『壹』 新目标英语语法
Unit 1 How do you study for a test?
1 not at all =not in the slightest 根本不
2 end up 结束
3 make mistakes in sth 在某方面出错
4 later on 随后
5 be afraid to do sth 害怕做某事
be afraid of sth/sb 害怕……
6 laugh at sb 嘲笑某人
7 take notes=write down the notes 做笔记
8 make up 组成
9 deal with=do with 处理
10 be angry with 对……感到生气
11 go by （时间）过去、消逝 Time goes by. 时间流逝
12 try one’s best to do sth 尽力做谋事
13 break off 突然终止
14 make/use flashcards 制作使用抽认卡
15 make a vocabulary list 制作词汇表
16 read/speak aloud=read loudly 大声说
play the CD too loud 把CD放开大声sweep the floor clean 把地板扫干净
17 practice the pronunciation 练习发音
18 get the pronunciation right =pronounce right发音准确
19 specific advice/suggestions 详细而精确的建议
20 memorize/recite the words/text 背书
21 read the textbook 读课本
22 English grammars 英语语法
23 feel differently 觉的不同
24 frustrate sb = make sb frustrated 使某人沮丧
find sth frustrating 发现某事沮丧
25 speak quickly/fast 说得很快
26 get/be excited 激动
look excited 看起来很激动
look at sb sadly 伤心地朝某人看
an exciting match/game 一场刺激的比赛 27 spoken/oral English 英语口语
28 full comma 句号
29 regard sth as a challenge 把某事视为挑战
30 impress sb 感动某人 be impressed 被深深感动
be impressed deeply by sb 被某人深深感动
31 have trouble/difficulty(in)doing sth做某事有困难
32 look up the words in a dictionary用字典查阅单词
33 feel/touch soft 感觉/触摸柔软
34 study for a text 为一次数学小测学习
36 work with sb 与某人一起工作
35 listen to tapes 听磁带
listen to the teacher carefully 认真听课
36 ask sb for help 寻求帮助
He is asking for help. 他正在求救
ask sb to do sth 叫某人做某事tell sb about sth 告诉某人某事
37 improve my listening/speaking skills
提高听力/口语技巧
38 enlarge the vocabulary 扩大词汇量39 watch English news 看英语新闻
40 understand the voices 听懂(说的内容)
41 learn a lot/much 学了很多
42 join an English club 参加英语俱乐部
43 keep a diary in English 用英语写日记
44 review notes 复习笔记
45 write original sentences 写新颖的句子
46 practice conversations with sb 与某人练习对话
47 do well/OK 做得好
48 get mad at sb 生某人的气
49 the best way to learn English 学英语的最好方法
50 be fair/unfair 公平、不公平
51 on ty 值日
It’s one’s ty to do sth 某人的职责做某事
It’s our ty to distribute to the society
52 be lost/missing 丢失
53 young alts 青少年
54 see a psychologist 看一个心理医生
55 get a lot of practices 得到许多练习
56 end up doing sth 最后做某事
57 become unhappy 变得不高兴
58 behave with sb 与某人相处的方式
59 stay angry 持续生气
60 change problems/troubles/difficulty into challenge
把困难变成挑战
61 solve the problem 解决问题
62 realize sth =sth come true 实现某事
63 make a complete sentence 造一个完整的句子
64 complete/finish doing sth 结束做某事
65 the secret of sth …的秘密 The secret of becoming a good language learner is practicing . 成为一个优秀语言学家的秘密是练习
66 an important part of sth. 最重要的一部分
67 developping country 发展中国家
developped country 发达国家
68 with the help of sb 在某人帮助下
help sb (to) do sth = help sb with sth 帮助某人做某事
69 compare A to B 把A与B进行对比70 physical problems 生理缺陷
71 find a pen pal 找一个笔友
72 in a positive way 用积极的方法
75 last for a long time 持续很长时间
73 first of all 首先
74 to begin with 以…开始
75 make sb laugh 使某人笑
76 help a lot/a little 帮助很多、一点
77 have disagreement 意见不合
78 decide not to do 决定不做某事
79 talk to each other 互相谈话
80 too much + n. 太多…
much too + adj.
81 be strict with sb 对某人严厉
82 regard sth as a challenge 把……视为挑战
Unit2 I used to be afraid of dark .
1 used to 过去常常
He used to be thin .
I used to like riding . I didn’t use to like tests.
2 be interested in =take an interest in 对…感兴趣
3 be afraid of=be terrified of 害怕
4 go to sleep with the light on 开着灯睡觉
5 eat candy [U] 吃糖
6 chew gum [U] 嚼口香糖
7 chat with sb=have a chat with sb 与…聊天
8 Fuzhou Daily Newspaper 福州日报
9 daily life 每天的生活
10 die(u)-dead(adj)-death(n) 死
He died in 1990. He has been dead for 3 years.
He is dying. 他将死./临终
11 afford sth/to do sth 负担得起
He couldn’t afford to pay for his child’s ecation.
12 cause a lot of trouble (for sb.) 引起很多麻烦
13 get into trouble with the police 陷入警察手里
14 be patient with sb 对…有耐心
15 finally=in the end=at last 最后
16 make a decision on sth/doing sth 决定做某事
=make up one’s mind to do sth=decide to do sth
17 head teacher 班主任
head master 校长
head group leader 组长
monitor 班长
18 It’s necessary to do sth 必须做某事
19 to one’s surprise 使某人吃惊
be surprised at sth 吃惊于…
To my surprise, a phone call changed his life.
20 even though=even if (+让步状语从句) 即使
Even though he is eighty, he looks young and healthy.
21 no longer=not...any longer 不再(延续性)
no more=not…any more 不再(短暂性)
22 take pride in=feel/be proud of 为…而自豪
I take pride in being a Chinese.
I am/feel proud of being a Chinese.
23 pay attention to sth/the grammar 注意语法
24 give up 放弃
Don’t give up. 不要放弃
25 a couple of days 两天
26 look different 看起来不同
look the same 看起来一样
27 waste water 浪费水
waste one’s time 浪费时间
28 wear glasses/contact lenses 戴眼镜/隐型眼镜
29 have a good memory 记性很好
30 have long/straight/curly hair 留着…发型
31 on the swim team 在游泳队
32 People sure change. 人是会变的
33 for a long time 很长一段时间
34 make sb stressed out 使某人筋疲力尽
35 have/like/hate gym class 有/喜欢/讨厌体育课
36 paint/draw pictures 画画
37 be/live alone 独处/单独居住
feel lonely 觉得孤独
38 walk to school=get to school on foot 走路去学校
take a bus=go by bus=go on a bus 乘车
ride a bike=go by bike=riding 骑车
39 worry about sth/sb=be worried about sth/sb. 担心
40 study all the time=study all along 一直学习
41 a six-year-old brother 一个6岁的弟弟
42 spend time (in) doing sth 花时间做某事
43 take sb to a concert 带某人去音乐会
44 hardly ever 几乎不
45 change a lot 改变了许多
46 in the last few years 近几年
47 can’t stop doing 忍不住做某事
48 problem child 问题小孩
49 give sb sth 给某人某物
50 look after=take care of=care for 照顾
51 as…as 与…一样
as well as… 与…一样好，也
as well as she could 尽她全力
52 send sb to+地点 送某人去某地
53 It’s+ adj +to do sth
54 make sb do sth 使某人做某事
55 lose weight 减肥
56 make a diet 节食
57 make terrible noise 吵闹
58 a top student 尖子生
59 take a deep breath 深呼吸
60 shout at the top of one’s voice 高声喊
61 be used to doing 习惯于做某事
The boy is used to telling a lie. 那男孩习惯撒谎
62 be used to do 被使用于
Money is used in many ways.
Wood is used to make paper.
Unit 3 Teenagers should be allowed to
choose their own clothes .
1 choose one’s own sth. 选择某人自己东西
have one’s own sth.. 有某人自己的某物
2 should do sth. 应该做
shouldn’t do sth. 不应该做
3 allow sb. to do sth. 允许某人做某事
be allowed to do sth. 被允许做某事
should be allowed to do sth. 应该被允许做sth.
4 get one’s driver’s license 获得某人驾驶执照
5 have/get/find/look for a part-time job
找/有/得到一个兼职
6 a fifteen-year-old student 一个15岁的学生
fifteen-year-olds 15岁的学生/孩子(复数)
the+adj./old/young 一类人（复数）
7 get one’s ears pierced=pierce one’s ears 钉耳洞
have/get sth.done 使….被做
have/get one’s hair cut = cut one’s hair 剪某人头发
have/get the shoes repaired = repair the shoe 补鞋
8 go to the mall with sb. 和某人去购物/商业街
9 be sure (of/ about sth.) 确信某事
be sure that+从句 确信
make sure 确认
10 too wild= not serious enough太鲁莽,不够冷静
too young = not old enough 太年青,不够老
too silly/foolish =not smart/clever enough
太愚蠢,不够聪明
11 too...to = not + adj.+ enough to = so...that... 太..而不能enough money/ + n. 足够的sth.
12 work at night 在晚上工作
work every night 每天晚上工作
13 stop wearing that silly earring
停止戴那个愚蠢的耳环
14 seem to do. 似乎
15 look cool/clean/smart 看起来酷/干净/聪明
16 spend time with friends/sb. 花时间与某人在一起
17 So do we . = We do, too. 我们也是
18 would like to do 想要做
19 wear one’s own clothes 穿某人自己衣服
20 concentrate on 全神贯注
concentrate energies on studying 把力量贯注于学习
21 feel comfortable 感觉舒适
22 be good for 对…有益
23 design one’s own uniforms/sth.
设计某人自己校服/某物
24 a good way to do sth. 一个做…的好方法
25 keep + n. + adj. 保持…怎么样
26 study in group 在团队学习
27 learn a lot from sb./each other 从…学习许多
28 have an opportunity to do 有个机会做…
have a chance to do 有个机会做…
29 go back to school 回校
30 a good experience for sb.对某人是一个好经历
31 have hobbies 有爱好/有兴趣
32 as much as sb. want 尽某人想要
as much as one would like to 尽某人想要做...
