1. 人教版初中英语九年级语法知识点
UNIT 1：介词by的常见用法
V-ING形式
UNIT 2：used to的用法
UNIT 3：含有情态动词的被动句式版
UNIT 4：虚拟语气
UNIT 5：情态动词表推测权
UNIT 6：关系代词的用法
UNIT 7：would like的用法
UNIT 8：短语动词
UNIT 9：被动语态
UNIT 10：过去完成时
UNIT 11：宾语从句
UNIT 12：be supposed to的用法
UNIT 13：make的用法
UNIT 14：现在完成时
UNIT 15：时态复习
2. 九年级英语基本语法知识
呵呵 希望对你有所帮助 祝楼主进步哈
By是个很常用的介词（有时也用作副词），在初中英语中的用法有以下几种： 1.意为“在……旁”、“靠近”。如： Some are singing and dancing under a big tree . Some are drawing by the lake. 有的在大树下唱歌跳舞，有的在湖边画画儿。 2.意为“不迟于”、“到……时为止”。如： Your son will be all right by supper time. 你的儿子在晚饭前会好的。 How many English songs had you learned by the end of last term? 到上个学期末你们已经学了多少首英语歌曲？ 3.表示方法、手段，可译作“靠”、“用”、“凭借”、“通过”、“乘坐”等。如： The monkey was hanging from the tree by his tail and laughing.
猴子用尾巴吊在树上哈哈大笑。 The boy’s father was so thankful that he taught Edison how to send messages by railway telegraph.
孩子的父亲是那么的感激，于是他教爱迪生怎样通过铁路电报来传达信息。 4.表示“逐个”、“逐批”的意思。如： One by one they went past the table in the dark.
他们一个一个得在黑暗中经过这张桌子。5.表示“根据”、“按照”的意思。如：What time is it by your watch? 你的表几点了? 6.和take , hold等动词连用，说明接触身体的某一部分。如： I took him by the hand. 我拉住了它的手。 7.用于被动句中，表示行为主体，常译作“被”、“由”等。如： English is spoken by many people. 英语被许多人所说。（即“许多人讲英语。”） 8.组成其它短语。 1) by the way : 意为“顺便说”、“顺便问一下”，常做插入语。如： By the way , where’s Li Ping , do you know?
顺便问一下，李平在哪儿。你知道吗？ 2) by oneself : 意为“单独”、“自行”。如： I can’t leave her by herself. 我不能把她单独留下。 3) by and by : 意为“不久以后”、“不一会儿”。如： But by and by , more and more people began to study English. 但是不久以后，越来越多的人开始学英语了。
二、动名词的构成动词后加动名词doing，相当于名词，在句子中可以做主语、宾语、表语定语等。1）★作主语（这种用法常考）
Fighting broke out between the South and the North.南方与北方开战了。2）作宾语Would you mind turning down your radio a little, please?
请问你介意调小一点收音机的音量吗？3）作表语Babysister’s job is washing，cooking and taking care of the children。保姆的工作是洗衣服，作饭和照看孩子。
Unit2
used to 的用法：（1）肯定句：used这个词没有人称的变化，to后面接动词原形。 否定句是didn’t use to….
When I was a child, I didn’t use to like apples.当我还是孩子的时候我不喜欢苹果.
疑问形式是Did you use to…?Where did you use to live before you came here?当你来这儿之前你住哪儿？
（2）含有used to 的句子的反意疑问句不要usedn’t + 主语，而用didn’t ＋ 主语。He used to smoke, didn’t he? 他过去常常吸烟，是吗？Yes, he did./ No, he didn’t. 是的，他吸。/ 不，他不吸。
（3）used to 表示过去的习惯动作， 而不是现在的。I am used to the weather here. 我已经习惯于这里的天气了。He is used to hard work. 他习惯于艰苦的工作。
（4）used to 可以和be, have 以及其他状态动词连用，描写过去的状态。 I used to be a waiter, but now I’m a taxi-driver.我过去是一个服务员，但现在我是出租车司机。
★ 本单元的许多运用used to 的句子属于描述过去的状态。Mario used to be short. 马力奥过去总是很矮。Amy used to be outgoing. 爱米过去性格外向。Tina used to have long and straight hair.蒂娜过去有一头直的长头发。He used to wear black shoes. 他过去常穿黑鞋。
Unit3
本单元重点讲到了被动语态的用法 英语动词的被动语态由助动词be加及物动词的过去分词构成。助动词be有时态，人称和数的变化，其变化规则与连系动词be完全一样。
一、被动语态的句式变化：
Unit4
虚拟语气：如果我们所说的不是事实，也不是要求、命令、劝告等，而只是一种假设、愿望、建议或是一种实现不了的空想就用虚拟语气
注意：条件句分两种，真实条件句和虚拟条件句。只有在虚拟（非真实）条件句中，才用虚拟语气，而在真实条件句中，要用陈述语气。
请比较：
（1）If it is sunny tomorrow , we’ll go to the zoo.
如果明天天气好，我们将会去公园。在这句话中，明天天气好是完全有可能实现的，并非虚拟、幻想，因此是真实条件句。在本句中，适用“主将从现。”
（2）If I were you , I would go at once.
（如果我是你的话，我立刻就走。）在这句话中，条件句，“如果我是你”，但事实上，我不可能成为你，这只是假设的情况，没有实现的可能。当条件实现的可能性很小，甚至可以说没有时，就需要用虚拟语气来表示，动词发生了变化。
也就是说虚拟语气表示和现实的事实相反时，从句用一般过时。
主句用 “should/would/could/ might +动词原形。
1.If I had time, I would go for a walk.
2.If I were invited, I would go to the dinner party.
3.If I won a million dollars in the lottery, I would put it in the bank.
知识点2. He doesn’t know if he should bring a present.
此处if表示“是否”，引导宾语从句。Should此处表示“应该”。不是虚拟语气。
E.g.1. I don’t know if I should go to the party.
2.If I have enough money, I will go to Hainan .
知识点3.If I were you , I’d wear a shirt and tie.
if 引导的条件状语从句表示与现在事实相反的虚拟语气时，be动词只能用were，而不能用was。
E.g. If he were here, he would not agree with you .
知识点4. I don’t have a present. What if everyone else brings a present?
What if… “如果……怎么办？”相当于 what would happen if…
E.g. What shall I do if it snows?
知识点5.Well, dogs can be a lot of trouble.
Trouble 麻烦事 ,名词
常用搭配 ：get (sb)into trouble get out of trouble what’s the trouble
定语从句
1. who 指人,作主语或宾语 (作宾语可省略）
The man who I talked with is our teacher.
A person who steals things is called a thief.
2. whom指人,作宾语 (作宾语可省略,如介词提前则不能省)
The man (whom/who) I nodded to is Mr. Li.
The man to whom I nodded is Professor Li.
3. which 指物，作主语或宾语 (作宾语可省略, 如介词提前则不能省)
These are the trees which were planted last year.
This recorder （which） he is using is made in Japan.
Is this the library (which) you borrow books from?
Is this the library from which you borrow books?
4. that 指人/物，作主语或宾语 (作宾语可省略）
A plane is a machine. It can fly.→A plane is a machine that can fly.
He is the man. I told you about him. →He is the man (that) I told you about.
The scientist is very famous in the world. We met her yesterday.
↓
The scientist Ø we met yesterday is very famous in the world.
who
whom
that
The dress is new. She is wearing it.
↓
The dress that she is wearing is new.
which
Ø
(3) He is the kind person. I have ever worked with him.
↓
He is the kind person that I have ever worked with.
who
whom
Ø
This is the best film. I have ever seen this film.
↓
This is the best film that I have ever seen.
Ø
在选择引导定语从句的关系代词时，有如下要点：
1 由于关系代词在主句与从句间既起到联系作用，又在从句中充当一个成分，因此， 要正确判断关系代词在从句中的功能，如作主语还是宾语等。
2 当先行词指人时，关系代词可用who（做主语，宾语），that（做主语，宾语），whom（作宾语），whose（作定语）
3 当先行词指物时，关系代词可用that（做主语，宾语），which（做主语，宾语）
4 再定语从句中，作宾语的关系代词长可省略，但在介词后面的关系代词不能省略。指人时，介词后只用whom，指物时，介词后只用which。
5 在非限制性定语从句中，指人时，只用who，指物时，只用which。Unit8
1、短语动词小结
常见短语动词结构有下面几种：
1.动词+副词 如：give up 放弃 turn off 关掉 stay up 熬夜
这种结构有时相当于及物动词，如果其宾语是代词，就必须放在动词和副词之间，如果是名词，则既可插在动词和副词之间，也可放 在短语动词后。
2. 动词+介词 如：listen of 听 look at 看 belong to 属于
这种结构相当于及物动词，后面跟宾语。
3. 动词+副词+介词 如：come up with 提出，想出 run out of 用完，耗尽
4. 动词+名词(介词) 如：take part in参加 catch hold of 抓住
2、倒装句
not only … but (also) … 不但… 而且… 用来连接两个并列的成分
(1)引导以 not only …but (also)… 开头的句子往往引起部分倒装。
因此 ⑴Not only do I feel good but (also)…. 是倒装句。也是说得要
把前面的句子中的助动词或者是情态动词放在主语的前面。如：
①Not only can I do it but (also) I can do best. 我不仅能做到而且做得最好。
⑵Not only…but (also)… 接两主语时，谓语动词随后面的主语人称和数的变化 也就是就近原则 如：
①Not only Lily but (also) you like cat. 不仅莉莉而且你也喜欢猫。
②Not only you but (also) Lily likes cat. 不仅你而且莉莉喜欢猫。
常见的就近原则的结构有：
Neither… nor…即不…也不… (两者都不)
Neither you nor I like him. 我和你都不喜欢他。
Either… or… 不是…就是… (两者中的一个)
Either Lily or you are a student.
