⑴ 仁爱英语八年级上册的全部知识点(就是句型,语法)
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⑵ 仁爱英语八年级上册语法
Unit 1 Playing Sports
Topic 1 What’s your favorite sport?
重点语法
一般将来时:
(一)be going to 结构: ①表示主语进行某一将来行动的打算、意图。这种打算常经过预先考虑并含有自己做好某些准备的意思,因此通常认为用be going to表达的行动很可能会见诸实践。 如:I’m going to play basketball with my classmates this Sunday.
我打算本周日和同学们一起打篮球。
She is going to buy a sweater for her mother.
她打算为她妈妈买一件毛衣。
②表预测。指根据迹象推测,而且马上或很快就要发生。
如:Look at those clouds. It’s going to rain. 瞧那些乌云!快要下雨了!
(二) will + 动词原形:表示单纯的将来事实,常与表将来的时间状语如:tomorrow, soon, later, next time(week/month/year…)等连用。will not = won’t; 缩略形式为’ll.
表示作出立即的决定。这种意图并未经过事先的考虑或计划,是临时的一种决定。
如:a. ----Please put your things away, Tom. 汤姆,把你的东西收拾好。
----I’m sorry. I’ll do it right away. 对不起。我马上就去做。
b. ----Would you like coffee or tea? 您要咖啡还是茶?--I will have a cup of tea,please. 我要一杯茶。c. Don’t worry. I’ll help you. 别担心。我会帮你的。
表示预测。指说话人对于将来的看法、假设和推测。
如: I’m sure our team will win next time. 我确信下次我们队会赢。
Maybe she will go to the gym. 也许她会去体育馆。
表示许诺。如: I’ll do better next time. 下次我会做得更好的。
I’ll visit you tomorrow. 明天我会去看你的。
句式:肯定句:I/She/He/They will go to play baseball soon.
否定句:I/She/He/They won’t go to play baseball soon.
一般疑问句:Will you/she/he/they go to play baseball soon?
回答:Yes, I/she/he/they will. No, I/she /he/they won’t.
(三)动词plan, come, go, leave, fly等用现在进行时表示将要发生的事.
如: I’m coming. 我就来。
He is leaving for Shanghai. 他将到上海去。
We are going to Beijing. 我们将去北京。
5. There be 句型的一般将来时
正:There will be a sports meeting in our school this weekend.
= There is going to be a sports meeting in our school this weekend.
误:There will have a sports meeting in our school this weekend.
= There is going to have a sports meeting in our school this weekend.
四、重点语法
(一) 情态动词: must 与 have to
① must "必须;一定”, 表示有做某一动作的必要或义务,侧重表达说话者的主观看法.(只有一种时态)如:We must wash hands before meals. 饭前我们必须洗手.
We must eat healthy food. 我们必须吃健康的食物.
② have to “不得不,必须”, 侧重表示因客观条件或客观环境的迫使而"不得不做某事".(可用于各种时态)
如:It’s too late. I have to go now. 太迟了.现在我得走了.
I had to borrow some money at that time. 那时我不得不借了一些钱.
*----Must we keep the windows open all the time?---No, we don’t have to. / No, we needn’t. (注意回答时不能用No, we mustn’t.)
1)Are you free this evening? = Do you have time this evening? 你今天晚上有空吗?
三.语法学习
1.I used to listen to rock music but now I collect telephone cards and paintings. (Page 53)
我过去常听摇滚乐,可现在我集电话卡和画。
used to do sth. 这一结构表示过去的习惯(过去经常反复发生的动作)或状态(暗含的意思是现在已不复存在),只有一种形式,即过去式,用于所有人称。used to的否定形式为:used not to do或didn’t use to do。疑问句为Used you to... ? 或 Did you use to...?如:
1)I used to go to school on foot.
我过去步行上学。(暗含的意思是:我现在不再步行上学了。)
2)Mary used to sleep late.
玛莉过去总是很晚才睡觉。(暗含的意思是:玛莉现在睡觉不再那么晚了。)
3)I used to walk along the road after supper.
我过去常常在晚饭后沿着这条马路散步。
4)He used not to like Peking opera, but now he’s very fond of it.
他过去不喜欢京剧,但现在非常喜欢。
现在大多数人在口语中或不太正式的书面语中对否定句和疑问句常使用与do 连用的形式。例如:
1)I didn’t use to like skating, but now I like it very much.
我过去不喜欢滑冰,但现在很喜欢。
2)Did you use to go there?你以往常去哪儿?
3)There used to be a theatre here, didn’t there?以前这里有一座剧院,是不是?
另外,注意be used to doing sth.与used to do sth.的区别:
be used to doing sth “习惯于…,适应于…”如:
1)He is used to working hard. 他习惯于努力地工作。2)He used to bring me roses when he came to see me. 过去他来看我时,常带玫瑰花。
3)I’m used to doing jogging in the morning now. 我习惯于早上慢跑。
be used to do sth.“某物被用来做某事”。如:
1)Wood is used to make paper. 木材被用来生产纸张。
2)Computers can be used to do a lot of work now. 如今电脑可用来做许多事。
2. Collecting stamps must be great fun! (Page 53)集邮肯定很有趣!
must在这里是情态动词,作用是用来表示推测,可以翻译为“想必”。如:
1)Your brother must be in the school. I saw him just now.
你的哥哥想必在学校。我刚才看见他了。
2)Your friend must have left for Nanjing yesterday.
你的朋友想必昨天已经离开去南京了。
3) She thought that her present must be in the box.她以为礼物一定是在盒子里。
4) You must be thirsty after a long walk.走了很长的路,你一定渴了。
5) It must be ten o’clock now.现在肯定有10点钟了。情态动词must的三种否定形式
must表示“必须”时,其否定回答为don’t have to,意思为“不需要”。如:
1)Must I pay back the money right now? No, you don’t have to.