33 a running star 一个田径队员
34 on/in one’s school running team 在田径队
35 a professional athlete 一个职业运动员
36 achieve one’s dream = realize 实现某人理想
37 in every one of one’s races 某人每场比赛
38 make decisions for sb./oneself 为某人做决定
39 be serious about sth 对…过度认真
40 on school nights 上学晚上
41 seem strict 似乎严格
42 spend time on sth. 花时间在某物上
spend time in doing 花时间做某事
43 a chance of achieving one’s dream
实现梦想的一个机会
44 get in the way of sth./doing sth. 妨碍某事
45 get to class late = be late for class 上课迟到
46 study with sb. 和某人学习
47 at least 至少
48frnish a test early 很早完成考试
take the test 参加考试
pass the test 考试过关
fail a test 考试不及格
49 eight hours’ sleep a night 一晚8小时睡眠
50 have a special day 有特别的一天
51 sing songs 唱歌
52 perform a play 表演
53 visit primary school 参观小学
54 help teach young student 帮助教小学生
55 be a great experience for sb.
对某人来说是一个很棒的经历
56 do other jobs 做其他工作
57 write for a newspaper office 写给报社(投稿)
58 volunteer in a newspaper office在报社做自愿
59 both A and B 两个…都
60 be sleepy 困倦的
61a long week of classes 上一周的长课
62 have Friday afternoons off 星期五下午休息
63 reply to sb. =answer the letter 给某人回信
。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。
『贰』 新目标初一英语语法总结
Unit 1
句子：
1.初次见面用语 课P2. 2C
What’s your name? My name is …/ I’m…
Nice to meet you !
2.问电话号码：
What’s your phone number?
What’s his/her phone number?
It’s 3272310.
词汇：
1. family name, first name, last name
语法：
1. 形容词性物主代词的用法
2. 人称代词主格的用法
3. 基数词：1至10的读法和写法
Unit 2
句子
1.Is this / that your pencil?
Yes, it is. No, it isn’t.
2. What’s this in English?
It’s a pen/ ruler/ book….
How do you spell pen/ ruler/book?
P-E-N.
核心知识
1. 认识26个字母，辅音字母，元音字母
2. 认识一般疑问句的句式
写作：课P11.3a
Found and Lost
Unit 3
句子：
1.介绍别人或某物
This is … That is …
These are … Those are …
词汇：课P13 1a
写作：
1.学习英语信的格式
2.课P17 以信的形式介绍相片中人物
Unit 4
句子 询问地方
Where is / are … ？It’s …/ They are …
核心知识
1. 词汇 课P24 1
2. take 与bring 的区别
3. there be 的用法
4. on the wall
5. 介词：on , in , under , behind ,
next to , between…and…
6. 认识特殊疑问句的句式
熟读：P23.3a , P24. 3 , Grammar Focus
Unit 5
句子
1. Do you have …？ Yes, I do. No, I don’t.
2. Does he / she have …?
Yes, he / she does. No, he / she doesn’t.
3. Let’s …
4. That sounds good / interesting.
That’s a good idea.
5. Welcome to …
核心知识
一、there be 与have 的区别
二、一般现在时
用 法 1.现阶段经常性习惯性动作
2.目前的状态
3.客观真理
常用时间状语 sometimes, often, every day, usually, always 等
构 成 1.动词用原形 I like it.
2.当主语是第三
人称单数时，动
词要加-s(-es) She likes it.
He likes it.
Ann goes to work.
3.be 动词用
am，is, are I am a teacher.
He is a boy.
They are girls.
否
定
形
式 1.don’t+动词原形 I don’t like it.
They don’t like it.
2.当主语是第三人称单数时，则为:
doesn’t+动词原形 He doesn’t like it.
Ann doesn’t go to work.
一般
疑问
句 把do 或does 放在主语的前面，后面动词用原形 Do you like it?
Does Ann like it?
Does he like it ?
附：动词第三人称单数的构成规则
情 况 方法 例词
一般情况 加－s reads, says
以ch, sh, x,s或o 结尾的词 加－es teaches,
guesses
finishes
以“辅音字母＋y”结尾的词 把y改为i再加－es fly--flies
try--tries
carry--carries
熟读
课本：P25 1a , P26 G.F. , P27 3b,
P28 1a , P30 1与3
Unit 6
句子 询问所喜欢的东西
1. Do you like….？ Yes, I do. No, I don’t.
2. Does he like …? Yes, he does. No, he does.
核心知识
1.一般现在时
2. 可数名词与不可数名词
3. lots of 4. go on picnic
5. health, healthy, healthily
6. P36 1
熟读
课本： P31 1a , P32 G. F. , P35 3a, P36 1
Unit 7
句子
问价格
1. How much is this T-shirt? It’s 10 dollars.
2. How much are they? They are 100 dollars.
问颜色
1. What color do you want ? What color is it?
购物用语：P39 3a
1. Can I help you? What can I do for you?
2. Yes, please. 3. I’ll take it .
4. Thank you. 5. You’re welcome.
6. Have a look.
核心知识
两位数的基数词读法与写法 P40
熟读
课本 P37 1c， P38 G. F.， P 39 3a ，
P40 1b， P41 3a ， P42 1与3
Unit 8
句子
1. When is your birthday?
2. My birthday is January fifteenth.
3. What year were you born?
4. I was born in 1999.
5. When were you born?
6. I was born in January first,1999.
核心知识
1. 基数词和序数词
基变序口决
基变序有规律， 词尾加上-th ；
一二三特殊记， 单词结尾t d d ；
八减t , 九减e , f 要把ve替 ；
ty 把y 改为i , 记住前还有e ；
若遇到几十几， 只把个位变序。
2. 名词所有格
3. 年、月、日表达法
(1) 年的读法：用基数词，两位一读
(2) 月份名称的首字母要大写
(3) 日期：用序数词表示，前面可加the ,也可省略，但读要读出the
(4) 年、月、日在英语中的顺序是
月、日、年
4. 时间介词 in, on , at
5. how old
6. be born
7. basketball game
熟读
课本 P47 1a , P48 2a 2d , P52 1
写作
自我介绍(姓名、年龄、生日、爱好、出生地等)
Unit 9
句子
1. Do you want to …? Yes, I do . No, I don’t.
2. Does he want to …?
Yes, he does. No, he doesn’t.
3. What kind of movies do you like?
I like action movie.
核心知识
1. 并列连词 and , but
2. on weekends 3. want to do sth.
4. look at 5. a lot
6. in a word 7. act, actor
8. in fact 9. 一般现在时
10. 名词复数形式
写作
谈论自己爱好的电影类型 课本P56－57
熟读 课本 P54 G.F. , P55 3a
Unit 10
句子
1. Can you play the guitar?
Yes, I can. No, I can’t
2. Can he/ she sing?
Yes, he/she can. No, he / she can’t.
3. What can you do ?
4. What club do you want to join?
核心知识
1. 情态动词 can 表能力
2. play the guitar / drums / piano
3. play chess 4. help sb. with sth.
5. be good with 6. music-----musician
7. talk to
熟读 课本 P60 G.F. , P63 3a对话 P64 3
Unit 11
句子 问时间
1. What time do you go to school?
I go to school at 7a.m.
2. What time does he / she go to school?
He / She goes to school at 8a.m.
感叹句 what 引导
核心知识
1.一般现在时 2. 时刻读法
3. on TV 4. go to bed
5. go to school 6. go to work
7. get up 8. get home
9. thanks for 10. take a shower
11. eat breakfast / lunch / dinner
12. do homework 13. listen to
14. and then 15. like to do
16. a little 17. put on
18. take 搭车 19. all night
20. in the morning / afternoon / evening
写作
记一天所做的事情 课本P67 3a , P69 3a
熟读 课本 P38 1a 2a 2b
Unit 12
句子
1. What’s your favorite subject?
My favorite subject is English.
2. Why do you like …? Because it is interesting.
核心知识
1. 名词所有格 2. 星期
3. have math / Chinese 4. then , next
写作 课本P75 3a, P76 3
介绍自己一天所上的科目以及自己最喜爱的科目，为什么？
熟读 课本 P72 G.F. , P 75 3a , P 76 3
『叁』 小学新标准英语1-6册英语语法
楼上的不晓得了哈
如果初中才开始学我保证如果你的小孩不是天才就是吊车尾
一般疑问句的IS ARE DO DOES
第三人称单数
特殊疑问词：WHAT WHO WHERE HOW 等开头的
动词的三种时态
HOW WHAT引导的感叹句
这些就是小学毕业前必须学会的语法
1、陈述句肯定陈述句 a) This is a book. (be动词) b) He looks very young. (连系动词) c) I want a sweat like this. (实义动词) d) I can bring some things to school. (情态动词) e) There’s a computer on my desk. (There be结构)否定陈述句 a) These aren’t their books. b) They don’t look nice. c) Kate doesn’t go to No. 4 Middle School.
d) Kate can’t find her doll. e) There isn’t a cat here. (=There’s no cat here.)2、 祈使句肯定祈使句 a) Please go and ask the man.
b) Let’s learn English! c) Come in、 please.否定祈使句a) Don’t be late.
b) Don’t hurry.
3、 疑问句1) 一般疑问句
a) Is Jim a student?
b) Can I help you?
c) Does she like salad? d) Do they watch TV?
e) Is she reading?2) 选择疑问句
Is the table big or small? 回答 It’s big./ It’s small.3) 特殊疑问句 ～问年龄 How old is/are sb
How old is Lucy? She is twelve. ～问种类 What kind of sth
What kind of movies do you like?
I like action movies and comedies. ～问身体状况 How is sb…
How is your uncle? He is well/fine. ～问方式 How do/can you…How does/can he…
How do/can you spell it? L-double O-K. How do we contact you? ～问原因 Why do you…Why does she…
Why do you want to join the club? ～问时间 具体时间 What time
什么时候 When
What’s the time? (=What time is it?) It’s a quarter to ten a.m.. What time do you usually get up、 Rick? At five o’clock. When do you want to go? Let’s go at 7:00、 ～问地方 Where…
Where’s my backpack? It’s under the table. ～问颜色 What color …
What color are they? They are light blue. What’s your favourite color? It’s black. ～问人物 Who…
Who’s that? It’s my sister. Who is the boy in blue? My brother. Who isn’t at school? Peter and Emma. Who are Lisa and Tim talking to? ～问东西 What…
What’s this/that (in English)? It’s a pencil case. What else can you see in the picture? ～问姓名 What is/are sb name？
What’s your aunt’s name? Her name is Helen./ She’s Helen. What’s your first name? My first name’s Ben. What’s your family name? My family name’s Smith. ～问哪一个 Which …
Which do you like? I like one in the box. ～问字母 What letter is it? It’s big D/small f. ～问价格 How much are these pants? They’re 15 dollars. ～问电话号码 What’s your phone number? It’s 576-8349、 ～问谓语(动作进行时) What is /are sb doing
What is he doing？He’s watching TV. ～问职业(身份) What do/does sb do？
What do you do? I’m a teacher. What’s your father? He’s a doctor.
what与how引导的感叹句分述如下：
一、以what引导的感叹句，一般有三种形式，此时what为形容词，作定语，用来修饰它后面的名词或词组。
1、what+a/an+形容词+可数名词单数+主语+谓语！例如：
What a good girl she is!