Not only …but (also)…
There be
Unit 9 When was it invented ?
被动语态
被动语态基本用法：当句子的主语是动作的执行者时，谓语的形式是主动语态。当句子的主语是动作的承受者时，谓语要用被动语态。被动语态由助动词be+过去分词构成，时态通过be表现出来。
被动语态基本结构：be+及物动词的过去分词 (如果是不用物动词，其过去分词应带有相应的介词)
各种时态的被动语态构成
一般现在时：S（主语）+am/is /are +P.P（动词的过去分词）
一般过去时：S+was/were +P.P.
情态动词：S+ can/may/must/should + be+ P.P.
一般将来时：S+ will+be+ P.P.
现在进行时：S+am/is /are+being +P.P
现在完成时：S+ have/has + been+ P.P.
过去进行时：S+ was/were+being+ P.P.
被动语态基本结构：be+及物动词的过去分词
(如果是不用物动词，其过去分词应带有相应的介词)
被动语态中的be 是助动词，有人称、数和时态的变化。
被动语态中动作的发出者或执行者做介词by的宾语，放在句末，by 表示“由，被”的意思
汉语中含有“据说”、“据悉”、“有人说”、“大家说”等时。例如：
It is believed that …… 人们认为 …… It is said that …… 据说 ……
It is thought that …… 人们认为 …… It is known that …… 众所周知 ……
It is reported that ……据报道 …… It is proved that ……据证明 ……
It is announced that ……据宣布 …… It is suggested that ……据建议 ……
It is requested that ……据要求 …… It is demanded that ……据要求 ……
典型例题
1、 These eggs ______ in the Gobi Desert by a group of scientists.
A. are founded B. were founded C. found D. were found
此题应该选用D项。从“ These eggs… ”中可知前面的主语是“find”动词的承受者，而 “…by a group of scientists.”更加证明了这一点，“ were founded”意思为“被成立”，故应该选用“were found”。
2、 I _____ a present by my father on my birthday every year.
A. give B. was given C. will be given D. am given
此题应该选用D项。从“by my father ”中可知前面的主语是“give”动词的承受者，而 “… . every year”证明了要用现在时态的被动语态结构，故应该选用“am given”。
3、 He was _________ in the open air just now .
A. hearing singing B. heard sing C. heard to sing D. hearing sing
此题应该选用C项。从“He was… ”中可知前面的主语是“hear ”动词的承受者，而 动词不定式当中的“hear sb do sth”在被动语态中要加“to ”，故应该选用“heard to sing”。
4、 Several man-made satellites ________ by China in the last few years.
A. have been sent up B. have sent up C. are sent up D. were sent up
此题应该选用A项。从“…by China in the last few years. ”中可知前面的主语是“ send up”动词的承受者，而 “in the last few years.”意思为“在过去的几年中”，应该用完成时态， 而不是过去时态，故应该选用“have been sent up”。
5、 Another new road ______in our home town next year.
A. will build B. is built C. will be built D. has been built
此题应该选用C项。从“…next year. ”中可知是将来时态，而前面的主语是“ Another new road”是“ build”动词的承受者，故应该选用“ will be built”。
Unit 10 By the time I got outside, the bus had already left
1. 过去完成时
(1) 构成：由助动词had + 过去分词 构成
否定式：had not + 过去分词 缩写形式：hadn’t
(2) 用法
过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了
的动作。
(3) 它所表示的时间是“过去的过去”。
①表示过去某一时间可用by, before 等构成的短语来表示
②也可以用when, before, after 等引导的时间状语从句来表示
③还可以通过宾语从句或通过上下文暗示。
When I got there, you had already eaten you meal.
当我到达那里时，你已经开始吃了。
By the time he got here, the bus had left.
到他到达这里时，汽车已经离开了
典型题例
1、He said he had never seen that film before. Instead,he_____many novels.
A. has read B. had readed C. had wrote D. had read
此题应该选用D项。从“He said he had never seen that film before ”中
可知是过去完成时态，而从“ Instead,”中可以知道与前面的宾语从句是并列的内容，故应该选用“had read”。
2、The train ______ for a while when they got to the station.
A. had left B. had been away C. had gone D. has been away
此题应该选用B项。从“for a while ”中可知要用完成时态的持续性动
词连接，而从“when they got to the station. ”中可以知道过去时间点以前的事情，应该用故应该选用“had been away ”。
3、A week later, I received a book that I _____ on line.
A. has ordered B. had ordered C. would order D. was ordering
此题应该选用B项。从“I received a book ”中可知与动词“order ”的
前后关系，应该是在“收到书以前已经预订了”，故应该用“order”的过去完成时态结构表示“过去的过去”这一概念。故应该选用“had ordered”。
4、The boy told his mother that he ____ ill since he came back from the school.
A. has been B. would be C. had been D. was
此题应该选用C项。从“ …since he came back from the school.”中可知前面的主句是完成时态，但是从“The boy told his mother ”结构中可以知道应该用相应的过去时态，，故应该选用“had been”。
5、When we got to the field, the football match ____ already ______.
A. has started B. had started C. will begin D. is going to start
此题应该选用B项。从“already ”中可知是完成时态，但是从“ When we got to the field”结构中可以知道应该用相应的过去时态，故应该选用“had started ”。
Unit 11 Could you please tell me where the restrooms are ?
1、宾语从句
A.宾语从句：宾语从句在复合句中作主句的宾语，引导宾语从句的关联词有that, if/whether, what, who, whose, which, why, when, where, how等。
1、连接词
1)由连接词that引导陈述句，在口语中that常省略。
eg. He said that he would like to see the headmaster.
2)由连接词whether/if引导一般疑问句，whether和if 常可互换，但下列场合一般用whether.
①介词后的宾语从句：I'm thinking of whether he'll come.
②与or not连用：I don't know whether I should go or not.
3)由连接代词what, who(whom，whose)which或连接副词when, where, why，how引导特殊疑问句。 eg. Do you know who/whom she is waiting for?
2、语序：
不管宾语从句是陈述句、一般疑问句或特殊疑问句，都要用陈述句语序，也就是说主谓次序不能颠倒。连接词＋主谓结构
(1).Bill wanted to know who did this. (2).I don't know what's the matter with Bob?
(3).I don't know what's wrong with them?
3、时态：
一般说来，主从句时态要统一。如果主句是一般现在时，从句可根据需要用其它任何时态；如果主句是一般过去时，从句应该用相应的过去时态范畴（也就是用一般过去时，过去进行时，过去将来时，过去完成时）。
eg.①Lily wanted to know whether her grandma liked the handbag. ②I asked the teacher where we would have the meeting. ③Could you tell me how I can get to the zoo?
如果从句表明的是一个客观事实或真理，那么无论主句是什么时态，从句都只能用一般现在时。 eg. The teacher told us that light travels much faster than sound.
注意：在think后的宾语从句，如果需要表示否定意义，一般不在宾语从句中否定，而是在主句中否定。 eg. I don’t think that English is easy. I think that English is not easy. ( 误)
Could you tell me how to get to the park?
请你告诉我怎么才能去邮局好吗？中的how to get to the park
是疑问词与动词不定式连用，用作宾语，但不是宾语从句，可是
相当于how I can get to the park（宾语从句）如：
I don’t know how to solve the problem. ==
I don’t know how I can solve the problem.我不知道如何解决这个问题
Can you tell me when to leave? ==
Can you tell me when I ill leave? 你能告诉我什么时候离开？
Unit12 You are supposed to shake hands.
should have asked”是“情态动词＋现在完成时”表示过去本应该做某事，事实上没有做
I find it difficult to remember everything.
形式宾语 真正宾语
常见的形式宾语有：
find / think + it/them +形容词 to do sth. 如：
I think it hard to study English.
Unit 13 Rainy days make me sad.
make sb./sth. + adj. 使某人（感到），使……处于某种状态
（make的宾语之后可跟名词，形容词，分词来充当宾语的补足语）
make sb. / sth. + do …使某人做某事（不能带不定式符号to）
make it 习惯用语，及时赶到，到达目的地
make of /from./out of
★Make of 原材料制成成品后，原材料未经任何化学变化，仍保持原有性质. 例如： The chair is made of wood. At first people believed that air was made of only one gas.★Make from 当原材料制成成品后，经过了化学变化，失去了原有性质.
make up of 常用于被动结构：be made up of相当于consist of（由…组成） make up from 由…所制造
Unit 14 Have you packed yet?
现在完成时是由“助动词have（has）+动词过去分词”构成。
用法: 1.表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果,常与一些时间状语,如:already, yet, ever, never, just, before, once, twice等连用,也可以和包括现在在内的时间状语,如these days, today, this year, so far等连用.eg.I have already posted the letter. (信已经不在我这儿了)
★注意：在这里要注意already和yet的辨析:
★①already通常用于肯定句。 I have already told him.我已经告诉他了. I have already put it in my suitcase. 我已经把它放进我的手提箱了.
★②yet常用于疑问句和否定句。 ----Have you watered the tree yet? 你浇树了吗? ----Yes，I have already watered it. 我浇了. ----Have you fed the dog? 你喂过狗了吗? ----No. I haven’t fed it yet.没有，我没喂. 2.表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态,一直持续到现在,也许还将继续下去,可以和表示从过去某一时刻延续到现在的一段时间的状语连用,即for +时间段,since+时间点/从句, in the last ten years等,谓语只可用延续性动词.