我必须现在偿还这笔钱吗?不,你不需要现在还。2)You must listen to the teacher carefully in class.你必须在课堂上认真听讲。
must表示“推测”时,其否定形式为can’t,意思为“不可能”。如:
1)I’ve seen what she is talking about, so she can’t be telling lies.我目睹了她所说的事情,因此,她不可能在说谎。
2)Yesterday I received a letter from him, so he can’t be here. 昨天我收到了他的信,所以说他不可能在这儿。而must not的意思为“绝对不可,不许,禁止”。如:1)You must not smoke in the hospital.你绝对不可以在医院里吸烟。
2)You must not cross the road when the traffic lights are red.交通灯是红色时,你千万不能过马路。3.He doesn’t mind whether they’re good or not. 他并不介意它们是否是好的。
此句为以whether引导的宾语从句。whether...or not“不论是否……”。如:
1)You have to get up early everyday whether it rains or not.你必须天天早点起床,不论是否下雨。2)Whether we go or not matters little.不论我们是否去,关系不大。
if与whether的区别。
二者在引导宾语从句时一般可换用。如:
1)I want to know if / whether it is going to rain tomorrow.我想知道明天是否下雨。
2) He asked me if / whether Li Ping was at home.他问我李平是否在家。3) He didn’t understand if / whether the stranger told a lie.他不明白那个陌生人是否说的是假话。
但下列几种情况不能换用。
whether 后可紧接or not,而if一般不能。
Let me know whether or not you can come.
你能来还是不能来,请告诉我一声。
whether引导的宾语从句可移到主句前,if则不能。如:Whether this is true or not, I can not say.这件事是否真实,我说不上。
不定式前用whether,不用if。如:I haven’t decided whether to go to the cinema or to stay at home.我还没有决定是看电影还是留在家里。
介词后可用whether,不用if。如:
I haven’t settled the question of whether I’ll go back home.我是否回家还没有定。
Topic2 I like pop music
三.语法学习
1. What a pity! (Page 61)真遗憾!
这是一个由what引导的感叹句。what引导感叹句的基本构成为:
what + a / an +(形容词)+可数名词单数!
what +(形容词)+可数名词复数/不可数名词!如:1)What a stupid question!多么愚蠢的问题啊!2)What lively boys they are! 多么活泼的男孩子们啊2. What are you going to do this Sunday evening?(Page61) 这一周日晚上你想干什么1)“be going to” 是一般将来时的一种表达方法.它表示:
i) 现在打算在最近或将来要做某事. 如: Tom is going to Beijing with his father next week.
ii) 说话人根据已有的迹象认为可能要发生某事. 如: There are a lot of dark clouds. It’s going to rain.
2) “be going to”句式的基本结构:
肯定句:主语+be going to … eg. He is going to stay at school.
否定句:主语+be + not +going to… eg. I’m not going to the library this afternoon.
一般疑问句: Be +主语+going to… eg. Are you going to play tennis next week?
3)be going to 用于there be 结构时要用There be going to be + 主语+其它形式.
如: There is going to be a football game tomorrow.
4)与be going to 连用的时间状语有: next week/month/year, tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, this evening, in the future等.
Topic3 The movie is so wonderful!
三.语法学习 I was doing some washing. I was doing some cleaning. (Page 69)
我在洗衣服。 我在打扫卫生。这句用的是过去进行时.
1. 过去进行时表示过去某一时刻正在进行或发生的动作,也表示过去一段时间内的活动或那个阶段正在进行的动作.如:
He were watching TV at 8:00 last night.
They were writing a book last month.
1. 过去进行时由be (was/were)+动词ing 形式构成的,肯定句:主语+was/were +doing +…
否定句: 主语+wasn’t/weren’t +doing +…
一般疑问句: Was/Were+主语+doing+…
肯定回答:Yes, 主语+was/were.
否定回答:No, 主语+wasn’t/weren’t.
如: They were studying English at this tine yesterday.They weren’t studying English at this time yesterday. Were they studying English at this time yesterday?
Yes, they were. / No, they weren’t.
11. Then decide how you are going to spend your weekend. (Page 74)
然后决定你的周末怎么过。
spend度过;花费(时间、金钱)。结构有:spend...on sth., spend...(in)doing sth. 如:
1)He spent 5 yuan on the post card. 他买这张明信片花了5元钱。
2)They spent three days looking for the lost sheep on the hill.
他们用了三天的时间在山上找丢失的羊。
12. Did you have a good time? (Page 76) 你们玩得高兴吗?
have a good time = enjoy oneself过得愉快;玩得高兴。类似的说法还有have a great time, have a nice time, have a wonderful time。
三.语法学习 I was doing some washing. I was doing some cleaning. (Page 69)
我在洗衣服。 我在打扫卫生。这句用的是过去进行时.
1. 过去进行时表示过去某一时刻正在进行或发生的动作,也表示过去一段时间内的活动或那个阶段正在进行的动作.如:
He were watching TV at 8:00 last night.
They were writing a book last month.
2. 过去进行时由be (was/were)+动词ing 形式构成的,肯定句:主语+was/were +doing +…
否定句: 主语+wasn’t/weren’t +doing +…
一般疑问句: Was/Were+主语+doing+…
肯定回答:Yes, 主语+was/were.
否定回答:No, 主语+wasn’t/weren’t.
如:They were studying English at this tine yesterday. They weren’t studying English at this time yesterday. Were they studying English at this time yesterday? Yes, they were. / No, they weren’t.
Unit 4 Our World
三.语法学习
(一.)现在进行时与过去进行时的区别:
1.现在进行时表示现在正在发生或正在做的事情,基本结构be+现在分词。如:
肯定句:The robots are making a car now. 这些机器人正在生产小汽车。
否定句:We are not studying on the Internet. 我们没有在互联网上学习。
疑问句:Is the teacher looking up the word in the dictionary?这个老师正在词典中查这个词吗?特殊疑问句:Who am I talking to?我在和谁谈话?
2.过去进行时表示过去某一时间,正在发生或正在做的事情。基本结构was(were)+现在分词。
肯定句:When he came in,I was writing a letter.当他进来时,我在写一封信。
否定句:They weren’t watching TV while she was reading.她读书时,他们没在看电视。
疑问句:Was the UFO flying to us at 8 last night ?昨晚8点UFO向我们飞来了吗?特殊疑问句:What were you drinking while we were sleeping?我们睡觉时,你们在喝什么?
进行时态往往用在时间状语从句中,常与when,while等连词搭配。
(二.)be sure结构表示肯定和不肯定。be sure一般用来表示肯定,be not sure(whether/if)表示不肯定。
be sure后面可以跟不定式和宾语从句。跟不定式一般译为“一定……”,跟宾语从句,译为“确信……”。如:We are sure to repair the TV well. 我们一定修好这台电视机。
I’m sure you can finish your work. 我确信你能完成你的工作。Are you sure whether(if)he switched the computer on? 你确信他打开还是没有打开电脑?
