① 初中英语人教版初二语法
Unit 1 Will people have robots?
重点语法：一般将来时态的应用
do/does 的一般将来时态形式：(shall/will) do
do/does 的一般将来时态的被动语态：(shall/will) be done
一般将来时态的肯定句、否定句、疑问句形式：
肯定句例句：People will have robots in a few years.
否定句例句：People (will not/won't) have robots in a few years.
一般疑问句例句：Will people have robots in a few years?
特殊疑问句例句：What will people have in a few years?
重点短语：won't = will not
they'll = they will
she'll = she will
he'll = he will
I'll = I will
fall in love with(sb./sth.) 爱上（某人/某物）
be able to do sth. 能够做某事
come true 实现
in the future 未来
hundreds of 数以百计的
thousands of 数以千计的
look for(sb./sth.) 寻找（某人/某物）
will → would 情态动词 will 的原形和过去式
may → might 情态动词 may 的原形和过去式
Reading Strategy(阅读方法)
Look at the title and picture, and predict what you will read about. (看着标题和图片，预知你要阅读那些方面的内容。)This helps you get ready to acquire new information. (这样可以帮助你获得一些新的信息。)
Unit 2 What should I do?
重点语法：过去将来时态（将来时态的委婉说法）
do/does 的过去将来时态形式：(should/would) do
do/does 的过去将来时态的被动语态：(should/would) be done
过去将来时态的肯定句、否定句、疑问句形式：
肯定句例句：You should write a letter to him.
否定句例句：You shouldn't write a letter to him.
一般疑问句例句：Should I write a letter to him?
特殊疑问句例句：What should I do?
重点短语：keep sb. out 不让某人进入
What's wrong? = What's the matter? = What's the problem? 怎么了？
out of style 不时髦的；过时的
call sb. up 给某人打电话
pay for sth. 为某事付款
part-time job 兼职工作
the same as = be same (to/with) 与……同样
in style 时髦的；流行的
get on [well] with sb. = get along [well] with sb. 与某人相处（好）
didn't = did not
couldn't = could not
as ... as possible 尽可能……(eg/ as soon as possible 尽快)
all kinds of 各种；许多
on the one hand 一方面
on the other hand 另一方面
ask sb. for sth. = ask sb. to do sth. 请求某人做某事
ask sb. not to do sth. 请求某人不要做某事
spend (money) on sth. = spend (money) [in] doing sth. 花钱做某事
sth. cost sb. (money) 某人花钱为了某事
take sb. sometime to do sth. 花某人时间做某事
find out 查明
find sb. doing sth. 发现某人做某事
be angry with sb. 生某人的气
be angry at sth. 生某事的气
the same age as = as old as 与某人年龄一样
have fight with sb. 与某人打架
learn to do sth. 学会做某事
not ... until ... 直到……才……
compare sth.(A) with sth.(B) 把某事(A)与某事(B)作比较
it's time for sth. = it's time to do sth. 到该做某事的时间了
maybe adv. 或许
may be （情态动词 + 动词原形）可能是
shall → should 情态动词 shall 的原形和过去式
pay → paid → paid 动词 pay 的原形、过去式和过去分词
Reading Strategy(阅读方法)
You will learn to use new words better if you use a learner's dictionary. (时刻学着应用新单词来学习比时刻使用字典这种途径方法更好。)A bilingual dictionary sometimes gives the wrong meaning for the situation you want. (在某些你需要的场合下，一本双语字典有时会给你错误的解释。)
Unit 3 What were you doing when the UFO arrived?
重点语法：过去进行时态
do/does 的过去进行时态形式：(was/were) doing
do/does 的过去进行时态的被动语态：(was/were) being done
过去将来时态的肯定句、否定句和疑问句形式：
肯定句例句：I was walking down the street when a UFO landed.
否定句例句：I wasn't walking down the street when a UFO landed.
一般疑问句例句：Were you walking down the street when a UFO landed?
特殊疑问句例句：What were you doing when a UFO landed?
