⑴ 英语中的语法指什么
语法结构规律
语法学分词法和句法两个部分,词法的研究范围包括词类和各类词的构成、词形变化(形态).句法的研究范围是短语、句子的结构规律和类型.
⑵ 英语语法到底是什么意思怎么用啊
英语语法是针对英语总结归纳出来的一系列语言规则。英语语法的精髓在于掌握语言的使用。
基本用法:
一般现在时(Simple Present Tense)表示现在的状态、经常的或习惯性的动作、主语具备的性格和能力等。
1.时间状语:Always, usually, often, sometimes, every week (day, year, month…),once a week(day, year, month…),on Sundays(on Mondays …).
2.基本结构:主语+be/do+其他;(如主语为第三人称单数,动词上要改为第三人称单数形式)。
否定形式:主语 + am/is/are + not + 其他(此时态的谓语动词若为行为动词,则在其前加don't,如主语为第三人称单数,则用doesn't,同时还原行为动词)。
一般疑问句:把be动词放于句首;用助动词do提问,如主语为第三人称单数,则用does,同时,还原行为动词。
现在完成时
1,概念:过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果,或从过去已经开始,持续到现在的动作或 状态。
2,时间状语:yet, already ,just, never, ever, so far, by now, since + 时间点,for + 时间段,recently, lately,in the past few years, etc.
3,基本结构:主语 + have/has + p.p(过去分词) + 其它
4,否定形式:主语 + have/has + not + p.p(过去分词) + 其它
5,一般疑问句:have或has放句首。
英语语法--网络
⑶ 英语语法都是什么怎么读
1、英语语法是针对英语语言进行研究后,英语语法系统地总结归纳出来的一系列语言规则。英语语法的精髓在于掌握语言的使用。
2、语法是语言学的一个分支,研究按确定用法来运用的词类、词的屈折变化或表示相互关系的其他手段以及词在句中的功能和关系。包含词的构词、构形的规则和组词成句的规则。语法有两个含义,一指语法结构规律本身,即语法事实。
3、语法学,是探索并描写语法结构的科学,是语法学者对客观存在的语法体系的认识和说明。语法事实本身没有分歧,但由于语法学者占有的材料,观察角度,分析方法不一致,语法学体系是有分歧的。
1、名词
名词(noun)是指人或事物的名称。
名词一般分为专有名词(proper noun)和普通名词(common noun)。专有名词是个别的人、事物、地点、团体、机构等专有的名称,首字母通常大写。
名词按其所表示的事物的性质也可以分为可数名词(countable noun)和不可数名词(uncountable noun),可数名词有单数和复数形式。
2、代词
代词(pronoun)用于代替名词等。
代词分为人称代词(personal pronoun)、物主代词(possessive pronoun)、指示代词(demonstrative pronoun)、反身代词(reflexive pronoun)
相互代词(reciprocal pronoun)、疑问代词(interrogative pronoun)、关系代词(relative pronoun)、连接代词(conjunctive pronoun)和不定代词(indefinite pronoun)。
3、数词
数词表示数量或顺序等。分为基数词(cardinal number)和序数词(ordinal number)。
4、感叹词
感叹词是用来表示说话时表达的喜、怒、哀、乐等情感的词。它不构成后面句子的一个语法成分,却在意义上与它有关联,后面的句子一般说明这种情绪的性质、原因。感叹词是英语口语中最富有表现力的词语之一,用途甚广。
(3)英语里面语法是指什么扩展阅读:
时态
1、一般将来时
概念:表示将要发生的动作、打算、计划或准备做某事。
标志:Tomorrow, soon, in a few minutes, ,the day after tomorrow, etc.
基本结构:(1)主语 + am/is/are + going to + do sth
2、一般过去将来时
概念:立足于过去某一时刻,从过去看将来,常用于宾语从句中。
时间状语:The next day (morning , year…),the following month(week…),etc.