三. 语法学习
反意疑问句:由陈述句(或祈使句、感叹句)加一个简短问句构成的疑问句叫反意疑问
句。实质是前面陈述句的反问句。一般对应规律:前肯后否;前否后肯。即陈述部分为肯定形式,附加问句用否定形式;陈述部分为否定形式,附加问句用肯定形式。
如:There are many pyramids in Egypt,aren’t there?在埃及有许多金字塔,不是吗?Sally visited the Great Wall last month,didn’t she?萨莉上个月参观了长城,不是吗?He doesn’t realize the importance of saving water,does he?他没有意识到节约用水的重要性,是吗?
特例点拨:①I’m your good friend,aren’t I?我是你的好朋友,不是吗?I don’t think you can rebuild the house,can you?我认为你不能重修这座房子,是吗?(I don’t think…主要在说think后的内容,故按从句变化)。
②陈述部分有nobody,nothing,never,no,few(没几个),little(几乎没有),hardly(几乎不)等否定或半否定词时,仍视为否定句。根据反意疑问句对应规律,疑问部分用肯定形式。如:There is nothing in the room,is there?屋子里什么也没有,是吗?
Maria never surports me,does she? 玛丽亚从未支持过我,是吗?
He had few apples,did he? 他几乎没有苹果,是吗?
③祈使句的反意疑问句:无论肯定或否定,通常在祈使句后加上will you?如:
Please close the door,will you?请关门好吗?
Don’t tear down the old walls,will you?不要拆毁古墙,好吗?
但以Let’s开头的祈使句用shall we?如:
let’s make a survey,shall we?我们做个调查,好吗?
⑶ 仁爱版八年级下册英语电子版教材下载
建议你去仁爱抄的官网去找,那里面还是比较全的。
网址:http://www.renai-e.com/default.htm
如果实在没有的可以找仁爱版的教师用书,附带的光盘上也有。
希望对你有帮助!望采纳!谢谢!
⑷ 仁爱英语八年级下册总复习(包括重要句型,语法,句子)
在句子中起宾语作用的从句叫做宾语从句.宾语从句分为三类:动词的宾语从句,介词的宾语从句和形容词的宾语从句.
时态:
1.主句用一般现在时,从句可用任意时态。
2.主句用过去时,从句用过去某个时态。
3.主句用过去时,从句是真理时,只用一般现在时。
一、宾语从句的连接词
从属连词
连接宾语从句的从属连词主要有that,if,whether.
that引导表示陈述句的宾语从句,而if和whether引导表示“是否”的宾语从句.
He told me that he would go to the college the next year
他告诉我他下一年上大学.
I don’t know if there will be a bus any more.
我不知道是否还会有公交车.
Nobody knew whether he could pass the exam.
没人知道他是否会通过考试.
连接代词
连接代词主要有who, whom ,whose ,what ,whoever ,whomever ,whosever, whatever, whichever等.
连接代词一般指疑问,但what, whatever除了指疑问外,也可以指陈述.
Do you know who has won Red Alert game?
你知道谁赢了这一局红警游戏吗?
I don’t know whom you should depend on.
我不知道你该依靠谁.
The book will show you what the best CEOs know.
这本书会告诉你最好的执行总裁该了解些什么.
Have you determined whichever you should buy,a Motorola or Nokia cell phone?
你决定好是买诺基亚还是摩托罗拉的电话了吗?
连接副词
连接副词主要有when,where,why,how,whenever,wherever,however等.
He didn’t tell me when we should meet again.
他没有告诉我什么时候我们能再见面.
Could you please tell me how you read the new panel?
你能告诉我怎么用这个新的操作盘吗?
None of us knows where these new parts can be bought.
没有人知道这些的新的零件能在哪里买到.
二、动词的宾语从句
大多数动词都可以带宾语从句
We all expect that they will win , for members of their team are stronger.
我们都预料他们会赢,因为他们的队员更强壮.
He told us that they would help us though the whole work.
他告诉我们在整个工作中,他都会帮忙的.
部分“动词+副词”结构也可以带宾语从句
I have found out that all the tickets for the concert have been sold out.
我发现这场音乐会的所有票都卖光了.
Can you work out how much we will spend ring the trip?
你能计算出这次旅行我们将花费多少钱吗?
动词短语也可以带宾语从句
常见的这些词有:
make sure确保 make up one’s mind下决心 keep in mind牢记
Make sure that there are no mistakes in your papers before you turn them in.
在上交试卷前确保没有任何错误.
可运用形式宾语it代替的宾语从句
①动词find,feel,consider,make,believe等后面有宾语补足语的时候,则需要用it做形式宾语而将that宾语从句后置.
I think it necessary that we take plenty of hot water every day .
我认为每天多喝开水是有必要的.
I feel it a pity that I haven’t been to the get-together.
我没去聚会,感觉非常遗憾.
I have made it a rule that I keep diaries.
我每天写日记成了习惯.
We all find it important that we (should) make a quick decision about this mater.
我们都认为对这件事马上做出决定很重要.
②有些动词带宾语从句时寻要在宾语与从句前加it
这类动词主要有:hate, take , owe, have, see to.
I hate it when they with their mouths full of food.
我讨厌他们满嘴食物时说话.
He will have it that our plan is really practical.
他会认为我们的计划确实可行.
We take it that you will agree with us.
我们认为你会同意我们的.
When you start the engine, you must see to it that car is in neutral.
开启发动机时, 一定要使汽车的离合器处于空挡位置.
③若宾语从句是wh-类,则不可用it代替
We all consider what you said to be unbelievable.
我们都认为你所说的是不可信的.
We discovered what we had learned to be valuable.
我们发现我们所学到的东西都是有用的.
三、介词的宾语从句
用wh-类的介词宾语从句
We are talking about whether we admit students into our club.
我们正在讨论是否让学生加入我们的俱乐部.
The new book is about how Shenzhou 6 manned spaceship was sent up into space.
这本新书是关于神州6号载人航天飞船是如何升如太空的.
用that,if引导的介词宾语从句
有时候except,but,besides三个介词后可见到that引导的宾语从句
I know nothing about my new neighbor except that he used to work with a company.
对于我的新邻居我只知道他曾在一家公司上班,其他一无所知.
