels very soft.
2. 一般情况下,连系动词主要跟形容词或分词作表语。例如:
Be careful when you cross this very busy street. If not, you may get run over by a car.
3. 能跟名词作表语的连系动词常见的有:be, become, appear, seem, prove, remain和turn等.注意:turn后跟(表示主语身份的)名词作表语时,不加冠词。例如:
Twenty years later, he turned teacher.
The population growth in China remains a problem.
4. 连系动词也可跟不定式(to do / to be),常见的有:appear, seem, remain, prove, look等。例如:
Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains to be seen whether they will enjoy it.
On the long journey, Peter proved to be a most interesting guide. We all had a wonderful time.
终止性动词与延续性动词
终止性动词指不会持续一段时间的动作,即动作在瞬间或短时间内完成。 例如:get arrive 这类动词不与一段时间连用
终止性动词:表示不能延续的动作,即动作发生后立即结束。如:begin,arrive, borrow, ...终止性动词的肯定式是不能持续的,所以不能和表示一段时间的状语连用,而终止性的否定式就可以和表一段时间的状语.
一、延续性动词和终止性动词的概念
英语中，动词按其动作发生的方式、动作发生过程的长短，可分为延续性动词和终止性动词。
延续性动词表示能够延续的动作，这种动作可以延续下去或产生持久影响。如：learn, work, stand, lie, know, walk, keep, have, wait, watch, sing, read, sleep, live, stay等。
终止性动词也称非延续性动词、瞬间动词或短暂性动词，表示不能延续的动作，这种动作发生后立即结束。如open, close, finish, begin, come, go, arrive, reach, get to, leave, move, borrow,buy等。
二、延续性动词的用法特征
1.延续性动词可以用于现在完成时，其完成时态可与表示"段时间"的状语连用。表示"段时间"的短语有：for two years, ring the past three years, since last year, how long等。如：I have learned English since I came here.自从我来到这儿就学英语了。
2.延续性动词不能与表示短暂时间的"点时间"状语连用。如：It raind at eight yesterday morning.(误) rain为延续性动词，而at eight表示"点时间"，前后显然矛盾。如果用延续性动词表示一瞬间的动作，可以借助come, begin, get等终止性动词来表示。上句可改为：It began to rain at eight yesterday morning.(正)又如：
-When did you get to know Jack?
-Two years ago.
-Then you've known each other for more than two years.
-That's right.
三、终止性动词的用法特征
1.终止性动词可用来表示某一动作完成，因此可用于现在完成时。如：
The train has arrived.火车到了。
Have you joined the computer group?你加入电脑小组了吗？
2.终止性动词表示的动作极其短暂，不能持续。因此，不可与表示一段时间的状语连用(只限肯定式)。如：
(1)他死了三年了。
误：He has died for three years.
正：He has been dead for three years.
正：He died three years ago.
正：It is three years since he died.
正：Three years has passed since he died.
(2)他来这儿五天了。
误：He has come here for five days.
正：He has been here for five days.
正：He came here five days ago.
正：It is five days since he came here.
正：Five days has passed since he came here.
(1)、(2)句中的die、come为终止性动词，不能与表示"段时间"的状语连用。那么，应如何正确表达呢？可以采用下面的四种方法：
(1)将句中终止性动词转换为相应的延续性动词，如上面两例中的第一种正确表达方式。下面列举几例：leave→be away, borrow→keep, buy→have, begin/start→be on, die→be dead, move to→live in, finish→be over, join→be in/be a member of, open sth.→keep sth. open, fall ill→be ill, get up→be up, catch a cold→have a cold。
(2)将句中表示"段时间"的状语改为表示过去确定时间的状语，如下面两例中的第二种正确表达方式。
(3)用句型"It is+段时间+since..."表达原意，如上面两例中的第三种正确表达方式。
(4)用句型"时间+has passed+since..."表达原意，如上面两例中的第四种正确表达方式。
3.终止性动词可用于现在完成时否定式中，成为可以延续的状态，因而可与表示一段时间的状语连用。如：
He hasn't left here since 1986.
I haven't heard from my father for two weeks.
4.终止性动词的否定式与until/till连用，构成"not+终止性动词+until/till ..."的句型，意为"直到……才……"。如：
You can't leave here until I arrive.直到我到了，你才能离开这里。
I will not go to bed until I finish drawing the picture tonight.今天晚上直到我画完画，我才上床睡觉。
5.终止性动词可以用于when引导的时间状语从句中，但不可以用于while引导的时间状语从句中。when表示的时间是"点时间"(从句谓语动词用终止性动词)，也可以是"段时间"(从句谓语动词用延续性动词)。而while表示的是一个较长的时间或过程，从句谓语动词用延续性动词。如：
When we reached London, it was twelve o'clock. (reach为终止性动词)
Please look after my daughter while/when we are away. (be away为延续性动词短语)
6.终止性动词完成时不可与how long连用(只限于肯定式)。如：
误：How long have you come here?
正：How long have you been here?
正：When did you come here?
终止性动词不用于进行时态,若是进行时态形式应译成将来时态的意思。
终止性动词和延续性动词辨析 王嵩
英语动词可以分为延续性动词和终止性动词。这两种动词在每年中考英语试题中出现率较高，笔者将其归纳分类，供同学们学习时参考。一、延续性动词 延续性动词表示的动作不但可以延续，而且可以产生持久的影响。常见的这类动词有：be，have，keep，know，learn，lie，live，read，sing，sleep，stand，stay，wait，walk，watch等。延续性动词的用法很广，但常见于现在完成时中的句子中，且常与for，how，long，since等引导的表示一段时间的状语或状语从句连用。例如：1．I have learned more than 1，000 Chinese words since I came to China．自从来到中国，我已经学会了l，000多个汉字。2．We have lived in Linqing since we came here．自从来到这儿，我们就一直住在临清。3．I have kept the picture for about three years．这张画我保存了大约三年。 二、终止性动词 终止性动词又称为瞬间动词或非延续性动词，它表示的动作不能延续，也就是说动作一旦发生就立即结束，并产生某种结果。常见的这类动词有：accept，arrive，become，begin，borrow，break，buy，catch，close，come，die，end，fall，finish，get，give，go，join，leave，put，reach，receive，shut，start，stop等。终止性动词用在现在完成时要注意下面三点： （一）终止性动词可直接用来表示某一动作的完成。例如：1．They have reached Shanghai．他们已经到达了上海。2．Has he gone to London? 他已经到伦敦去了吗? （二）终止性动词表示的动作极其短暂，不能持续，所以，在现在完成时中一般不能和以since，for等引导的表示一段时间的状语连用。例如：1．那老人已经死了一周了。The old man has died for a week．(误)2．他三天前就已经来这儿了。He has come here since three days ago．(误)在以上两句中，die和come都是终止性动词，可用于现在完成时，但不能与以since或for引导的表示一段时间的状语连用。那么，上面两个句子应该怎样译成英语呢?请看下面四种译法：1．把终止性动词改为延续性的动词。例如：①The old man has been dead for a week．②He has been here since three days ago．2．把原句中的一段时间改为表示“过去”的时间，时态由现在完成时改变成一般过去时。例如：①The old man died a week ago．②He came here three days ago．3．用“It is+时间+since…”句式。例如：①It is／has been a week since the old man died．②It has been／is three days since he came here．4．用“多长时间+has passed+since…”句式。例如：①A week has passed since the old men died．②Three days had passed since he came here． (三)有关特殊终止性动词的用法。1．在while(表示一段时间)引导的从句里，谓语动词不能使用终止性动词，但可以把while改成when，这样，从句里的谓语动词就可以使用终止性动词了。因为when既可以表示时间的“点”，又可以表示时间的“段”。例如：While he got to America．he found his English Was very poor．(误)When he got t0 America．he found his English was very poor．(正)2．终止性动词的否定式与until连用时，意为“直到……才／不到什么时间不……”等。例如：Don’t get off until the bus stops．车未停稳，切勿下车。3．终止性动词不可以与how long引导的句式连用。例如：How long have you borrowed the magazine?(误)When did you borrow the magazine?(正)How long have you kept the magazine?(正)
终止性动词与延缓性动词的用法区别
上海市中国中学 黄文英
英语中的动词，是学习中的重点，又是难点。英语中的动词有多种分类法。根据其有无含义，动词可分为实义动词和助动词；根据动词所表示的是动作还是状态，可以分为行为动词和状态动词；根据动词所表示的动作能否延缓，分为延续性动词和终止性动词。
可以表示持续的行为或状态的动词，叫做“延续性动词”，也叫“持续性动词”，如：be, keep, have, like, study, live, etc.
