初中英语介词语法知识点总结

A. 总结初中英语“动词+介词”短语

look at…看…，
look like … 看上去像……，
look after …照料…
listen to…听……
welcome to…欢迎到……
speak to…对……说话
agree on 同意（某点）
agree with 同意（某人）
approve of 批准
argue with 争辩
arrive at 到达却（小地方）
arrive in 到达 （大城市、国家）
be used to 惯于
believe in 相信
belong to 属于
care for 照顾
comment on 评论
complain about 抱怨
consent to 同意
consist of 包括
count on 指望
decide on 决定
depend on 依靠
forget about 忘记
get though 通过
give up 放弃
go on 继续
hear about 听说
hear from 听取
insist on 坚持
keep on
laugh at 嘲笑
leave off
listen to 听
look at 看看
object to 反对
pay for 支付
rely on 依靠
set about
succeed in 成功
talk about 谈
talk to 交谈
think about 思考
think of 想到
vote for 投票
wait for 等待
wish for 祝愿
work for 工作
在以上短语之中，第一个单词都是动词，第二个是介词

B. 初中英语必须掌握的知识点

初中英语怎么学?初中英语学习技巧有哪些?

英语是从小学就开始学习的一门课程,但是很多的学生升到初中的时候会发现比较难学,可能会出现听不懂的问题,那么初中英语怎么学?

最后,你可能在学习到难点之后,需要请一个只属于你的老师,如果你真的想学习好这们课程,小编建议找一个老师,跟着他去学习,这样你才能弥补自己的不足,帮你躲过英语中的那些错误,时间一长你会发现你的英语成长的速度是非常快的,并且可以取得自己想要的成绩,希望这篇初中英语怎么学内容当中的技巧能够帮助到你,只要按以上的方式学习就可以取得自己想要的分数.