四、形容词的宾语从句
常用来引导宾语从句的形容词有: sure,certain,glad,please,happy,sorry,afraid,satisfied,surprised
I am sure I will pass the exam.
我确信我会通过考试.
I am sorry that I have troubled you so long.
很抱歉我这么长时间在打扰你.
He is glad that Li Ming went to see him when he was ill.
他很高兴在他生病的时候李明能去看望他.
五、if,whether在宾语从句中的区别
① if和whether在作“是否”解时,引导宾语从句常放在动词know,ask,care,wonder,find out等之后,介词后一般不用if
② 少数动词,如:leave,put,discuss,doubt后的宾语从句常用whether.
③ whether后可以加or not,但是if不可以.
④ 在不定式前只能用whether.
(如:I can’t decide whether to stay. 我不能决定是否留下。)
⑤ 避免歧异时,我们常用whether而不用if.
六、哪些宾语从句不可以省略引导词that
当that作learn,suggest,explain,agree,wonder,prove,mean,state,feel,hold等动词的宾语时;
当宾语从句较长时;
当主语状语置于主句尾,宾语从句之前时;
当主语谓语动词(包括非谓语动词)与宾语从句之间有插入语时;
当一个动词带有两个或两个以上宾语从句时,此时第一个that可以省略,第二个that不可以省略;
当宾语从句中的主语是this,that或this,that做主语的定语时;
当宾语从句是双宾语中的直接宾语时;
当宾语从句的主语是非谓语动词或主语从句时;
当主语中的谓语动词是固定词组时;
当宾语从句有it做其先行词时;
在直接引语中,转述分句把宾语从句隔开时.
七、宾语从句的否定转移
主句的谓语动词是think,believe,imagine,suppose,consider,espect,fancy,guess等,并且主句的主语是第一人称而且为一般现在时,从句的否定词一般要转移到主句上来,其反义疑问句一般与宾语从句一致.
I don’t think he will come to my party.而不能说成I think he won’t come to my party.
我认为他不会来我的舞会.
I don’t believe that man is killed by Jim,is he?
我认为那个人不是Jim所杀的,是不是?
如果宾语从句中有某个含有否定意义的形容词或副词,其反义疑问句要用肯定形式.
We find that he never listens to the teacher carefully,does he?
我们发现他从来不仔细听老师讲课,是不是?
八、宾语从句的时态和语序
当主句为现在时或将来时,宾语从句的时态一般不受主句的时态所影响.
当主句为过去时
①从句用一般过去时或过去进行时表示与主句谓语动词动作同时发生
I only knew he was studying in a western country,but I didn’t know what country he was in.
我只知道他当时在西方的一个国家读书,可不知道是哪个国家.
He asked me if I was reading the story The Old Man and the Sea when he was in.
他问我他进来的时候我是否正在读<<老人与海>>.
②从句过去完成时表示该动作发生在主句谓语动作之前
He told me that he had told Mary about the meeting already.
他告诉我他已经把有关会议的事情告诉的了Mary.
③从句谓语用过去将来时表示该动作发生在主句谓语动作之后
The reporter asked if the government would take necessary measures to put down the to-do.
记者问政府是否会采取必要的措施镇压骚乱.
如果从句是一个客观真理,那么从句的时态不根据主句的时态而变化
The teacher said that the moon goes around the earth yesterday.
老师昨天说月亮绕着地球转.
当宾语从句的引导词是who,which,what,when,where,how,why等表疑问时,不能按正常语序安排,经常将这类引导词置于句首
Who do you think the public might choose as their favorite singer this year?
你认为今年公众会选谁为他们最喜欢的歌手.
[编辑本段]宾语从句(版本二)
学习宾语从句要抓住三要素:连接词、语序和时态。
1.连接词
连接词一般都是that(指事务或人),which(指事),who(指人)
1.从句为陈述句,常选择连接词that或将that省略,直接与主句相连。
2.从句为一般疑问句,常选择连接词if或whether。在 whether … or not 结构中不能用 if 替换。
3.从句为特殊疑问句,常选择what,when,where,which,who,how等的疑问代、副词作连接词。
注意:当who为主语时,句式为:who+谓语+其他
2.判断时态情况:
1.主句是一般现在时,从句为各种时态情况。
2.主句是一般过去时,从句为各种相应过去时态注意:从句描绘客观事实,用一般现在时。
eg:
1. The teacher told the children that the sun____ round.
A. was B. is C. were D. are
2. I believe that our team____ the basketball match.
A. win B. won C. will win D. wins
3. I don’t know____ to visit the old man.
A. whether B. if C. that D. who
4.The soldiers soon reached( )was once an old temple( )the villagers used as a school.
A.which;where B.what;which C.where;which D.what;where
答:选B,动词reach后接宾语从句,从句缺少宾语,where不可,which引导宾语从句时表疑问含义“哪一个…”而此句中并非疑问含义,不知道哪一座庙宇,而是用what从句表陈述含义,意“过去的一座旧庙宇”;temple后为对其修饰的定语从句,用关系代词which代替,并在从句中作动词used的宾语,use sth. as…“把…用作…
[编辑本段]宾语从句(版本三)
宾语从句,在复合句中作宾语,位于及物动词后。
eg.
Tell him which class you are in .
Do you know what he likes?
注:
(1)主、从句时态一致:
主句谓语过去时,从句相应过去时;
He answered that he was listening to me.
主句谓语现在时,从句时态任所需;
eg. He says (that) he will leave a message on my desk.
They know (that) he is working hard.
具体过去永不变,真理格言现在时;
eg.He told me that he was born in 1980.
Father told me that practice makes perfect .
(2)否定前移,及完成反意问句
在think / believe / suppose / guess / imagine / expect等动词后跟宾语从句否定式时,应转移到主句上去,完成反意问句时,应与从句主、谓保持一致。(注: 否定前移的条件是,主句主语是第一人称)
eg. I don't think you are right ,are you ?
I don't believe they have finished their work yet,have they ?
(3)运用虚拟语气的情况
在表示:
建议 suggest , advise
要求demand 、desire、require、request、propose;
决定 decide;
命令 order、command;
坚决主张 insist;
等动词后跟宾语从句,用(should)+v.(虚拟语气)
eg. I suggested that you(should)study hard.
He ordered that we should go out at once.
(4)宾语从句后置情况
如果宾语从句后有宾语补语,用it作形式宾语,把宾语从句后置
eg.You may think it strange that he would live there.