基本结构:主语+ was/were + going to + do + 其它;主语 + would/should + do +其它。
3、将来进行时
概念:表示将来某一时间正在进行的动作,或表示要在将来某一时间开始,并继续下去的动作。常用来 表示询问、请求等。
时间状语:Soon, tomorrow, this evening,on Sunday, by this time,in two days, tomorrow evening
基本结构:主语 + shall/will + be + 现在分词 + 其它
⑷ 英语最基础的语法是什么
英语中的五种基本句型结构
一、句型1: Subject (主语) + Verb (谓语)
这种句型中的动词大多是不及物动词,所谓不及物动词,就是这种动词后不可以直接接宾语。常见的动词如:work, sing, swim, fish, jump, arrive, come, die, disappear, cry, happen等。如:
1) Li Ming works very hard.李明学习很努力。
2) The accident happened yesterday afternoon.事故是昨天下午发生的。
3)Spring is coming.
4) We have lived in the city for ten years.
二、句型2:Subject (主语) + Link. V(系动词) + Predicate(表语)
这种句型主要用来表示主语的特点、身份等。其系动词一般可分为下列两类:
(1)表示状态。这样的词有:be, look, seem, smell, taste, sound, keep等。如:
1) This kind of food tastes delicious.这种食物吃起来很可口。
2) He looked worried just now.刚才他看上去有些焦急。
(2)表示变化。这类系动词有:become, turn, get, grow, go等。如:
1) Spring comes. It is getting warmer and warmer.春天到了,天气变得越来越暖和。
2) The tree has grown much taller than before.这棵树比以前长得高多了。
三、句型3:Subject(主语) + Verb (谓语) + Object (宾语)
这种句型中的动词一般为及物动词, 所谓及物动词,就是这种动词后可以直接接宾语,其宾语通常由名词、代词、动词不定式、动名词或从句等来充当。例:
1) He took his bag and left.(名词) 他拿着书包离开了。
2) Li Lei always helps me when I have difficulties. (代词)当我遇到困难时,李雷总能给我帮助。
3) She plans to travel in the coming May Day.(不定式)她打算在即将到来的“五一”外出旅游。
4) I don’t know what I should do next. (从句)我不知道下一步该干什么。
注意:英语中的许多动词既是及物动词,又是不及物动词。
四、句型4: Subject(主语)+Verb(谓语)+ Indirect object(间接宾语)+Direct object (直接宾语)
这种句型中,直接宾语为主要宾语,表示动作是对谁做的或为谁做的,在句中不可或缺,常常由表示“物”的名词来充当;间接宾语也被称之为第二宾语,去掉之后,对整个句子的影响不大,多由指“人”的名词或代词承担。引导这类双宾语的常见动词有:buy, pass, lend, give, tell, teach, show, bring, send等。如:
1) Her father bought her a dictionary as a birthday present.她爸爸给她买了一本词典作为生日礼物。
2)The old man always tells the children stories about the heroes in the Long March.
老人经常给孩子们讲述长征途中那些英雄的故事。 上述句子还可以表达为:
1)Her father bought a dictionary for her as a birthday present.
2)The old man always tells stories about the heroes to the children in the Long March.
五、句型5: Subject(主语)+Verb (动词)+Object (宾语)+Complement(补语)
这种句型中的“宾语 + 补语”统称为“复合宾语”。宾语补足语的主要作用或者是补充、说明宾语的特点、身份等;或者表示让宾语去完成的动作等。担任补语的常常是名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、动词不定式等。如:
1)You should keep the room clean and tidy. 你应该让屋子保持干净整洁。(形容词)
2) We made him our monitor.(名词)我们选他当班长。
3) His father told him not to play in the street.(不定式)他父亲告诉他不要在街上玩。
4)My father likes to watch the boys playing basketball.(现在分词)
5) Yesterday I had a picture taken with two Americans.(过去分词)
● 常见的动词有: tell, ask, advise, help, want, would like, order, force, allow等。
● 注意:动词have, make, let, see, hear, notice, feel, watch等后面所接的动词不定式作宾补时,不带to。如:
1) The boss made him do the work all day.老板让他整天做那项工作。
2) I heard her sing in the next room all the time last night.昨天晚上我听见她在隔壁唱了一个晚上。
⑸ 英语中,什么是语法
英语语法是针对英语语言的语法进行的研究。语法是组词造句的规则,是把合内适的词放进合适位容置的艺术,语法可分为两大部分:词法和句法。词法包括各类词的形态及其变化,句法主要讲句子的种类和类型,句子成分以及遣词造句的规律。
⑹ 什么是英语语法
指语言的结构方式,包括词的构成和变化、词组和句子的组织。具有一回定的民族特点和相对答的稳定性,语法是语言表达的规则。
语态是动词的一种形式,用以说明主语与谓语动词之间的关系,语态共有两种,主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者,被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。被动语态是动词的一种特殊形式,只有需要动作对象的及物动词才有被动语态。
(6)英语里面语法是指什么扩展阅读:
语法中的时态组成
1、一般现在时:表示现在的状态、经常的或习惯性的动作、主语具备的性格和能力等。
2、过去进行时:表示过去某段时间或某一时刻正在发生或进行的行为或动作。
3、现在完成时:过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果,或从过去已经开始,持续到现在的动作或状态。