有的表示短暂、瞬间性的动词，叫做“终止性动词”，也可叫“短暂性动词”，或“瞬间性动词”，如die, join, leave, become, return, reach, etc.
终止性动词构成的现在完成时，不可以用表示一段时间的状语（如：since 和for引导的短语）来修饰，终止性动词构成的现在完成时，只表示动作发生的因果关系，不能表示动作的延续，因此不能用表示一段时间的状语来修饰。
如可以说：The Red Cross has already started for the earthquake-stricken area.
但不可说：The Red Cross has already started for the earthquake-stricken area for three days.
因为start是终止性动词, 它所表示的动作短促, 当红十字会出发时，start这个动作便结束了, 不可能延续两天。
在十多年的教学生涯中，发现学生对于如何解决这对矛盾不知所措，下面我来归纳一下解决这对矛盾的四种方法。
用ago时间状语短语来代替since或for引导的时间状语：
eg. Mr. Richard has returned from America for two years. (wrong)
Mr. Richard has returned from America since two years ago. (wrong)
应改为: He returned from America two years ago.
2．用It is… since…复合句代替简单句
eg. It has been/is two years since Mr. Richard returned from America.
注意：以上两种办法适用于所有终止性动词。
3．用相应的形容词和副词代替终止性动词。
eg. Mr. Richard has been back from America for two years.
4．用延缓性动词代替终止性动词。
eg. He has gone to the Internet for six hours. (wrong)
应改为:He has been on the Internet for six hours.
但须注意：终止性动词的否定式可以和since 或for 引导的时间状语连用。因为终止性动词的否定表示的是一种可以延续的状态。
eg. I have heard from my friend in Africa for half a year. (wrong)
I haven’t heard from my friend in Africa for half a year.. (right)
此外，终止性动词与延缓性动词在翻译上也不同，很易混淆。下面我再就终止性动词与延缓性动词的含义问题做一归纳：
1. 在连词since引导的时间状语从句中， 用终止性动词的过去时或用延缓性动词过去时，其含义是大不相同的。
A. since所引导的时间状语从句中，如果句子谓语是终止性动词的过去时， 则从句表示的时间是从“那一时刻开始”。
eg. He has studied very hard since he came to our school.
自从他来校以来，一贯努力学习。
B. 在since所引导的时间状语从句中，其谓语是延缓性动词的过去时，那么从句所表示的时间是从延缓性动词所表示的动作结束时算起。
eg. I haven’t heard any noise since I slept.
自从我醒后，没听见任何声音。
介词for引导的时间状语，在翻译时有两种不同的情况：
A．介词for引导的时间状语和延缓性动词的现在完成时的否定式连用时，有两种不同的含义。
eg. He has not lived there for six months.
他不住在那儿已六个月了。（或： 他住在那儿还不到六个月。）
B．介词for引导的时间状语和终止性动词的现在完成时的否定式连用，只有一种含义。
eg. Mary has not left here for six months.
玛丽已六个月没有离开过这儿了。
句中含有till 或until 引导的短语或从句，从句中的谓语动词可以是延续性的，也可以是终止性的，但要注意两种情况：
如果主句中动词是延续性的动词，动词肯定或否定都可以，只是含义不同。
eg. He listened to the radio until his father came back.
他听无线电一直到他父亲回来为止。
eg. He didn’t listen to the radio until his father came back..
直到他父亲回来，他才听无线电。
如果主句中的谓语动词是终止性动词，则只能用否定式。
eg. Mr. Smith didn’t marry until he was forty- five. (right)
史密斯先生到四十五岁才结婚。
Mr. Smith married until he was forty-five. (wrong)
B. 跪求！！！！牛津英语7B Unit4 Reading翻译及语法注解
一个星期天的早晨，米利和埃米去阳光公园。她们喜欢在那里聊天。和往常一回样，她们坐在大树下。突然答，她们听到树后灌木丛传来低语声。她们转过身子但没有看见什么不寻常的东西。她们感到害怕。
‘有人在吗？’米利问道。没有人回答。她们非常仔细地听并且又听到奇怪的声音。这两个女孩十分害怕。她们快速跑开。在路上，她们看见安迪。
‘发生什么事了？’安迪问。
‘公园里有一个鬼。请帮助我们，’米利说。
‘真的吗？告诉我更多，’安迪说。
米利告诉安迪所有的事。安迪走进公园，站在树旁并仔细地听。一会儿他听见低语声。他看著树后，又听到一声。他现在确信低语声从灌木丛中传来。他仔细地搜索。
‘奥！在这里。’安迪自言自语。他发现一只小猫在灌木丛中。它很虚弱。当它叫时，它的声音像低语声。
安迪把小猫放进盒子里，去找米利和埃米。她们仍然很害怕。安迪打开盒子，步并给他们展示‘鬼’。
‘这就是公园里的，’安迪说。米利和埃米十分惊奇--它是一只小猫！那天之后，他们带小猫去动物中心。中心里的人将照顾它。
接下来的星期天，米利和埃米又去阳光公园并且过的很开心。她们再也不害怕了。
C. 译林版牛津英语8A语法
要求好像有点苛刻哦~~。。。。
不过帮你找到个网，上面全有了！版
网址如下：权
http://etmeet.com/Article/bk/middle/eight/eightA/200711/20373.html
D. 牛津版英语7B三单元语法解析
一、教学内容《牛津初中英语》Fun with English 7B Unit 3 Finding your way的Grammar。二、教材分析本单元以指路为话题，向学生介绍了各种交通标识以及问路、指路的一些方法。本节课是本单元的第五、第六课时Grammar（语法）板块。包括以下三部分内容：1．表示位置移动的介词2．一般将来时（will和shall）3．一般将来时（be going to）这一单元的Grammar我觉得应该分两课时完成，Part A 一课时，PartB、C一课时。这里是Grammar第一课时的教案设计。三、设计理念Grammar（语法）部分是对已出现的语言现象进行归纳总结，并通过操练帮助学生掌握基本的语法规则。上这种课型一般要注意以下几点：1．语言结构尽量用图表的形式表达，这样，印象深刻，一目了然。2．尽量在真实的语境中呈现和练习语法项目。3．从分步呈现、分步练习到综合运用，层次要清晰，要循序渐进。4．按照语言学习的一般规律，要让学生通过观察和实践，自己用演绎法或归纳法总结语言规律。5．把听说读写贯穿在语法教学中。四、教学目标1．知识目标： 运用表示移动方向的介词来指明路线。2．能力目标： 学会用表示移动方向的介词来指路。3．情感目标： 通过问路和指路，培养学生互相帮助的品质。五、教学重点用表示移动方向的介词来指路。六、教学难点恰当且适时地运用表示移动方向的介词来指路。七、教学准备多媒体。八、教学流程Grammar IStep 1 RevisionRevise the signs learnt in Vocabulary by playing a game called “I say， you do!”.T: Turn right. Go straight on. Turn left. Cross the road. Stop……The teacher or a student give orders， the students do according to the orders.设计说明：通过游戏来复习旧知，在短时间内既吸引了学生的注意力、调动了他们学习的积极性，又为下面的新授课创造一个轻松愉快的良好氛围。Step 2 Presentation1. Draw four lines to form a picture of two streets.T: This is Park Street and this is North Street. Now， You are here at the cinema. (边说边画) You want to go to the railway station. You want to go from the cinema to the railway station.How can you go there? Let me show you the way.T: Look at the picture. This is one side of the street， this is the other side.You must go to the other side of the street because in China we walk on the right. (边说边画一个横过马路的箭头) Go across Park Street. T: (再画一个沿着马路走的箭头) Go along Park Street. You’ll see this. (简易画一个隧道，导入生词) What’s this? It’s a tunnel.T: (边说边画一个穿过隧道的箭头) Go through this tunnel and go straight on.T: (画一个右拐的箭头，启发学生自己表达，因为前面Reading刚学过) Turn right into North Street and go along the street until the end of it.You’ll find the railway station on your right.