动词 when 和 while 的选择：when 后加瞬间动词，while 后加延续性动词。
例句：The boy was walking down the street when the UFO landed.
=While the boy was walking down the street, the UFO landed.
感叹句
结构：(1) How + adj. + the + 主语 + 谓语动词
=(2) What + (a/an) + [adj.] + n. + 主语 + 谓语动词
例句：What a beautiful flower [it is]!
=How beautiful the flower is!
What beautiful flowers [they are]!
=How beautiful the flowers are!
重点短语：get out 出去；离开
take off 起飞
run away 逃跑；跑掉
come in 进来
hear about = hear of 听说
take place 发生
as ... as 像……一样(eg/ as old as him 像他一样老)
anywhere = everywhere = here and there 任何地方
think about 考虑
think of 认为
get up = get out of the bed 起床
at the doctor's 在诊所
every day 每一天
everyday adj. 日常的
most adj. 大部分
the most 最多的
in space 在太空中
national hero 民族英雄
all over the world = in the world 全世界
Reading Strategy(阅读方法)
The title can be helpful for you to understand a text. (一篇文章的标题可以帮助你理解整篇文章。)It's also a good idea to read the first sentence of each paragraph before you read. (在阅读整篇文章之前，阅读每段的第一句话也是一个很有效的方法。)
Unit 4 He said I was hard-working.
重点语法：宾语从句
结构：主语 + 谓语动词 + 宾语从句(主语 + 谓语动词 + 宾语/表语)
例句：----I'm good at English. He says. (改为加宾语从句的复合句)
----He says I'm good at English.
注意：①主句是一般现在时态，宾语从句的时态不受其影响。
例句：He says I'm good at English now.
He says I was good at mathematics when I was young.
②主句是过去时态，宾语从句也要用过去时态。
例句：He said I was good at mathematics when I was young yesterday.
He said I was good at English now yesterday.
③宾语从句是客观真理时永远用一般现在时态。
例句：Our teacher says 24 hours make a day.
Our teacher said the sun gives us so many energy yesterday.
④动词原形不能作主语，必须用其 -ing 形式。
例句：She said helping others changed her life.
重点短语：direct speech 直接引语
reported speech = indirect speech 间接引语
first of all = at first 首先
pass on 传递
be supposed to do sth. 应该做某事
be good at = do well in 在某方面做得好
in good health 身体健康
get over 克服
open up 打开
care for = take care of = look after 照料；照顾
not any more = not any longer = no longer 不再
have a cold 感冒
end-of-year exam 年终考试
get nervous 变得紧张
forget to do sth. 忘记做某事（该事未做）
forget doing sth. 忘记做某事（该事已做）
it's + adj. + [for sb.] + to do sth. 做某事[对某人来说]……（加形容词）
context 上下文
Reading Strategy(阅读方法)
First read for meaning, not for detail. (首先理解文段的大致意思，不在于文段的细节部分。)You can understand the meaning of a word you don't know from the context. (至于不懂的单词，你可以通过上下文来寻找它的正确释义。)
Unit 5 If you go to the party, you'll have a great time!
重点语法：if 引导的条件状语从句
结构：主句 + if + 条件状语从句
if + 条件状语从句 + [(comma)] + 主句
注意：在 if 引导的条件状语从句中，主句应用将来时态，状语从句用一般现在时态。
例句：You'll have a great time if you go to the party.
=If you go to the party, you'll have a great time.
重点短语：take away 拿走
around the world = all over the world 在世界各地
make a living 谋生
all the time = always 一直
What's the problem? = What's the matter? = What's wrong? 怎么了？
in order to do sth. 为了做某事
make sb. do sth. 使得某人做某事（to 省略，该结构是一个不带 to 的不定式。）
make sb. adj. 使得某人……（加形容词）
make sb. done 使得某人被做
be famous for 为……而出名
be famous as 作为……而出名
in class 在课堂上
spend ...(time/money) on sth. = spend ...(time/money) in doing sth. 花……（时间/钱）用于做某事
see sb. do sth. 看见某人做某事（强调整个过程）
see sb. doing sth. 看见某人做某事（强调偶然性）
say → said → said 动词 say 的原形、过去式和过去分词
tell → told → told 动词 tell 的原形、过去式和过去分词
eat → ate → eaten 动词 eat 的原形、过去式和过去分词
speak → spoke → spoken 动词 speak 的原形、过去式和过去分词
Unit 6 How long have you been collecting shells?