(5)宾从中that不可省略的情况
宾语从句that常可省略,但在以下情况下不能省略
A.当主句谓语动词带有两个或两个以上宾语从句时,可以省略第一个that,其他不能省略。
eg.I believe(that)you have done your best and that things will get better.
B.当it作形式宾语时
eg.She made it clear that she had nothing to do with him.
C.当宾语从句前置时
eg.That our team will win,I believe.
[编辑本段]宾语从句(版本四)
一、定义和宾从例句分析
宾语从句就是一个句子作动词或介词的宾语。
A 作动词的宾语:
I heard the news.
主语 谓语动词 名词作宾语
I heard that he would come here later on.
主语 谓语动词 一个句子作宾语---宾语从句
B 作介词的宾语:
He said nothing about the plan.
主语 谓语动词 代词作动词的宾语 介词 名词作介词的宾语
He said nothing about who broke the window last night.
主语 谓语动词 代词作动词的宾语 介词 一个句子作介词的宾语
二、带有宾语从句的复合句的构成
带有宾语从句的复合句就是用连接词把一个主句和一个宾语从句连接在一起。连接词有:that(可省略),what, who, when, where, why, which, if, whether, how.
1 He suggested (that) we should clean the corridor every day.
宾语
2 He told me (that) he would leave Dalian airport at 8pm.
间接宾语 直接宾语
3 He told me where he was going to travel that summer.
间接宾语 直接宾语
4 He wanted to know what the manager had said at the meeting.
who hadn’t passed the exam.
when she would leave this building.
why she cried last night.
where she was going to study.
which student was his partner in the short play.
if (whether) Tom could play basketball with him that morning.
how she managed to solve the problem.
why water flows from a high position to a lower position.
在例子4中,当主句是过去时态时(一般过去时,过去进行时,过去将来时,过去完成时),从句根据不同情况必须使用过去时态的一种,(大自然的现象和真理除外)。
5 He is wanting to know what I can cook for dinner.
who broke the window yesterday.
when I can have a holiday.
why I failed the exam yesterday.
where I should have dinner with my friend tonight.
which book is the best one.
if (whether) I have passed the exam.
how my cat escaped from the room last night.
在例子5中,当主语是现在时态时(一般现在时,现在进行时,一般将来时,现在完成时),从句可根据不同情况使用各种时态。
三、注意
A 宾语从句必须用陈述语序。
False: He is wondering when can he finish this difficult job.
Right: He is wondering when he can finish this difficult job.
B 有时候可以用it 作形式宾语,而把真正的宾语从句放在后面。
Bad: I thought that he could finish this job in just two hours impossible.
Good: I thought it impossible that he could finish this job in just two hours.
Bad: He left whether we should continue this project to my judgment.
Good: He left it to my judgment whether we should continue this project.
C 带有宾语从句的复合句的否定形式一般是否定主句。
Bad: I think he doesn’t like the English teacher.
Good: I don’t think he likes the English teacher.
D 主句一般过去时态,从句也要用过去时态;具体细节请看第一部分。
False: He wanted to know why he is crying in the corner.
Right: He wanted to know why he was crying in the corner.
unit7 topic2
1.Would you mind if...?/Would you mind +(形代)+Ving....?
回答:Of course not./No,not at all./Yes,youd'd better not.
2.①He runs less fast than me./He doesn't run fast as me.
②prefer ...to... like...better like...best
③Cars cost 100 times as much as bikes.
I run 3 times as fast as you./I run 3 times faster then you.(倍数+比较级+...)
④越来越... The more you eat,the fatter you are.
越来越瘦 thinner and thinner
越来越漂亮 more and more beautiful
⑤He runs faster then me./He runs fastest of all
/so then any other students
宾语从句是八下比较重要的,要复习就着重复习宾语从句的那几章吧!
⑸ 仁爱版英语八年级上的语法知识点归纳
Unit 2 Topic 1 1. have / catch s cold感冒; 2. see a dentist 看牙医; 3. have a toothache 牙痛 4. have a fever 高烧 5. have the flu 流感 6. have a sore eyes 眼睛痛 7. stay in bed 卧床休息 8. have a good sleep 睡得好 9. take / have a rest = take / have a break 休息一下 10. take some medicine 吃药 11. have a terrible/ bad cold 得重感昌 12. day and night 日日夜夜 13. not so well 不太好 14. lie down 躺下 15. brush the teeth刷牙 16. take care of = look after= care for 照顾;照料 17. check over = look over 检查 18. It’s nothing serious 没什么 19. two pills each time 一次两片 20. much better 好得多 21. have an accident 发生意外 22. hurt a lot 伤得重 23. worry about 担心 24. ice cream 冰激淋 25. plenty of =a lot of =lots of 许多大量 26. boiled water 开水 27. do exercise 做练习 28. care for = like 喜欢 29. take care = be careful = look out 小心 Topic 2 1. go to bed 睡觉 2. stay up 熬夜 3. be bad for 对……有坏外 4. play sports 做运动 5. give up doing 放弃做某事 6. at night 在夜晚 7. in the sun 在阳光下 8. throw ----- about 乱扔 9. ring the day = in the daytime 在白天 10. be necessary for对……来说是必需的 11. have a +部位ache = have a pain in +部位 ……疼 12. get headaches often经常头痛 13. see ----- off 为……送行 14. by mistake 错误地 15. ask for +时间段’s leave 请几天的假 16. need to do sth 需要去做…… 17. get into 进入 18. tidy rooms 打扫房间 19. sweep the floor 扫地 20. as we know 正如我们所知 21. in different ways 用不同的方法 22. too much + 不可数名词 23. too many +可数名词复数 24. walk to 走着去某地 25. less than 不如 Topic 3 1. hurry up 赶快 2. go ahead 开始干吧 3. do some cleaning 做清扫工作;打扫房间 4. all the time 一直 5. keep away from 远离…… 6. just a moment 等一下 7. call / ring sb up = give sb a call / ring 给某人打电话 8. since then 从那时起 9. Chinese medicine 中药 10. call back 回话 11. 时间段+later 多久之后 12. get through 通过 13. give sb the message 给某人捎信 14. take a message 捎信 15. come back 回来 16. go roller skating 滑旱冰 17. It’s one’s ty to do sth 做某事是某人的责任 18. long time no see 很久没见 19. teach oneself = learn ---- by oneself 自学 20. tell story 讲故事 21. water the flowers 浇花 22. cook for 为……做饭 23. play with 和……一起玩
