『壹』 必修一英语一单元语法讲解
直接引语和间接引语
引述某人的话一般采用两种形式：一种是直接引语（Direct Speech），即原封不动地引用原话，把它放在引号内；另一种是间接引语（Indirect Speech），即用自己的话加以转述，被转述的内容不放在引号内。
一、 直接引语变间接引语
A． 陈述句的间接引语
直接引语是陈述句，变为间接引语时，在多数情况下都构成一个that引导的宾语从句，引述动词通常是say, tell等。与此同时，间接引语中的人称、时态和其他方面也要相应有所变化。
The foreigner aid to me, I like Beijing very much.那老外告诉我：我很喜欢北京。
→ The foreigner told me that he she liked Beijing very much. 那老外告诉我说他（她）很喜欢北京。
She said,We are very fond of sports. 她说：我们都喜欢体育运动。
→ She said that they were very fond of sports. 她说他（她）们都喜欢体运动。
I'll go over the grammar lesson once again,he said. 他说：我将把语法课再复习一遍。
→ He said he would go over the grammar lesson once again. 他说他将要把语法课再复习一遍。（that可省略）
B． 疑问句的间接引语
1．一般疑问句和反意疑问句
一般疑问句改为间接引语时，要用陈述语序，并要加连词if 或 whether，其主句动词常用ask, wonder, wantto know, didn't know等。句末不用问号。
My teacher asked me, Do you like American country music 我老师问我：你喜欢美国乡村音乐吗？
→ My teacher asked me ifwhether I liked American country music. 我老师问我是否喜欢美国乡村音乐。
You haven't been to Beijing, have you asked he. 他问：你没去过北，是吗？
→ He asked me ifwhether I had been to Beijing. 他问我是否去过北京。
2．否定的一般疑问句和选择问句
如果直接引语为否定的一般问句或选择疑问句时，用whether
『贰』 人教版高一英语必修一各个单元的语法知识点
一． 一般现在时
1. 表示主语现在所处的状态及其所具备的特征、性格、能力等
例如：I am a girl.
2. 表示习惯性、经常性的动作
例如：I usually go to bed at 9:00.
3. 标志性的词语
Always often sometimes now and then
4. 若助于为第三人称单数（he she it）则动词要用单三现
二． 现在进行时
1． 说话时正在进行的动作
例如：I am reading.
2.表示即将发生的动作，多用于go come start leave return arrive stay fly等词语之中，句子中常常有时间状语
例如：The plane is going to Beijing.
3.当句子中出现了always 、forever 、constantly 、continually 、
All the time等
例如：I am always thinking of you.
三． 倍数比较
1.A+系动词+倍数词+as+ adj \adv的原型+as+B
例如：The class is twice as big as that one.
2.A+系动词+倍数词+adj\adv的比较级+than+B
例如：The class is twice bigger than that class.
3.A+系动词+倍数词+the size\amount(数量)\ength\width\height
\depth\+of+B
例如：The class is twice the size of that class.
四． With的复合结构
1． With+宾语+宾语补足语
宾语补足语根据逻辑意义的不同可以是不同的词语，如形容词、现在分词、过去分词、副词、介词短语、不定式等，with在复合结构中常作状语
2.常用结构
○1with+宾语+doing
表主动与进行
例如：Tom was quite safe with Lucy standing behind him.
○2with+宾语+done
表被动与完成
例如：With all things she need bought,she went home.
○3with+宾语+to do
表将来
例如：With so many thing to deal with.
五． 现在完成进行时
现在完成进行时
1．基本表达式（I have been doing ）
I/ we/ you/ they have been doing sth.
he/ she/ it has been doing sth.
2．表示从过去某时开始一直持续到现在的动作，并且还将持续下去。
The Chinese have been making paper for two thousand years.
中国有2000年的造纸历史。（动作还将继续下去）
I have been learning English since three years ago.
自从三年前以来我一直在学英语。（动作还将继续下去）
3．表示在说话时刻之前到现在正在进行的动作。
We have been waiting for you for half an hour.
我们已经等你半个钟头了(人还没到，如同在电话里说的，还会继续等)
4．有些现在完成进行时的句子等同的句子。
例如：They have been living in this city for ten years.
They have lived in this city for ten years.
他们在这个城市已经住了10年了。
I have been working here for five years.
I have worked here for five years.
我在这里已经工作五年了。
5．大多数现在完成进行时的句子不等同于现在完成时的句子。
例如：I have been writing a book.（动作还将继续下去）
我一直在写一本书。
I have written a book.（动作已经完成）
我已经写了一本书。
They have been building a bridge.
他们一直在造一座桥。
They have built a bridge.