重点语法：现在完成进行时态
do/does 的现在完成进行时态形式：have/has been doing
do/does 的现在完成进行时态的被动语态：have/has been being done
现在完成进行时态所应用的场合：
①某事从过去发生一直持续到现在都在做
②过去发生的动作对现在造成影响
例：我已上了三年初中。
I have been in Junior School for 3 years.
自从那次他与我谈过心后，我天天都在进步。
I have been making progress since he talked with me that time.
现在完成进行时态的肯定句、否定句和疑问句形式：
肯定句例句：I have been skating for five hours.
否定句例句：I haven't been skating for five hours.
一般疑问句例句：Have you been skating for five hours?
特殊疑问句例句：How long have you been skating?
注意：瞬间动词不能和一段时间连用。
例句：你借这本书已经多长时间了？
How long have you been keeping this book?
重点短语：run out of 用完；用尽
by the way 顺便说说
be interested in doing sth. 对某事感兴趣
more than 比……多
far away 在远处
would like to do sth. = want to do sth. = feel like doing sth. 想要做某事
send sb. sth. = send sth. to sb. 把某物赠送给某人
in fact 实际上
room 房间（用于可数名词）；空间（用于不可数名词）
common → more common → the most common 形容词 common 的原级、比较级和最高级
Reading Strategy(阅读方法)
Let your eyes "scan" the text quickly to find details that you're looking for. (在阅读文章之前，用眼睛“横扫”整篇文章，快速寻找你需要的文章要点。)You can find information quickly without reading the whole text. (这样你就不用细读整篇文章，就能寻找到你需要的一些信息。)
Unit 7 Would you mind turning down the music?
重点语法：mind [one's] doing sth. 介意（某人）做某事
重点短语：not at all 一点也不
turn down 调节使音量变小
right away = in a minute = at once 立刻；马上
wait in line 排队等候
cut in line 插队等候
hasn't = has not
keep ... down 压低声音；使缓和
at first = first of all 首先
take care 当心；小心
take care of = care about = look after 关心；照顾
break the rule 违规
obey the rule 遵守规定
put out 熄灭
pick sth. up 捡起某物
wait for sb. 等候某人
depend on 依赖；依靠
get back = return 要回
mean → meant → meant 动词 mean 的原形、过去式和过去分词
Reading Strategy(阅读方法)
As we read, we need to find "topic sentences".(在我们阅读的时候，我们需要寻找“主题语句”，也就是和文章中心最相关的语句。) These sentences usually gives us a "summary", or overall meaning of each paragraph and help us understand what the paragraph is about.(这些语句通常会给我们一些文章的“概要”，或者每个文段的全部意思，来帮助我们理解段落大意。) After the topic sentence comes more detail and explanation.(当“主题语句”出现后，该段的一些解释和细节也就会随之出现。)
Unit 8 Why don't you get her a scarf?
重点语法：询问别人为什么要做或者不做某事
why don't you do sth. = why not do sth.
例句：Why don't you get her a camera? = Why not get her a camera?
what about = how about
例句：How about some tennis balls? = What about some tennis balls?
重点短语：fall asleep 入睡
give away 赠送；分发
hear of = hear about 听说
take an interest in = be interested in 对……感兴趣
make friends with 与……交友
make progress 取得进步
keep → kept → kept 动词 keep 的原形、过去式和过去分词
feed → fed → fed 动词 feed 的原形、过去式和过去分词
fall → fell → fallen 动词 fall 的原形、过去式和过去分词
hear → heard → heard 动词 hear 的原形、过去式和过去分词
Reading Strategy(阅读方法)
To understand the important ideas from the text, we must "summarize".(为了了解文段最主要的意图，我们必须要进行总结。) Do this by answering "who, what, where, why" questions as you read.(在阅读时，常注意回答时间、地点、人物这些基本要素问题，达到总结的目的。)
Unit 9 Have you ever been to an amusement?