4、过去完成进行时:表示某个正在进行的动作或状态,持续到过去某个时刻,还未完成,一直持续到之后的当前才结 束。
主被动语态
1、主语是动作的发出者为主动语态,主语是动作的接受者为被动语态。
2、宾语补足语是不带to 的不定式,变为被动语态时,该不定式前要加"to"。
3、情态动词+ be +过去分词,构成被动语态。
⑺ 英语的语法知识是指什么
英语中考中单选15题基本都包括15个考点,冠词
名词
介词
代词
连词
动词
动词词组辨析
形容词
副词
情态动词
被动语态
句法(宾语从句
状语从句
定语从句)交际用语
⑻ 英语中什么是语法(具体点)!!!
语法是语言学的一个分支,研究按确定用法来运用的词类、词的屈折变化或表示相互关系的其他手段以及词在句中的功能和关系
语言的结构规律。包括词法和句法。词法指词的构成及变化规律;句法指短语和句子的组织规律。
语法是语言表达的规则。各种语言都有不同的语法,包括人类语言和计算机语言等。语法学是语言学的一部分。
现代语法学包括语音学、音系学(见音韵学)、形态学(词法)、句法学、语义学。
数据通信中的意思
语法:数据及控制信息的格式、编码及信号电平等。
rules of a language governing the sounds, words, sentences, and other elements, as well as their combination and interpretation. The word grammar also denotes the study of these abstract features or a book presenting these rules. In a restricted sense, the term refers only to the study of sentence and word structure (syntax and morphology), excluding vocabulary and pronunciation.
A common contemporary definition of grammar is the underlying structure of a language that any native speaker of that language knows intuitively. The systematic description of the features of a language is also a grammar. These features are the phonology (sound), morphology (system of word formation), syntax (patterns of word arrangement), and semantics (meaning). Depending on the grammarian's approach, a grammar can be prescriptive (i.e., provide rules for correct usage), descriptive (i.e., describe how a language is actually used), or generative (i.e., provide instructions for the proction of an infinite number of sentences in a language). The traditional focus of inquiry has been on morphology and syntax, and for some contemporary linguists (and many traditional grammarians) this is the only proper domain of the subject.
In Europe the Greeks were the first to write grammars. To them, grammar was a tool that could be used in the study of Greek literature; hence their focus on the literary language. The Alexandrians of the 1st century BC further developed Greek grammar in order to preserve the purity of the language. Dionysus Thrax of Alexandria later wrote an influential treatise called The Art of Grammar, in which he analyzed literary texts in terms of letters, syllables, and eight parts of speech.
The Romans adopted the grammatical system of the Greeks and applied it to Latin. Except for Varro, of the 1st century BC, who believed that grammarians should discover structures, not dictate them, most Latin grammarians did not attempt to alter the Greek system and also sought to protect their language from decay. Whereas the model for the Greeks and Alexandrians was the language of Homer, the works of Cicero and Virgil set the Latin standard. The works of Donatus (4th century AD) and Priscian (6th century AD), the most important Latin grammarians, were widely used to teach Latin grammar ring the European Middle Ages. In medieval Europe, ecation was concted in Latin, and Latin grammar became the foundation of the liberal arts curriculum. Many grammars were composed for students ring this time. Aelfric, the abbot of Eynsham (11th century), who wrote the first Latin grammar in Anglo-Saxon, proposed that this work serve as an introction to English grammar as well. Thus began the tradition of analyzing English grammar according to a Latin model.