设计说明：用画图的方式，边画边复习来导入一部分生词，即由已学过的表方位的介词自然导入一部分本单元的表示移动方向的介词，既形象，学生又易于接受。2. T: It’s so hot here. I want to go out of the room. I’d like to go into a cool room. T: Look at the picture. These are stairs. T: Are these stairs， too? - No， they aren’t. T: They are steps.T: Look! The boy is going down the stairs. 将向下的箭头改为向上的箭头。T: Now， the boy is going up the stairs.T: What is Hobo doing? Is it going up the stairs， too?- No， it isn’t.T: Right. It is walking round the table.设计说明：利用图片、创设情境，再导入一部分本单元的表示移动方向的介词，将相反或相对的介词图片成对呈现，这样可以在导入的同时，比较易混介词的异同。例如这里用了同一个动词go，可以让学生更加清楚地看出:它与不同的介词连用，可表示去不同的方向。3. T: This is a dog and this is a table. (边说边演示) Look! The dog is jumping onto the table. T: Here’s another dog and another table. (边说边演示) Look! Is this dog jumping onto the table， too? - No， it isn’t. T: Right. It is jumping over the table. Look at this picture. walk over the bridge.设计说明：动画导入法。用动画及箭头通过两张桌子、两条狗形象地呈现出另外两个表移动方向的介词。4．还有一些表示移动方向的介词可用动作借助手势导入。设计说明：在整个导入过程中，可以有目的地用上前面Reading 及Vocabulary等教学环节学过的知识和词汇，以增加复现率。Step 3 Practice1. Revise the prepositions of movement using the pictures.T: What prepositions are they?- Across， along， over， up， down， through， round， from， to.Encourage the students to say more prepositions of movement.- Into， off， out of， …设计说明：依次出现刚才学到的及以前学过的表示移动方向的介词，让学生一个一个说出，并可再次简要讲解一下，带读并记忆这些介词，为下面运用这些介词打下基础。2. T: This is a swimming pool. What’s Simon doing in Picture 1?- He is swimming across the pool.T: What’s Sandy doing in Picture 2?- She is going to the library.Get the students to ask and answer in pairs.3. Ask the students to read the sentences together.设计说明：利用课本48页的图片操练表示移动方向的介词：先让学生根据图片说出正确介词，再两人一组问答，轮流提问，以此来操练、巩固所学知识，同时训练口语。Step 4 PracticeShow the students some different pictures to practise the prepsitions of movement.First give them a model， then ask them to fill in the blanks according to the pictures.1. T: Look! The train is going through the tunnel.The little horse is walking across the river.2. T: What are the cows doing?- The cows are walking ______ the river. along3. T: What are these people doing?- These people are walking _______ the bus. to4. T: Is the worker climbing up or climbing down the ladder?- The worker is climbing _______ the ladder. Up5. T: What is the woman doing?- The woman is jumping_______the stick. over6. T: The boy is riding _______ the stairs.Who knows the answer?- The boy is riding down the stairs.- The boy is riding up the stairs.设计说明：根据不同的实际场景，让学生进一步巩固学过的介词。最后一题变换一下，先呈现上面的句子，再叫学生试填。根据句意学生肯定猜填up或down，然后老师再出示图片，学生便会哄堂大笑。原来是小男孩骑车下楼梯，而且还摔了个大跟头。这样可调节一下气氛，使学生放松一下。Step 5 Work out the rule.1. T: Please read the sentences and study them carefully.The train is going through the tunnel.The little horse is walking across the river.The cows are walking along the river.These people are walking to the bus.The worker is climbing up the ladder.The woman is jumping over the stick.The boy is riding down the stairs.设计说明：前面有意识地通过那些含移动方向的语句，先呈现感知，再理解，然后再创设情境操练，下一步就是Work out the rule 总结规律了。要引导学生自己讨论并总结、归纳，老师在学生说的过程中补充。2. T: Who can work out the rule accoring to these sentences?设计说明：让学生仔细观察这些句子。学生会发现：蓝色的都是动词，红色的都是表示移动方向的介词，很明显，动词在前，介词在后。由此，他们会总结出表示移动方向的介词和动词的位置关系，即表示移动方向的介词常紧跟在表动作移动的动词的后面，例如：come，go，jump， walk， ride，climb等。Help the students to work out the rule: We use prepositions after (before / after) the verbs.We use prepositions of movement after the verbs， e.g. come， go， jump， walk， ride， climb.Step 6 How can I get to Sunshine Town Railway Station?1. T: Now we know we always use prepositions after the verbs.We can use these prepositions to give directions.T: This is a railway station. Its name is Sunshine Town Railway StationThe exchange students want to go to Sunshine Town Railway Station.Neil is asking Simon the way.Look at the map and complete their conversation.2. Fill in the blanks on page 49.Keys: to， along， down， across， up， over， along3. Language points：Can you tell me the way to Sunshine Town Railway Station?你可以告诉我到阳光火车站的路吗？表示问路的同义表达：Which is the way to Sunshine Town Railway Station?How can I get to Sunshine Railway Station?设计说明：核对答案后，让学生齐读对话，然后简单介绍问路的方法。表示问路的同义表达，先只讲两种最常用的，便于记忆。