她是个多么好的一个女孩啊！
2、what+形容词+不可数名词+主语+谓语！例如：
What bad weather is it?
多么糟糕的天气啊！
3、what+形容词+可数名词复数+主语+谓语。例如：
What good students they are!
他们是多么好的学生啊！
二、how引导的感叹句也有三种结构形式。此时how是副词，用来修饰其后的形容词或副词，也可以修饰动词。
1、How+形容词+主语+谓语！例如：
How hot it is today! 今天多么热呀！
2、How+副词+主语+谓语！ 例如：
How fast he runs! 他跑得多么快呀！
3、How+主语+谓语！ 例如：
How time flies! 光阴似箭！
一、 问候语 1、 Hello! / Hi! 你好！ 2、 Good morning / afternoon / evening! 早晨（下午/晚上）好！ 3、 I'm Kathy King. 我是凯西·金。 4、 Are you Peter Smith? 你是彼得·史密斯吗？ 5、 Yes, I am. / No, I'm not. 是，我是。/ 不，我不是。 6、 How are you? 你好吗？ 7、 Fine, thanks. And you? 很好，谢谢，你呢？ 8、 I'm fine, too. 我也很好。 9、 How is Amy / your wife / your husband? 爱米好吗？/你妻子好吗？/你丈夫好吗？ 10、 She is very well, thank you. 她很好，谢谢。 11、 Good night, Jane. 晚安，简。 12、 Good-bye, Mike. 再见，迈克。 13、 See you tomorrow. 明天见。 14、 See you later. 待会儿见。 15、 I have to go now. 我必须走了.二、课堂用语 16、 May I come in? 我能进来吗？ 17、 Come in, please. 请进。 18、 Sit down, please. 请坐。 19、 It's time for class. 上课时间到了。 20、 Open your books and turn to page 20、 打开书，翻到第20页。 21、 I'll call the roll before class. 课前我要点名。 22、 Here! 到！ 23、 Has everybody got a sheet? 每个人都拿到材料了吗？ 24、 Any different opinion? 有不同意见吗？ 25、 Are you with me? 你们跟上我讲的了吗？ 26、 Have I made myself clear? 我讲明白了吗？ 27、 Could you say it again? 你能再说一遍吗？ 28、 Any questions? 有什么问题吗？ 29、 That's all for today. 今天就讲到这里。 30、 Please turn in your paper before leaving. 请在离开前将论文交上。三、辨别物品 31、 What's this? 这是什么？ 32、 It's a pen. 是支笔。 33、 Is this your handbag? 这是你的手提包吗？ 34、 No, it isn't. / Yes, it is. 不，它不是。/是的，它是。 35、 Whose pen is this? 这是谁的笔？ 36、 It's Kate's. 是凯特的。 37、 Is that a car? 那是一辆小汽车吗？ 38、 No, it isn't. It's a bus. 不，那是一辆公共汽车。 39、 What do you call this in English? 这个用英语怎么说？ 40、 What is the color of your new book? 你的新书是什么颜色的？ 41、 How big is your house? 你的房子有多大？ 42、 How long is the street? 这条街有多长？ 43、 What's the name of the cat? 这猫叫什么名字？ 44、 Where's the company? 那个公司在哪儿？ 45、 Which is the right size? 哪个尺码是对的四、关于所有物 46、 What's this? 这是什么？ 47、 It's an air-conditioner. 这是空调。 48、 Is this yours? 这是你的吗？ 49、 Yes, it's mine. 是的，是我的。 50、 Where are my glasses? 我的眼镜在哪儿？ 51、 Do you know where I've put my glasses? 你知道我把眼镜搁哪儿了吗？ 52、 Over there. 在那边。 53、 On the desk. 在桌上。 54、 Is this your pen? I found it under the desk. 这是你的笔吗？我在桌下捡的。 55、 No. Mine is blue. 不是。我的是蓝的。 56、 Which is your bag? 哪个是你的包？ 57、 The bigger one. 大些的那个。 58、 The one on your right. 你右边的那个。 59、 Are these books all yours? 这些书全是你的吗？ 60、 Some of them are mine. 一部分是我的。五、 辨别身份 61、 Who are you? 你是谁？ 62、 I'm Jim. 我是吉姆。 63、 Who is the guy over there? 那边那个人是谁？ 64、 He's Bob. 他是鲍勃。 65、 Is that girl a student? 那个女孩是学生吗？ 66、 No, she isn't. 不，她不是。 67、 What do you do? 你是做什么的？ 68、 I'm a farmer. 我是个农民。 69、 What does he do? 他是干什么的？ 70、 He's a manager. 他是个经理。 71、 She must be a model, isn't? 她一定是个模特，不是吗？ 72、 I really don't known. 我真不知道。 73、 I have no idea about it. 我一点都不知道。 74、 Can she be a driver? 她可能是个司机吗？ 75、 Yes, I think so. 是的，我认为是。六、Year, Month And Day 年、月、日 91、 What day is it today? 今天星期几？ 92、 It's Monday today. 今天是星期一。 93、 What's the date today? 今天是几号？ 94、 It's January the 15th, 1999、 今天是1999年1月15日。 95、 What month is this? 现在是几月？ 96、 It's December. 现在是十二月。 97、 What year is this? 今年是哪一年？ 98、 It's the year of 1999、 今年是1999年。 99、 What will you do ring this weekend? 这周末你干什么？ 100、 Does the shop open at 9 am on weekdays? 这家店平日是早上9点开门吗？ 101、 It opens at 8 am on weekdays, but at 9 at weekends.平日上午8点开，但周末9点开。 102、 What will you do the day after on next? 后天你干什么？ 103、 What did you do the week before last? 上上星期你干了什么？ 104、 I'll work for the next 5 days. 我要工作5天（从明天算起） 105、 It's been 5 years since I last saw you. 我已5年没见你了。八、谈论事物 106、 Do you have a computer? 你有计算机吗？ 107、 Yes, I do. 是的，我有。 108、 He has that book, doesn't he? 他有那本书，是吗？ 109、 No, he doesn't. 不，他没有。 110、 Do you have any brothers or sisters? 你有兄弟或姐妹吗？ 111、 No, I'm a single son. 没有，我是独生子。 112、 Does your computer have a modem? 你的电脑有调制解调器吗？ 113、 Do you have shampoo here? 这儿有香波卖吗？ 114、 What a beautiful garden you have! 你的花园真漂亮。 115、 Any tickets left? 有剩票吗？ 116、 Do you have glue? I need some here. 你有胶水吗？我这里需要一点。 117、 I have some left. 我剩下一些。 118、 If you have more, please give me some. 如果你有多的，请给我。 119、 Do you have my pencil? 你拿了我的铅笔吗？ 120、 Yes, I have your eraser, too. 是的，我还拿了你的橡皮。九、叙述时间 121、 What time is it now? 现在几点？ 122、 It's two o'clock. 现在两点。 123、 It's a quarter past five. 现在是五点一刻。 124、 It's ten minutes to four. 现在差十分四点。 125、 It's half past nine. 现在是九点半。 126、 It's one o'clock sharp. 现在一点整。 127、 It's not four o'clock. 还没到四点呢。 128、 My watch says two o'clock. 我的表是两点钟。 129、 My watch is two minutes fast. 我的表快了两分钟。 130、 What's the time by your watch? 你的表几点了？ 131、 We must arrive there on time. 我们必须准时到那儿。 132、 There are only two minutes left. 只剩两分钟了。 133、 Can you finish your work ahead of time? 你能提前完成工作吗？ 134、 The flight is delayed. 飞机晚点起飞。 135、 The meeting is put off. 会议延期了。十、关于日期 136、 What day is today? 今天星期几？ 137、 Today is Monday. 今天星期一。 138、 What's the date today? 今天几号？ 139、 Today is May 21st. 今天是五月二十一号。 140、 When were you born? 你什么时候出生的？ 141、 I was born on September 1st, 1976、 我出生在1976年9月1日。 142、 What time? 什么时候？ 143、 You name the time. 你定时间吧。 144、 I'll meet you tomorrow. 我们明天见面。
『肆』 我想请英语高手帮我归纳下新目标英语的语法
英语的时态（tense）j是一种动词形式，不同的时态用以表示不同的时间与方式。
下面就英语中常见的八种基本时态进行阐述，其它的时态都是在这八种时态的基础上结合而成的。
一、 一般现在时：
1.概念：经常、反复发生的动作或行为及现在的某种状况。
2.时间状语： always, usually, often, sometimes, every week (day, year, month…), once a week, on Sundays,
3.基本结构：动词 原形 （如主语为第三人称单数，动词上要加（e）S）
4.否定形式：am/is/are+not;此时态的谓语动词若为行为动词，则在其前加don't,如主语为第三人称单数，则用doesn't，同时还原行为动词。
5.一般疑问句：把be动词放于句首；用助动词do提问，如主语为第三人称单数，则用does，同时，还原行为动词。
6.例句：. It seldom snows here.
He is always ready to help others.
Action speaks louder than words.
二、 一般过去时：
1.概念：过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态；过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为。
2.时间状语：ago, yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week(year, night, month…), in 1989, just now, at the age of 5, one day, long long ago, once upon a time, etc.
3.基本结构：be动词；行为动词
4.否定形式：was/were+not;在行为动词前加didn't，同时还原行为动词。
5.一般疑问句：was或were放于句首；用助动词do的过去式did 提问，同时还原行为动词。
6.例句：She often came to help us in those days.
I didn't know you were so busy.
三、 现在进行时：
1.概念：表示现阶段或说话时正在进行的动作及行为。
2.时间状语：now, at this time, these days, etc.
3.基本结构：am/is/are+doing
4.否定形式：am/is/are+not+doing.