解析： 1.英语动词根据词义可分为两种,一种是延续性的,一种是终止性的,终止性动词(也可称为非延续性动词,瞬间动词,或点动词),如begin,start,die,buy,leave, come等,表示动作的发生与结束于一瞬间完成,不能再延续,所以它的现在完成时不能和表示延续的时间状语连用,即不能与表示一段时间的状语,for+时间段, since+时间点/从句连用,也不能用在how long引导的特殊疑问句中.
eg. I've left Shanghai for three days.(×) I've been away from Shanghai for three days.( √ ).
I left Shanghai three days ago. ( √ ) It is /has been three days since I left Shanghai.( √ )
2.初中英语课本中常见终止性动词有:leave, go, come, arrive, begin, buy, borrow, die, join, become等.终止性动词要表示持续时, 可用以下方法:
⑴.将时间状语改为时间段 + ago,句中谓语动词用一般过去时.
eg.我弟弟参军两年了. My brother joined the army two years ago.
⑵.若保留for+时间段,since+时间点/从句, 或用在 how long 句型中,则需将终止性动词改为相应的状态动词或延续性动词
★常见终止性动词与延续性动词(或状态动词)的对应关系如下：
come/go/arrive/get/reach/move------be in/at open-----be open
die------be dead close----be closed become---be borrow---keep begin/start-----be on put on----wear leave-----be away (from)
buy-----have fall asleep----be asleep end/finish-----be over
catch a cold-----have a cold join the army----be in the army be a soldier
join the Party----be in the Party be a Party member
→My brother has been in the army for two years. →My brother has been a soldier for two years.
3.现在完成时中been to, gone to和been in/at been to去过某地,表示某人的一种经历,可以和once, twice, already, ever, never等连用.
4.现在完成时中的 for 与 since
for + 时间段 与延续性动词的现在完成时连用 since + 时间点/从句
I have kept the library book for a week.= I have kept the library book since a week ago. 5. It is /has been +一段时间 + since 从句.自从某事发生已有一段时间了. eg. It is /has been two years since my brother joined the army. 注意:1.since 引导的从句中动词用过去时
2.when 引导 的特殊问句不与现在完成时连用.
3.have got,has got 虽然是现在完成时,但have got=have has got==has
3. 九年级语法有哪些
说来多其实也挺少的，每一单元都会有涉及到的。个人认为语法是要考用心记得没必要死记硬背，老师讲的时候认真听不会就问懂，在语法与单词句子之间做一个有心人，作业做过的新单词好句子多读多背，培养语感，对你的语法理解，阅读理解作文也会有好处。这比光光学语法有用多了。初中要求掌握的内容how，5个w的特殊疑问句，定语从句（that、who。。。），时间（when）、地点状语从句表语从句如,,,,,is the best way todo、初中应该最热门的写作话题是如何学好英语。好的句子如，English plays an inscreaingly importent part/role in our daily life 或者is used widely .至于虚拟语气稍微注意就行了。used的几个句子要分清楚，一般不会考很难的，理解同时很重要。should be allowed to do /be supported todo 这两种典型的被动语态掌握的，现在初中被动语态应该挺简单的。记住特殊的比如一些主动形式表被动，get sth done/除此之外，想make /see这些本身后面不加to 的表被动时记得带上to.
中文表示某人也或也不的两种句子要注意和表示同一个主语的确实如此区别。你只要记得例句就很容易分清楚。比如：so do/can /did ... I[也】。so I do .[某人确实如此】一般都是一个主语出现的。that引导的从句要学会，作文用上更好，还有复合句一开始可能糊涂不过认真学都可以听懂的，各种情态动词也得注意区别must /can/could/may /might/need/,其中有一个mustn't记住是表示禁止的意思。eg.May Icome in? yes,you may./no,you can't
或mustn't 这些要看语气委婉的，我就不一一举了，相信你们老师会讲的。将来时态其实现在初中不怎么区别will do /be 和用进行时态表将来的be doing ,我建议平时写作文时还是用will的好，当然初中的英语不要出现排比句子，句型变化多一点好。多积累连词，用一些大家不知道老师认识的比较好的。我这里有一些可以供你参考。不要老是用and，also，then,first .可以firstly,secondly
下面的thirdly就不要用了。 in addition /besides(除此之外） at the same time/meanwhile(同时） what‘s more 、most importently（更重要的是）、one importent thing is that +句子
furthermore而且 ，in the end（最后） 表示个人观点除了in my opinion /view,还有personally，I think,,,（个人认为什么）,I hold the belief that (持有什么观点）反对的用I am strongly aginst 等等这些善于结合作文题目运用自如，高中也很管用的。当然具体情况具体分析
初中就是时态打下基础，为高中作铺垫的。 过去完成时，by the time/when +从句用过去完成时
现在完成时态，有since 的句子一般都是现在完成时态，当然since表原因由于既然的时候，要注意区别。有so far（到目前为止） 的句子都是现在完成时态的。还有一些特殊的these days,/over the 3years (过去的3年里），in the past/last few /3 years是现在完成时的范畴语法貌似还有语气婉转的交际英语。如Excue me,could you tell me which is theway to the zoo?说到这儿这种要变复合句的疑问部分要变陈述语序，除了上面的 which is theway 还有what is wrong （with you）? what's the trouble （with you ）一些不用变陈述语序。你主要把特殊的句子都记住其他那些都有规律的。其实学英语也要根据规律学的，语法这东西说烦枯燥是难免的，但是如果在自己享受的前提之下学就会很轻松。好了，以后有问题可以tell me ,最后送你一句名言“pactice makes perfect"!
4. 初一学到初三的英语语法有哪些
语法知识是在掌握一定量的单词和短语的基础上才能获得的。因此，单词的形态变化是语法学习的基础之基础。而九种基本时态和含有不复杂的状语从句及宾语从句的复合句是初中毕业班学生学习的重点也是语法学习的难点。总之，语法部分是英语学习的重点和难点。语法知识掌握得好，将大大加快英语学习的进程。本文归纳了词法、九种基本时态以及初中生需要掌握五种基本从句。希望对广大初三生们有所帮助。
一. 词法
1.名词
1.1 名词的可数与不可数
可数名词指表示的人或事物可以用数来计量，它有单数与复数两种形式。不可数名词指所表示的事物不能用数来计量。物质名词与抽象名词一般无法用数目，来统计，都成为不可数名词。
不可数名词前一般不能用冠词a、an来表示数量，没有复数形式。要表示“一个……”这一概念，就须加a piece of这一类短语。要注意许多名词在汉语里看来是可数名词，在英语里却不可数。如：chalk，paper，bread，rice，grass，news等。
1.2 名词复数的规则变化
A.一般情况下加-s。
B.以s, x, ch, sh, 结尾的加-es
C.以辅音字母加y结尾的改y为i再加-es
D.以f，fe结尾的，去掉f或fe，变成v再加-es
1.3 名词的所有格
A.单数名词词尾加’s，复数名词词尾若没有s，也要加’s。
如：the worker's bike，the Children’ s ball
B.表示几个人共有一样东西，只需在最后一个人的名字后加’ s若表示各自所有，则需在各个名字后’ s。
如： This is Lucy and Licy’ s room.
These are Kate's and jack’ s rooms.
C. 如果是通过在词尾加—s构成的复数形式的名词，只加’。
如:the students’ books，the girls’ blouses
(另外：名词+of+名词名词是有生命的，我们就用’s结构来表示所有关系。如果名词所表示的事物是无生命的，我们就要用名词+of+名词的结构来表示所有关系。)
2.代词：
人称代词，物主代词，反身代词，指示代词，不定代词
2.1 人称代词
第一人称单数
I me my mine myself
复数 we us our ours ourselves
第二人称
单数 you you your yours yourself
复数 you you your yours yourselves
第三人称
单数 he him his his himself
she her her hers herself
it it its its itself
复数 they them their theirs themselves
2.2 物主代词
物主代词的用法：
形容词性物主代词后面一定要跟上一个名词。
名词性物主代词可作主语、表语、宾语。
2.3 反身代词
反身代词的构成分两种：第一、二人称反身代词在形容词：性物主代词后加上self或selves，第三人称的反身代词在宾格代词后加上self或selves.
反身代词的用法：一种是作宾语，由主语发出的动作又回到动作者本身。
如：I enjoyed myself at the party.另一种是作名词或代词的同位语;用来加强语气。如：I
can do it myself.
2.4 指示代词
指示代词的特殊用法：
(1)为了避免重复，可用that，those代替前面提到过的名词，但是this，these不可以。
(2)this，that有时可代替句子或句子中的一部分。
2.5 不定代词
one,some,any,other,another,all,both,each,neither,many,much等
3.冠词
3.1不定冠词an用在元音读音开头(不是指元音字母)的词前，其余用不定冠词a.