Step 7 ConsolidationDo some exercises or do a listening exercise.设计说明：做一些练习或录一段有趣的对话，让学生听对话填词，填动词及表示移动方向的介词。Step 8 A guessing gameT: Now it’s time for us to play games.1.Walk to the crossroads near our school， turn left and walk on. Which bridge do you get to?2. Go straight along Renmin Road to Beimen Bridge， Cross the bridge， you can see a restaurant. Which restaurant is it?3. Cross Shuimen Bridge， and then walk along Huaihai South Road and turn right at the first turning. There is a large Market on your left. Which place is it?4. Go along West Road and turn left at the second traffic lights. Go straight on and you’ll see a bridge. What bridge is it?设计说明：游戏是学生最感兴趣的活动之一。上课中间，通过竞猜游戏让学生在快要感到疲劳时调节一下，能充分调动学生的积极性，促使其把注意力重新集中到课堂学习中来。给出起点，说出路线，让其他学生说出终点是哪里的这个游戏还为下面的运用做了一个示范。Step 9 ProctionT: I’m a traveller from America. I’m in Qingyan Park now. How can I get to Yinghua Park? Please work in groups of six.设计说明：利用学生们熟悉当地地理位置的有利条件，说出所在位置和目的地，然后自己点其他同学为你指路。小组活动，讨论结果让一名代表报告给大家。此为运用阶段。Step 10 HomeworkWrite down two of the dialogues.设计说明：课堂上时间紧，可多采用听说形式来加大课堂容量，而把写的任务放在课后。这一课要求将课堂上口头说的从A地到B地的问路和指路的对话，选择一两个写下来，就是为了将它落实到笔头练习上。九、教学板书7B Unit 3 Finding your wayGrammar IThe train is going through the tunnel. stairHe is swimming across the pool. stepHe is walking over the bridge. sideThe dog is walking round the table. railway station
E. 急！！上海牛津版英语8A各个单元的语法
1.In the magazine &on the magazine
2. Would like to do sth
3. One and a half metres tall
4. My hobby is doing sth. My ambition is to do sth.
5. Sth nearby: a restaurant nearby
6. At school/university; attend/leave school
（上学
/
离开学校毕业）
7. Be keen on sth/doing sth
8. Enjoy doing sth
9. a photo of myself/our school; a photo of mine
10. Hope & wish:
Hope: 1
）
Hope to do sth; 2
）
Hope
（
that
）从句„
3
）
Hope for sth
希望，期待
Everyone hopes for snow.
Let‘s hope for the best and prepare for the
worst.
wish:1
）
Wish sb sth
祝愿
We wish you good luck.
2
）
Wish to do
，
wish sb to do
，
想要；希望，渴望
What do you wish me to do?
你想要我做什么？
I wish you to be happy
I wish to go
，
but my mother wishes me to stay at home.
我想去，但母亲希望我呆在家。
3
）
Wish
（
that
）
但愿（虚拟）
I wish
（
that
）
I were/was younger.
4
）
wish for
希望，想要
We have everything we can wish for.
5
）
Wish sb/sth + adj:I wish you well and happy;
I wish everything ready.
11.
反义疑问句：反义
疑问句
(The
Disjunctive
Question)
即附加疑问句。它表示提问
人的看法，
没有把握，需要对方证实。
反义疑问句由两部分组成：
前一部分是一个
陈述句
，
后一部分是一个简短的疑问句，两部分的人称时态应保持一致。
！
）不定代词
当陈述部分的主语是
（
1
）用
one
时，后面的疑问句可用
one/he.
（
2
）用
no one
时，后面附加疑问句中主语用
they
。
（
3
）
everything,anything,nothing,something
时，附加疑问句中主语用
it
不用
they
（
4
）
this, that,
或
those, these
时，附加疑问句中主语用
it
或
they.
（
5
）
everyone
，
everybody
，
someone
，
somebody
，
anyone
，
nobody
等，附加疑问句中主语
一般用
they
（口头语，非正式文体）
/he
（正式文体）
。
（
6
）不定式，动名词，其他短语，附加疑问句中主语一般用
it
。
（
7
）在
there be
句型中，附加疑问句中一般用
be/
情态动词
/
助动词
+there
。
2
）否定意义的词
(1)
当陈述部分有
never
，
seldom, hardly
，
few
，
little
，
barely, scarcely, nothing
，
none,rarely
，
no, not, no one, nobody, neither
等否定意义的词汇时，后面的反意疑
问句则为肯定形式：
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There're few apples in the basket, are there?
He can hardly swim, can he?
They seldom come late, do they?
(2)
当陈述部分的主语为
everyone,someone,anyone,no
one
等表示人的不定代词时，
疑问部
分的主语用
they
或
he
：
Everyone in your family is a teacher, aren’t they
\isn't he
？
(3)
当陈述部分的主语为
everything,something,anything.nothing
等表示物的不定代词
时，疑问部分的主语用
it
：
Something is wrong with your watch, isn’t it?
(4)
当陈述部分含有否定意思的词是
unhappy,dislike,unfriendly,
等含有否定词缀的派生
词，也就是有
un,dis,no-
前缀、
-less
后缀等含有词缀而意思否定的词，当做肯定句处理，
疑问部分要用否定形式。如：
He looks unhappy,doesn’t he? 他看上去不高兴，不是吗？
The girl dislikes history,doesn’t she? 这女孩不喜欢历史，不是吗？
(5)
当陈述部分有
less, fewer
等词视为肯定词，疑问部分用否定形式。
There will be less pollution, won't there?
3
）祈使句
当陈述部分是祈使句时，疑问句要根据语气来表达，分三种情况：
（
1
）一般情况下用
will you
或
won't you
。
Give me a hand, will you?
Leave all the things as they are, won’t you?
（
2)
以
Let's
（听者包括在内）开头的祈使句，前肯后可肯可否，疑问句必须用
shall we
（
shall
只用于第一人称）
;
只有以
Let
us
（听话人不被包括在“us”里面）或
Let
me
开头
的祈使句，问句才用
will you
。
Let us know the time of your arrival, will you?
Let's try again, shall we?
Let me help you, will you?
Let’s have a look on your book，
shall we
？
（
3)
当陈述句是否定的祈使句时，问句可用
will you
或
can you
。
e.g. don’t make much noise, will/can you?
4
）
Must
.
当陈述部分有情态动词
must
，问句有
4
种情况：
（
1
）
mustn't
表示“禁止，不可，不必”时，附加问句通常要用
must.
You mustn't stop your car here, must you?