5.一般疑问句：把be动词放于句首。
6.例句： How are you feeling today?
He is doing well in his lessons.
四、 过去进行时：
1.概念：表示过去某段时间或某一时刻正在发生或进行的行为或动作。
2.时间状语：at this time yesterday, at that time或以when引导的谓语动词是一般过去时的时间状语等。
3.基本结构：was/were+doing
4.否定形式：was/were + not + doing.
5.一般疑问句：把was或were放于句首。
6.例句：At that time she was working in a PLA unit.
When he came in, I was reading a newspaper.
五、 现在完成时：
1.概念：过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，或从过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态。
2.时间状语：recently, lately, since…for…,in the past few years, etc.
3.基本结构：have/has + done
4.否定形式：have/has + not +d one.
5.一般疑问句：have或has。
6.例句：I've written an article.
It has been raining these days.
六、 过去完成时：
1.概念：以过去某个时间为标准，在此以前发生的动作或行为，或在过去某动作之前完成的行为，即“过去的过去”。
2.时间状语：before, by the end of last year(term, month…),etc.
3.基本结构：had + done.
4.否定形式：had + not + done.
5.一般疑问句：had放于句首。
6.例句：As soon as we got to the station, the train had left.
By the end of last month. We had reviewed four books
七、 一般将来时：
1.概念：表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态及打算、计划或准备做某事。
2.时间状语：tomorrow, next day(week, month, year…),soon, in a few minutes, by…,the day after tomorrow, etc.
3.基本结构：am/is/are/going to + do；will/shall + do.
4.否定形式：was/were + not; 在行为动词前加didn't，同时还原行为动词。
5.一般疑问句：be放于句首；will/shall提到句首。
6.例句：They are going to have a competition with us in studies.
It is going to rain.
八、 过去将来时：
1.概念：立足于过去某一时刻，从过去看将来，常用于宾语从句中。
2.时间状语：the next day(morning, year…),the following month(week…),etc.
3.基本结构：was/were/going to + do；would/should + do.
4.否定形式：was/were/not + going to + do;would/should + not + do.
5.一般疑问句：was或were放于句首；would/should 提到句首。
6.例句：He said he would go to Beijing the next day.
I asked who was going there .
几种常见时态的相互转换
英语中的几种时态在一定情况下可以互相转换，以下是几种常见的转换形式：
一、 一般过去时与现在完成时的转换
在现在完成时中，延续性动词能与表示一段时间的状语连用，瞬间动词却不能。但是，可用别的表达方式：①瞬间动词用于“一段时间 + ago”的一般过去时的句型中；②瞬间动词可改成与之相对应的延续性动词及短语，与一段时间连用；③瞬间动词用于“It is + 一段时间 + since + 一般过去时”的句型中，表示“自从……以来有……时间”的意思，主句一般用it is来代替It has been;④瞬间动词用于“Some time has passed since + 一般过去时”的句型中。请看：
A. He joined the League two years ago.
B. He has been in the League for two years.
C. It is two years since he joined the League.
D. Two years has passed since he joined the League.
二、 一般现在时与现在进行时的转换
在一般现在时中，at加上名词表示“处于某种状态”，如at work（在工作）, at school（上学、上课）等。此短语可与进行时态转换。请看：
Peter is at work, but Mike is at play.
Peter is working, but Mike is playing.
三、 现在进行时与一般将来时的转换
在现在进行时态中go, come, leave, start, arrive等动词常与表示将来的时间状语连用表示将要发生的动作。如：I am coming, Mum! 意为“我就来，妈妈！”请看：
The train is leaving soon.
The train will leave soon.
一、一般现在时：表示现在经常反复发生的动作、状态、或习惯性的动作的状态。 一般的形式由be动词（am\is\are)或实义动词引导。 如：I am a student.我是一个学生。(am在句中为be动词) He swims in the pool.他在池里游泳。(swims在句中为实义动词)
二、现在进行时：表示现在正在进行的动作的时态。由be动词(am\is\are)+现在分词（动词加ing形式）构成。 如：I am working.我正在工作。 She is studying.她正在学习。
三、一般过去时：表示过去经常或偶然发生的动作，或存在的状态的时态。一般的形式和一般现在时差不多，由be动词的过去时（was\were)或实义动词的过去时引导。 如：I was a student.我以前是一个学生。（过去是学生） He swam(swim的过去时）in the pool. 他之前在池里游泳。
四、一般将来时：表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态的时态。 由will\shall + 动词原形或be动词原形构成。 如：I will be a student.我将成为一名学生。 He will swim in the pool.他将要到池里去游泳。
五、现在完成时：表示在过去发生但与现在情况有联系的动作或状态的时态。 由 have\has + 过去分词 构成。 如：I have talked.(talked 为talk的过去分词）我已经讲过话了。
四、“be going to+动词原形”与“will(shall)+动词原形”结构的转换
“be going to+动词原形”、表示打算、计划要做的事；将来时“will(shall)+动词原形”结构在书面语中，当主语为第一人称时，常用助动词shall。在口语中，所有人称都可以用will。请看：
We are going to visit the Great Wall next Sunday.
We shall visit the Great Wall next Sunday.
『伍』 八年级下册英语语法重点（新目标）
II. 重要句型
1. We’d better not do sth.
2. leave one. oneself
3. find one’s way to a place
4. stand on one’s head
5. make sb. Happy
6. catch up with sb.
7. pass on sth. to somebody
8. spend time doing sth.
9. go on doing sth.
10. get on well with sb.
11. be angry with sb.
12. be fed up with sth.
13. not…抄until…
14. make room for sb.
IV. 重要语法
1. 不定代词/副词的运用；
2. 反身代词的用法；
3. 并列句；
4. 形容词和副词的比较等级；
5. 冠词的用法；
6. 动词的过去进行时；
【考点扫描】
『陆』 初中英语语法大全 新目标
初中英语语法总结 一）在后面加。如：fathers, books, Americans, Germans, apples, bananas 二）x, sh, ch, s, tch后加es。如：boxes, glasses, dresses, watches, wishes, faxes 三）1）以辅音字母加y结尾的变y为i再加es 如：baby-babies, family-families, ty-ties, comedy- comedies, documentary-documentaries, story-stories 2）以元音字母加y结尾的直接加s。如：day-days, boy-boys, toy-toys, key-keys, ways 四）以o结尾加s（外来词）。如：radios, photos, 但如是辅音加o的加es：如: tomatoes西红柿, potatoes马铃薯 五）以f或fe结尾的变f为v再加es(s)。如：knife-knives, wife-wives, half-halves, shelf-shelves, leaf-leaves, yourself-yourselves 六）单复数相同（不变的）有：fish, sheep, deer鹿子, Chinese, Japanese 七）一般只有复数，没有单数的有：people,pants, shorts, shoes, glasses, gloves, clothes, socks 八）单词形式不变，既可以是单数也可以是复数的有：police警察局，警察, class班，同学, family家，家庭成员 九）合成的复数一般只加主要名词，多数为后一个单词。如：action movie-action movies, pen pal-pen pals; 但如果是由man或woman所组成的合成词的复数则同时为复数。如：man doctor-men doctors, woman teacher-women teachers 十）有的单复数意思不同。如：fish鱼 fishes鱼的种类, paper纸 papers报纸，卷子，论文, work工作 works作品，工厂, glass玻璃 glasses玻璃杯，眼镜, orange桔子水 oranges橙子, light光线 lights灯, people人 peoples民族, time时间 times时代, 次数, chicken 鸡肉 chickens 小鸡 十一） 单个字母的复数可以有两种形式直接加s或’s。如：Is (I’s), Ks (K’s)。但如是缩略词则只加s。如：IDs, VCDs, SARs 十二） 特殊形式的有：child-children, man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, mouse-mice, policeman-policemen, Englishman-Englishmen B）名词的格 当我们要表示某人的什么东西或人时，我们就要使用所有格形式。构成如下： 一）单数在后面加’s。如：brother’s, Mike’s, teacher’s 二）复数以s结尾的直接在s后加’，如果不是以s结尾的与单数一样处理。如：Teachers’ Day教师节, classmates’; Children’s Day六一节, Women’s Day三八节 三）由and并列的名词所有时，如果是共同所有同一人或物时，只加最后一个’s，但分别拥有时却分别按单数形式处理。如：Mike and Ben’s room迈克和本的房间（共住一间），Mike’s and Ben’s rooms迈克和本的房间（各自的房间） 2、代词 项目 人称代词 物主代词 指示代词 反身代词
人 称 主格 宾格 形容词 名词性
第一人称 单数 I me my mine myself
复数 we us our ours ourselves
第二人称 单数 you you your yours yourself
复数 you you your yours yourselves
第三人称 单数 she her her hers herself
he him his his himself
it it its its this that itself
复数 they them their theirs these those themselves