重点语法：现在完成时态
do/does 的现在完成时态形式：(have/has) done
do/does 的现在完成时态的被动语态：(have/has) been done
现在完成时态主要强调过去发生的事情对现在的影响。
例句：我去年去过美国，那是我第一次出国。
I have ever been to America. It's the first time for me to go abroad.
重点短语：have a great time = have a good time = have fun = enjoy oneself 玩得高兴
on board 在船上
end up doing sth. 结束做某事
all year round = all over the year 终年
understand → understood → understood 动词 understand 的原形、过去式和过去分词
Reading Strategy(阅读方法)
After reading, write down three or more things you have learned. (在阅读整篇文章之后，把你学到的三样或更多事物写下来。)We always remember things better if we take time to reflect. (如果我们花时间去思考一些问题的话，那么我们就能更容易地记住一些事情。)
Unit 10 It's a nice day, isn't it?
重点语法：反意疑问句
反意疑问句由肯定陈述句加否定问句构成，或者由否定陈述句加肯定问句构成。
例句：He's a student, isn't he?
She's not his mother, is she?
回答反意疑问句时，要根据事实来回答。若事实是肯定的，则必须用 yes 回答。若事实是否定的，则必须用 no 回答。
例句：你还没有准备好，对吧？
You're not ready, are you?
是的，我没有准备好。
No, I'm not.
不，我准备好了。
Yes, I am.
重点短语：look through 浏览
come along 出现；发生
get along 相处
at least 至少
at most 至多
a thank-you note 感谢信
forget → forgot → forgotten 动词 forget 的原形、过去式和过去分词
little → less → least 形容词 little 的原级、比较级和最高级
many/much → more → most 形容词 many/much 的原级、比较级和最高级
更多语法知识点请参见书后附录的 Grammar (语法) 章节。
② 初二英语语法有哪些
初二上
1. so+谓语+主语：…也一样. 谓语:be动词/助动词/情态动词
2. so+主语+谓语:的确如此,真的这样.
3. help yourself/yurselves to．．．请随便吃点．．．
4. 发现sb做sth : find sb doing sth
5. 不完全同意I don’t really agree.
完全不同意I really don’t agree.
6. 或者．．或者．．．either…or…..就近原则
既不．．也不．．neither…nor….就近原则
既．．．．又．．．both…and….谓语用复数
7. 看起来，似乎It seems/seemed that…..
8. 由于．．．而闻名be famous for….
9. 餐馆就餐用语：a table for two/sit at the table by the window/here’s the menu/May I take your order?/could we have the bill?/That’s all.
10. 问路Which is the way to…/where is…/How can I get to…/Is there a..near here/Can you tell me the way to…/Can you tell me how I can get to…?
11. turn right at the third crossing/traffic lights在第3个路口往右拐＝take the third crossing on your right
12. 过桥go across the bridge=cross the bridge
13. 走到路的尽头go up this road to the end=go on until you reach the end.
14. at the street corner在街角
15. on sb’s way to….在sb去…的途中/路上
16. what’s the matter?=what’s wrong?=what’s the trouble?怎么了?
17. be sick in hospital/in bed 生病住院/卧床
18. Maybe it is there=it may be there可能在那里.
19. It takes/took/will take sb+时间+to do sth. Sb做sth花费了…时间
20. 路途遥远It’s (5 kms)far(away) from…=That’s quite a long way.
21. wait for…等待
22. 五分钟的步行/驾驶路程：five minutes’ walk/drive
23. 迷路lose sb’s way/sb be lost/sb get lost
24. just then=just at that time/moment就在那时
25. 首先first of all=at first
26. a big city like Tokyo像东京这样的大城市
27. It’s easy/interesting/important/ (for sb) to do sth.（对sb来说）做sth是容易的/有趣的/重要的.
28. if 条件状语从句：从句一般现在时，主句一般将来时。如：If it rains tomorrow, I will not go to the zoo.