他们造了一座桥。
6．表示状态的动词不能用于现在完成进行时。
例如：I have known him for years.
我认识他已经好几年了。
I have been knowing...
这类不能用于现在完成进行时的动词还有：love爱，like喜欢， hate讨厌，等。
注意：比较过去时与现在完成时
1．过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。
2．过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用，或无时间状语。
一般过去时的时间状语:
yesterday, last week，…ago, in1980, in October, just now, 具体的时间状语
共同的时间状语:
this morning, tonight,this April, now, once，before, already, recently，lately
现在完成时的时间状语
for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till / until, up to now, in past years, always,
不确定的时间状语
3．现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，动词一般是延续性的，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.
过去时常用的非持续性动词有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。
例如： I saw this film yesterday.
（强调看的动作发生过了。）
I have seen this film.
（强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了。）
Why did you get up so early?
（强调起床的动作已发生过了。）
Who hasn't handed in his paper?
（强调有卷子，可能为不公平竞争。）
She has returned from Paris.
她已从巴黎回来了。
She returned yesterday.
她是昨天回来了。
He has been in the League for three years.
(在团内的状态可延续)
He has been a League member for three years.
(是团员的状态可持续)
He joined the League three years ago.
( 三年前入团，joined为短暂行为。)
I have finished my homework now.
---Will somebody go and get Dr. White?
---He's already been sent for.
句子中如有过去时的时间副词（如 yesterday, last, week, in 1960）时，不能使用现在完成时，要用过去时。
（错）Tom has written a letter to his parents last night. （对）Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.
六．过去完成时
1． 概念：表示过去的过去
其构成是had +过去分词构成。
那时以前 那时 现在
2． 用法
a. 在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。
She said (that) she had never been to Paris.
b. 状语从句
在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在先，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。
When the police arrived, the thieves had run away.
c. 表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用过去完成时表示"原本…，未能…"
We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't.
3．过去完成时的时间状语before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。
例如：He said that he had learned some English before.
By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself.
Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.
七．现在完成进行时
1．其构成形式如下：
I / we / they have been + 动词的现在分词
He / she / it has been + 动词的现在分词 功用如下：
2． 表示一个在过去开始而在最近刚刚结束的行动，如：
Ann is very tired. She has been working hard.
Why are you clothes so dirty? What have you been doing?
3．表示一个从过去开始但仍在进行的行动，如：
It has been raining for two hours. (现在还在下)
Jack hasn’t been feeling very well recently.
4． 表示一个从过去开始延续到现在，可以包括现在在内的一个阶段内，重复发生的行动，如：
She has been playing tennis since she was eight.
5． 现在完成时强调动作行为的结果、影响，而现在完成进行时只强调动作行为本身，如：
Tom’s hands are very dirty. He has been repairing the car.
The car is going again now. Tom has repaired it.
注意：
现在完成时有否定结构、而现在完成进行时没有否定结构。 现在完成时态可表示做完的时期以及已有的经验、但现在完成进行时不可以 现在完成进行时的否定结构 现在完成进行时有时也可用否定结构。
如： Since that unfortunate accident last week, I haven’t been sleeping at all well. 自从上周发生了那次不幸事故之后，我一直睡得很不好.
He hasn’t been working for me and I haven’t has that much contact with him. 他并没有给我工作过，我和他没有过那许多接触。
6．否定句构成：
主语+has/have+not+been+现在分词
7．一般疑问句构成:
Have/has+主语+been+现在分词+其他
『叁』 高一英语必修一第一单元语法详解
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『肆』 高一英语必修一第一单元语法
直接引语与间接引语面面观（一）
在英语语言交际中，引述别人的话有两种方式：直接引语和间接引语。直接引语是直接引述别人的原话，在书面语中经常将其放在引号中。间接引语是用自己的话转述别人的话，无需加引号，在多数情况下间接引语可以构成宾语从句。接下来我们认识一下直接引语与间接引语：
1. MrsSmith said, “I am going to New Yorktomorrow.”（引号中的内容为直接引语）
2. MrsSmith said that she was going to New York the next day. （划线部分为间接引语）
细心的同学可能已经发现句1中的直接引语在变成句2中的间接引语时某些成分已经发生了变化，如: I变成了she, am变成了was, tomorrow则变成了the next day。在日常交际中，当我们需要在这两种引语之间转换时，究竟有什么规律可循呢？
首先，如果直接引语为陈述句、疑问句，变为间接引语时，就成为一个宾语从句，所以自然要符合宾语从句的语法要求。从句的一些共性特点是：一、陈述语序；二、恰当的连接词；三、时态要求。除此之外，直接引语变为间接引语仍有一些具体的语法要求，以下结合实例逐一解析。
一、人称的变化
将直接引语变为间接引语时，一定要注意人称的变化，否则会使整个句子意思混乱。观察下列几组句子中人称的变化，注意其变化规律。
1. She said, “My friends want to visit me.”→ She said her friends wanted to visither.
2. He said to Kate, “How is your work now?”→ He asked Kate how her work was then.
3. Tom said, “You’d better carry an umbrella just incase, Mary.”→ Tom said that Mary had better carryan umbrella just in case.