3、动词 A） 第三人称单数 当动词是第三人称单数时，动词应该像名词的单数变动词那样加s，如下： 一）一般在词后加s。如：comes, spells, waits, talks, sees, dances, trains 二）在x, sh, ch, s, tch后加es。如：watches, washes, wishes, finishes 三）1）以辅音字母加y结尾的变y为i再加es。如：study-studies, hurry-hurries, try-tries 2）以元音字母加y结尾的直接加s。如：plays, says, stays, enjoys, buys 四）以o结尾加es。如：does, goes 五）特殊的有：are-is, have-has B） 现在分词 当我们说某人正在做什么事时，动词要使用分词形式，不能用原形，构成如下： 一）一般在后加ing。如：spell-spelling, sing-singing, see-seeing, train-training, play-playing, hurry-hurrying, watch-watching, go-going, do-doing 二）以不发音e的结尾的去掉e再加ing。如：dance-dancing, wake-waking, take-taking, practice-practicing, write-writing, have-having 三）以重读闭音节结尾且一个元音字母＋一个辅音字母（注意除开字母组合如show –showing, draw-drawing）要双写最后的辅音字母再加ing。如：put-putting, run-running, get-getting, let-letting, begin-beginning 四）以ie结尾的变ie为y再加ing。如：tie-tying系 die-dying死 lie-lying 位于 4、形容词的级 我们在对两个或以上的人或物进行对比时，则要使用比较或最高级形式。构成如下： 一） 一般在词后加er或est(如果是以e结尾则直接加r或st)。如：greater-greatest, shorter –shortest, taller –tallest, longer –longest, nicer- nicest, larger -largest 二）以重读闭音节结尾且1个元音字母＋1个辅音字母(字母组合除外，如few-fewer fewest)结尾的双写结尾 的辅音再加er /est。如：big-bigger biggest, red-redder reddest, hot-hotter hottest 三） 以辅音字母＋y结尾的变y为i加er/est。如：happy-happier happiest, sorry-sorrier sorriest, friendly-friendlier friendliest(more friendly most friendly), busy-busier busiest, easy-easier easiest 四）特殊情况：(两好多坏，一少老远) good/well - better best many/much - more most bad/ill – worse worst little- less least old- older/elder oldest/eldest far- farther/further farthest/furthest 5、数词 (基变序，有规则；一、二、三，自己背；五、八、九、十二；其它后接th；y结尾，变为i, eth跟上去。) first, second, third; fifth, eighth, ninth, twelfth; seventh, tenth, thirteenth, hundredth; twenty-twentieth, forty-fortieth, ninety-ninetieth 二、句式 1.陈述句 肯定陈述句 a) This is a book. (be动词) b) He looks very young. (连系动词) c) I want a sweat like this. (实义动词) d) I can bring some things to school. (情态动词) e) There’s a computer on my desk. (There be结构) 否定陈述句 a) These aren’t their books. b) They don’t look nice. c) Kate doesn’t go to No. 4 Middle School. d) Kate can’t find her doll. e) There isn’t a cat here. (=There’s no cat here.) 2. 祈使句 肯定祈使句 a) Please go and ask the man. b) Let’s learn English! c) Come in, please. 否定祈使句a) Don’t be late. b) Don’t hurry. 3. 疑问句 1) 一般疑问句 a) Is Jim a student? b) Can I help you? c) Does she like salad? d) Do they watch TV? e) Is she reading? 肯定回答: a) Yes, he is. b) Yes, you can. c) Yes, she does. d) Yes, they do. e) Yes, she is. 否定回答: a) No, he isn’t. b) No, you can’t. c) No, she doesn’t. d) No, they don’t. e) No, she isn’t. 2) 选择疑问句 Is the table big or small? 回答 It’s big./ It’s small. 3) 特殊疑问句 ① 问年龄 How old is Lucy? She is twelve. ② 问种类 What kind of movies do you like? I like action movies and comedies. ③ 问身体状况 How is your uncle? He is well/fine. ④ 问方式 How do/can you spell it? L-double O-K. How do we contact you? My e-mail address is [email protected]. ⑤ 问原因 Why do you want to join the club? ⑥ 问时间 What’s the time? (=What time is it?) It’s a quarter to ten a.m.. What time do you usually get up, Rick? At five o’clock. When do you want to go? Let’s go at 7:00. ⑦ 问地方 Where’s my backpack? It’s under the table. ⑧ 问颜色 What color are they? They are light blue. What’s your favourite color? It’s black. ⑨ 问人物 Who’s that? It’s my sister. Who is the boy in blue? My brother. Who isn’t at school? Peter and Emma. Who are Lisa and Tim talking to? ⑩ 问东西 What’s this/that (in English)? It’s a pencil case. What else can you see in the picture? I can see some broccoli, strawberries and hamburgers. 11问姓名 What’s your aunt’s name? Her name is Helen./She’s Helen. What’s your first name? My first name’s Ben. What’s your family name? My family name’s Smith. 12 问哪一个 Which do you like? I like one in the box. 13 问字母 What letter is it? It’s big D/small f. 14 问价格 How much are these pants? They’re 15 dollars. 15 问电话号码 What’s your phone number? It’s 576-8349. 16 问谓语(动作) What’s he doing? He’s watching TV. 17 问职业(身份) What do you do? I’m a teacher. What’s your father? He’s a doctor. 三、时态 1、一般现在时 表示普遍、经常性的或长期性的动作时使用一般现在时，它有： Be 动词：She’s a worker. Is she a worker? She isn’t a worker. 情态动词：I can play the piano. Can you play the piano? I can’t play the piano. 行为动词：They want to eat some tomatoes. Do they want to eat any tomatoes? They don’t want to eat any tomatoes. Gina has a nice watch. Does Gina have a nice watch? Gina doesn’t have a watch. 2、现在进行时 表示动词在此时正在发生或进行就使用进行时态，结构为sb be v-ing sth + 其它. I’m playing baseball. Are you playing baseball? I’m not playing baseball
『柒』 新课程标准下怎样进行英语语法教学
一般来说，传统的语法教学是老师集中讲解，学生进行操练这种模式。但是事实证明，这种教学效果不怎么理想，因为学习者没有参与语言特征并加以理解运用。学生都是在机械地背诵和孤立地操练语法结构，这种教学模式是学习者产生枯燥乏味的感觉，所以学习者很难形成习惯去学习语法并在交际中进行运用。但是如果我们教师的概念更新、方法得当，那么英语语法教学完全能跳出传统应试的模式，同时能够充分发挥和体现学生的主观能动性。而值得注意的是，只有学习者能够运用语言进行交际，才能认为他们真正掌握了语言知识。当代英语教学专家张正东先生指出：“语法教学的目的不是为了掌握语法学,而是为了取得学习目的语的工具。学语法→用语法→丢掉语法。鉴于以上情况，我在近几年的教学实践中，对小学语法教学进行探讨试验，总结出了一些切实可行的教学方法，具体做法如下：
一，培养学生学习语法的自信心。很多学生一听语法课就不喜欢了，他们觉得学语法就是记语法规则，做大量的练习，所以不愿意学习下去。为此，我努力使自己的课堂生动化，使复杂的语法知识简单化，同时开展各种形式的小竞赛，内容丰富的小活动，尽量多讲一些关于英美国家的文化，生活故事等等。让他们更了解英语，更喜欢学习英语。如我在上比较级的时候，我准备了两个大苹果。上课时，我先拿出稍微小的苹果，说:“This
apple is big.”紧跟着拿出第二个更大的苹果,说:“But this one is
bigger.”；另外通过尺子、橡皮擦以及利用班级学生与学生之间的比较等进行教比较级，通过比较学生很容易掌握，同时不会感到枯燥乏味。另外，我还喜欢给孩子们讲故事，通过故事将语法教学渗透进去。英语故事教学体现了英语课程标准的精神，还可以激发和培养学生学习英语的兴趣，使学生树立自信心，养成良好的学习习惯和形成有效的学习策略，发展自主学习的能力和合作精神；
使学生掌握一定的英语基础知识和听说读写技能，形成一定的综合语言运用能力；培养学生观察、记忆、思维、想象能力和创新精神；帮助学生了解世界和文化的差异，拓展视野，培养爱国主义精神，形成健康的人生观，为他们的终身学习和发展打下良好的基础。
二，培养孩子们学习语法的兴趣。教师要用正确的方法引导孩子们学习语法，使学生对语法知识产生兴趣，这样他们才有学习的激情和热情。据调查统计，结果显示仅有百分之十三的小学生认为学习英语语法很有乐趣，这一结果不容乐观，这也充分表明了培养学生学习语法的兴趣这一任务任重而道远。因此，要提高小学英语语法教学的有效性，必须将培养孩子们的兴趣作为首要任务。首先，这是符合新课改的基本要求。新课程强调教师教学要重视学生的情感态度，要求用学生喜欢的方式教学。其二，这是符合孩子们的情感态度、心理特征的要求。小学生都喜欢听故事，爱唱歌曲，喜欢游戏表演等等，教师在课堂上用这些孩子们喜欢的方式教学，很容易将难懂的语法变得轻松有趣；同时也很容易培养孩子们的兴趣，让他们在吟唱童谣、游戏表演的过程中掌握了语言的规律。比如在讲解四年级上册Unit2
What day is it today?
这课时，教师可以充分利用孩子们爱表现自己的特征，将与学生生活息息相关的活动请孩子们自己来表现。具体做法是：教师可以在黑板上挂一个台历，请学生来表演台历的第一天星期日自己所做的事情，接下来可以依次翻开不同的一天，分别请学生来表演自己的生活场景中熟悉：What
day is it today? It is Sunday. I play badminton on Sunday. What day is
it today? It is Monday. I play table tennis on
Monday.再通过让学生自由组合成一组，同语言搭档进行会话，相互了解对方的日常生活。通过反复训练，同学就在愉快、有趣的表演活动中不仅掌握了语法知识点，而且能有创造性得进行实践交流。三．用游戏的方法让学生掌握语法的运用，使他们乐于其中，感到新鲜多味，乐趣无穷，进一步激发学生对于外语的学习兴趣。在教授第一人称和第三人称时，我采用了“传话”这个学生都很熟悉的游戏，我先说一句英语，如“I
am going to the swimming pool.”然后第一列同学用第三人称单数转变老师的话，“ She is going to
the swimming
pool.”，依次传下去，哪组最快哪组赢。再叫个别学生做小老师，以同样的方式进行人称和句子操练。这样的方式学生容易接受，也能达到学习的目的。
四.
将语法放到一种特定的情境中去学习。1、在课堂中创设真实的生活情景，这样使得学生更易理解和接受。2、用语法进行交际：情境设计要接近真实的交际，尽量做到幽默、有趣。
3、万变不离其宗：一个语法现象要在不同的相似情境中多次呈现，避免学生理解的僵化。 4、以教材情境为基础，不要任意扩展，以免增加难度。
5、以新带旧，使情境丰富而不生疏，综合而无难度。（这样做还可以对旧知识起到复习巩固的作用。）6、利用多媒体创设情境，借助游戏激发情绪加强印象，巧用现场素材增加实感。7、语法教学要注意不同的文化因素。8、情境应有真实性，应该是可能发生的事。在教语法时,创设不真实的情境,显得做作,别扭。我们在教形容词的比较级时,我们可以用学生的学习用具,如:尺子、铅笔、钢笔、橡皮、桌子等，也可以比衣服的大小、颜色、学生的高矮、胖瘦等,这样直观、有趣，又是发生在学生身边的，常用的东西，不一定非要去用多媒体。”
『捌』 新目标七年级英语语法及重点有那些
七年级<新目标英语> (上)重点句型和词组
七年级(上) Uints 1-6
I.重点句型
Starter
Good morning/afternoon/evening. Good morning/afternoon/evening.
How are you? I’m fine,/OK,thanks. Fine,thanks.
What’s this in English? It’s a map. It’s V.
Spell it please. K-E-Y.