C. 初中英语总结.和所有重点及短语 单词 语法

由动词开头构成的短语、词组很多。复习时应分类处理：
一、动词+介词
1．look at…看…， look like … 看上去像……， look after …照料…
2．listen to…听……
3．welcome to…欢迎到……
4．say hello to …向……问好
5．speak to…对……说话
此类短语相当于及物动词，其后必须带宾语，但宾语无论是名词还是代词，都要放在介词之后。
二、动词+副词
“动词+副词”所构成的短语义分为两类：
A．动词（vt.）+副词
1．put on 穿上 2．take off脱下 3．write down记下
此类短语可以带宾语，宾语若是名词，放在副词前后皆可；宾语若是人称代词，只能放在副词的前面。
B．动词（vi）+副词。
1．come on赶快 2．get up起床 3．go home回家
4．come in进来 5．sit down坐下 6．stand up起立
此类短语属于不及物动词，不可以带宾语。
三、其它类动词词组
1.close the door 2.1ook the same 3.go to work/class
4.be ill 5.have a look/seat 6.have supper
7.1ook young 8.go shopping 9.watch TV/games
10. play games
[介词短语聚焦]
“介词+名词/代词”所构成的短语称为介词短语。现将Unitsl-16常用的介词短语按用法进行归类。
1．in+语言/颜色/衣帽等，表示使用某种语言或穿着……。
2．in + Row/ Team/ Class/ Grade等，表示“在……排/队/班级/年级”等。
3．in the morning/ afternoon/ evening/ 表示“在上午/下午/傍晚”等一段时间。
4．in the desk/ pencil-box/bedroom 等表示“在书桌/铅笔盒/卧室里”。
5．in the tree表示“在树上 (非树本身所有)”；on the tree表示“在树上(为树本身所有)”。
6．in the wall表示“在墙上（凹陷进去）”；on the wall表示“在墙上（指墙的表面）”。
7．at work（在工作）/at school（上学）/at home（在家）应注意此类短语中无the。
8．at + 时刻表示钟点。
9．like this/that表示方式，意为“像……这/那样”。
10．of短语表示所属关系。
11．behind/ beside/ near/ under+ 名词等，表示方位、处所。
12．from与to多表示方向，前者意为“从……”，后者意为“到……”。
另外，以下这些短语也必须掌握。如：on ty, after breakfast, at night, at the door, in the middle, in the sky, on one’s bike等。
[重点句型大回放]
1．I think…意为“我认为……”，是对某人或某事的看法或态度的一种句型。其否定式常用I don’t think…，
2．give sth. to sb./ give sb. sth. 意为“把……给……”，动词give之后可接双宾语，可用这两种句型；若指物的宾语是人称代词时，则只能用give it/ them to sb.
3．take sb./ sth. to…意为“把……(送)带到……”，后常接地点，也可接人。
4．One…, the other…/One is…and one is…意为“一个是……；另一个是……”，必须是两者中。
5．Let sb. do sth. 意为“让某人做某事”，人后应用不带to的动词不定式，其否定式为Don’t let sb，do sth.，或Let sb. not do sth. 另外，Let’s 与Let us的含义不完全相同，前者包括听者在内，后者不包括听者在内，
6．help sb. (to) do sth./help sb. with sth.意为“帮助某人做某事”，前者用不定式作宾补，后者用介词短语作宾补，二者可以互换.
7．What about…？/How about…？意为“……怎么样？”是用来询问或征求对方的观点、意见、看法等。about为介词，其后须接名词、代词或V-ing等形式。
8．It’s time to do…/ It’s time for sth. 意为“该做……的时间了”，其中to后须接原形动词，for后可接名词或V-ing形式。
9．like to do sth./like doing sth.意为“喜欢做某事”， 前一种句型侧重具体的一次性的动作；后一种句型侧重习惯性的动作，
10．ask sb.(not) to do sth. 意为“让某人(不要)做某事”，其中ask sb.后应接动词不定式，
11．show sb. sth. / show sth. to do. 意为“把某物给某人看”，该句型的用法同前面第2点。
12．introce sb. to sb. 意为“把某人介绍给另一人”；introce to sb.则是“向某人作介绍”。
[重点短语快速复习]
1.kinds of 各种各样的
2. either…or…或者……或者……，不是……就是……
3. neither…nor…既不……也不……
4. Chinese tea without, anything in it 中国清茶
5. take a seat 就坐
6. home cooking 家常做法
7. be famous for 因……而著名
8. on ones'way to在……途中
9. be sick/ill in hospital生病住院
10. at the end of在……的尽头，在……的末尾
11. wait for 等待
12. in time 及时
13. make one’s way to…往……（艰难地）走去
14. just then 正在那时
15. first of all 首先，第一
16. go wrong 走错路
17. be/get lost 迷路
18. make a noise 吵闹，喧哗
19. get on 上车
20. get off 下车
21. stand in line 站队
22. waiting room 候诊室，候车室
23. at the head of……在……的前头
24. laugh at 嘲笑
25. throw about 乱丢，抛散
26. in fact 实际上
27. at midnight 在半夜
28. have a good time=enjoy oneself玩得愉快
29. quarrel with sb. 和某人吵架
30. take one’s temperature 给某人体温
31. have/get a pain in…某处疼痛
32. have a headache 头痛