⑹ 仁爱英语八年级下册的语法重点和重点句型
Review of Unit 1-6
I. language goals (语言目标)
1. Talk about how often you do things 谈论做事情的频率。
2. Talk about your health. Make suggestions.
谈论健康话题以及提出建议。
3. Talk about future plans.
谈论未来的计划/打算。
4. Talk about how to get to places.
谈论到达某地的方式。
5. Learn to make invitations, say yes to invitations and say no to invitations and give reasons.
学会发出,接受和拒绝邀请并说出原因。
6. Learn to talk about personal traits and how to compare people.
学会谈论个人品质以及如何比较人们。
II. Key Phrases (重点短语):
1. how often 多长时间一次
2. junk food 垃圾食品
3. a lot of 许多
4. hardly ever 很少
5. start with 以…开始
6. try to do sth. 试着去做某事
7. look after 照料
8. be kind of unhealthy 有点不健康
9. once a day 一天一次
10. twice a month 一个月两次
11. be good for 对…有好处
12. once in a while 偶尔
13. see a doctor / dentist 看病/看牙医
14. get a cold / fever 感冒/发烧
15. have a stomachache 肚子疼
16. have a toothache 牙疼
17. have a sore throat 嗓子疼
18. lie down and rest 躺下休息
19. drink hot tea with honey 喝加蜂蜜的热茶
20. be stressed out 紧张
21. listen to … 听…
22. get tired 变的疲劳
23. keep healthy 保持健康
24. at the moment 此刻;目前
25. watch TV 看电视
26. play basketball 打篮球
27. babysit her sister 照看她的妹妹
28. visit my friend 拜访我的朋友
29. relax at home 在家放松
30. sports camp 运动野营
31. something interesting
32. go hiking / camping / fishing / shopping / sightseeing
去徒步旅行/野营/钓鱼/购物/观光
33. go away 离开
34. get back to school 返回学校
35. stay for a week 呆一个星期
36. go bike riding 骑自行车兜风
37. takes walks 散步
38. rent videos 租录像带
39. sleep a lot 睡得多
40. think about 考虑
41. take the subway / bus / boat / plane
乘地铁/公共车/小船/飞机
42. get to 到达
43. go by bus / plane / boat 乘公共车/飞机/小船
44. train / subway / bus station 火车/地铁/公共车站
45. bus ride 乘公共车的旅行
46. ride a bike 骑自行车
47. bus stop 公共汽车站
48. on foot 步行
49. leave for 离开去…
50. school bus 学校班车
51. the early bus 早班车
52. be different from 与…不同
53. half past six 六点半
54. in North America 在北美洲
55. a quick breakfast 快捷的早餐
56. need to do 需要做…
57. more than 多于
58. play soccer 踢足球
59. baseball game 棒球比赛
60. school team 校队
61. come over to 过来到…
62. the day after tomorrow 后天
63. be good at 擅长于…
64. two years ago 两年前
65. be outgoing 外向的
66. all the time 一直
67. in some ways 在一些方面
68. look the same 看起来一样
69. talk to everyone 与大家谈话
70. make me laugh 使我笑
III. Key Sentence Structures 重要句型:
Unit 1:
1. -What do you usually do on weekends?
-I usually go to the movies.
2. -What does he sometimes do on weekends?
-He sometimes surfs the Internet.
3. How often do you exercise?
I exercise once a week.
4. How often does she eat vegetables?
She eats vegetables three times a day.
5. Most of the students go to the beach every year.
6. It makes a big difference to my grades.
7. My eating habits are pretty good.
Unit 2:
1. What’s the matter?
What’s wrong?
What’s the trouble?
2. I’m not feeling well. I have a cold / fever/ stomachache / sore throat.
/I have a lot of headaches.
3. Maybe you should see the doctor / dentist.
You should drink some hot tea with honey.
4. You shouldn’t eat anything for 24 hours.
5. Don’t get stressed out. It will make you sick.
6. I’m sorry to hear that you are not feeling well.
Unit 3
1. -What is she doing for vacation?
-She is babysitting her little sister.
-That sounds nice / interesting.
2. -When are you going?
-I’m going on Monday.
3. -Where are they going?
-They are going to Tibet.
4. -Who is she going with?
-She is going with her parents.
5. -How long is he staying.
-He is staying for a week.
6. -How is the weather there?
-I’m hoping the weather will be nice.
7. He is leaving for Hong Kong the first week in June.
8. Have a good time.
Unit 4:
1. -How do you get to school?
-I get to school by bus.
2. -How does he go to work?
-He usually walks to school.
3. -How long does it take?
-It takes about twenty minutes.
4. -How far is it from his home to school?
-It’s three miles.
5. What do you think of the transportation in your town?
Unit 5:
1. -Can you come to my party on Wednesday?
-Sure, I’d love to. / I’m sorry, I have to have a piano lesson.
2. -Can she go to the movies on Saturday?
-No, she can’t. She has to help her mom.
3. -Can you go to the concert on Monday?
-When is it?
-It’s at four o’clock on Friday.
4. Thanks a lot for the invitation.
5. I’m going to study for a test this evening.
6. What’s the date today?
初中英语知识总结--短语、词组和重点句型归纳
She used to be a Chinese teacher. 她过去是一位汉语老师。
[用法] used to + 动词原形,表示过去经常性的动作或存在的状态,含有现在不再如此之意。
初二语法复习
1. so+谓语+主语:…也一样. 谓语:be动词/助动词/情态动词
2. so+主语+谓语:的确如此,真的这样.
3. help yourself/yurselves to...请随便吃点...
4. 发现sb做sth : find sb doing sth
5. 不完全同意I don’t really agree.
完全不同意I really don’t agree.
6. 或者..或者...either…or…..就近原则
既不..也不..neither…nor….就近原则
既....又...both…and….谓语用复数
7. 看起来,似乎It seems/seemed that…..
8. 由于...而闻名be famous for….
⑺ 八年级下册英语仁爱版笔记
09版的仁爱英语八年级下册UNIT5-UNIT6的所有句子短语归纳
原答案:我自己做的笔记,希望对你有用,不过时间很少,我先发一部分给你。
我现在初二,所以初二下得只有到Unit 5.