What color is it/the key? It’s blue. The key is yellow.
Hello, Frank. Hello/Hi, Eric.
Unit 1 My name is Gina.
What’s your name? My name is Jenny. I’m Jenny. Jenny.
Nice to meet you. Nice to meet you , too.
What’s his name? His name is Jenny. Jenny.
What’s her name? Her name is Linda.. Linda.
What’s your first name? My first name is Jack. Jack.
What’s your last/family name? My last/family name is Green. It’s Green.
What’s your/his/her phone number? My /His/Her phone number is 234-4567
It’s 281-9176.
Unit 2 Is this your pencil?
Is that/this/it your backpack? Yes, it is. No, it isn’t . It’s his backpack.
This/That is my eraser.
How do you spell it/pen? P-E-N.
Call Allan at 486-67895 Call 685-6098 Call Mary. Phone # 235-7865.
Is that your computer game in the lost and found case? Yes, it is. No, it isn’t.
Unit 3 This is my sister.
That/This is his sister.
These/Those are my two brothers.
Is she your friend? Yes, she is. No, she isn’t.
Is he your brother? Yes, he is. No, he isn’t.
Thanks for the photo of your family.
Here is my family photo.
Who’s your sister? This/She is my sister.
Unit 4 Where’s my backpack?
Where’s my backpack? It’s under the table.
Where are your baseballs? They’re on the floor.
Is the baseball on the sofa? Yes ,it is. No, it isn’t.
I don’t know.
Are they on the bed? Yes, they are. No, they aren’t.
Are these/those your books? Yes, they are. No, they aren’t.
Please take these things to your sister.
Can you bring some things to school?
The keys are in the drawer.
Here’s my room.
Unit 5 Do you have a soccer ball?
Do you have a ping-pong ball? Yes, I do. No, I don’t.
Does he/she have a tennis racket? Yes, he/she does. No, he/she doesn’t.
Let’s play ping-pong.
It’s boring.
That sounds good/interesting.
I don’t have a ping-pong ball.
He/She doesn’t have a volleyball.
She/He has a great sports collection.
We have many sports clubs.
He watches them on TV.
Do you have some more paper? Yes, I do. No, I don’t.
Unit 6 Do you like bananas?
Do you like hamburgers? Yes, I do. No, I don’t.
Does he/she like a salad? Yes ,he/she does. No ,he/she doesn’t.
She/He likes hamburgers for lunch.
She doesn’t like hamburgers.
Let’s have French fries.
For dinner, she has chicken and tomatoes.
Great!
七年级（上）Units 7-12《新目标英语》重点句子和短语
I.重点句型
Unit 7 How much are these pants?
How much is this T-shirt? It’s seven dollars.
How much are these socks? They’re two dollars.
Can I help you? =What can I do for you?
I want a sweater.=I’d like a sweater.
What color do you want? Here you are.
I’ll take it. You’re welcome.
That’s OK. That’s all right.
The blue sweater is 7 dollars. We have sweaters at a very good price.
We have great bogs for only 12 yuan. We have T-shirts in red for 18 dollars.
Anybody can afford our prices!
Come and see for yourself at Huaxing Clothes Store!
Unit 8 When is your birthday?
When is your birthday? It’s October 25th. My birthday is October tenth.
When is your mother’s birthday? Her birthday is June 8th.
How old are you? What’s your age? I’m thirteen.
When is the school trip? Do you having a fun birthday?
Happy birthday!
Unit 9 Do you want to go to a movie?
Do you want to go to a movie? I want to see a comedy.
What kind of movies do you like? I like action movies and comedies.
She likes documentaries but she doesn’t like thrillers.
Do you like Beijing Opera? She thinks action movies are exciting.
She often goes to see Beijing Opera with her father.
Mike is English. Mike is an English boy.
Unit 10 Can you play the guitar?
What club do you want to join? I want to join the art club. I don’t know.
Can you swim? Yes,I can.
What can you do ? We can paint.
Can you play the guitar? Can you help kids with swimming?
Are you good with kids? We need help for our Beidaihe School Trip.
Come and join us. She can’t sing or dance.
She can play the piano but she can’t play the violin.
Musicians wanted for School Music Festival.
You can be in our school music festival.
Please call Zhang Heng at 622-6033. Come and show us!
Can I help you? May I know your name?
Why do you want to join the club?
Unit 11 What time do you go to school?
What time do you usually get up,Rick? I usually get up at 5 o’clock.
What time does Alicia take a shower? What a funny time to eat breakfast?
To get to work, he takes the umber 17 bus to a hotel.
The bus usually takes him to work at 19:15. Can you think what his job is?
What time is it?=what’s the time? It’s eight thirty.
When does Tom usually eat dinner? He usually eats dinner at around six-thirty.
Thanks for your letter. School starts at nine o’clock.
Please write and tell me about your morning.
Are you awake?
Unit 12 my favorite subject is science.
What’s your favorite subject? My favorite subject is science.
Why do you like P.E? Because it’s fun.
Who is your science teacher? My science teacher is Mr Wang.
When do you have math? I have math on Monday, Wednesday and Friday.
Why does he like science? After class I have volleyball for two hours.
I have Chinese history club. I don’t like any subject.
His “subject” is only running around with me.
Do you really not like school? It’s very exciting to have a Chinese friend.
II.词组
Units 1-6
answer the questions my two brothers
computer game an alarm clock
a ping-pong bat first name
last name family name
play tennis/ping-pong play volleyball/soccer/basketball
play sports play computer games
sports clubs watch TV
a great sports collection every day
a set of keys in the lost and found case
in English ice cream
lots of healthy food
telephone number phone number
French fries broccoli ice cream
ID card school ID card
pencil case pencil sharpener
family photo a photo of my family
thanks for very much
math book English book
take…to… bring…to…
in the backpack on the sofa
under the table video tape
tennis racket soccer ball
a baseball bat sports club
excuse me
Units 7-12
sell…to… buy…from… bags for sports
how much for yourself at a very good price
T-shirt in red come to clothes store
have a look (at) on sale
date of birth a boy of sixteen speech contest
English party school trip basketball / volleyball game
birthday party school day Art / music Festival
Chinese contest year(s) old how old
go to a movie see a comedy action movie
Beijing Opera learn about Chinese history
on weekends in the movie want to do sth.
play chess speak English say it in English
play the guitar /piano/ the drums music club
chess club swimming club basketball club
English club art club help wanted
be good with sb. help…with… musicians wanted
do Chinese Kung fu rock band school show
in the music room a little learn about
Thanks a lot. e-mail address
go to school what time get up
go home listen to eat breakfast/lunch/dinner
have/take a shower very long hours brush teeth
go to work watch TV get to work
take the number 17 bus (to) take sb. To… work all night
go to bed tell…about…. know about
in the morning/afternoon/evening do homework Best wishes!
science teacher favorite subject TV show
have math after class be strict with sb
after lunch play with like to do sth.
play sports after school
III.复数变化
this—these that-----those he/she/it-----they am/is-----are book---books
watch---watches family----families tomatoes ( key—keys, boy---boys )
foot---feet man---men woman---women
IV.介词
in on under next to near beside between…and… behind
of from after at around to about before
with
V.疑问词
where , who , what , what color , how , how old , why , how much
how many , when , which
VI.缩写形式
that’s =that is he’s=he is she’s=she is it’s=it is let’s=let us
they’re=they are isn’t=is not aren’t =are not don’t=do not doesn’t = does not
can’t=can not you’re=you are I’m=I am where’s=where is how’s=how is
who’s=who is what’s =what is name’s=name is here’s=here is can’t
we’re
VII.人称代词与所有格
I ---me--my you---you---your he---him---his she----her---her
it---it---its Anna---Anna’s they---them---their we---us---our
you---you---your
VIII.月份
January February March April May June July August September
October November December
IX.数字 （见课本 P 96 ）
X.星期
Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday
『玖』 新概念英语第一册说从字母音标语法这些基本的东西讲起，怎么直接就是课文从句子开始了
新概念英语应该是在学校学习到三年级以后，有了字母和音标的基础之后才学习的。所以，书上第一册没有。如果你想要学学习字母和音标，应该找老师学。
『拾』 初三英语语法全部 新目标的 要求每个单元的分开 就80分啦，拿走
新目标九年级英语重点基础语法归纳辅导
(一)现在完成时态
1,现在完成时的定义:现在完成时是表示在过去发生但与现在情况有联系的动作或状态的时态.
2,现在完成时的构成:现在完成时是由"助动词have/has+动词过去分词"构成的.
①助动词have/has可以与主语缩写为've/'s.
e.g. I have → I've We have → We've He has → He's It has → It's
②规则变化的过去分词与动词过去式一样.
③不规则变化的动词过去分词见表.Book 3 P255—257
3,现在完成时的基本句型.
①陈述句肯定形式.
e.g. I have had lunch. 我已经吃过午饭了. He has gone to Beijing. 他去北京了.
②陈述句否定形式.(在助动词have/has后+not,可缩写为haven't/hasn't)
e.g. I haven't had lunch. 我还未吃午饭. He hasn't gone to Beijing. 他还没有去北京.
③一般疑问句形式及其答语.(将助动词have/has提前,答语一般用have, has回答)
e.g. Have you had lunch 你吃过午饭了没 Yes, I have. No, I haven't.
Has he gone to Beijing 他去过北京了没有 Yes, he has. No, he hasn't.
否定回答还可以用:No, not yet. / No, never. / No, not even once等.
④特殊疑问句形式.(疑问词+一般疑问句)
e.g. Where has he gone 他去了哪里
4,现在完成时的三个基本用法.
(1) 现在完成时的第一个基本用法表示过去发生或已完成的某一个动作对现在造成的影响或结果.
e.g. Have you had lunch Yes, I have. I've just had it.
你吃过午饭没 有,吃过了,我刚刚吃的.(影响及结果:我现在饱了,不需要了)
He has gone to Beijing.
他已经去北京了.(影响及结果:他人现在不在这里了)
该用法常already(已经), never(从不), ever(曾经), yet(仍然), just(刚刚), before(以前)等副词(作状语)连用.
① already, just, ever, never常用于助动词之后,实义动词之前.
already, just多用于肯定陈述句.
e.g. She has already finished her work. 她早已干完了活.
Would you like to go to see the film No, I've seen it already.不,我已经看过了.(already偶尔会出现于句末)
They have just won a game. 他们刚刚赢了一场比赛.