你不能把车停在这地方，知道吗？
（
2
）
must
表示“有必要”时，附加问句通常要用
needn't.
They must finish the work today, needn’t they?
他们今天要完成这项工作，是吗？
（
3
）
must
be
表推测
,
用来表示对现
在的情况进行推测时，问句通常要根据
must
后面的动
词采用相应的形式。
He must b
e good at English, isn’the? 他英语一定学得很好，是吗？
She must be a good English teacher, isn’t she? 她一定是位优秀的英语老师，是吗？
（
4
）当
must have done
表示对过去的情况进行推测（一般句中有明确的过去时间状语）
，
问句要根据陈述部分谓语的情况用“didn't+主语”或“wasn't/weren't+主语”；
如果强调
动作的完成（一般没有明确的过去时间状语）
，问句要用“haven't/hasn't+主语”。
She mu
st have read the novel last week, didn’t she?
她上星期一定读了这本小说，不是吗？
You must have told her about it, haven’t you?
你一定把这事告诉她了，不是吗？
回答
反意疑问句的回答：前肯后否，前否后肯，根据事实从后往前翻译。如：
（
1
）They work hard,don’t they?他们努力工作，不是吗？
Yes, they do.
对
,
他们工作努力。
/No, they don't.
不，他们工作不努力
（
2
）
Th
ey don’t work hard, do they? 他们不太努力工作，是吗？
Yes, they do.
不，他们工作努力。
/No, they don't.
是的，
他们工作不努力
否定反义疑问句的回答
当陈述部分为肯定式，
反义疑问句为否定式时，
其回答一般不会造成困难，
一般只需照情况
回答即可：
"It’s new, isn’t it?" "Yes, it is." “是新的，不是吗？”“是，是新的。”
"He wants to go, doesn’t he?" "No, he doesn’t." “他想去，不是吗？”“不，他不
想去。”
此时，
"Yes"
即是，对前面
"It's new."
的肯定。
12. Look for
，
think of
，
13. Germany
德国
German
德语，德国人
14. Be close to sth
15. Like to do/like doing; love to do/love doing
16. Share sth with sb.
17. A school uniform;
18. Friends from all over the world
19. On weekdays;at weekends
20. One of the top students
21. Have already done sth.
22. Success - successful - succeed
23. Family:
家庭成员（复）
All of her family work in her business.
24
. Put on one‘s school uniform & wear a uniform
25. Luck - luckily
26. Be responsible for =be in charge of= take charge of
27. Discuss sth/have a talk over/at breakfast;
have a chat over breakfast/ a cup of coffee
28
. Go to sp. in one‘s car;in one‘s car & by car
29. Drive sb to sp.11. On the way
（
to sp.
）
30. Start school
开始上课
31. Achieve sth;achieve A grades
32. Fail sth; fail an exam
33. Collect sb. from sp.
34. Client - customer
35. Attend a club
36. Assist sb; assist sb to do sth;assist - assistant
37. Continue to do sth./ continue doing sth.
38. Work on sth
39. Need much sleep
40. Never
，
seldom;
41
. Wake up;get up;get out of bed;
42. Join the circus
加入；
perform in the circus
43. Then
那时
back then
当时，那个时候
44
. It‘s time for sth.
1
）
. It is time for your study.
是时候学习了。
（是学习的时候了。
）
2
）
. It is time for a change.
是时候做出一些改变了。”
3
）
. And now it is time for you to move on.
45. Travel with sb. practise with sb.
（
live/work with sb .
）
46. Get bored;
（
get hurt; get + done
）
47. Train for the circus; for
为了
48. Fall down; & fall off sth
49. Have a pain in my leg or arm32. Be tough
50. Put on make-up; wear make-up
51. Have a big crowd
52. Perform - performance
53
. Return = go back
54
. expect to do sth
，
expect sb to do sth; expect sb/sth
（等待）
55
. Hot - heat
56
. Sell - sale; be on sale; be for sale
求采纳~~~~~~~~
F. 牛津英语8B unit4 语法 和 和所有的词组有的说下，谢谢了！
一 词组
1 做慈善演出的主持人 be the host of a charity show
2 白天少睡点 sleep less ring the day
3 多练习 practice a lot
4 在英特网上登广告 advertise on the Internet
5 散发（传单） give out (leaflets)
6 组织一次慈善演出 organize a charity show
7 绿色希望工程 Project Green Hope
8 希望工程 Project Hope
9 拯救中国虎 Save China’s Tigers
10 春蕾计划 Spring Bud Project
11 为某人（某组织）筹款/募捐 raise money for sb.
捐某物（钱）给某人 donate sth.(money) to sb.
12 回到学校 return to school = come back to school
13 帮忙（某人）做某事 help(sb.) with sth. = help (sb.) do sth.
14 艰苦的工作 hard work
努力工作（学习） work hard
15 开始演出排练 start working on the show
16 在适当的时候 at the right time
17 在同时 at the same time
18 在开始；起初 in the beginning = at first
在末尾；最后 in the end = at last = finally
19 变得容易一点 became a little bit easier
20 一直问我自己（一直做某事） keep asking myself (keep doing sth.)
21 大声地说话 speak loudly
22 发出很多噪音 make a lot of noise
23 得到当地企业的大力技持 have/get a lot of support from local businesses
24 帮助需要的人 help people in need
25 开一个会 have/hold a meeting
举办一次慈善演出 have/hold a charity show
26 通过卖物品和提供服务来挣钱 make money by selling goods and services
27 选择某人来做某事 choose sb. to do sth.
28 使你的声音听起来更大些 make your voice sound louder
29 对……感兴趣（延） be interested in
对……产生了兴趣（短） become interested in
30 挂在舞台前面 hang in front of the stage
31 想要这次演出取得成功 want the show to be a success
32 邀请我吃午餐 invite me to lunch
33 搭建舞台 set up (the stage)
34做出决定 make a decision / make some decisions
决定做某事 decide to do sth. = make a decision to do sth.
35 志愿做某事 volunteer to do sth.
36 注意某物 pay attention to sth.
37 希望你（度过）一个快乐的假期 wish you [a happy holiday]
希望你（有）好运 wish you [good luck]
38 迫不急待做某事 can’t wait for sth. = can’t wait to do sth.
39 因为(做)某事而感谢某人 thank sb. for （doing）sth.
40 学会读书和写字 learn to read and write
41 去上班来代替上学 go to work instead of going to school
42 使这次演出成为可能 make this show possible
43 明年再举行一次演出 do another show next year
44 激动地鼓掌和大叫 clap and shout excitedly
二、语法（1）
1.I wish I could be the host.(虚拟语气)
2.Because I’m going to be the host of a charity show.
3.Only if you sleep less ring the day.
4.I felt very happy when the organizers chose me to be the host.
5.We started working on the show two months ago.
6.It was my job to introce each star.= My job was to introce each star.
7.I had to remember to look at the right camera at the right time.
8.I thought I would never be able to remember all the words and do everything right at the same time.
9.No time (to be nervous) any more. This is it.再也没有紧张的时间了，这可是关键的时刻。
10.The fans of the pop stars were making a lot of noise . I have to speak loudly because of the noise.