给你提示下,其实课本后面那个附录很好,抄那个就好了,买那个教材讲解也好哈。很多的
U5T1
1.say thanks to sb.对某人道谢.
2.one of+复名 ...之一.
3.invite sb to do sth.邀请某人做某事
invite sb. to swh.邀请某人去某地
4. be popular with. 受...的欢迎
5.be proud of..
6.be pleased with.
7.be able to(各种时态)=can(一般现在、过去时态) 能...
8.seem to do sth.=It seems that+从句 看起来、似乎怎么样.
9.cheer sb up 使某人振作.
10.make peace with sb.与某人和谐
11.be full of= be filled with(被动语态)充满
12.make sb+abj. 使某人adj. make sb to do sth. 叫某人去做某事
13.be / get used to doing sth.习惯做某事
U5T2:1.it doesn't matter if+条件状语从句 没事.
2.have a talk with sb. = talk with sb.与某人谈话
3.be strict with sb. be strict in/about sth 对某人要求严格 对某事要求严格
4.be worried about sb/sth = worry wbout sb/sth担心某事
5.try to do sth尝试做.....
6.talk with sb about sth.与某人谈论某事
7.at the age of = when+时间状语从句 at one's age 在某人几岁时 在某人的这个年龄
8.deal with(how连用)= do with(what连用)处理
9.* as +adj/adv + as 与……一样……
10.not as/so +adj/adv. +as=...+adj/adv+than... 两者比较
11.refuse sth. refuse sb sth refuse to do sth.拒绝某事 拒绝某人某事 拒绝去做某事
U5T3
1.take turns to do sth轮流做某事
2.make sb+n. 选某人当n.
3.too+adj+(for sb)+to do sth=...not enough to do sth= so...that.... 太...以至于...
4.make a decision (to do sth.)= decide (to do sth.) 决定(做某事)
5.instead of = in place of除了
6.get back to sth. 回到某事上.
⑻ 八下仁爱英语句子结构
【解析】附件内容详细丰富
简单句的五种基本句型讲解及练习题
一、句子成份
英语句子成分有主语,谓语,宾语,宾语补足语,表语,定语,状语等。
顺序一般是主语,谓语,宾语,宾语补足语,而表语,定语,状语的位置要根据情况而定。
1、主语:表示句子主要说明的人或事物,一般位于句首。但在there be结构、疑问句(当主语不疑问词时)和倒装句中,主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。例如:
Country music has become more and more popular.(名词)
We often speak English in class.(代词)
One-third of the students in this class are girls.(数词)
To swim in the river is a great pleasure.(不定式)
Smoking does harm to the health.(动名词)
The rich should help the poor.(名词化的形容词)
When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.(主语从句)
Itis necessary to master a foreign language.(it作形式主语,真正的主语为后面的不定式)
2、谓语:谓语说明主语的动作,状态或特征。可以有不同的时态,语态和语气。
1)简单谓语: We study for the people.
2)复合谓语: I can speak a little English. We are reading books. He has gone to Beijing..
3、表语:它位于系动词(比如be)之后,说明主语身份,特征,属性或状态。
My sister is a nurse.
Is it yours?(代词)
The weather has turned cold.(形容词)
The speech is exciting.(分词)
Three times seven is twenty one?(数词)
His job is to teach English.(不定式)
His hobby(爱好)is playing football.(动名词)
The ruler must be in your box.(介词短语)
Timeis up. The class is over.(副词)
The truth is that he has never been abroad.(表语从句)
4、宾语:宾语表示动作行为的对象,跟在及物动词之后,We like English.
How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.(数词)
They helped the old with their housework yesterday.(名词化形容词)
It began to rain.(不定式短语)
I enjoy listening to popular music.(动名词短语)
I think(that)he is fit for his office.(宾语从句)
有些及物动词可以带两个宾语,往往一个指人,一个指物,指人的叫间接宾语,指物的叫直接宾语。
He gave me some ink.
有些及物动词的宾语后面还需要有一个补足语,意思才完整,宾语和它的补足语构成复合宾语。如:
We make him our monitor(班长).
5、宾补:就是宾语补足语,就是补充说明宾语的 I see you crossing the street
His father namedhim Dongming.(名词)
They painted(涂漆) their boat white.(形容词)
Let the fresh(新鲜的) air in.(副词)
You mustn’t forcehim to lend his money to you.(不定式短语)
We saw her enteringthe room.(现在分词)
We found everything in the lab in good order.(介词短语)
6、定语:在句中修饰名词或代词的成分叫定语。 He is a new student.
但副词,动词不定式,介词短语等作定语时,则放在被修饰的词之后。
The bike in the room/over there/is mine.
Guilin is a beautifulcity.(形容词)
China is a developing(发展中) country; America is a developed(发达) country.(分词)
There are thirty women teachers is our school.(名词)
Hisprogress(进步)inEnglish made us surprised.(代词)
Our monitor(班长) is always the first toenter the classroom.(不定式短语)
Heis reading an article(文章) about how to learn English.(介词短语)
7、状语:修饰动词,形容词,副词以及全句的句子成分,叫做状语。状语一般放在被修饰的词之后或放在句尾。副词作状语时可放在被修饰的词前或句首。 He lives in London.
Light travels most quickly.(副词及副词性词组)
Hehas lived in the city for ten years.(介词短语)
Heis sorry to trouble(麻烦) you.(不定式短语)
Heis in the room making a model plane.(分词短语)
Once(一旦0 you begin, you must continue.(状语从句)
状语种类如下:
How about meeting again at six?(时间状语)
Last night she didn’t go to the dance party because of the rain.(原因状语)
I shall go there if it doesn’t rain.(条件状语)
Mr Smith lives on the third floor.(地点状语)
She put the eggs into the basket with great care.(方式状语)
Shecame in with a dictionary in her hand.(伴随状语)
In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder.(目的状语)
He was so tired that he fell a sleep immediately.(结果状语)
She works very hard though she is old.(让步状语)
I am taller than he is.(比较状语)
一、指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分:
1. The students got on the school bus.
2. He handed me the newspaper.
3. I shall answer your question after class.
4. His job is to train swimmers.
5. He took many photos of the palaces in Beijing.
6. His wish is to become a scientist.
7. He wants to finish the work in time.
8. Tom came to ask mefor advice(建议).
9. He found it important to master English.
10. Do you have anything else to say?
11. Would you please tell me your address?
12. He sat there,reading a newspaper.
13. It is our ty to keep our classroom clean and tidy.
14. He noticed(注意到) a man enterthe room.
15. The apples tasted sweet.
简单句的五种基本句型
英语句子看上去纷繁庞杂,但仔细观察不外乎五个基本句式。这五个基本句式可以演变出多种复杂的英语句子。换言之,绝大多数英语句子都是由这五个基本句式生成的。这五个基本句式如下:
S十V主谓结构 主语 + 不及物动词
S十V十P主系表结构 主语 + 连系动词+表语
S十V十O主谓宾结构 主语 + 及物动词 +宾语
S十V十O1十O2主谓双宾结构
S十V十O十C主谓宾补结构
判断类型和句子成分:
She came. She likes English. She is happy.