有时already可以用于疑问句,表示期待肯定回答,或表示惊讶,意外.
e.g. Have you finished reading the book already 你真的已经读完这本书了 (表示惊讶)
ever多用于疑问句,问初次经历.
e.g. Have you ever spoken to a foreigner 你跟外国人讲过话吗 (问初次经历)
never多用于否定陈述句(注:本身表示否定意义)
e.g. He has never done such a thing, has he 他从来没有做过这样的事,不是吗 (否定)
② yet一般用于疑问句(已经)或否定句(还),常位于句末.
e.g. Have you got ready yet 你已经准备好了吗
He hasn't finished his homework yet. 他还没完成作业.
③ before一般位于句末.
e.g. I have never seen the film before. 以前我从未看过那部电影.
现在完成时的第一种用法常与以上的副词连用,因此这些词有时可以作为现在完成时的标志词.
(1) 现在完成时的第二个基本用法表示过去已经开始,持续到现在的动作或状态.该用法常和表示过去某一时刻延
续到现在的一段时间的状语连用.
①与for +一段时间连用,表示多久.
e.g. He has learned English for two years. 他已经学习两年英语了.
I have been here for three days. 我在这里已经3天了.
②与since +时间(起点)连用,表示自…以来.
e.g. His father has worked in that factory since 1991. 他爸爸自1991年以来都在这家工厂工作.
I've had a cold since last Friday. 自上星期五起我就感冒了.
③与since +一段时间+ ago连用,表示自…以前就….
e.g. Jim has waited there since half an hour ago. 吉姆自半个小时前就已经在那里等候了.
He has stayed here since three weeks ago. 他在这儿已呆了三个星期.
④与since +从句(从句用一般过去时)连用,表示自某事发生后就一直….
e.g. The Greens have lived in Beijng since they came to China. 格林一家自从来到中国后就一直住在北京.
I've known her since I came to work here. 自从我来这里工作就认识他了.
(3) 现在完成时的第三个基本用法表示到现在为止这一时期中多次动作的总和或所做过的工作的量的积累.
e.g. I have been to Beijing twice. 我去过北京两次.
We've learnt five English songs this year. 今年我们学了五首英语歌曲.
How many pages of the book have you read 这本书你读了多少页了
5,延续性与非延续性动词在现在完成时态中的使用.
(1)有一些动词是瞬间动词,也叫非延续性动词,这些动词一发生就结束了,常见的有:come, go, arrive, reach, leave,
begin, start, buy, join, die, borrow, get up, become, open, stop等.这些动词虽然可以用于现在完成时(说明某个
动作的结果还存在),但由于它们不能延续,因此不能跟表示一段的时间状语连用.(也即现在完成时的第二个
基本用法中不能使用非延续性动词).
e.g. Jim has come back. (正) 吉姆已经回来了.
Jim has come back for a month. (误) come back的动作不能延续一个月,因此错误.
(2)瞬间动词不可以用于有段时间的现在完成时态中,因此,若要解决这一问题,就应把它改为相应的延续性动词
或短语,主要有以下几种:
①用相应的延续性动词
如: buy → have borrow → keep come/go/become → be
put on → wear catch a cold → have a cold
②转换成be+名词
如: join → be a member of go to school → be a student
③转换成be+形容词或副词
如: die → be dead leave → be away begin → be on finish → be over
fall asleep — be asleep open → be open get up → be up close → closed
④转换成be+介词短语
如: come to/go to/arrive in (at)/get to/reach …→ be in/at… join the army → be in the army(军队)
e.g. I have borrowed the book. 我已经借了那本书.
I have kept the book for two days. 我已经借那本书两天了.
Jim has joined the band. 吉姆已经加入那乐队了.
Jim has been a member of the band for a month. 吉姆已经加入那个乐队一个月了.
His grandfather has died. 他祖父已经死了.
His grandfather has been dead for 2 years. 他祖父已经死了两年了.
My father has arrived in China. 我父亲已经到达中国了.
My father has been in China for a week. 我父亲已经在中国一个星期了.
(3)在否定句中,非延续性动词也可以与时间段连用.
e.g. I haven't borrowed books from the library since last year. 自去年以来我就没有在图书馆借过书.
Jim hasn't come back for a year. 吉姆已有一年没回来了.
6,现在完成时的几种常见的句型转换.
现在完成时可以转化成一般过去时,还可以转化成"It is/has been +时间段+since从句(用一般过去时)"等句型.
e.g. Jim has been back for a month. 吉姆已经回来一个月了.
= Jim came back a month ago. 吉姆一个月前就回来了.
= It is/has been a month since Jim came back. 自吉姆回来已经有一个月了.
= A month has passed since Jim came back.
I have kept the book for two days.
= I borrowed the book two days ago.
= It is / has been two days since I borrowed the book.
= Two days has passed since I borrowed the book.
7,现在完成时和一般过去时的区别:
现在完成时强调的是过去的动作对现在的影响,它和现在有密切的联系.现在完成时经常会出现下列的标志词.
如:already, yet, just, ever, never, several times, before, so far, for +时间段, since +时间点或从句等.一般过去时强调的是动作发生的时间,地点,不涉及对现在的影响,所以凡含有表示过去的时间状语的句子,都必须用一般过去时,不能用现在完成时.
(二)宾语从句
1,宾语从句的概说:宾语从句在复合句中作主句的宾语.
整个复合句结构如下:
I think (that) I have lost it. 我想我已经把它丢了.
主语 + 谓语 +(引导词)+ 主语 + 谓语
主句 宾语从句
由此可见宾语从句就是作及物动词,介词或某些形容词的宾语的句子.
2,由that引导的宾语从句.(即陈述句作宾语从句)
(1) 主句的谓语.
① 很多及物动词后都可接由that引导的宾语从句,如:think, hope, say, tell, know, see, hear, remember, mean等.
② 一些表示人的感情的形容词如sure, happy, glad, pleased, surprised, sorry, afraid等后面也可接由that引导的宾
语从句,表示产生这种感情的原因.
e.g. I'm sure (that) he will come tomorrow. 我肯定他明天会来.
I'm happy (that) I see you here. 我很高兴看到你在这里.
注意:如果主句与从句的主语一致,可把从句改为不定式,如果不一致,则只可用that从句.如②句可改写为
I'm happy to see you here. 而①句则不可改.
(2) 从句的引导词,即that.
在连词that引导的宾语从句中,that本身无意义,在句子中不但任任何成分,在口语或非正式文体中常常省略.
e.g. I hope (that) you'll have a good holiday. 希望你们假日愉快.
He says (that) the Chinese people are very friendly. 他说中国人民很友好.
(3) 从句的语序:宾语从句永远用陈述语序.
e.g. Does he know (that) she is a scientist 他知道她是科学家吗
Are you sure (that) you will win 你肯定你会赢吗
(4) 从句的时态.
若主句为一般现在时态时,则宾语从句要根据具体情况选择所需要的时态.
e.g. He says (that) he is ill now. 他说他现在病了.
He says (that) he has been ill for ten days. 他说他已经生病十天了.
He says (that) he was ill last week. 他说他上周生病了.
He says (that) he will return soon. 他说他很快就回来.
若主句为一般过去时,则宾语从句也要用某种过去时态.
e.g. He said (that) he was ill then. 他说他那时病了.
He said (that) he was doing his homework then. 他说他那时正在做作业.
若宾语从句说的是客观真理,自然现象等,要用一般现在时.
e.g. The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.老师说地球绕着太阳转.
(5) 否定的转移.
若主句的主语是第一人称(I, we),且谓语动词是think, guess, believe, suppose等时,如果要否定,只能否定主句,
而不能否定从句.
e.g. I don't think he will come tonight. 我认为他今晚不会来.
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(6) 含宾语从句的复合句的反意疑问句,一般情况下,根据主句主谓语来确定附加疑问句.
e.g. The teacher didn't say that he would come here, did he
但对于有否定转移的主从复合句来说,其附加疑问句的主谓语须根据从句来确定.
e.g. I don't think he can swim, can he 我认为他不会游泳,对吗
I believe he is a student, isn't he 我相信他是个学生,不是吗
3,由连接代词或连接副词引导的宾语从句.(即特殊疑问句作宾语从句)
(1) 主句的谓语:可由连接代词或连接副词引导的宾语从句的动词有see, tell, ask, answer, know, decide, find out,
show, choose, remember, forget等.
e.g. Do you know who will give us a talk 你知道谁将给我们做演讲吗
We asked him why he was late. 我们问他为什么迟到.
I am going to see how Kate is. 我准备去看凯特怎么样了.
(2) 从句的引导词.
由连接代词who, whom, whose, what和which引导,这些词在宾语从句中可作主语,宾语,表语和定语,因而不能省略.
e.g. Do you know who will give us a talk 你知道谁会给我们做演讲吗 (who在宾语从句中作主语)
Can you tell me whom you are waiting for 你能告诉我你在等谁吗 (whom在宾语从句中作宾语)
She asked whose jacket it was. 她问这是谁的夹克衫.(whose在宾语从句中作定语,修饰jacket)
I don't know whose that is. 我不知道那是谁的 (whose在宾语从句中作表语)
由连接副词when, where, why和how引导,这些词在宾语从句中作状语,不能省略.
e.g. Do you know when he will be back 你知道他何时回来吗
We asked him why he was late. 我们问他为何迟到.
I want to know where she lives. 我想知道她住在哪里.
(3) 从句的语序:特殊疑问句坐宾语从句,仍用陈述句的语序.
e.g. What day is it today Do you know → Do you know what day it is today
When will the train leave I want to know. → I want to know when the train will leave.
Where does she live Can you tell me → Can you tell me where she lives
How did you do it Please tell me. → Please tell me how you did it.
(4) 从句的时态:与that引导的宾语从句的时态一样.
(5) 注意:① 当what, which, whom, who等疑问代词作宾语从句里句末介词的宾语,又引导宾语从句时,句末的
介词不可随意省掉.
e.g. I don't know what they are looking for 我不知道他们正在找什么.
Do you know which room she lives in 你知道她住在哪个房间吗
②当宾语从句的主语与主句的主语(或宾语)一致,且从句谓语时态为将来时或表示将来意义,如should
时,从句可简化为疑问词(why 除外)+不定式.
e.g. I don't know where I should go. = I don't know where to go. 我不知道要去哪里.