3.2 定冠词的基本用法
A.用在重新提到的人或事物前面。
B. 指谈话双方都知道的人或事物前面。
C用在单数可数名词前面，表示某一类人或事物。
3.3 定冠词的特殊用法
A.用在世界上独一无二的事物或方位名词前。
B. 用在序数词、形容词的最高级及only所修饰的名词前。
C用在江河、海洋、山脉、湖泊、群岛的名称前面。
D.用在由普通名词和另外一些词所构成的专有名词前面。
E.用在姓氏的复数形式前面，表示全家人或这一姓的夫妇二人。
F.用在乐器名称前。
G. 和某些形容词连用，表示某一类人或事物。
3.4 名词前不用冠词的情况
A. 在专有名词 (包括人名、地名、节日、月份、季节) 、物质名词和抽象名词前—般不用冠词。但在以Festival组成的民间节日前要加the。
B. 表示一类人或事物的复数名词前。
C. 名词前有物主代词、指示代词、不定代词或名词所有格修饰时，不用冠词。
D. 三餐饭、球类、棋类、游戏名称前一般不用冠词。正在有些词组中，有无冠词含义不同。
(sit) at table就餐; sit at the table坐在桌边
go to school去上学;go to the school去那所学校;in hospital住院;in the hospital在那个医院里
4.数词
4.1 数字的表示
三位数数词要在百位和十位(若无十位则和个位)之间加and。
1，000以上的数字，从后向前第三位数加一个“，”，第一个“，”前为thousand，第二个“，”前为million，第三个“，”前为billion。
4.2 序数词除了first，second，third外，其余都在基数词尾加-th构成。
4.3分数分子在前，分母在后，分子用基数词，分母用序数词，当分子大于1小时，分母序数词要变成复数。
4.4 Hundreds(thousands，millions)of……
5.形容词、副词
5.1 形容词的位置
(1)形容词作定语一般要放在名词前面，但当形容词修饰不定代词something，nothing，anything时要放在所修饰的不定代词之后。如：something important，nothing serious。
(2)当形容词带有表示度量的词或词组作定语或表语时，定语或表语要后置。如：
We have g a hole two meters deep.
The hole is about two metres deep.
5.2 形容词的比较等级
(1) 单音节词和少数双音节词，在词尾加—(e)r，—(e)st来构成比较级和最高级。其他双音节
词和多音节词，在前面加more，most来构成比较级和最高级。如：
popular———more popular———most popular
important—more important—most important
5.3 副词比较级的构成
(1) 单音节副词和个别双音节副词通过加-er，-est来构成比较级和最高级。
(2) 绝大多数副词借助more，most来构成比较级和最高级。
(3) 少数副词的不规则变化：
原级 比较级 最高级
well —— better —— best
badly —— worse —— worst
much —— more —— most
little —— less —— least
far —— farther —— farthest
farthest furthest
late —— later —— latest
(4) 副词的最高级前面可以不加定冠词the。
(5) 常用句型有like A better than B和like A(the)best of(in)…
其余变化和形容词类似。
6.介词
6.1 表示时间的介词及介词短语?
in, at, on, before，after，till，since，for, fromto, until， by，in the middle of，at the beginning of， at the end of，at half past five，at night，in a week，in the morning，in class，at sunrise， in spring/summer/autumn/winter，on Sunday，on Saturday afternoon，on a winter evening，for a long time，for two months，after school，since liberation，before lunch，at the time of，at the age of。
6.2 表示地点的介词及介词短语?
in，at，into，to，on，beside，before，behind，above，under，outside,inside,up,from,far,from,near,across， off， down， among， past，between，out of，around，in the front of， in the middle of， at the back of，at the foot of，at home，at the gate，at the table，in the sky， on the ground，in a tree， in the south，in the sun，in the bed，on one’s way home，by the side of。
二.九种基本时态
1.一般现在时
概念: 表示经常发生的动作或经常存在的状态。
常和 always , often , usually , sometimes , every day 等表时间的状语连用。
如：1) I go to school every day . 我每天都去学校。(表经常)
2) He is always like that . 他总是那样。 (表状态)
构成： 1) 主语 + be (am / are / is ) +……
2) 主语 + 实义动词 + …
2.一般过去时
概念: 1) 表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态.
常和表示过去的时间状语连用. 如: yesterday , last week , in 1998 , two days ago等.
如: I went to a movie yesterday. 我昨天去看了一场电影.
2) 也可表示过去经常或反复发生的动作.
如: He always went to work by bike last week.
构成: 1) 主语 + be (was / were ) +……
2) 主语 + 实义动词过去式 +
3.现在进行时
概念: 表示现在(说话瞬间)正在进行或发生的动作.
如: He is singing.
They are watching TV now.
构成: 主语 + 助动词be(am/are/is) + 动词-ing形式构成.
4.过去进行时
概念: 表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间正在进行的动作. 这一特定的过去时间除了有上下文暗示外,一般用时间状语来表示.
如: 1) ---What were you doing?
---I was jumping.
2) ---What was the boy doing when the UFO arrived?
---He was sleeping.
构成: 主语 + 助动词be(was/were) + 动词-ing形式构成.
5.一般将来时
概念: 表示将来某个时间要发生的动作或存在的状态,也表示将来经常或反复发生的动作,常与表示将来的时间状语连用,如: tomorrow, next week, next year, in the future等.
如: He will go shopping tomorrow.
They are going to play basketball next week.
构成: 1) 主语 + 助动词will + 动原 +…
2) 主语 + be going to + 动原 + ….
6.过去将来时
概念: 表示在过去将来的某一时间发生的动作或存在的状态.
构成: 1) 主语(第一人称) + 助动词should + 动原 +…
2) 主语 + would + 动原 + ….
3) 主语 + was/ were going to +动原…
用法: 过去将来时除了上下文暗示外,一般常用在间接引语中,主句谓语动词为过去时态.
如: 1) I should go.
2) You knew I would come.
3) They were going to Naning.
7.现在完成时
构成: 主语 + 助动词 ( have / has ) + 动词过去分词 +…
用法 例句
表示过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果. ---Have you had your lunch yet?
---Yes, I have. (现在我不饿了)
8.现在完成进行时
概念: 表示从过去某一时间开始持续到现在的动作.这一动作可能是刚刚开始,也可能仍在继续,并可能延续到将来.
构成: 主语 + 助动词 (have / has ) + been + 动词-ing +…
如: 1. I have been sitting here for an hour.
2. She has been collecting stamps for about 6 years.
9.过去完成时
构成: 主语 + 助动词 had + 动词过去分词 +…
用法 例句
表示过去在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作.它表示的动作发生的时间是”过去的过去”.表示过去某一时间可用by, before 等构成的短语,也可用when, before, 等引导的从句或者通过上下文表示.
I had finished my homework when my mom came back home.
三.基本从句
从句的共同特点
从句是指在一个句子中充当一个成分的句子，充当什么成分就叫什么从句，如：充当宾语就叫宾语从句，充当定语成分就叫定语从句。
从以上定义中我们可以得出关于从句的一个最大特点：从句是句子。
从句的共同特点：1.从句都有自己的连接词 2.从句都是陈述语序(陈述语序就是主语在前，谓语在后，如：He is a teacher主语 He 在谓语is之前，因此是陈述语序，而Is he a teacher? 主语 He 在谓语is之后，因此不是陈述语序。)
1.宾语从句
宾语从句是指在一个句子中充当宾语的句子，如：He said that he wanted to be a teacher when he grew up.
宾语从句的特点：
①宾语从句有自己的连接词
②宾语从句用陈述语序
③宾语从句的时态
①宾语从句的连接词：宾语从句的连接词包括that、if/whether(是否)、特殊疑问词。
②宾语从句的语序;
A.宾语从句的连接词后加陈述语序(主语在前，谓语在后),如：I want to know if he can come tomorrow
B.当连接词本身又是宾语从句的主语时，后面直接加谓语动词，如：She asked me who had helped him.
③宾语从句的时态，只要记住以下口诀就可以了“主现则从任，主过则从过，客观真理一般现”
A.主现则从任：主句如果是一般现在时，则从句根据时间状语需要从八种时态中任选一种，如：1.He tells me he likes English very much(一般现在时)
B.主过则从过：主句如果是一般过去时，则从句根据时间状语需要从四种带“过”字的时态中任选一种，带“过”字的时态分别是如：一般过去时，过去进行时，过去将来时，过去完成时。
如：He told me that he liked playing football(一般过去时)
C.客观真理一般现:客观真理永远用一般现在时。
如：1.He says the moon goes around the earth.
2.状语从句
2.1 时间状语从句：在一个句子中作时间状语的句子。
时间状语的连接词：when(当…时候) while(当…时候) as(当…时候) after(在…以后) before(在…以前) as soon as(一…就) since(自从…到现在) till /until(直到…
才) by the time(到…为止)依旧是连接词后加陈述语序。
举例：when当…的时候(一般情况下主句是将来时的时候，从句要用一般现在时。)
Mozart started writing music when he was four years old.
2.2 原因状语从句：在一个句子中作原因语的句子。
连接词：由连词because, since, as引导, 也可由for, now that 等词引导。
举例：I didn’t go to school yesterday because I was ill.
2.3 条件状语从句
连接词：if如果, unless (=if not) 除非。(让步)
举例：If it doesn’t rain tomorrow, we will go hiking.
2.4 目的、结果状语从句
目的状语从句是指在一个句子中充当目的状语的句子。
结果状语从句是指在一个句子中充当结果状语的句子
目的状语从句连接词so that, so…that , in order that 引导。
结果状语从句连接词 so…that, such…that, so much/many…that引导。
举例：so…that 如此…以至于
The scientist’s report was so instructive that we were all very excited.
2.5 让步状语从句
让步状语从句是指在句子中作让步的状语的句子
连接词： though, although.，whether…or not
举例：Although he is rich, yet he is not happy.
3.no matter从句
结构："no matter +特殊疑问词疑问词+陈述语序" 或"特殊疑问词+后缀ever+陈述语序"
如：No matter what happened, he would not mind.
注意：no matter 不能引导主语从句和宾语从句。
4.定语从句
定语是指在句子中用来修饰名词、代词的成分
如：I will give my teacher a bunch of beautiful flower.(中beautiful就是定语)
定语从句是指在一个句子中作定语的句子，定语从句要放在所修饰的词后
如：I have met the doctor who is in the No.1 hospital.