33. as soon as… 一……就……
34. feel like doing sth. 想要干某事
35. stop…from doing sth. 阻止……干某事
36. fall asleep 入睡
37. again and again再三地，反复地
38. wake up 醒来，叫醒
39. instead of 代替
40. look over 检查
41. take exercise运动
42. had better(not) do sth. 最好（不要）干某事
43. at the weekend 在周末
44. on time 按时
45. out of从……向外
46. all by oneself 独立，单独
47. lots of=a lot of 许多
48. no longer/more=not…any longer/more 不再
49. get back 回来，取回
50. sooner or later迟早
51. run away 逃跑
52. eat up 吃光，吃完
53. run after 追赶
54. take sth. with sb. 某人随身带着某物
55. take(good) care of…=look after…(well) （好好）照顾，照料
56. think of 考虑到，想起
57. keep a diary 坚持写日记
58. leave one by oneself 把某人单独留下
59. harder and harder 越来越厉害
60. turn on打开（电灯、收音机、煤气等）
61. turn off 关
[重温重点句型]
1．So + be／助动词／情态动词＋主语．
前面陈述的肯定情况也适于另一人（物）时，常用到这种倒装结构，表示“另一人（物）也如此。”前面陈述的否定情况也适于另一人（物）时，常用“Neither/ Nor + be／助动词／情态动词+主语．”这种倒装结构。
注意：“So+主语+be／助动词／情态动词．”这一句型常用于表示赞同，进一步肯定对方的看法，表示“的确如此。”“是呀。”
neither...nor... , both...and... , either...or... , not only...but also...等句型要遵循相邻原则。
2．Turn right／left at the first／second／…crossing.
这一指路的句型意为“在第一／二／……个十字路口向右／左拐。”相当于Take the first ／second／…turning on theright／left.
3．It takes sb．some time to do sth．
此句型表示“干某事花了某人一段时间。”其中的it是形式主语，后面的动词不定式（短语）才是真正的主语.
就等于spent time on sth / spent time in doing sth
4．…think／find + it + adj. + to do sth.
此句型中的it是形式宾语，不可用其它代词替代，形容词作宾语的补足语，后面的动词不定式（短语）才是真正的宾语。
5．What’s wrong with…？
此句型相当于What’s the matter/ trouble with…？后跟某物作宾语时，意为“某物出什么毛病了？”后跟某人作宾语时，意为“某人怎么了？”
6．too…to…
在so…that…复合句中，that后的句子是否定句时，常与简单句too…to…（太……而不能……）进行句型转换。
在so…that…复合句中，that后的句子是肯定句时，常与简单句…enough to…进行句型转换.
7．Sorry to hear that.
全句应为I’m sorry to hear that. 意为“听到此事我很难过（遗憾）。”常用于对别人的不幸表示同情、遗憾之意。
[重点句型、词组大盘点]
1. She used to be a Chinese teacher. 她过去是一位汉语老师。
[用法] used to + 动词原形，表示过去经常性的动作或存在的状态，含有现在不再如此之意。
[搭配] used to do的否定式可以是usedn’t to do或didn’t use to do.
[比较] used to do sth. 过去常做某事；be/ get used to doing sth. 习惯于做某事；be used to do sth. 被用来做某事。
2.…return it sooner or later.
……迟早要将它归还。
[用法] l)sooner or later意为“迟早”、“早晚”。
2)return此处用作及物动词，意为“归还”，相当于give back.
[拓展]return还可用作不及物动词，意为“返回”，相当于go back或come back。
3.No matter what the weather is like…无论天气……
[用法]no matter what 相当于whatever，其意为“无论什么”，引导状语从句。
[拓展]类似no matter what的表达方式还有：
no matter when无论什么时候
nbsp; nbsp;nbsp;no matter where无论什么地方
no matter who无论谁
no matter how 无论怎么样
4. A young man practised speaking English with Mr. Green.
一位年经人与格林先生练习讲英语。
[用法]practise doing sth. 表示“实践、练习（做）某事”。
[拓展]practice名词，“实践”、“实施”、“练习”；put a plan into practice实行某计划。
5. He encouraged everyone to take part in protecting our lakes, rivers, seas and oceans.
他鼓励大家参加保护我们的湖泊、河流和海洋的活动。
[用法]1)encourage用作动词，意思是“鼓励”、“支持”。
2)take part in“参加”，常表示参加活动。
3)protect 是动词，表示“防御”、“保护”。
[搭配]1)encourage sb. in sth.在某事上鼓励或支持某人
nbsp;encourage sb. to do sth.鼓励某人干某事
2)protect sh. from sth.使某人不受某事侵袭或伤害
6. …to warn people about sharks in the water. ……警告人们当心水里的鲨鱼。
[用法] warn用作动词，意思是“警告”、“警戒”。
[搭配]1)warn sb.+ that从句
2)warn sb. of sth. 警告某人某事
3)warn sb. to do sth.告诫某人做某事
4)warn sb. against(doing) sth.告诫某人当心某事/不要做某事
常用动词短语