4. Mr Smith said, “Jack is a good worker.”→ Mr Smith said Jack was a good worker.
【自我归纳】人称变化须牢记：从一随主，从二随宾，从三人称不更新。
“从一随主”是指如果直接引语中的主语是第一人称时，从句中的人称变化要随主句中 ______的人称变化，如第1组例句。
“从二随宾”是指如果直接引语中的主语是第二人称时，从句中的人称变化要与主句中的______一致，如第2组例句；如果主句没有宾语，则需观察主句主语的交际对象，如第3组例句，此句中Tom的说话对象为______, 故间接引语中的主语变化为Mary。
“从三人称不更新”是指如果直接引语中的主语及宾语是第三人称时，从句中的人称一般______，如第4组例句。
二、时态的变化
直接引语变为间接引语时，从句的谓语动词在时态上要做相应的变化。具体变化如下：
直接引语
间接引语
一般现在时
一般过去时
一般将来时
过去将来时
现在进行时
过去进行时
现在完成时
过去完成时
一般过去时
过去完成时
过去完成时
过去完成时
【即学即练】根据以上原则完成下列句子。
1. She said, “I have lost my bike.”→ She said she ______ her bike.
2. She said, “We hope so.”→ She said they ______ so.
3. He said, “She will go to see her friend.”→ He said she ______ to see herfriend.
注意：在以下几种情况下，直接引语变为间接引语时，时态不变化。
1. 直接引语是客观事实、科学真理及名言警句时。如：The teacher said to us, “Light travels much fasterthan sound.”→ The teacher told us that lighttravels much faster than sound.
2. 直接引语是过去进行时，时态不变。如：Mother said, “John, what were you doingat 8 o’clock last night?”→ Mother asked John what he was doingat 8 o’clock the night before.
3. 如果直接引语中的情态动词无过去式（如：ought to, had better, usedto）或已经是过去式（如：could, should, would,might）时，则不再变化。如： He said, “You should come hereearlier tomorrow.”→ He said I should go thereearlier the next day.
4. 如一般过去时有表示具体时间的状语，也可以不变。如：She said, “I was born in 1995.”→ She said (that) she was born in1995.
三、状语及其他成分的变化
直接引语变为间接引语时，时间状语和地点状语也要做相应的变化。如: now → then；today → that day; tonight → that night；yesterday → the day before；tomorrow → the next day；last month → the month before等；地点状语here → there；指示代词this → that, these → those；动词come → go, bring → take等。
注意：以上这些变化要视情况而定，不能死搬教条，如果转述就在当天当地则不需要进行时间及地点的转换。
四、句型的变化
观察下列几组句子中直接引语和间接引语的转换中句型的变化规律，并试着总结归纳。
1. She said, “Our train will leave in severalminutes.”→ She said that their train wouldleave in several minutes.
2. He said, “Can you dance, Ted?”→ He asked Ted whether / if he coulddance.
3. “You have tidied your room, haven’t you?” my mother asked. → My mother asked mewhether I had tidied my room.
4. She asked me, “When will you start?”→ She asked me when I would start.
【自我归纳】
1. 直接引语如果是陈述句，间接引语应改为由______（可省略）引导的宾语从句。
2. 直接引语如果是反意疑问句或一般疑问句，间接引语应改为由______引导的宾语从句。
3. 直接引语如果是特殊疑问句，间接引语应改为由原来的疑问词引导的宾语从句。
【即学即练】阅读下列几组直接引语变为间接引语的句子，判断其正（T）误（F）并改正其中的错误。
1. “What did you do yesterday, Jenny?” said themother.
→ The mother asked Jenny what she haddone the day before.
2. The little kid said, “How can I get that toy?”
→ The little kid asked how could heget that toy.
3. He said, “The Olympic Games are held every fouryears.”
→ He said that the Olympic Games wereheld every four years.
Key:
一、【自我归纳】主语；宾语；Mary；不需要变化
二、【即学即练】 1. had lost 2.hoped 3. would go
四、【自我归纳】 1. that 2.whether / if
【即学即练】
1. T。
2. F。how could he改为how he could
3. F。were改为are