定语从句的连接词：
连接代词：who、which、whom、whose、that
连接副词：when、where、why
5.名词性从句
在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词从句。名词从句的功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。
引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类：
连接词： that, whether ,if (不充当从句的任何成分)
连接代词：what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whose, which
连接副词：when, where, how, why
如：That she was chosen made us very happy.
5. 九年级英语的一些句型和语法
呵呵 希望对你有所帮助 祝楼主进步哈
Unit1
By是个很常用的介词（有时也用作副词），在初中英语中的用法有以下几种： 1.意为“在……旁”、“靠近”。如： Some are singing and dancing under a big tree . Some are drawing by the lake. 有的在大树下唱歌跳舞，有的在湖边画画儿。 2.意为“不迟于”、“到……时为止”。如： Your son will be all right by supper time. 你的儿子在晚饭前会好的。 How many English songs had you learned by the end of last term? 到上个学期末你们已经学了多少首英语歌曲？ 3.表示方法、手段，可译作“靠”、“用”、“凭借”、“通过”、“乘坐”等。如： The monkey was hanging from the tree by his tail and laughing.
猴子用尾巴吊在树上哈哈大笑。 The boy’s father was so thankful that he taught Edison how to send messages by railway telegraph.
孩子的父亲是那么的感激，于是他教爱迪生怎样通过铁路电报来传达信息。 4.表示“逐个”、“逐批”的意思。如： One by one they went past the table in the dark.
他们一个一个得在黑暗中经过这张桌子。5.表示“根据”、“按照”的意思。如：What time is it by your watch? 你的表几点了? 6.和take , hold等动词连用，说明接触身体的某一部分。如： I took him by the hand. 我拉住了它的手。 7.用于被动句中，表示行为主体，常译作“被”、“由”等。如： English is spoken by many people. 英语被许多人所说。（即“许多人讲英语。”） 8.组成其它短语。 1) by the way : 意为“顺便说”、“顺便问一下”，常做插入语。如： By the way , where’s Li Ping , do you know?
顺便问一下，李平在哪儿。你知道吗？ 2) by oneself : 意为“单独”、“自行”。如： I can’t leave her by herself. 我不能把她单独留下。 3) by and by : 意为“不久以后”、“不一会儿”。如： But by and by , more and more people began to study English. 但是不久以后，越来越多的人开始学英语了。
二、动名词的构成动词后加动名词doing，相当于名词，在句子中可以做主语、宾语、表语定语等。1）★作主语（这种用法常考）
Fighting broke out between the South and the North.南方与北方开战了。2）作宾语Would you mind turning down your radio a little, please?
请问你介意调小一点收音机的音量吗？3）作表语Babysister’s job is washing，cooking and taking care of the children。保姆的工作是洗衣服，作饭和照看孩子。
Unit2
used to 的用法：（1）肯定句：used这个词没有人称的变化，to后面接动词原形。
否定句是didn’t use to….
When I was a child, I didn’t use to like apples.当我还是孩子的时候我不喜欢苹果.
疑问形式是Did you use to…?Where did you use to live before you came here?当你来这儿之前你住哪儿？
（2）含有used to 的句子的反意疑问句不要usedn’t + 主语，而用didn’t ＋ 主语。He used to smoke, didn’t he? 他过去常常吸烟，是吗？Yes, he did./ No, he didn’t. 是的，他吸。/ 不，他不吸。
（3）used to 表示过去的习惯动作， 而不是现在的。I am used to the weather here. 我已经习惯于这里的天气了。He is used to hard work. 他习惯于艰苦的工作。
（4）used to 可以和be, have 以及其他状态动词连用，描写过去的状态。 I used to be a waiter, but now I’m a taxi-driver.我过去是一个服务员，但现在我是出租车司机。
★ 本单元的许多运用used to 的句子属于描述过去的状态。Mario used to be short.马力奥过去总是很矮。Amy used to be outgoing.爱米过去性格外向。Tina used to have long and straight hair.蒂娜过去有一头直的长头发。He used to wear black shoes. 他过去常穿黑鞋。
Unit3
本单元重点讲到了被动语态的用法英语动词的被动语态由助动词be加及物动词的过去分词构成。助动词be有时态，人称和数的变化，其变化规则与连系动词be完全一样。
一、被动语态的句式变化： 以一般现在时和动词invite为例，列表说明被动语态的句式变化：
二、各种时态的被动语态结构总结如下： 被动语态的时态是由be的时态决定的，be是什么时态，全句就是什么时态，be动词后面的过去分词不变。一般现在时的被动语态为：主＋am / is / are （not）＋过去分词一般过去时的被动语态为：主＋was / were ＋过去分词
例如：我们学过的was / were born 生于，就是一个被动语态.born是个过去分词（bear）－When were you born ? －I was born in 1989. 现在进行时被动语态的构成为: 主语＋is / am / are + being ＋过去分词
现在完成时被动语态的构成为: 主语＋have / has ＋been ＋过去分词
情态动词的被动语态: 情态动词＋be＋过去分词
一般将来时的被动语态: 主语＋will ＋be ＋过去分词
过去将来时的被动语态: 主语＋would / should + be ＋过去分词
过去进行时的被动语态: 主语＋was / were + being ＋过去分词
过去完成时的被动语态: 主语＋had + been +过去分词
三、被动语态的用法：（1）不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁，不用by＋动作执行者短语 Football is played widely all over the world. 全世界都广泛地踢足球。
（2）强调动作的承受者，这时应用by短语。The bank was robbed yesterday afternoon. 昨天下午这家银行遭到抢劫。
（3）作客观说明时，常采用一种被动语态句型It is reported that about twenty children have died of flu in the USA.
据报道美国大约二十名儿童死于流感。
四、主动语态的句子变为被动语态的方法是：（1）把原句中的宾语变为主语（2）动词改为被动形式，即be+过去分词（3）原来的主语，如果需要的话，放在by后面，如果没必要，可省略。请看下表:
主动语态 被动语态
They make trains in Zhuzhou． They use this key for locking the classroom door．Many people speak English．He wrote a letter．They are building a road． Trains are made in Zhuzhou．This key is used for locking the classroom door(by them)．English is spoken by many people．A letter was written by him．A road is being built (by them)．
Unit4
虚拟语气：如果我们所说的不是事实，也不是要求、命令、劝告等，而只是一种假设、愿望、建议或是一种实现不了的空想就用虚拟语气
注意：条件句分两种，真实条件句和虚拟条件句。只有在虚拟（非真实）条件句中，才用虚拟语气，而在真实条件句中，要用陈述语气。
请比较：
（1）If it is sunny tomorrow , we’ll go to the zoo.
如果明天天气好，我们将会去公园。在这句话中，明天天气好是完全有可能实现的，并非虚拟、幻想，因此是真实条件句。在本句中，适用“主将从现。”
（2）If I were you , I would go at once.
（如果我是你的话，我立刻就走。）在这句话中，条件句，“如果我是你”，但事实上，我不可能成为你，这只是假设的情况，没有实现的可能。当条件实现的可能性很小，甚至可以说没有时，就需要用虚拟语气来表示，动词发生了变化。
也就是说虚拟语气表示和现实的事实相反时，从句用一般过时。
主句用 “should/would/could/ might +动词原形。
1.If I had time, I would go for a walk.
2.If I were invited, I would go to the dinner party.
3.If I won a million dollars in the lottery, I would put it in the bank.
知识点2. He doesn’t know if he should bring a present.
此处if表示“是否”，引导宾语从句。Should此处表示“应该”。不是虚拟语气。
E.g.1. I don’t know if I should go to the party.
2.If I have enough money, I will go to Hainan .
知识点3.If I were you , I’d wear a shirt and tie.
if 引导的条件状语从句表示与现在事实相反的虚拟语气时，be动词只能用were，而不能用was。
E.g. If he were here, he would not agree with you .
知识点4. I don’t have a present. What if everyone else brings a present?
What if… “如果……怎么办？”相当于 what would happen if…
E.g. What shall I do if it snows?
知识点5.Well, dogs can be a lot of trouble.
Trouble 麻烦事 ,名词
常用搭配 ：get (sb)into trouble get out of trouble what’s the trouble
“if”引导的条件句。
Unit5
It must be--- (肯定是,100%)
It might/could be… (有可能,20-80%)
It can’t be… (肯定不是,0%)
程度 肯定句 否定句 疑问句
must ★ ★ ★ ★ √
may ★ ★ ★ √ √
might
/could ★ ★ √
√
√
√
can’t
can ★ √
√
1. --- Whose book is this?
--- It must be Mary’s. (肯定; 一定)
It must belong to Mary.
2. --- Whose French book is this?
--- It could be Ali’s. She studies French. (可能)
3. The hair band might belong to Linda.
might be Linda’s. (可能)
4. The T-shirt can’t be John’s. (不可能)
It’s much too small for him.
练习：1. --- Whose pen is this?
--- It ____ Liu Mei because I saw her use it the other day.
A. can’t be B. might be C. must belong to
2. That’s a piece of good news. They ___ glad to hear that.
A. can be B. might be C. must be D. can’t be
3. Mary ______ be in Paris. I saw her in town only a few minutes ago.
A. mustn’t B. shouldn’t C. can’t D. may not
Unit6
定语从句
1. who 指人,作主语或宾语 (作宾语可省略）
The man who I talked with is our teacher.
A person who steals things is called a thief.
2. whom指人,作宾语 (作宾语可省略,如介词提前则不能省)
The man (whom/who) I nodded to is Mr. Li.
The man to whom I nodded is Professor Li.
3. which 指物，作主语或宾语 (作宾语可省略, 如介词提前则不能省)
These are the trees which were planted last year.
This recorder （which） he is using is made in Japan.