1.have: have a cold\cough\fever\headache\pain have a great effect on
have a good time have a match\meeting\discussion had better do sth
have no choice but to do sth have a rest have on
2.make: make a promise make a decision make room for make sense make use of make a face make an effort to do sth make a living make up one’s mind to do sth make a mistake make a noise make a speech make an apology make it a rule
make it make into make…out of… make up
make of make from make a call
3.take: take a seat take a message for take an interest in
take off take on (a new look) take over take steps to do
take some measures to do sth take care take charge take part in
take place take the place of take turns to do sth take medicine
take up
4. go: go cold go hungry be gone go dad want a go
go skating\fishing\shopping\swimming go on doing sth go on to do sth go on with sth go down go well go head go out
go over go against go without go on a picnic go through
5.get: get down to doing sth get hurt\married\dressed\caught
get over get off get ready for get up get in get through get on well with get together get in to the habit of doing
get used to doing sth get rid of get tired of
6.put: put on put forward put off put out
put up put on weight put away put down
7.play: play an important part in play an important role in
play football play the piano
8.keep: keep back keep in touch with keep off keep out
keep one’s promise keep up keep up with keep sb from doing
keep on doing keep order
9.give: give away give out give off give up
give in give some advice on… give a talk on sth give first aid
10.come: come about come across come on come out
come to oneself come true come up
11.bring: bring down bring in bring up bring along
12.break: break down break out break away from
break up break into break off break in
13.turn: turn down turn to sb turn into turn off turn in turn over turn against turn away turn on
turn up turn out to…
14.look: look out look up look down upon look after
look at look for look around look over look as if
look forward to doing sth look back upon look into look on
15.do: do sb a favour do up do one’s hair do a good deed do wrong
1.弄清词语自身结构用法学生做题时往往仅限于依据词语的中文含义，简单对照。这样就造成了许多中文正确,而英语结构上的错误。如“允许某人干某事”，allow sb to do sth，而不可用做agree sb to do sth.“同意干某事”说allow doing sth.而agree却应为agree to do sth.再如:“希望某人去干某事”expect sb to do sth.不可说为hopesbtodosth.“建议某人去干某事”,说advise sb to do.就不可说是suggest sb to do sth.这是根据动词自身的基本用法而决定的。这些更需要学习中不断积累。

下面是一些常用动词的不同结构用法：
A.以下动词与不定式连用即afford to do sth .afford,agree,appear,arrange,ask,attempt,care,claim,dare,decide,demand,desire,determine,expect,failhappen,
help,
hope,intend,learn,man-age,mean,need,offer,plan,pretend,promise,refuse,seem,used,want,wish
B.以下动词与动名词连用即admit doing sth admit,advise,allow,appreciate,avoid,can’t help,consider,delay,dreamof,enjoy,escape,excuse,feellike,finish,forbid,giveup,imagine,insiston,keep,mind,miss,
order,persistin,practice,putoff,request,require,risk,stand,stop,suggest
C.以下动词与不定式复合结构连用即advise sb to do sth.advise,allow,ask,beg,callon,cause,consider,dependon,encourage,expect,find,force,get,hate,instruct,invite,like,
long for,need,oblige,permit,persuade,prefer,remind,request,require,suppose,waitfor,warn,etc.let,have,make,(使役动词后的不定式去掉to)see,watch,observe,notice,look at,hear,listen to,feel(感官动词后的不定式去掉to)