11.Everything seemed to happen so fast and now it is all over.
12.Everyone was very generous and we had/got a lot of support from local businesses.
13.I hope we can have more events like this to raise money for charities.
14.Their families have no money so the children have to go to work instead of going to school..
15.It hangs in front of the stage.
16.They all became interested in charity shows because of you.
17.I wish (that ) I could fly. (虚拟语气)
18.I wish (that) I were Ricky. (虚拟语气)
19.I wish you [a happy holiday].（名词作宾补）
20.We wish you [good luck]. （名词作宾补）
21.Our class held a meeting to talk about holding a charity show.
22.Many classmates have volunteered to do some work for the charity show.
23.I hope our charity show will be a success.= I hope our charity show will be successful.
24.I can’t wait for the next show.
25.We would like to thank the following people for their help and support.
三、语法(2)
1.because 引导原因状语从句。so 引导结果状语从句。（在同一句子中只能用其中之一）
2.because of +名词/代词/名词性短语/动名词短语。
3.hope 用法①hope to do sth
②hope +宾从
4.wish 用法①wish sb. to do sth
②wish+宾从(常用过去时态来表示虚拟语气，不太可能发生的事情)
③wish + 宾语 + 形容词（作宾补）
G. 牛津英语9BUnit4语法”
A.定语从句
B.关系代词who,which,that
H. 牛津高中英语所有模块的语法详细的归纳与整理
在英语句子里，谓语受主语支配，其动词必须和主语在人称和数上保持一致，这就叫主谓一致。寻其规律，大致可归纳为三个原则，即语法一致、逻辑意义一致和就近一致原则。 （一）语法一致原则：语法上一致就是谓语动词和主语在单、复数形式上保持一致。 1、以单数名词或代词、动词不定式短语、动名词短语或从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式；主语为复数时，谓语动词用复数形式。如：His father is working on the farm. / To study English well is not easy. / What he said is very important for us all. / The children were in the classroom two hours ago. / Reading in the sun is bad for your eyes. 注意：由what引导的主语从句，后面的谓语动词多数情况用单数形式，但若表语是复数或what从句是一个带有复数意义的并列结构时，主句的谓语动词用复数形式。如：What I bought were three English books. / What I say and do is (are) helpful to you. 2、由连接词and或both … and连接起来的合成主语后面，要用复数形式的谓语动词。如：Lucy and Lily are twins. / She and I are classmates. / The boy and the girl were surprised when they heard the news. / Both she and he are Young Pioneers. 注意：① 若and所连接的两个词是指同一个人或物时，它后面的谓语动词就应用单数形式。如：The writer and artist has come.; / ② 由and连接的并列单数主语前如果分别有no, each, every more than a (an) , many a (an)修饰时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。如：Every student and every teacher was in the room.. / No boy and no girl likes it. 3、主语为单数名词或代词，尽管后面跟有with, together with, except, but, like, as well as, rather than, more than, no less than, besides, including等引起的短语，谓语动词仍用单数形式；若主语为复数，谓语用复数形式。如：Mr Green, together with his wife and children, has come to China. / Nobody but Jim and Mike was on the playground. / She, like you and Tom, is very tall. 4、either, neither, each, every 或no +单数名词和由some, any, no, every构成的复合不定代词，都作单数看待。如：Each of us has a new book. / Everything around us is matter. 注意：① 在口语中当either或neither后跟有“of+复数名词（或代词）”作主语时，其谓语动词也可用复数。如：Neither of the texts is (are) interesting. ② 若none of后面的名词是不可数名词，它的谓语动词就要用单数；若它后面的名词是复数，它的谓语动词用单数或复数都可以。如：None of us has (have) been to America. 5、在定语从句时，关系代词that, who, which等作主语时，其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。如：He is one of my friends who are working hard. / He is the only one of my friends who is working hard. 6、如果集体名词指的是整个集体，它的谓语动词用单数；如果它指集体的成员，其谓语动词就用复数形式。这些词有family, class, crowd, committee, population, audience等。如：Class Four is on the third floor. / Class Four are unable to agree upon a monitor. 注意：people, police, cattle等名词一般都用作复数。如：The police are looking for the lost child. 7、由“a lot of, lots of, plenty of, the rest of, the majority of + 名词”构成的短语以及由“分数或百分数+名词”构成的短语作主语，其谓语动词的数要根据短语中后面名词的数而定。如：There are a lot of people in the classroom. / The rest of the lecture is wonderful. / 50% of the students in our class are girls. 注意： a number of“许多”，作定语修饰复数名词，谓语用复数；the number of“…的数量”，主语是number，谓语用单数。 8、在倒装句中，谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致。如：There comes the bus./ On the wall are many pictures. / Such is the result. / Such are the facts. （二）逻辑意义一致原则：逻辑意义一致就是谓语动词的数必须和主语的意义一致（因有时主语形式为单数，但意义为复数；有时形式为复数，但意义为单数）。 1、what, who, which, any, more, all等代词可以是单数，也可是复数，主要靠意思来决定。如：Which is your bag? / Which are your bags? / All is going well. / All have gone to Beijing. 2、表示“时间、重量、长度、价值”等的名词的复数作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数形式， 这是由于作主语的名词在概念上是一个整体，如：Thirty minutes is enough for the work. 3、若英语是书名、片名、格言、剧名、报名、国名等的复数形式，其谓语动词通常用单数形式。如： “The Arabian Nights”is an interesting story-book. 4、表数量的短语“one and a half”后接复数名词作主语时，其谓语动词可用单数形式（也可用复数。如：One and a half apples is (are) left on the table. 5、算式中表示数目（字）的主语通常作单数看待，其谓语动词采用单数形式。如：Twelve plus eight is twenty. / Fifty-six divided by eight is seven. 6、一些学科名词是以 –ics 结尾，如：mathematics, politics, physics 以及news, works等，都属于形式上是复数的名词，实际意义为单数名词，它们作主语时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。如：The paper works was built in 1990. / I think physics isn’t easy to study. 7、trousers, glasses, clothes, shoes, 等词作主语时，谓语用复数，但如果这些名词前有a (the) pair of等量词修饰时，谓语动词用单数。如：My glasses are broken. / The pair of shoes under the bed is his. 8、“定冠词the + 形容词或分词”，表示某一类人时，动词用复数。 （三）就近一致原则：在英语句子中，有时谓语动词的人称和数与最近的主语保持一致。 1、当两个主语由either … or, neither … nor, whether … or …, not only … but also连接时，谓语动词和邻近的主语一致。如：Either the teacher or the students are our friends. / Neither they nor he is wholly right. / Is neither he nor they wholly right? 2、there be句型be动词单复数取决于其后的主语。如果其后是由and连接的两个主语，则应与靠近的那个主语保持一致。如：There are two chairs and a desk in the room..注意：Here引导的句子用法同上。 