Is this the library (which) you borrow books from?
Is this the library from which you borrow books?
4. that 指人/物，作主语或宾语 (作宾语可省略）
A plane is a machine. It can fly.→A plane is a machine that can fly.
He is the man. I told you about him. →He is the man (that) I told you about.
The scientist is very famous in the world. We met her yesterday.
↓
The scientist Ø we met yesterday is very famous in the world.
who
whom
that
The dress is new. She is wearing it.
↓
The dress that she is wearing is new.
which
Ø
(3) He is the kind person. I have ever worked with him.
↓
He is the kind person that I have ever worked with.
who
whom
Ø
This is the best film. I have ever seen this film.
↓
This is the best film that I have ever seen.
Ø
在选择引导定语从句的关系代词时，有如下要点：
1 由于关系代词在主句与从句间既起到联系作用，又在从句中充当一个成分，因此， 要正确判断关系代词在从句中的功能，如作主语还是宾语等。
2 当先行词指人时，关系代词可用who（做主语，宾语），that（做主语，宾语），whom（作宾语），whose（作定语）
3 当先行词指物时，关系代词可用that（做主语，宾语），which（做主语，宾语）
4 再定语从句中，作宾语的关系代词长可省略，但在介词后面的关系代词不能省略。指人时，介词后只用whom，指物时，介词后只用which。
5 在非限制性定语从句中，指人时，只用who，指物时，只用which。
1．定语从句中that与who、which的区别
2．定语从句中关系词的省略
Unit8
1、短语动词小结
常见短语动词结构有下面几种：
1.动词+副词 如：give up 放弃 turn off 关掉 stay up 熬夜
这种结构有时相当于及物动词，如果其宾语是代词，就必须放在动词和副词之间，如果是名词，则既可插在动词和副词之间，也可放 在短语动词后。
2. 动词+介词 如：listen of 听 look at 看 belong to 属于
这种结构相当于及物动词，后面跟宾语。
3. 动词+副词+介词 如：come up with 提出，想出 run out of 用完，耗尽
4. 动词+名词(介词) 如：take part in参加 catch hold of 抓住
2、倒装句
not only … but (also) … 不但… 而且… 用来连接两个并列的成分
(1)引导以 not only …but (also)… 开头的句子往往引起部分倒装。
因此 ⑴Not only do I feel good but (also)…. 是倒装句。也是说得要
把前面的句子中的助动词或者是情态动词放在主语的前面。如：
①Not only can I do it but (also) I can do best. 我不仅能做到而且做得最好。
⑵Not only…but (also)… 接两主语时，谓语动词随后面的主语人称和数的变化 也就是就近原则 如：
①Not only Lily but (also) you like cat. 不仅莉莉而且你也喜欢猫。
②Not only you but (also) Lily likes cat. 不仅你而且莉莉喜欢猫。
常见的就近原则的结构有：
Neither… nor…即不…也不… (两者都不)
Neither you nor I like him. 我和你都不喜欢他。
Either… or… 不是…就是… (两者中的一个)
Either Lily or you are a student.
Not only …but (also)…
There be
Unit 9 When was it invented ?
被动语态
被动语态基本用法：当句子的主语是动作的执行者时，谓语的形式是主动语态。当句子的主语是动作的承受者时，谓语要用被动语态。被动语态由助动词be+过去分词构成，时态通过be表现出来。
被动语态基本结构：be+及物动词的过去分词 (如果是不用物动词，其过去分词应带有相应的介词)
各种时态的被动语态构成
一般现在时：S（主语）+am/is /are +P.P（动词的过去分词）
一般过去时：S+was/were +P.P.
情态动词：S+ can/may/must/should + be+ P.P.
一般将来时：S+ will+be+ P.P.
现在进行时：S+am/is /are+being +P.P
现在完成时：S+ have/has + been+ P.P.
过去进行时：S+ was/were+being+ P.P.
被动语态基本结构：be+及物动词的过去分词
(如果是不用物动词，其过去分词应带有相应的介词)
被动语态中的be 是助动词，有人称、数和时态的变化。
被动语态中动作的发出者或执行者做介词by的宾语，放在句末，by 表示“由，被”的意思
汉语中含有“据说”、“据悉”、“有人说”、“大家说”等时。例如：
It is believed that …… 人们认为 …… It is said that …… 据说 ……
It is thought that …… 人们认为 …… It is known that …… 众所周知 ……
It is reported that ……据报道 …… It is proved that ……据证明 ……
It is announced that ……据宣布 …… It is suggested that ……据建议 ……
It is requested that ……据要求 …… It is demanded that ……据要求 ……
Unit 10 By the time I got outside, the bus had already left
1. 过去完成时
(1) 构成：由助动词had + 过去分词 构成
否定式：had not + 过去分词 缩写形式：hadn’t
(2) 用法
过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了
的动作。
(3) 它所表示的时间是“过去的过去”。
①表示过去某一时间可用by, before 等构成的短语来表示
②也可以用when, before, after 等引导的时间状语从句来表示
③还可以通过宾语从句或通过上下文暗示。
When I got there, you had already eaten you meal.
当我到达那里时，你已经开始吃了。
By the time he got here, the bus had left.
到他到达这里时，汽车已经离开了
典型题例
1、He said he had never seen that film before. Instead,he_____many novels.
A. has read B. had readed C. had wrote D. had read
此题应该选用D项。从“He said he had never seen that film before ”中
可知是过去完成时态，而从“ Instead,”中可以知道与前面的宾语从句是并列的内容，故应该选用“had read”。
2、The train ______ for a while when they got to the station.
A. had left B. had been away C. had gone D. has been away
此题应该选用B项。从“for a while ”中可知要用完成时态的持续性动
词连接，而从“when they got to the station. ”中可以知道过去时间点以前的事情，应该用故应该选用“had been away ”。
3、A week later, I received a book that I _____ on line.
A. has ordered B. had ordered C. would order D. was ordering
此题应该选用B项。从“I received a book ”中可知与动词“order ”的
前后关系，应该是在“收到书以前已经预订了”，故应该用“order”的过去完成时态结构表示“过去的过去”这一概念。故应该选用“had ordered”。
4、The boy told his mother that he ____ ill since he came back from the school.
A. has been B. would be C. had been D. was
此题应该选用C项。从“ …since he came back from the school.”中可知前面的主句是完成时态，但是从“The boy told his mother ”结构中可以知道应该用相应的过去时态，，故应该选用“had been”。
5、When we got to the field, the football match ____ already ______.
A. has started B. had started C. will begin D. is going to start
此题应该选用B项。从“already ”中可知是完成时态，但是从“ When we got to the field”结构中可以知道应该用相应的过去时态，故应该选用“had started ”。
6. 初三英语语法
呵呵 希望对你有所帮助 祝楼主进步哈 记得采纳O(∩_∩)O哈！
九年级英语复习---语法讲解（1-7单元）
Unit1
By是个很常用的介词（有时也用作副词），在初中英语中的用法有以下几种： 1.意为“在……旁”、“靠近”。如： Some are singing and dancing under a big tree . Some are drawing by the lake. 有的在大树下唱歌跳舞，有的在湖边画画儿。 2.意为“不迟于”、“到……时为止”。如： Your son will be all right by supper time. 你的儿子在晚饭前会好的。 How many English songs had you learned by the end of last term? 到上个学期末你们已经学了多少首英语歌曲？ 3.表示方法、手段，可译作“靠”、“用”、“凭借”、“通过”、“乘坐”等。如： The monkey was hanging from the tree by his tail and laughing.
猴子用尾巴吊在树上哈哈大笑。 The boy’s father was so thankful that he taught Edison how to send messages by railway telegraph.
孩子的父亲是那么的感激，于是他教爱迪生怎样通过铁路电报来传达信息。 4.表示“逐个”、“逐批”的意思。如： One by one they went past the table in the dark.
他们一个一个得在黑暗中经过这张桌子。5.表示“根据”、“按照”的意思。如：What time is it by your watch? 你的表几点了? 6.和take , hold等动词连用，说明接触身体的某一部分。如： I took him by the hand. 我拉住了它的手。 7.用于被动句中，表示行为主体，常译作“被”、“由”等。如： English is spoken by many people. 英语被许多人所说。（即“许多人讲英语。”） 8.组成其它短语。 1) by the way : 意为“顺便说”、“顺便问一下”，常做插入语。如： By the way , where’s Li Ping , do you know?
顺便问一下，李平在哪儿。你知道吗？ 2) by oneself : 意为“单独”、“自行”。如： I can’t leave her by herself. 我不能把她单独留下。 3) by and by : 意为“不久以后”、“不一会儿”。如： But by and by , more and more people began to study English. 但是不久以后，越来越多的人开始学英语了。
二、动名词的构成动词后加动名词doing，相当于名词，在句子中可以做主语、宾语、表语定语等。1）★作主语（这种用法常考）
Fighting broke out between the South and the North.南方与北方开战了。2）作宾语Would you mind turning down your radio a little, please?
请问你介意调小一点收音机的音量吗？3）作表语Babysister’s job is washing，cooking and taking care of the children。保姆的工作是洗衣服，作饭和照看孩子。
Unit2
used to 的用法：（1）肯定句：used这个词没有人称的变化，to后面接动词原形。
否定句是didn’t use to….
When I was a child, I didn’t use to like apples.当我还是孩子的时候我不喜欢苹果.