常用动词短语

1.have: have a cold\cough\fever\headache\pain have a great effect on
have a good time have a match\meeting\discussion had better do sth
have no choice but to do sth have a rest have on
2.make: make a promise make a decision make room for make sense make use of make a face make an effort to do sth make a living make up one’s mind to do sth make a mistake make a noise make a speech make an apology make it a rule
make it make into make…out of… make up
make of make from make a call
3.take: take a seat take a message for take an interest in
take off take on (a new look) take over take steps to do
take some measures to do sth take care take charge take part in
take place take the place of take turns to do sth take medicine
take up
4. go: go cold go hungry be gone go dad want a go
go skating\fishing\shopping\swimming go on doing sth go on to do sth go on with sth go down go well go head go out
go over go against go without go on a picnic go through
5.get: get down to doing sth get hurt\married\dressed\caught
get over get off get ready for get up get in get through get on well with get together get in to the habit of doing
get used to doing sth get rid of get tired of
6.put: put on put forward put off put out
put up put on weight put away put down
7.play: play an important part in play an important role in
play football play the piano
8.keep: keep back keep in touch with keep off keep out
keep one’s promise keep up keep up with keep sb from doing
keep on doing keep order
9.give: give away give out give off give up
give in give some advice on… give a talk on sth give first aid
10.come: come about come across come on come out
come to oneself come true come up
11.bring: bring down bring in bring up bring along
12.break: break down break out break away from
break up break into break off break in
13.turn: turn down turn to sb turn into turn off turn in turn over turn against turn away turn on
turn up turn out to…
14.look: look out look up look down upon look after
look at look for look around look over look as if
look forward to doing sth look back upon look into look on
15.do: do sb a favour do up do one’s hair do a good deed do wrong

D. 初中英语重点归纳

一、冠词基本用法【速记口诀】名词是秃子，常要戴帽子，可数名词单，须用a或an，辅音前用a， an在元音前，若为特指时，则须用定冠，复数不可数，泛指the不见，碰到代词时，冠词均不现。【妙语诠释】 冠词是中考必考的语法知识之一，也是中考考查的主要对象。以上口诀包括的意思有：①名词在一般情况下不单用，常常要和冠词连用；②表示不确指的可数名词单数前要用不定冠词a或an，确指时要用定冠词the；③如复数名词表示泛指，名词前有this，these，my，some等时就不用冠词。二、名词单数变复数规则【速记口诀】单数变复数，规则要记住，一般加s，特殊有几处：/s/结尾，es不离后，末尾字母o，大多加s，两人有两菜，es不离口，词尾f、fe，s前有v和e；没有规则词，必须单独记。【妙语诠释】 ①大部分单数可数名词变为复数要加s，但如果单词以/t?蘩/、/?蘩/、/s/发音结尾(也就是单词如果以ch，sh，s，x等结尾)，则一般加es；②以o结尾的单词除了两人(negro，hero)两菜(tomato，potato)加es外，其余一般加s；③以f或fe结尾的单词一般是把f，fe变为ve再加s；④英语中还有些单词没有规则，需要特殊记忆，如child—children，mouse—mice，deer—deer，sheep—sheep，Chinese—Chinese，ox—oxen，man—men，woman—women，foot—feet，tooth—teeth。三、名词所有格用法【速记口诀】名词所有格，表物是“谁的”，若为生命词，加“’s”即可行，词尾有s，仅把逗号择；并列名词后，各自和共有，前者分别加，后者最后加；若为无生命词，of所有格，前后须倒置，此是硬规则。【妙语诠释】 ①有生命的名词所有格一般加s，但如果名词以s结尾，则只加“’”；②并列名词所有格表示各自所有时，分别加“’s”，如果是共有，则只在最后名词加“’s”；③如果是无生命的名词则用of表示所有格，这里需要注意它们的顺序与汉语不同，A of B要翻译为B的A。四、接不定式作宾语的动词【速记口诀】三个希望两答应，两个要求莫拒绝；设法学会做决定，不要假装在选择。【妙语诠释】 三个希望两答应：hope，wish，want，agree，promise两个要求莫拒绝：demand，ask，refuse设法学会做决定：manage，learn，decide不要假装在选择：petend，choose五、接动名词作宾语的动词【速记口诀】Mrs. P Black missed a beef bag. (P·布莱克夫人丢了一个牛肉袋。)【妙语诠释】 该句话中每个字母代表了一个动词或短语，这些动词要求后面跟动名词作宾语。这些动词分别是：M=mind， r=risk， s=succeed in，P=practice，B=be busy， l=look forward to，a=admit，c=can’t help， k=keep on， m=miss，i=insist on，s=suggest，s=stop，e=enjoy，d=delay，a=avoid，b=be worth，a=advise，g=give up。六、不定式作宾语补足语时省to的动词【速记口诀】一感，二听，三让，四看，半帮助【妙语诠释】 一感：feel；二听：hear，listen to；三让：make，let，have；四看：see，notice，watch，ob-serve；半帮助：help。七、形容词和副词比较等级用法【速记口诀】1. 比较级与最高级：两者比较than相连，三者比较the在前。2.同级比较：同级比较用原形，as…as永不离；as…as加not，只言两者是同一，若是not so…as，后强前弱不看齐。【妙语诠释】 ①比较级通常和than连用，而最高级通常跟有定冠词the；②同级比较一般用as…as表示“与…一样”，这时谁强谁弱不能比较出来，而not so…as则表示后者比前者强，翻译为“不如……”。八、反意疑问句用法【速记口诀】反意问句三要点，前后谓语正相反；短句not如出现，必须缩写是习惯；最后一点应注意，短句主语代词填。【妙语诠释】 ①反意疑问句的构成应该是“肯定的陈述句+否定的疑问”或“否定的陈述句+肯定的疑问”；②在短句中not必须与do，will，can等组成缩写形式；③在简短问句中，疑问句的主语必须是代词，而不能用名词形式。九、感叹句用法【速记口诀】感叹句，并不难，what、how放句前；强调名词用what，其余用how很简单。【妙语诠释】 由what引导的感叹句一般修饰名词，而how引导的感叹句一般修饰形容词、副词或句子。十、宾语从句用法【速记口诀】宾语从句须注意，几点事项应牢记。一是关键引导词，不同句子词相异。陈述句子用that；一般疑问是否(if，whether)替；特殊问句更好办，引导还用疑问词。二是时态常变化，主句不同从句异。主句若为现在时，从句时态应看意；主句若为过去时，从句时态向前移。三是语序要记清，从句永保陈述序。【妙语诠释】 宾语从句应注意三点：①引导词，陈述句一般由that引导，这时的that可以省略；一般疑问句则由if或whe-ther引导；而特殊疑问句则由特殊疑问词引导。②时态，主句是现在时态，从句可用所需要的任何时态；但如果主句是过去时态，从句时态所表示时间一般往前移一个时间段。③语序，宾语从句永远要用陈述句顺序。1. My son got up late this morning. He only had_______ for breakfast.A. two breadB. two slice of bread