The modistae, grammarians of the mid-13th to mid-14th century who viewed language as a reflection of reality, looked to philosophy for explanations of grammatical rules. The modistae sought one “universal” grammar that would serve as a means of understanding the nature of being. In 17th-century France a group of grammarians from Port-Royal were also interested in the idea of universal grammar. They claimed that common elements of thought could be discerned in grammatical categories of all languages. Unlike their Greek and Latin counterparts, the Port-Royal grammarians did not study literary language but claimed instead that usage should be dictated by the actual speech of living languages. Noting their emphasis on linguistic universals, the contemporary linguist Noam Chomsky called the Port-Royal group the first transformational grammarians.
Structural description of the sentence “The man will hit the ball,” assigned by the …
By 1700 grammars of 61 vernacular languages had been printed. These were written primarily for purposes of reforming, purifying, or standardizing language and were put to pedagogical use. Rules of grammar usually accounted for formal, written, literary language only and did not apply to all the varieties of actual, spoken language. This prescriptive approach long dominated the schools, where the study of grammar came to be associated with “parsing” and sentence diagramming. Opposition to teaching solely in terms of prescriptive and proscriptive (i.e., what must not be done) rules grew ring the middle decades of the 20th century.
The simplification of grammar for classroom use contrasted sharply with the complex studies that scholars of linguistics were concting about languages. During the 19th and early 20th centuries the historical point of view flourished. Scholars who realized that every living language was in a constant state of flux studied all types of written records of modern European languages to determine the courses of their evolution. They did not limit their inquiry to literary languages but included dialects and contemporary spoken languages as well. Historical grammarians did not follow earlier prescriptive approaches but were interested, instead, in discovering where the language under study came from.
As a result of the work of historical grammarians, scholars came to see that the study of language can be either diachronic (its development through time) or synchronic (its state at a particular time). The Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure and other descriptive linguists began studying the spoken language. They collected a large sample of sentences proced by native speakers of a language and classified their material starting with phonology and working their way to syntax.
Generative, or transformational, grammarians of the second half of the 20th century, such as Noam Chomsky, studied the knowledge that native speakers possess which enables them to proce and understand an infinite number of sentences. Whereas descriptivists like Saussure examined samples of indivial speech to arrive at a description of a language, transformationalists first studied the underlying structure of a language. They attempted to describe the “rules” that define a native speaker's “competence” (unconscious knowledge of the language) and account for all instances of the speaker's “performance” (strategies the indivial uses in actual sentence proction). See generative grammar; transformational grammar.
The study of grammatical theory has been of interest to philosophers, anthropologists, psychologists, and literary critics over the centuries. Today, grammar exists as a field within linguistics but still retains a relationship with these other disciplines. For many people, grammar still refers to the body of rules one must know in order to speak or write “correctly.” However, from the last quarter of the 20th century a more sophisticated awareness of grammatical issues has taken root, especially in schools. In some countries, such as Australia and the United Kingdom, new English curricula have been devised in which grammar is a focus of investigation, avoiding the prescriptivism of former times and using techniques that promote a lively and thoughtful spirit of inquiry.