语法经典练习：1.I, who____ your friend, will try my best to help you with your English.A.am B.is C.are D.be2. The rich ____ not always happy.A.are B.is C.has D.have3. Neither Tom nor Jack and I ____ his students.A.are B.am C.is D.was4. Mary as well as her sisters ____ Chinese in China.A. are studying B. have studied C. studies D. study5. Neither my father nor I ____ at home.A.am B.is C.are D.be6. Not only my brother but also I ____ good at painting. Both of us ____ good painters.,A.are;are B.am;am C.ani;are D.is;is7. Every' boy and every girl ____ to attend the evening party.A.wish B.wishes C.is like D.like8. Over 80 percent of the population of China ____ peasants.A.was B.is C. would be D.are9. The population of China ____ larger than that of .any other country in the world.A.is B.are C.has D.have10. Every means ____ tried but without any result.A. have been B.is to be C.are to be D. has been11. Alice, together with two boys,____ for having broken the rule.A. was punished B. punished C. were punished D. being punished12. The League secretary and the monitor____ asked to attend the .meeting this afternoon.A.is B.was C.are D.is being13. The great writer and professor____.A. is an old man B. are both old menC. is an old man and a young man D. were two Chinese14. There ____ a pen, two pencils and three books on the desk.A.are B.is C.has D.have15. A large number of students in our class____ girls.A. are B. was C. is D. be16. The number of deer, mountain lions and wild roses ____ much if people leave things as they are.A. doesn' t change B.don't change C.change D.changed17. The Arabian Nights ____ well known to the English.A. is B. are C. was D. were18. Chairman Mao' s works ____ published.A. has been B.have been C.was D.is19. A chemical works____ built there.A. is to being B.have been C. were to D.has been20. The Olympic Games ____ held every ____ years.A.is;four B.are;four C.is;five D.are;five21 .The United States of America one of the most developed countries in the world.A.is B.are C.was D.were22.He is the only one of die students who ____ elected.A. are B.have C.has D.is23.Theis is one of the most interesting questions that ____ asked.A.have B.has C. have been D.has been24.Many a man ____ come to help us.A.have B.has C.is D.are25."All____ present and all____ going on well," our monitor said.A.is;is B.are;are C.are;is D.is;are26. The police ____ the murderer everywhere when he suddenly appeared in a theatre.A. is searching for B. were searching forC. are searching for D. were searching27.Your trousers____ dirty.You must have____ washed.A.is;il B.are;it C.are;them D.is;them28.This pair of trouseis ____ too long for him.A.is B.be C.are D.were29. One and a half bananas ____ left on the table.A.is B.are C.has D.have30. Eight times eight ____ sixty - four.A.is B.are C.get D.equal Keys:1~5 AAACA 6~10 CBDAD 11~15 ACABA 16~20 AABDB 21~25 ADCBC 26~30 BCAAA 31~35 ACAAB 36~40 CABBA 41~45 BCCCA 46~50 ADBBC
I. 牛津七年级下册英语第一单元语法整理
语法还是知识点？我帮你找了下列资料，不知道是不是你需要的？
短语学习：
1. be superior to 比。。。优越，比。。。好，超过。。。
This western restaurant is superior to the one we went to last week.
这家西餐馆比我们上星期去的那一家好。
He is ~ to me in position. （级别，职位，重要性上）更高
能与to 连用，但不能与than连用的词有：
major(优秀的,高级的);inferior(下等的,下级的)
senior(年长的,地位高的);junior(年少的,后进的)
2. spring up迅速出现；兴起 A doubt sprang up in her mind.
3. a variety of 各种各样的
Coral is not a plant but a variety of animal life of different shapes and bright colors.
珊瑚不是植物，而是各种不同形状和色彩斑斓的生物的变体。
There is a wide variety of patterns to choose from.有种类繁多的图案可供选择。
This tool can be used in a variety of ways.这一工具有多种用途。
various adj. 各种各样的
Tents come in various shapes and sizes. 帐篷有各种各样的形状和大小。
4. Come onto the market 上市，在市场上出售
This house only came onto the market yesterday .这所房子是昨天才投放到市场出售的
5.in that case在那种情况下
You don’t like your job? In that case, why don’t you leave?
你不喜欢这份工作?那你怎么不辞掉呢?
She was late, in that case, I can’t wait for her.她迟到了，在那种情况下，我不能等了。
6.stand for代表；象征；容忍
What does “UN” stand for?UN代表的是什么?
I condemn fascism and all it stands for.我谴责法西斯主义及其代表的一切。
I can’t stand (for) this insolence. 我决不容忍这种傲慢无礼的行为。
7. capable adj. 有能力的；有才能的 be capable of 能够
Show your teacher what you are capable of. 向你的老师表现出你的才能。
This is a robot capable of understanding spoken commands.
这是一个能听懂口头指令的机器人。
The machine is capable of improvement.这台机器是可以改进的。
8.up to date 最近的
It was a modern factory—everything was really up to date.
这是一个现代化的工厂——一切都是最新式的。
We are keeping up to date with the latest developments. 我们保持掌握最新的发展。
out of date(out-of-date作定语形容词)过时的
9. (sb.)be familiar with sth.熟悉……
(sth.)be familiar to sb.为某人所熟悉
10. wind ( wound wound )vt.上发条;缠;绕
wind up 给……上发条;使某人高度兴奋；把（汽车窗玻璃等摇上）
wind down (钟表)慢下来,停住; (人)松弛下来
1） He forgot to wind [waind] (up) his watch.
2） Are all the windows wound up?
介词
介词的分类：
1． 表示时间的介词：at, in, on, before, to, from, by, till, until, after, for, since 等。
2． 表示地点，位置，方向的介词：next, to, in, in front of, on , out of, at, above, over, into, near, between, under, up, across, by, down, from, around, behind, beside等
3． 表示原因，理由的介词：for, as, at, from 等
4． 表示方式的介词：on, in, by, with 等。
常用介词辨析
1． 表示时间的in, on, at, after
1) in 的用法。
用于早晨、下午、傍晚。In the morning/afternoon/evening
用于月、年、季节等。In March, in 1986, in spring
用于一段时间后。In a week, in a year’s time, in two hours
2) on 的用法
用于具体某一天。On my birthday, on the morning of next Friday, on June 6, on Sunday, on New Year’s ay
用于描述性的时间。On a cold night, on a winter day
3) at 的用法
用于具体的钟点。At 12 o’clock, at half nine
用于固定的搭配。At lunch, at night, at breakfast, at noon, at Christmas, at weekends, at that time
4) after 表示在一点时间以后。After twelve o’clock
2. 表示的地点的 in, on , at
in指大地方，at是小地点， in表示的是体，on表示的是面，at表示的是点。
They will arrive in Shanghai.他们将到上海。
They will arrive at the school.他们将到学校。
They live on the ninth floor.他们住在九楼。
I will meet you at the bus stop.我在车站接你。
in可指内部， on可指“在…之上”
There are six windows in the wall.墙上有6 扇窗子。
There are five pictures on the wall.墙上贴着5 幅画。
3. 表示方位的on, over, under, above, below.