E. 初中英语中所有介词

重点推荐：初中英语常用介词短语

1)at once 立刻

2)at last 最后

3)at first 起先，首先

4)at the age of… 在……岁时

5)at the end of… 在……之末

6)at the beginning of… 在……之初

7)at the foot of… 在……脚下

8)at the same time 同时

9)at night/noon 在夜里/中午

10)with one's help 在某人的帮助下，由于某人的帮助

11)with the help of … 在……的帮助下

12)with a smile 面带笑容

13)with one's own eyes 亲眼看见

14)after a while 过了一会儿

15)from now on 从现在起

16)from then on 从那时起

17)far example 例如

18)far away from 远离

19)from morning till night 从早到晚

20)by and by 不久

21)by air mail 寄航空邮件

22)by bike/air/train/bus 骑自行车/乘飞机/火车/汽车

23)by ordinary mail 寄平信

24)by the way 顺便说

25)by the window 在窗边

26)by the end of… 到……底为止

27)little by little 逐渐地

28)in all 总共

29)in fact 事实上

30)in one's twenties 在某人二十几岁时

31)in a hurry 匆忙

32)in the middle of 在……中间

33)in no time (in a minute) 立刻，很快

34)in time (on time) 及时

35)in public 公众，公开地

36)in order to 为了……

37)in front of 在……前面

38)in the sun 在阳光下

39)in the end 最后，终于

40)in surprise 惊奇地

41)in turn 依次

42)of course 当然

43)a bit (of) 有一点儿

44)a lot of 许多

45)a little 一点儿

46)on one's way to 某人在去……的路上

47)on foot 步行，走路

48)a talk on space 一个关于太空的报告

49)on the other hand 另一方面

50)at/on the weekend 在周末

51)on the left (right) 在左(右)边

52)on the other side of 在……另一边

53)on the radio 通过收音机(无线电广播)

54)to one's joy 使……高兴的是

55)to one's surprise 使……惊讶的是

另外有一个做了分类汇总的帖子

初中课本中常见介词短语分类列举

初中课本中常见介词短语分类列举

1.表示时间的介词及介词短语

F. 初中全部英语知识点和语法点

到新华书店英语专区就有各式各样的.有的还是袖珍式的,有的还配备了词汇大全,我就买了1本<<新课标基础知识及重点难点突破>>.跑一趟,相信会有所获.
网上也可以找到.