语法在大英网络全书的定义:统摄声音,文字,句子和其他要素,以及它们的组合和解释的语言规范。“语法”这个词也指对这些抽象特征的研究,或这些规则的指南手册。严格意义上说,“语法”这个术语是指对于句子和词语结构(句法和形态学)的研究,但不包括词汇和发音。
一个普遍接受的当代语法定义是:以一种语言为母语的任何人靠直觉就知道的语言结构。对语言特征的系统描述也是一种语法,而这些特征包括音位学(声音) ,形态学(系统构词) ,句法(词语安排模式)和语义(意思) 。根据语法学家的研究,语法可以规范(即提供一些正确用法的规则) ,描述(即,描述了语言实际上是如何使用的) ,或生成(即提供一种指导,使无限的句子在一种语言中产生) 。传统的调查重点,在于形态学和句法,对于一些当代语言学家(和许多传统的语法学家),这是唯一正确的研究领域。
在欧洲,希腊人最早写关于语法的著作。对他们来说,语法是一个工具,可以用来研究希腊文学,因此他们的重点是文学语言。公元前一世纪的Alexandrians进一步发展希腊语法,以保持纯净的语言。亚历山大的狄俄尼索斯后来写出一篇影响深远的论文,称为《语法的艺术》,他在其中分析文学文本中的字母,音节,和八段话语。
古罗马人接受了希腊人的语法体系,并运用于拉丁语。除了公元前一世纪的瓦罗Varro认为语法学家应该发现结构,而不是强行指定结构,大多数拉丁语法学家没有试图改变希腊系统,还设法保护他们的语言避免衰败。希腊人和亚历山大人的语言模型是荷马的语言,西塞罗和维吉尔的作品设定了拉丁语的语法标准。最重要的拉丁语语法学家多纳图斯(公元4世纪)和普里西安(公元6世纪)的作品在欧洲中世纪被广泛用于拉丁文语法教学。中世纪的欧洲的教育使用的是拉丁文,拉丁语语法成为人文教育的基础课程。 恩斯罕的修道院长,阿尔弗里克Aelfric( 11世纪) ,第一个写拉丁语语法的盎格鲁撒克逊人,建议以此引入英语语法。从此,开始了依据拉丁语法的英语语法分析的传统。
第13世纪中叶至14世纪中叶的语法学家认为语言是现实的反映,从哲学中寻求解释语法的规则。他们寻求一个“普遍”的语法universal grammar,以此作为了解存在being的手段。在十七世纪的法国,来自罗亚尔港的一些语法学家也对这种普遍语法感兴趣。他们声称,思想的共同要素可以在所有语言的语法类别中辨识出来。与希腊语和拉丁语的语法学家不同,罗亚尔港语法学家没有研究文学语言,他们认为语言的用法应当取决于实际的生活语言。当代语言学家乔姆斯基也注意到对语言的共性的强调,他称罗亚尔港派为第一批转型语法学家。
到1700年,61种方言语法书已经印制。这些书的目的主要是改革,净化,或规范语言,并用于教学。当时语法规则通常仅仅用于正式,书面,文学的语言,并不适用于纷繁复杂的实际口语。这一规范性的手段长期在学校占主导地位,学生们对语法的学习往往和“解析”以及句子图解联系在一起。在20世纪的中后期,对于这种仅仅关注规范性和禁止性(即,什么不能做)规则的语法教育,出现了越来越多的反对声音。
课堂语法的简化和语言学家的复杂研究形成了鲜明对比。19世纪到20世纪初,历史主义观点蓬勃发展。认识到每一种现存的语言都是在不断变化中的学者们研究了欧洲语言所有类型的书面记录,以确定其演变路径。他们没有局限于文学语言,还研究了方言和当代口头语。历史主义的语法学家没有采用先前的规范性办法,但更加关注他们研究的语言的来源。
由于历史主义语法学家的工作,学者们看到,语言的研究可以是历时性的(其贯穿历史的发展)或同步性的(在特定的时间段的状态)。瑞士语言学家索绪尔和其他描述性语言学家开始研究口头语。他们收集了大量操母语者的语句样本,对这些材料进行分类,从音位学入手,一直研究到句法。
20世纪后半叶的转换生成语法学家,如乔姆斯基,研究了操母语者能生成和理解无限句子所需要的知识。而像索绪尔那样的描述语言学家则去审查单个话语样本,以求达到描述一种语言的目的。转换生成语法学家首先研究了语言的潜在结构。他们试图描述一种能够定义操母语者语言“能力”(底层的语言知识)的“规则”,解释说话人的种种“表现”(语言生成时的实际策略)。
在过去的千百年里,语法理论引起了哲学家,人类学家,心理学家和文学批评家的兴趣。今天,语法存在于语言学领域之内,但仍保留了与其他许多学科的联系。对于很多人来说,语法仍然指的是一整套必须知道,以保证“正确”语言输出的规则,然而,从20世纪后25年以来,对语法研究的更为复杂的意识,已经在学校生根发芽。在一些国家,如澳大利亚,英国,新的英语课程中语法是重点,而且避免之前僵硬的规范,提倡生动而深刻的调查精神。
⑼ 英语中语法文法的区别 “语法”和“文法”在英语中指的是什么有什么区别阿
语法--语句的用法
文法--文章的用法