疑问形式是Did you use to…?Where did you use to live before you came here?当你来这儿之前你住哪儿？
（2）含有used to 的句子的反意疑问句不要usedn’t + 主语，而用didn’t ＋ 主语。He used to smoke, didn’t he? 他过去常常吸烟，是吗？Yes, he did./ No, he didn’t. 是的，他吸。/ 不，他不吸。
（3）used to 表示过去的习惯动作， 而不是现在的。I am used to the weather here. 我已经习惯于这里的天气了。He is used to hard work. 他习惯于艰苦的工作。
（4）used to 可以和be, have 以及其他状态动词连用，描写过去的状态。 I used to be a waiter, but now I’m a taxi-driver.我过去是一个服务员，但现在我是出租车司机。
★ 本单元的许多运用used to 的句子属于描述过去的状态。Mario used to be short.马力奥过去总是很矮。Amy used to be outgoing.爱米过去性格外向。Tina used to have long and straight hair.蒂娜过去有一头直的长头发。He used to wear black shoes. 他过去常穿黑鞋。
Unit3
本单元重点讲到了被动语态的用法英语动词的被动语态由助动词be加及物动词的过去分词构成。助动词be有时态，人称和数的变化，其变化规则与连系动词be完全一样。
一、被动语态的句式变化： 以一般现在时和动词invite为例，列表说明被动语态的句式变化：
二、各种时态的被动语态结构总结如下： 被动语态的时态是由be的时态决定的，be是什么时态，全句就是什么时态，be动词后面的过去分词不变。一般现在时的被动语态为：主＋am / is / are （not）＋过去分词一般过去时的被动语态为：主＋was / were ＋过去分词
例如：我们学过的was / were born 生于，就是一个被动语态.born是个过去分词（bear）－When were you born ? －I was born in 1989. 现在进行时被动语态的构成为: 主语＋is / am / are + being ＋过去分词
现在完成时被动语态的构成为: 主语＋have / has ＋been ＋过去分词
情态动词的被动语态: 情态动词＋be＋过去分词
一般将来时的被动语态: 主语＋will ＋be ＋过去分词
过去将来时的被动语态: 主语＋would / should + be ＋过去分词
过去进行时的被动语态: 主语＋was / were + being ＋过去分词
过去完成时的被动语态: 主语＋had + been +过去分词
三、被动语态的用法：（1）不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁，不用by＋动作执行者短语 Football is played widely all over the world. 全世界都广泛地踢足球。
（2）强调动作的承受者，这时应用by短语。The bank was robbed yesterday afternoon. 昨天下午这家银行遭到抢劫。
（3）作客观说明时，常采用一种被动语态句型It is reported that about twenty children have died of flu in the USA.
据报道美国大约二十名儿童死于流感。
四、主动语态的句子变为被动语态的方法是：（1）把原句中的宾语变为主语（2）动词改为被动形式，即be+过去分词（3）原来的主语，如果需要的话，放在by后面，如果没必要，可省略。请看下表:
主动语态 被动语态
They make trains in Zhuzhou． They use this key for locking the classroom door．Many people speak English．He wrote a letter．They are building a road． Trains are made in Zhuzhou．This key is used for locking the classroom door(by them)．English is spoken by many people．A letter was written by him．A road is being built (by them)．
Unit4
虚拟语气：如果我们所说的不是事实，也不是要求、命令、劝告等，而只是一种假设、愿望、建议或是一种实现不了的空想就用虚拟语气
注意：条件句分两种，真实条件句和虚拟条件句。只有在虚拟（非真实）条件句中，才用虚拟语气，而在真实条件句中，要用陈述语气。
请比较：
（1）If it is sunny tomorrow , we’ll go to the zoo.
如果明天天气好，我们将会去公园。在这句话中，明天天气好是完全有可能实现的，并非虚拟、幻想，因此是真实条件句。在本句中，适用“主将从现。”
（2）If I were you , I would go at once.
（如果我是你的话，我立刻就走。）在这句话中，条件句，“如果我是你”，但事实上，我不可能成为你，这只是假设的情况，没有实现的可能。当条件实现的可能性很小，甚至可以说没有时，就需要用虚拟语气来表示，动词发生了变化。
也就是说虚拟语气表示和现实的事实相反时，从句用一般过时。
主句用 “should/would/could/ might +动词原形。
1.If I had time, I would go for a walk.
2.If I were invited, I would go to the dinner party.
3.If I won a million dollars in the lottery, I would put it in the bank.
知识点2. He doesn’t know if he should bring a present.
此处if表示“是否”，引导宾语从句。Should此处表示“应该”。不是虚拟语气。
E.g.1. I don’t know if I should go to the party.
2.If I have enough money, I will go to Hainan .
知识点3.If I were you , I’d wear a shirt and tie.
if 引导的条件状语从句表示与现在事实相反的虚拟语气时，be动词只能用were，而不能用was。
E.g. If he were here, he would not agree with you .
知识点4. I don’t have a present. What if everyone else brings a present?
What if… “如果……怎么办？”相当于 what would happen if…
E.g. What shall I do if it snows?
知识点5.Well, dogs can be a lot of trouble.
Trouble 麻烦事 ,名词
常用搭配 ：get (sb)into trouble get out of trouble what’s the trouble
“if”引导的条件句。
Unit5
It must be--- (肯定是,100%)
It might/could be… (有可能,20-80%)
It can’t be… (肯定不是,0%)
程度 肯定句 否定句 疑问句
must ★ ★ ★ ★ √
may ★ ★ ★ √ √
might
/could ★ ★ √
√
√
√
can’t
can ★ √
√
1. --- Whose book is this?
--- It must be Mary’s. (肯定; 一定)
It must belong to Mary.
2. --- Whose French book is this?
--- It could be Ali’s. She studies French. (可能)
3. The hair band might belong to Linda.
might be Linda’s. (可能)
4. The T-shirt can’t be John’s. (不可能)
It’s much too small for him.
练习：1. --- Whose pen is this?
--- It ____ Liu Mei because I saw her use it the other day.
A. can’t be B. might be C. must belong to
2. That’s a piece of good news. They ___ glad to hear that.
A. can be B. might be C. must be D. can’t be
3. Mary ______ be in Paris. I saw her in town only a few minutes ago.
A. mustn’t B. shouldn’t C. can’t D. may not
Unit6
定语从句
1. who 指人,作主语或宾语 (作宾语可省略）
The man who I talked with is our teacher.
A person who steals things is called a thief.
2. whom指人,作宾语 (作宾语可省略,如介词提前则不能省)
The man (whom/who) I nodded to is Mr. Li.
The man to whom I nodded is Professor Li.
3. which 指物，作主语或宾语 (作宾语可省略, 如介词提前则不能省)
These are the trees which were planted last year.
This recorder （which） he is using is made in Japan.
Is this the library (which) you borrow books from?
Is this the library from which you borrow books?
4. that 指人/物，作主语或宾语 (作宾语可省略）
A plane is a machine. It can fly.→A plane is a machine that can fly.
He is the man. I told you about him. →He is the man (that) I told you about.
The scientist is very famous in the world. We met her yesterday.
↓
The scientist Ø we met yesterday is very famous in the world.
who
whom
that
The dress is new. She is wearing it.
↓
The dress that she is wearing is new.
which
Ø
(3) He is the kind person. I have ever worked with him.
↓
He is the kind person that I have ever worked with.
who
whom
Ø
This is the best film. I have ever seen this film.
↓
This is the best film that I have ever seen.
Ø
在选择引导定语从句的关系代词时，有如下要点：
1 由于关系代词在主句与从句间既起到联系作用，又在从句中充当一个成分，因此， 要正确判断关系代词在从句中的功能，如作主语还是宾语等。
2 当先行词指人时，关系代词可用who（做主语，宾语），that（做主语，宾语），whom（作宾语），whose（作定语）
3 当先行词指物时，关系代词可用that（做主语，宾语），which（做主语，宾语）
4 再定语从句中，作宾语的关系代词长可省略，但在介词后面的关系代词不能省略。指人时，介词后只用whom，指物时，介词后只用which。
5 在非限制性定语从句中，指人时，只用who，指物时，只用which。
1．定语从句中that与who、which的区别
2．定语从句中关系词的省略
典型例题
1. The first job ________I found was to be a cleaner.
A. where B. why C. which D. that
解析：指事物的先行词前有序数词修饰时，只能用关系代词that。故本题的正确答案是D。
2. I don’t think history is as interesting as English.（改为同义词）
I think history is ___________ interesting _________ English.
解析：答案是：less; than。意思是“我认为历史不如英语有趣”。
3. The woman who is wearing the hat is my mother.（改为同义句）
The woman ________ the hat is my mother.
解析：读题后可知：上句含义是“戴帽子的那个妇女旭我的妈妈”，对应下句，可知空格处应填“戴”，故正确答案是in。
选择填空
1. The poor boy ________ lost both his parents last year is called Mike．
A．which B．what C．who D．／
2. The bridge ________ has been there for nearly fifty years still looks nice．
A．which B．what C．／ D．who
3. I’m one of the students _______well in English in my class．
A．who does B．who do C．which does D．who did
4. Is this factory ________ some foreign friends visited last Friday?
A．that B．where C．which D．the one
5. All______ they have done is good for us．
A．what B．which C．why D．that
Unit7
表达意愿的几个基本句子
a. _______ _______ _________ go to France some day.
b. _______ _______ _________ go to France some day.
c. _______ _______ _________ go to France some day.
d. _______ _______ _________ go to France some day.
答案：a. I hope to b. I’d like to c. I’d love to d. I want to
She would like to go to New York. （对划线部分提问）
答案：Where would she like to go?