初中英语语法

学习提纲

一、词类、句子成分和构词法：1、词类：英语词类分十种：
名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。
1、名词(n.)： 表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如：boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange.
2、代词(pron.)： 主要用来代替名词。如：who, she, you, it .
3、形容词(adj..)：表示人或事物的性质或特征。如：good, right, white, orange .
4、数词(num.)： 表示数目或事物的顺序。如：one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth.
5、动词(v.)： 表示动作或状态。如：am, is,are,have,see .
6、副词(adv.)： 修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等。如：now, very, here, often, quietly, slowly.
7、冠词(art..)：用在名词前,帮助说明名词。如：a, an, the.
8、介词(prep.)： 表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如in, on, from, above, behind.
9、连词(conj.)： 用来连接词、短语或句子。如and, but, before .
10、感叹词(interj..)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如：oh, well, hi, hello.
2、句子成分：英语句子成分分为七种：主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。
1、主语是句子所要说的人或事物,回答是“谁”或者“什么”。通常用名词或代词担任。如：I’m Miss Green.(我是格林小姐)
2、谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态,回答“做(什么)”。主要由动词担任。如：Jack cleans the room every day. (杰克每天打扫房间)
3、表语在系动词之后,说明主语的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么样”。通常由名词、代词或形容词担任。如：My name is Ping ping .(我的名字叫萍萍)
4、宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果,回答做的是“什么”。通常由名词或代词担任。如：He can spell the word.(他能拼这个词)
有些及物动词带有两个宾语,一个指物,一个指人。指物的叫直接宾语,指人的叫间接宾语。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。如：He wrote me a letter . (他给我写了一封信)
有时可把介词to或for加在间接宾语前构成短语,放在直接宾语后面,来强调间接宾语。如：He wrote a letter to me . (他给我写了一封信)
5、定语修饰名词或代词,通常由形容词、代词、数词等担任。如：
Shanghai is a big city .(上海是个大城市)
6、状语用来修饰动词、形容词、副词,通常由副词担任。如：He works hard .(他工作努力)
7、宾语补足语用来说明宾语怎么样或干什么,通常由形容词或动词充当。如：They usually keep their classroom clean.(他们通常让教室保持清洁) / He often helps me do my lessons.(他常常帮我做功课) / The teacher wanted me to learn French all by myself.(老师要我自学法语)
☆同位语通常紧跟在名词、代词后面,进一步说明它的情况。如：Where is your classmate Tom ?(你的同学汤姆在哪里？)
3、构词法：英语构词法主要有：合成法、派生法和转换法。
1、合成法：如：spaceship, headache, basketball, playground等等。
2、派生法：
(1)派生名词：①动词+er/or ②动词+ing ③动词+(t)ion ④形容词+ness ⑤其他,如：inventor, learner, swimming, congratulation, kindness, carelessness, knowledge
(2)派生形容词：①名词+y ②名词+ful ③动词+ing/ed ④friendly ⑤dangerous ⑥Chinese; Japanese ⑦English ⑧French ⑨German
⑩国名+(i)an 如：snowy, sunny, hopeful,
beautiful, interesting, follwing, daily(每日的),nervous, delicious

(3)派生副词：①形容词+ly ②其它,如：slowly, angrily, full→fully, good→well, possible→possibly等等。
3、转换法：
(1)形容词→动词,如：dry(干燥的)→dry(弄干), clean(干净的)→clean(打扫,弄干净),等等。

(2)动词→名词,如：look, walk, rest, work, study, swim, go, talk等等。
(3)名词→动词,如：hand(手)→(传递),face(脸)→(面对)等等。
(4)形容词→副词,如：early→early, fast→fast等等。
(5)副词→连词,如：when(什么时候)→(当……时候),等等。
(6)介词→副词,如：in(到……里)→(在里面；在家),on(在…上)→(进行,继续),等等。
二、名词：1、英语名词可分专有名词和普通名词两大类：
1、专有名词是个别的人、地、物、团体、机构等的专用名称。
专有名词中实词的第一个字母要大写。
如：Beijing, Tom, the People’s Republic of China(中华人民共和国)

专有名词如果是含有普通名词的短语,则必须使用定冠词the。如：the Great Wall(长城)
姓氏名如果采用复数形式,则表示该姓氏一家人(复数含义),如：the Greens( 格林一家人)。
2、普通名词是许多人或事物的共有名称。如：pupil, family, man, foot.
普通名词又分为可数名词和不可数名词。
▲可数名词是可以用简单的数词进行计数的名词,如： box, child, orange；
▲不可数名词是不可以用简单的数词进行计数的名词。如：water, news, oil, population, information .
2、英语可数名词的单复数：英语可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。
1、名词由单数变复数的基本方法如下：
①在单数名词词尾加s。如：map → maps,boy→ boys,horse→ horses, table→ tables.
②s,o,x ,sh,ch结尾的词加es.如：class→classes, box→boxes, hero→heroes, dish→dishes, bench→benches.
[注]：少数以o结尾的词,变复数时只加s。如：photo→photos, piano→pianos.
③以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,变y为i,再加es。如：family→families, city→cities, party→parties.
④以f或fe结尾的名词,变f或fe为v,再加es。如：shelf→shelves, wolf→wolves, life→lives, knife→knives.
2、不规则变化：man→men, woman→women, sheep→sheep,tooth→teeth, fish→fish, child→children, ox→oxen, goose→geese
不可数名词一般没有复数形式,说明其数量时,要用有关计量名词。如：a bag of rice→two bags of rice, a piece of paper→three pieces of paper, a bottle of milk→five bottles of milk.