I'll show you how you should do it. = I'll show you how to do it. 我将教你该怎么做它.
4,由if和whether引导的宾语从句
(1) if和whether用以引导宾语从句时意为"是否",该宾语从句是由一般疑问句变来的.其语序,时态变化和前两
种宾语从句一致.
e.g. Did he like this coat She asked. → She asked if / whether he liked this coat.
Will Mary be free tomorrow I don't know. → I don't know if / whether Mary will be free tomorrow.
(2) 一般情况下,whether和if用于引导宾语从句时可以通用,但在下列情况下,whether和if的用法有区别:
whether后可以接不定式短语,而if不能.
e.g. I can't decide whether to go to Beijing. 我不能决定是否去北京.
当引导的从句作介词宾语时,只能用whether,不能用if.
e.g. They're talking about whether they can finish the work on time. 他们正在谈论他们是否能按时完成工作.
whether引导的从句可移至句首,if则不行.
e.g. Whether this is true or not, I can't say. 这是不是真的,我不敢说.
动词discuss后面的宾语从句,只用whether引导,不用if.
e.g. We discussing whether we will have a sports meeting next week. 我们正在讨论下周是否举行运动会.
当从句中有 "or not" 时,or not可以紧接whether之后,也可以位于句末,此时,一般不用if.
e.g. Please tell me whether or not he'll come here. = Please tell me whether he'll come here or not.
请告诉我他是否会来这儿.
whether和if一般引导肯定形式的宾语从句,若宾语从句是否定形式,表示"是否"的连词只能用if.
e.g. We want to know if they won't come truly. 我们想知道他们是不是真的不来.
whether和if除共同可以引导宾语从句,各自还可以用来引导其他类型的从句.
① if可以引导条件状语从句,意为"如果",whether不能.
e.g. The students will go on a picnic if it is sunny tomorrow. 如果明天天气晴朗,学生们要去野餐.
② whether可以引导让步状语从句,意为"不管,无论"之意.
e.g. Hainan Island is the place to be, whether it's summer or winter.
不管是夏天还是冬天,海南岛都是应该去的地方.
(一)过去将来时
1,表示的意义和用法:过去将来时表示在过去的某一时间看来将要发生的动作或存在的状态,判断这一时态一定要
有用于表示"过去"的动作,而不是时间,过去将来时常用于主句是一般过去时的宾语从句中,少单独使用.
2,谓语结构.
(1). should / would +动词原形,第一人称用should / would 都可以,其他人称只用would.
e.g. You knew I should / would come. 你知道我会来的.
They told us that they would come back two days later. 他们告诉我们他们两天后会回来.
She said she would be free next week. 她说她下周会有空.
(2). was / were going to +动词原形
e.g. I thought they were going to visit me tonight. 我原以为他们今晚会来拜访我.
The radio said it was going to snow tomorrow. 收音机说明天将下雪.
3. 某些"移位"动词如go, come, arrive, travel, start, begin, leave, move, fly, return等的过去进行时也可用来表示
过去将来时.
e.g. He didn't say when he was coming. 他说没什么时候会来.
I was not sure if he was leaving for shanghai the next week. 我不确定他是否下周会去上海.
3,注意:
1. 在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中用一般过去时表示过去将来时.
e.g. She said she would ring you when he got to shanghai. 她说她到上海时将给你打电话.
Li Lei told me that he would go to the park alone if you didn't. 李雷告诉我,如果你不去公园的话,他独自去.
2. should / would 不一定都表示过去将来时,should可以作为情态动词,表示义务,"应该,应当" 而would 可以
表示客气,礼貌的请求,你能……吗
e.g. We should keep our classroom clean. 我们必须保持教室清洁.
Would you lend me your ruler 你能把尺子借给我吗
(二)过去完成时
1,过去完成时的定义:表示在过去某一时间或动作以前已完成的行为或存在的状态,即动作或状态发生在"过
去的过去".
2,过去完成时的构成:过去完成时是由"助动词had+动词过去分词"构成的.助动词had可以与主语缩写为'd
e.g. I had… → I'd He had… → He'd
3,过去完成时的基本句型与现在完成时的基本句型基本一样.
陈述句肯定形式:
e.g. They had read the book. She had arrived at Chaozhou.
陈述句否定形式:在助动词had后+not, 可缩写为hadn't
e.g. They hadn't read the book. She hadn't arrived at Chaozhou.
一般疑问句形式及其答语:将助动词had提前,答语一般也用had回答
e.g. Had they read the book Yes, they had. / No, they hadn't.
Had she arrived at Chaozhou Yes, she had. / No, she hadn't.
特殊疑问句形式:疑问词+一般疑问句
e.g. What had they read Where had she arrived
4,过去完成时的基本用法.
(1). 表示在过去某一时间之前已经发生或完成的动作,常与介词"by / before+过去的时间"构成的短语连用.
e.g. We had learned one thousand English words by the end of last term.
到上学期结束时,我们已经学了一千个单词.
By the time he was ten, Edison had built a lab for himself.
到爱迪生10岁的时候,他已给自己建了一个实验室.
He had got up before six o'clock yesterday morning. 昨天早上6时以前他就起床了.
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They had planted 1000 trees before 2000. 2000年以前他们已经种了1000颗树.
(2). 表示在过去某一动作之前就已经发生或完成了的动作,动作在前的用过去完成时,在后的用一般过去时.
e.g. He told me that he had sent a letter to me.
他说他已经给我寄来了一封信.("寄"先于"告诉")
该用法也常与when, before等引导的从句连用.
e.g. When I got to the cinema, the film had already begun.
当我来到电影院时,电影已经开始了.("开始"先于"到达")
Mother had already cooked supper before I returned home.
在我回到家之前,妈妈已做好了晚饭.("煮饭"先于"到家")
After I had finished reading the novel, I went to sleep.
在我读完这部小说之后,我睡觉了.("读完"先于"睡觉")
注意,因为after和before本身已表达了动作的先后关系,所以谓语动词常用一般过去时代替过去完成时.
e.g. After he finished his homework, he went to bed. 做完作业后他便上床睡觉了.
Where did you study before you came here. 你来这儿之前你在哪里学习.
还可以通过上下文表示.
e.g. I met him yesterday. We hadn't met each other for a long time.
昨天我遇到了他,我们彼此很久没有见面了.
(3). 表示从过去某一时间开始,持续到过去另一时间的动作或状态,往往与for, since引导的表示一段时间的短语或
从句连用.
e.g. Mr. Wang had taught in the school for six years before I came here.
在我来这儿之前,王老师已在这所学校任教了六年.
I received a letter from Tom last week. We had not heard from him since 1998.
上周我收到了汤姆的一封信.自从1998年以来我从未收到他的来信.
5,不用过去完成时的三种情况.
句子如有yesterday, last year, in 1996, three years ago等表示很确定的过去时间的状语,强调某动作或状态在该时间发生,谓语动词必须用一般过去时.
e.g. He was a worker three years ago. 三年前他是个工人.
He came here yesterday. 他昨天来过这儿.
汉语中虽然有"了""曾""过"等表示动作完成的字眼,但没有说明该动作是在过去某一时间或动作之前完成的,译成英语时要用一般过去时,不用过去完成时.
e.g. They finished reading five English story-books last year. 去年他们读完了五本英语故事书.
They went to Japan last year. 他们去年曾去过日本.
叙述在过去连续发生的两件以上的事,虽然时间有先后之别,但仍用一般过去时.
e.g. He got up quickly, ate a light breakfast and hurried to school by bike.
他飞快的起床,稍稍地吃了早饭,快速地骑车奔学校而去.
(三)动词不定式作主语.
动词不定式(短语),可以直接放置于句首担当句子主语.
e.g. To say is easy, but to do is difficult. 说起来容易,做起来难.
To learn a foreign languages is not easy. 学好一门外语不容易.
动词不定式作主语的句子,通常可以用形式主语"it"代替,同时把真正的主语,即动词不定式(短语)放在后面,以使句子平衡.即构成句型It + be +形容词+to do sth.
e.g. It's easy to say, but it's difficult to do. It's not easy to learn a foreign language.
如果要表示不定式动作的执行者,就在It + be +形容词+to do sth该句型中的不定式之前加for sb或of sb.
①在形容词hard, difficult, easy, necessary, important, impossible, good, helpful, useful, dangerous, safe等之后常用for sb,即构成句型:It + be + 形容词+for sb to do sth.
e.g. It's not easy for us to learn a foreign language well. 对我们来说学习好一门外语不容易.
It's dangerous for you to swim in the river. 在那河里游泳对你来说很危险.
该句型中的形容词修饰的是不定式,强调的是做某事怎么样.
②在形容词nice, kind, clever, foolish(愚蠢的), polite(有礼貌的), careless, careful等之后,常用of
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sb,即构成句型:It + be + 形容词+of sb + to do sth
e.g. It is very kind of you to help me. 你能帮助我,你真是太好了.
It was wrong of them to cut the trees. 他们砍伐树木是不对的.
该句型中的形容词主要修饰人,表示某人的性质或特征,强调的是这个人怎么样.
it作形式主语时,其后的谓语也可以是实义动词.
e.g. It took us five hours to get there. 我们用了5小时到达那里.
It made me happy to find my friends there. 发现朋友在那里令我很高兴.
动词不定式与疑问词how, what, when, where, which等构成不定式短语,也可作主语.
e.g. How to use the computer is the question. 如何使用电脑是个问题.
Where to go has not been decided. 去哪儿还没有定下来.
注意:主语,表语都为动词不定式时,不能用形式主语it代替不定式.
e.g. To see is to believe. 眼见为实.
(四)定语从句
定语从句的概念:在复合句中,用来修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句.被定语从句修饰的名词或代词叫做先行词,定语从句必须放在先行词之后,对先行词起修饰限定作用.
e.g. He is the man who I want to see.
先行词 关系词 定语从句
定语从句的引导词:
定语从句的引导词有关系代词that, which, who (whom, whose)和关系副词where, when, why两种,关系代词和关系副词放在先行词和定语从句之间,起联系作用,同时又在定语从句中充当一定成分.
关系代词引导的定语从句:
如果先行词是表示人的名词或代词,关系代词应用who (whom, whose) 和that.
e.g. This is Xiao Wang who / that gave us a talk yesterday. (who / that在从句中作主语)
这就是昨天给我们作报告的小王.
The man whom / that you saw last week has left the town. (whom / that