注意：where在本句中为副词，go后面不能再加to，而Which city would she like to go to? 中which为代词。
九年级英语复习---语法讲解(Units8-15)
Unit8
1、短语动词小结
常见短语动词结构有下面几种：
1.动词+副词 如：give up 放弃 turn off 关掉 stay up 熬夜
这种结构有时相当于及物动词，如果其宾语是代词，就必须放在动词和副词之间，如果是名词，则既可插在动词和副词之间，也可放 在短语动词后。
2. 动词+介词 如：listen of 听 look at 看 belong to 属于
这种结构相当于及物动词，后面跟宾语。
3. 动词+副词+介词 如：come up with 提出，想出 run out of 用完，耗尽
4. 动词+名词(介词) 如：take part in参加 catch hold of 抓住
2、倒装句
not only … but (also) … 不但… 而且… 用来连接两个并列的成分
(1)引导以 not only …but (also)… 开头的句子往往引起部分倒装。
因此 ⑴Not only do I feel good but (also)…. 是倒装句。也是说得要
把前面的句子中的助动词或者是情态动词放在主语的前面。如：
①Not only can I do it but (also) I can do best. 我不仅能做到而且做得最好。
⑵Not only…but (also)… 接两主语时，谓语动词随后面的主语人称和数的变化 也就是就近原则 如：
①Not only Lily but (also) you like cat. 不仅莉莉而且你也喜欢猫。
②Not only you but (also) Lily likes cat. 不仅你而且莉莉喜欢猫。
常见的就近原则的结构有：
Neither… nor…即不…也不… (两者都不)
Neither you nor I like him. 我和你都不喜欢他。
Either… or… 不是…就是… (两者中的一个)
Either Lily or you are a student.
Not only …but (also)…
There be
7. 九年级英语语法
好 我也上九年级
复合句:有主句，有从句。从句修饰主句的谓语，说明谓语发生的时间/地点/方式等等。
定语从句：也是复合句的一种，修饰主句中的某个名次/代词。
并列句：前后两个句子是相等的，没有主次之分，常用and/or/but/while等连接。
间接引语：把某人的话引用到自己的句中，不用引号表明，而是放在谓语动词的后面变成了宾语从句。如：she asked who you were.
直接引语:把某人的话引用到自己的句中，用引号表明，如; "Who are you?" she asked.
不定试: 是非谓语的一种， to do, 在句子中作除了谓语之外的所有成分。
九 年 级 英 语 语 法 集 中
——定语从句（the Attributive Clause）
Name: ______________ Class: ______________ No.:______________
一、定义：
在复合句中，修饰主句中的某一名词或代词的句子（从句）叫定语从句。定语从句所修饰的词叫先行词。定语从句作定语放在先行词的后面。
引导定语从句的词叫关系词，关系词有：关系代词that，which，who(宾格whom, 所有格whose)和关系副词when，where，why。关系代词或关系副词放在先行词和定语从句之间，既起连接作用，同时又作定语从句的一个成分。如：
The girl who is standing on the stage is my sister.
正站在台上的那个女孩是我的妹妹。（关系代词who在句中作主语）
I can’t find the book (that) I bought yesterday.
我找不到我昨天买的那本书。（关系代词that在句中作宾语，可省去）
Madam Curie was a great scientist whose name is known all over the world.
居里夫人是一位全世界闻名的伟大科学家。
二、用法：
（一）关系代词的用法：
（1）that指物，有时也指人，在从句中作主语或宾语。作主语不可省略，作宾语可省略。
which指物，不指人，在从句中作主语或宾语。作主语不可省略，作宾语可省略。如：
His father works in a factory that/ which makes TV set. （作主语，指物）
The coat (that/ which) I put on the desk is black. （作宾语，可省去）
The books (that/ which) they bought were written by me. （作宾语，可省去）
注意：
(一) which与that指物时可互相代替，但that比which更常见，尤其在口语中。但要注意that可用来指人，而which则不能指人。
只能用that不能用which引导的定语从句：
①定语从句所修饰的词，同时又被形容词最高级修饰时，定语从句只能用that引导；
This is the most interesting story (that) I have ever heard.
②定语从句所修饰的词，同时又被序数词修饰时，定语从句只能用that引导；
The children like the second Lesson that is about “The Football March”.
③定语从句所修饰的词，同时又被the only，the very或the same修饰时，
定语从句只能用that引导；
1) It is the only word (that) I know in the passage.
2) This is the same bicycle (that) I lost.
④定语从句修饰的词同时又被不定代词，如：all，any，no，every，little，many或much等修饰时，定语从句只能用that引导；
Here is all the money (that) I have.
⑤定语从句修饰词为everything，something，anything，nothing，all，none，much，little，few等不定代词时，定语从句只能用that引导。但something前有the时，定语从句可由which引出。
Here is something (that) I will tell you.
I want everything (that) I want.
⑥定语从句修饰的词中同时含有“人”和“物”的名词时，定语从句只能用that引导：
I can remember well the persons and some picture (that) I see in the room.
⑦定语从句修饰的词为one, ones时，定语从句用that引导：
Is it the one (that) you want?
⑧当主句的主语是疑问词 who或 which来提问时，为了避免重复，用that引导定语从句：]
Who is the girl that won the first place?
(二) who指人，that除指人外也指物，在从句中作主语或宾语。作宾语可省略，作主语不能省略。
1) The girl who often helps me with my English is from England. （作主语，不可省略）
2) The teacher who spoke at the meeting just now is having a rest in his office. （作主语，不可省略）
3) The boy (who/ that) I like isn’t here now. （作宾语，可省略）
注 意:
who与that指人时可互相代替，但下列情况只能用who不能用that引导的定语从句：
① 先行词是one，ones，anyone时，定语从句只能用who引导；
② 先行词为those时，定语从句只能用who引导；
③ There be句型开头。
另 注：(1) whom指人，为who的宾格形式,在句中只作宾语，其前没有介词时，也可用who替换使用，也可省略，如：
Who is the teacher (that/ who/ whom) Yanzhen is talking to? （作宾语，可省略）
Who is the teacher to whom Yanzhen is talking? （作宾语，介词to提到whom前，whom再此不可省略）
(2) whose 指人，也可指物，在从句中作定语，不可省略。如：
The building whose windows face to the south is our school. （作定语，不可省略）
（二）关系副词的用法：（略）
巩 固 练 习
一、用适当的关系代词填空：
1. The man ___________________ I saw in the street yesterday is Tom’s father.
2. The students ___________________ don’t work hard will not pass the exam.
3. Is there anything ___________________ you want to say now?
4. This is the only book ____________________ I want to read for my child.
5. The first present ____________________ my parents gave me was a model plane.
6. The bridge _____________________ is being built will be the most beautiful in the city.
7. I don’t want to work with a man ____________________ hair is so long.
8. These are the trees ____________________ were planted last year.
9. The car ____________________ he is using is made in China.
10. Is this the musician ____________________ you like best?
二、单项选择：
( )1. The girl _________________ could sing well went to Europe.
A. who B. whose C. whom D. which
( )2. We prefer music which _________________ great lyrics.
A. have B. has C. had D. is
( )3. She lives in a house __________________ windows face south.
A. that B. who C. which D. whose
( )4. Who is the man _________________ talked with you just now?
A. who B. that C. whom D. whose
( )5. Look at the boy and his dog _________________ are coming this way.
A. who B. which C. that D. whom
( )6. This is the biggest ship __________________ I’ve ever seen.
A. who B. whom C. that D. whose
( )7. Look at the girl __________________ name is Susan.
A. who B. whose C. whom D. that
( )8. That was all the money __________________ I had.
A. which B. that C. whom D. whose
( )9. This is the man __________________ last night.
A. whom I saw him B. whom I saw C. which I saw D. who I saw him
( )10. They talked about things and persons ______________ they remembered in the school.
A. who B. which C. that D. what
三、以下列画线的句子为定语，组成一个定语从句：
1. The boy is Tom. The boy is smiling.
_________________________________________________________________
2. The girl is Kate. She has a round face.
_________________________________________________________________
3. He is the man. I told you about him.
_________________________________________________________________
4. The man is kind. Everyone likes him.
_________________________________________________________________
5. The woman got the job. We saw her on the street.
_________________________________________________________________
6. He likes the novels. The novels were written by Hemingway.
_________________________________________________________________
四、阅读理解：
popular music in America is what every student likes. Students carry small radios and listen to music before class，after class，and at lunch. Students with cars buy large speakers and play the music loudly as they drive on the street.
Alt（成年人）drivers listen to music on the car radio as they drive to work. They also listen to the news about sports，the weather，and the life of American people. Most of the radio programmers are music.
Pop or popular music singers make much money. They make a CD or a tape which radio stations use in many places. Once the popular singer is heard all over the country，young people buy his or her tapes. Some of the money from these tapes goes to the singer. Wherever the singer goes，all the young people want to meet him or her. Now the singer has become a famous star.
There are other kinds of music that are important to Americans. One is called folk music. It tells stories about the common（普通的）life of Americans. Another is called western or country music. This was started by cowboys who would sing at night to the cows they were watching. Today，any music about country life and the love between a country boy and his girl is called western or country music.
36. _______kinds of music are mentioned in this passage？
A. Two B. Four C. Three D. Five
37. When pop singers _________，they will become famous stars.
A. make much money B. are loved by all over the young people
C. make a CD or a tape D. are wanted to sing on the radio
38. From the passage we know that country music is about the ______.
A. common life of Americans B. country life and love stories of cowboys
C. life of cowboys D. school life in America
39. Which of the following is true according to this passage？______.
A. All the students in America like popular music
B. Most of the radio programmers in America are popular music
C. Alt drivers in America listen to music all the time while driving
D. Everyone in America wants to meet pop singers wherever they go
40. What would be the best title（标题）for this passage？
A. Western Music B. Popular Music C. History of Music D. American Music