3、名词所有格：
1、名词所有格表示所属关系,相当于物主代词,在句中作定语、宾语或主语。其构成法如下：
(1)表示人或其它有生命的东西的名词常在词尾加’s。如：Childern’s Day(儿童节), my sister’s book(我姐姐的书)
(2)以s或es结尾的复数名词。只在词尾加’。如：Teachers’ Day(教师节)
(3)有些表示时间、距离以及世界、国家、城镇等无生命的名词,也可在词尾加’s. 如：
today’s newspaper(今天的报纸), ten minutes’ break(十分钟的课间休息),
China’s population(中国的人口).
(4)无论表示有生命还是无生命的东西的名词,一般均可用介词of短语来表示所有关系。如：
a fine daughter of the Party(党的好女儿).
2、[注解]：
① ‘s还可以表示某人的家或者某个店铺,如：my aunt’s(我阿姨家), the doctor’s(诊所)
② 两人共有某物时,可以采用 A and B’s
的形式,如：Lucy and Lily’s bedroom(露西和丽丽合住的卧室)
③ “of+名词所有格/名词性物主代词”,称为双重所有格,如：a friend of my father’s(我父亲的一位朋友), a friend of mine(我的一位朋友)

G. 初中英语动词、介词的用法及其固定搭配；初中英语的常用语法

初中英语动词的固定用法和搭配
1. allow sb. to do sth. 允许某人去做某事
My father allowed me to go out for a walk after finishing my homework.
2. asked sb. (not) to do sth. 叫某人做事某事(叫某人不要去做某事)
My father asked me to study hard. He asked me not to swim alone. be asked to do sth. 被叫去做某事/被邀请去做某事
I was asked to have a dinner with them yesterday.
3. be afraid to do sth. 害怕做某事 She is afraid to ask me questions.
4. be afraid of doing sth. 害怕做某事 I am afraid of going out at night.
5. be afraid of sth. 害怕某物 He is afraid of snakes.
6. be amazed to do sth. 对做某事感到惊讶 He was amazed to meet the girl there.
be amazed at sth. 对某事感到惊讶 they were amazed at the news
7. be busy doing/with sth. 忙于做某事 (常考) e.g: I was busy washing my car at that time. 那时候我正忙于清洗我的车子。 I am busy with my work.
8. be coming/going/leaving/fiying/moving/dying(某些位移动词用进行时态时表将来) the bus is coming/the dog is dying.
9. be excited to do sth. 对做……感到兴奋 Jacky was excited to travel there by plane. be excited at sth. Lily was excited at his words. be excited about doing sth. he was excited about passing the exam without going overing books.
10. be frightened to do sth. 害怕去做某事 Sam is frightened to ride a horse.
11. be glad/happy to do sth. 高兴去做某事 she is happy to clean the
blackboard with me. be pleased to do sth. 高兴做某事 she was pleased to help the old man yesterday be pleased with sth. 对某事感到高兴/满意 the teacher was pleased with my answer.
12. be interested in sth./doing sth. 对某事感兴趣/对做某事感兴趣 she is interested in swimming in the river. My brother is interested in Chinese.
13. be/get ready for/to do sth. Be ready for sth. 为某事做好了准备 We are ready for the exam. Be ready to do sth. 为做某事做好了准备We are ready to have a birthday party for her. get ready for sth.为某事在做准备 We are getting ready for the exam.
get ready for sth. 为做某事而做准备
13. be sorry to do sth. 对做某事感到抱歉
14. be surprised to do sth. 对做某事感到惊奇 be surprised at sth. 对某事感到惊奇
15. be worth doing sth. 值得做某事 (worth 后接动词-ing形式，常考)
16. begin to do sth. begin/start to do/doing sth.
17. can/be able to afford (to buy) sth. 有能力购买(供)……
18. can/may/must do sth. could/would/should/might do sth.
19. can’t wait to do sth. 迫不急待地去做某事
20. decide to do sth. 决定去做某事 make up one’s mind to do sth. 下决心去做某事 (常考) make a decision to do sth. 对做某事作出决定
21. deserve to do sth. 值得/应该做……
22. encourage sb. to do sth. 鼓励某人去做某事
23. enjoy doing sth. 乐意去做某事
24. expect (sb.) to do sth. 期望去做某事
25. fail to do sth. 做某事失败 succeed doing sth. 成功做了某事
26. finish doing sth. 做完某事(后接动词-ing形式) (常考)
27. follow sb to do sth. 跟随某人去做某事
28. get sb. to do sth. make sb. do sth. let sb. do sth.
29. get/have a chance to do sth. 得到一个做某事的机会
30. give/pass/show/lend/sell sb. sth./ sth. to sb. buy/get/bring sb. sth. / sth. for sb.
31. go on to do sth. 继续做事(常考) go on doing sth. 继续做事(常考)
32. hate to do/doing sth. 讨厌/不喜欢做某事
33. have fun doing sth.
34. have problems doing sth. 做某事遇到困难
35. have sb. do sth. have sth. done have sth. to do 有事要做
36. hear sb. do sth. 听到某人做某事(后接动词原形，常考) hear sb. doing sth. 听到某人正在做某事(常见)
37. help to do sth. 帮忙做某事help sb. (to) do sth. 帮助某人做某事
38. hope/wish to do sth. 希望做某事 wish sb. to do sth. 希望某人做某事
39. I t seems that 这像是……（后接从句） seem to do sth. seem +adj.
40. It’s + adj.+(for sb.) to do sth.
It’s + adj. +(of sb.) to do sth e.g: It’s glad for him to hear the news.
41. It takes sb. some time/money to do sth. 花费某人多长时间做某事(常考)
42. pay …for… cost spend…on….. it take …to do sth.
43. It’s best for sb to do sth.. 对某人来说做某事是最好的
had better do sth. 最好做某事 (注意had没有时态和人称的变化，better后接动词原形)
44. It’s time for sb. to do sth. 是某人做某事的时候了
45. keep (on)doing sth. 坚持做某事(常考) keep sb. doing sth. 让某人做某事(常考)
keep sb. from doing sth. 阻止某人做某事(常考) keep sb./ sth. +adj. keep the book for 2 days 借这本书两天(不要用borrow或lend)
46. learn to do sth. 学做某事 learn sth. from sb. 向某人学习
47. like to do/doing sth. 喜欢做某事 like sb. to do sth. 喜欢某人做某事
48. need to do sth. need doing sth./to be done need sth . needn’t do sth.
49. prefer to do sth. rather than do sth. 宁愿……而不愿……(常考)
prefer doing sth. to doing sth. 喜欢做……胜过做……
e.g: I prefer reading books to going shopping. 比起购物来，我更爱读书。
50. refuse to do sth. 拒绝做……
51. remember/forget to do sth. 记得/忘记做某事 remember/forget doing sth. 记得/忘记做过某事
52. see sb. do sth. 看见某人做某事 (结果)
see sb. doing sth. 看见某人正在做某事(正在进行中)
be seen to do sth. 做某事被看见
53. something to eat/drink 一些吃/喝的东西 (词不定式放在something等后修饰这些词)
e.g: I need something to eat. 我要一些吃的东西。
54. spend some time (in)doing sth. /on sth. 花费时间做某事(注意动词要用ing形式)(常考)
spend some money on sth./ doing sth. 买……花了多少钱
55. Sth. is hard/difficult/easy to do. 做好某事很难/容易
56. stop to do sth. 停下来去某事(两件事) (常考)
stop doing sth. 停止做某事(一件事) (常考)
stop sb. (from) doing sth. 阻止某人做某事(常考)
57. take turns to do sth. 轮流做……
58. tell sb. (not) to do sth. 叫某人去(不要)做某事 be told to do sth. 被告知不要做某事
59. There is no need (for sb.) to do sth. 对某人来说没必要做某事
60. There is no time (for sb.) to do sth.
have no time to do sth. 没时间做某事
61. too…(for sb.) to …太……以致不能……
so… that… not… enough to do
e.g: The boy is too young to go to school. 那男孩太小了以致不能上学。
62. try/do one’s best to do sth. 尽力去做某事 try to do sth. 试着(图)做某事
63. used to do sth. 过去常做某事( used to be + adj./ a +n)
e.g: Mr. wang used to be a teacher worker. 王先生过去是一位工人。 I used to live in the country. 过去我住在农村
64. want/would like to do sth. 想做…… want/would like sb. to do sth. 想某人做……
feel like doing sth. 喜爱做某事(注意like后接动词ing形式
65. warn sb. (not) to do sth. 警告某人做某事(或不要做某事
66. Why don’t you do sth.? Why not do sth ?
表示建议的句型还有：What How about……? (如果是动词，要用ing形式) Shall we……?
67. Would you like (sb.) to do sth.? Yes, I’d love to.
68. Would you mind doing sth.? 你介意做某事吗？
69. Would you please (not) do sth. 你可不可以不做……？
70. finish doing sth. enjoy doing sth. practise doing sth. be good at doing sth. be good at doing sth. thank you f
or doing sth. stop doing sth. be good at doing sth. give up doing sth mind doing sth stop sb from doing sth go on doing sth be busy doing sth see/hear/watch sb doing sth feel like doing sth hate
doing sth like doing sth do well in doing sth be afraid of doing sth be interested in doing sth make a contribution to sth/doing sth
71. 非延续性动词(终止性动词)
1) buy---have(has)had 2) borrow---have(has)kept 3)
leave---have(has)been away
4) go ---have(has)been away/in… 5) come ---have(has)here/in…
6) die ---have(has)been dead 7) join---have(has)been a member of/in…
8) begin---have(has)on 9) stop---have(has)been over
例如: 他的狗死了3天了.: His dog has been dead for three days. It is three days since his dog died. His dog died three days ago.
72. 感官动词:(主动语态不带to)1.hear/see/watch sb do sth 或 2.
hear/see/watch sb doing sth
1)We often hear him sing the song.
2)I saw him swimming in the river just now.
被动语态带to:
He is often heard to sing the song.
役使动词: (主动语态不带to) make/let sb do sth.
His father often makes him do this and that.
被动语态带to:
He is often made to do this and that by his father.