1）on , over, above指上方；under, below指下方；on指物体接触。
2）over指正上方、above指斜上方、under指正下方、below指斜下方。
There will be two bridges over the river.河上将有两座桥。
The ball is under the desk.桌子下有一只球。
4. between, among
Between指两者之间, among指三者或三者以上。
There will be a match between Tom and me. 汤姆和我之间将要有一场比赛。
The teacher is standing among the students. 老师正站在学生们中间。
但有时在数量不多的个体之间进行选择，可用Between.
You can choose between the books on the table.你可以在桌子的书中进行选择。
5. across , over, through
Across表示从这一边到另一边的横过, over表示从空间通过, through则表示从内部空间穿过。
Can you swim across the lake? 你能游泳过湖吗？
You must go through the forest at once. 你必须马上穿过树林。
There is a bridge over the river. 河上有一座桥。
6. 表示方式、方法、手段的常用介词by, in, with, through
★ by 表示“用（方法、手段、途径等）”或意为“乘坐（交通工具） ”，后接的名词前面通常不用冠词。
★ in 表示“用（方式、材料、途径、语言）”。
★ with 表示“带着，伴随”，后接具体的工具，手段、材料或其他行为方式。
Mr. Green usually goes to work ___car.
He wrote many letters ___English.
He told me to write _____a pen.
You can master English ________more practice.
7. 表示“除…… 之外”的介词
through 表示“以(方法、手段) ”“经由”。
besides 表示包含, 除 --- 之外还有---
except 表示排除, 除 ---- 之外
but 表示排除, 多与nobody, none, no one, nothing, anything, everyone, all, who 等连用.
except for 表示除去整体中的部分, “只是, 只不过”
__________ basketball, I like playing Pingpang.
You have no choice ________work hard.
Li Long is a good student ______________his laziness.
＊He usually goes to work on time _____.
A. except for raining days B. besides it rains
C. but that it rains D. except on rainy days
8. 看似相同，但意义有别的词组。
At school 在上学 At the school 在学校
In front of 在…前边（外部） In the front of 在…前部（内部）
In class 在课上 In the class 在这个班
In bed 在睡觉 In the bed 在床上
In hospital 住院 In the hospital 在医院里
Go to school 去上学 Go to the school 去学校
（1）.名词+介词：
1. approval of 批准 2. awareness of 意识到
3. grasp of 把握住 4. hatred of 憎恶
5. desire for 要求、愿望 6. fondness for 爱好 (I've a fondness for collecting stamps.)
7. hope for 希望、期待 (hope for the best 乐观)
8. need for 必要 (There is no need for hurrying.)
9. reason for 有必须……的理由 (have reason for...)
10. respect for 尊敬 (have respect for...) 11. belief in 信任于
12. interest in 对……有兴趣 13. success in 成功、成就
(2).形容词 + 介词：
1. afraid of (He is not afraid of anything.)
2. aware of 觉得
3. capable of 能 (The tank is capable of holding 8 kg. of water.)
4. fond of 喜爱 (He's fond of fishing.)
5. jealous of 嫉妒于
6. made of 用……制成的
7. proud of 对……感觉光荣 (I'm proud of his acquaintance. 认识他是我的光荣。)
8. sure of 确信 (You may be sure of his honesty.)
9. tired of 厌倦的
10. careless about 不关心、不重视
11. worried about 自找烦恼
12. familiar with 熟悉于、精通于
13. interested in 兴趣于
14. sorry for 懊悔、觉得过意不去 (You will be sorry for this some day.)
(3).动词 + 介词：(这类组合特别多。要特别注意同一个动词配上不同的介词，意思就不同了)
1. care about 关心 (He doesn't care about other people. 他不关心别人。)
2. care for 喜欢 (Would you care for a cup of coffee? 你喜欢来杯咖啡吗？)
3. take care of 照顾 (Take care of yourseft. 照顾自己喔。)
4. dream about 梦到 (I dreamt about you last night. 昨晚我梦到你。)
5. dream of 梦想 (I often dream of being rich. 我时常梦想发达了。)
6. hear about 听到关于……的详情 (Have you hear about Jane? )
7. hear of 听到……的事/话 (Have you heard of a place called 'Mulu'?)
8. hear from 得到……的消息 (Have you heard from Ann recently?)
9. look at 注视、考察(Why you look at me like that?)
10. look for 找、指望 (Can you help me look for my keys?)
11. look after 照应、看守 (She is ill, she needs someone to look after her.)
12. think about 思索、考虑 (What are you thinking about?)
13. think of 想起、企图 (He told me his name but I can't think of it now.)
展示导思（25分钟）
1. weigh vt. 称……的重量；权衡；考虑vi. 重量为……
He weighed himself on the bathroom scales.他用浴室磅秤量体重。
She weighed the stone in her hand.他用手掂了掂那块石头的重量。
I weighed the benefits of the plan against the risks involved.
我认真考虑了这个计划的优点及其风险。
weigh sb. down 使烦恼；使焦虑
weight n. 重量 put on weight 增加体重 lose weight 减肥
take the weight off one’s feet 坐下来歇会儿
2.measure vt.& vi. 测量；度量；判断；评估 n. 措施；方法
It’s hard to measure his ability when we haven’t seen his work.
没见过他的作品，很难估计他的能力。
1)measure指测量某物的长宽高等或估计某人的能力。也可用作名词，意思是“措施”，take measures to do 采取措施做……。如：
Measures should be taken to stop pollution.该采取措施制止污染了。
2)固定搭配:in great measure 很大程度上
3)固定搭配be measured in/by “用……计算”。如：
In England distance is measured by miles while in China by kilometers.
在英国距离按英里计算，在中国却按千米计算。
3..suitable adj.合适的；适宜的
suitable for sb./sth.适合某人/某物 suitable to do sth.适合做某事
Is this a suitable time to have a word with you?我想和你说句话，你现在方便吗？
This programme is not suitable for children.这个节目儿童不宜。。
(1)suit v. 适合；适宜；满足需要n. 一套衣服
Choose a computer to suit your particular needs.选一台适合你自个儿需要的电脑。
If you want to go by bus, that suits me fine.要是你想坐公共汽车走，那对我也合适。
(2)suit, fit与match.
suit多指合乎需要、口味、性格、条件、地位。
Does the time suit you?这个时间对你合适吗?
match多指大小、色调、形状、性质等方面的搭配。
The People’s Great Hall and the Historical Museum match the Tian An Men beautifully.
人民大会堂和历史博物馆与天安门陪衬的极为美丽。
fit多指大小合适，引申为“吻合”。
The new coat fits me well.这件新衣服我穿着大小合适。
2)用suit,fit与match填空
(1)Try the new key and see if it __________. (2)No dish __________ all tastes.
(3)This hot weather doesn’t __________ me.
(4)The doors were painted blue to __________ the walls.
(5)I tried the dress on and it didn’t __________.
(6)None of these glasses __________.
4. guarantee v. 担保；保障；保证n. 保证；担保；保修单
guarantee sb.sth.保证某人某事 guarantee+that 从句
be under guarantee(n.)在保修期内
He gave me a guarantee that it would never happen again.
他向我保证这种事情决不会再发生。
We provide a 5-year guarantee against rust.我们保证，产品5年不生锈。
We can’t guarantee that our flights will never be delayed.