The teacher asked me to read the passage. She bought a book for me.
She gave John a book. My headaches.
Shemakes her mother angry.The sun was shining. Themoonrose.
Theytalked forhalf an hour. 他们谈了半个小时。
The dinner smellsgood. 午餐的气味很好。 Everythinglooks different. 一切看来都不同了。
He is growing tall and strong. 他长得又高又壮。 His face turned red. 他的脸红了。
Whoknowstheanswer? 谁知道答案? Heenjoys reading. 他喜欢看书。
Iwantto have a cup of tea. 我想喝杯茶。Heboughtyoua dictionary.
Sheorderedherselfanew dress. 她给自己定了一套新衣裳。
Shecookedher husbanda delicious meal. 她给丈夫煮了一餐美馔。
Ishowedhimmy pictures. Igavemy cara wash.我洗了我的汽车。
Heshowedmehow to run the machine. 他教我开机器。 Whatmakes him think so? 他怎么会这样想?
The children areplaying happily. The Greensenjoy living in China.
Hebecame a famous doctor.他成为了一名著名的医生。
Theapple pie tastes really delicious.苹果派吃起来真是好吃。
基本句型一:S十V主谓结构
这种句型中的动词大多是不及物动词:appear, apologize, arrive, come, die, disappear, fall,happen, rise,
1).学生们学习很努力。_____________________________________
基本句型二:S十V十P主系表结构常见的系动词有:be(是); get(变得), become(成为), turn(变得), look(看起来), feel(感到), smell(闻起来), taste(尝起来), sound(听起来), seem(似乎)
A.表示状态的连系动词。这些词有:be, look, seem, appear, smell, taste, sound, keep, remain,等等。
8) We should __________ __________ any time. 我们在任何时候都应该保持安静。
9)这种食物尝起来很糟糕。_________________________________________________.
B.表示转变或结果的系动词。这些词有:become, get, grow, turn, go, come, prove,等等。如:
10) Spring comes. It is ______________________________.春天到了,天气变得越来越暖和。
11) Don't have the food._______________________________.不要吃那种食物,它已经变质了。
基本句型三: S十V十O主谓宾结构
13)我昨天看了一部电影。________________________________________________.
16)Theyhave ________ ________ _________ of the children.这些孩子他们照看得很好。
基本句型四: S十V十间接宾语“人”十直接宾语“物”结构 间接宾语前需要加to 的常用动词有: bring, give,hand, lend, offer, pass, pay, read, sell, send, show, teach, tell wish, write等。
间接宾语前需要加for 的常用动词有: buy, choose, make, order, paint, play(演奏), sing,等。
18)Yesterdayher father _______________ ________ _____ ____________ as a birthdaypresent.昨天她父亲给她买了一辆自行车作为生日礼物。
19) The old man ___ ________ ____ __________ _________ in the Long March.(正在给孩子们讲故事)
这种句型还可转换为:动词+直接宾语+for/ to sb.
20) Please show meyour picture. ==Please _________ ________ __________ _____ _____. 请把你的画给我看一下。 I _______ _______the salt. = I _______thesalt _____ _____.我把书递给他。
基本句型五: S十V十O十C主谓宾补结构 此句型的句子的共同特点是:动词虽然是及物动词,但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思,必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语。call(叫), choose(选), find(发现), make, name, (命名)
22)Keep________________________________, please.请让孩子们安静下来。
23)They painted ______ ______________. 他们把门漆成绿色。 We must ______ ______________ ______.我们必须保持我们的学校洁。
He asked me _____ ________________ soon. 他要我早点回来。
24)我们发现他是一个懒惰的人。______________________________________________.
注意:动词have, make, let, see, hear, notice, feel,watch等后面所接的动词不定式作宾补时,不带to。如:25)The boss _______________ _________ all day. (迫使他劳动) We saw _____ _________. (他出去)。
考点突破训练
( )1、Iam sorry to have kept you______
Ato wait B wait C waitedD waiting
( )2、I felt somebody ______ me
Atouch B touched C to touchD touches
( )3、He taught me _____ speak English
A how shouldB how C how can I D how to
( )4、I shall make your dream ______
A coming trulyB come true C to come true D comes true
( )5、He told _____ home
A usnot to go B we not go C us not goD us to not go
( )6、I think _____ a good habit to get up early
A thisB it C that D its
( )7、Roses in bloom smell ______
Asweeten B sweetly C sweetD sweetness
( )1. The weather ____.
A. wet and cold B. is wet and cold C. not wet and cold D.were wet and cold
( ) 2. The apple tasted ____.
A. sweets B.sweetly C. nicely D. sweet
( ) 3. He got up ____ yesterday morning.
A. lately B. late C.latest D. latter
( )4.____ were all very tired, but none of ____ would stop to take a rest.
A. We, us B.Us, we C. We, our D. We, we
( )5.Ithink _____necessary(必要的) to learn English well.
A. its B.it C. that D. that is
( ) 6. The dog ____ mad(疯的).
A. looks B.is looked C. is being looked D.was looked
判断下列句子是简单句、并列句还是复合句:
1. We often study Chinese historyon Friday afternoon.
2. The boy who offered me his seatis called Tom.
3. There is a chair in this room,isn’t there?
4. My brother and I go to schoolat half past seven in the morning and come back home at seven in the evening.
5. He is in Class One and I am inClass Two.
6. He was fond of drawing when hewas yet a child.
7. Neither has he changed hismind, nor will he do so.
8. What he said at the meeting isvery important, isn’t it?
9. The farmer is showing the boyhow to plant a tree.
10. Both Tom and Jack enjoycountry music.