29. at the head /end of…在…的前/尾部
30. 我的背很疼. My back hurts badly.
31. 为…做准备get /be ready for…
32. stop sb (from) doing sth.阻止/不让sb做sth
33. have a good/wonderful time=enjoy oneself 玩得很高兴
34. answer in a tired voice/with a smile 用疲惫的声音/面带微笑回答。
35. quarrel with sb on sth 为了sth与sb 吵架
36. complain about sth 为…而抱怨,投诉
37. 生病用语：sb have a headache=sb have a pain in the head 头痛，have a cough 咳嗽，have/catch a cold 感冒，have cancer 得了癌症。
38. have /take the medicine three times a day 吃药，每天3次
39. take sb’s temperature 量体温，look over 医生检查病人
40. drink more water 多喝水，take more exercise 多锻炼
41. sb醒来: sb wake up, //sb 醒着的：sb be awake
42. sb 睡着了入睡 be/fall asleep
43. 忙着…bu busy doing/with sth
44. as soon as… 一… 就 ...
45. sleeping pills安眠药，light music 轻音乐
46. again and again 再三地，一次又一次
47. dream about…梦见…; dream of… 梦想成为…
48. 系动词+形容词: be/smell/taste/sound/look/feel/turn/get/become
49. make trouble制造麻烦，惹是生非，make a noise 制造噪音
50. every five minutes 每隔5分钟
51. instead/instead of…代替，取而代之，反而
52. write to sb. 写信给sb
53. get enough sleep 睡眠充足；stay happy 保持心情开朗
54. on time 准时；in time 按时
55. sb had better (not) do sth， sb 最好（别）做sth
56. land on …登陆
57. pull…out of..=pull…up from…拉上来
58. 不定代词：something/anyone/nobody/everywhere等
59. we’re all by ourselves=we’re alone.单独，独自
60. feel a little afraid/don’t be afraid. 有点害怕/别害怕
61. perhaps=maybe也许，可能
62. not …until… 直到…才…
63. sooner or later 迟早，早晚
64. ran after追//ran to …向..跑去// ran away 逃跑了
65. eat up 吃光// use up 用完
66. take (good) care of ..=look after…照顾，保管
67. 我自学英语learn English by myself= teach myself English
68. learn to do sth 学会…
69. 记日记 keep a diary，写日记 write a diary
70. leave sb by oneself 单独留下sb
71. join in the League/Party 入团/党
72. 越来越…:比较级+and+比较级; more and more +多音节词。如：bigger and bigger , more and more interesting
73. 越…, 就越…: the +比较级，the +比较级。 如：越大越好：the bigger, the better
74. turn on/off 开/关（电器），turn up/down音量开大/小
75. the whole story=all the story整个故事,整件事情
76. 过了一会儿after a while/moment
77. make faces 做鬼脸
78. 名胜，景点interesting places=places of interest
79. my hometown in Zhejiang 我浙江的老家
80. 暑假summer holidays; 五一假期 May 1st holiday
81. a strong wind大风；in the wind 在风里
82. make sb do sth. 使/逼迫sb做sth
83. 倒装句（为了强调）There he is./ Away he went.
84. with these words. 说完这些话，说着说着（伴随状语）。
85. I don’t know how to use it yet. 我不知道怎样使用它。
where to go. 我不知道该去哪里。
what to do. 我不知道该做什么。
86. wait for sb’s turn to do sth 等着轮到sb做sth
It’s sb’s turn to do sth. 轮到sb去做sth
被动：be+动词过去分词
eg：The trees are planted every year.
过去完成时:
过去完成时表示在过去某一时刻或某一动作之前已经发生的动作或情况，一般用在描述过去的某个时点已经发生过的动作或情况的句子中,即：过去的过去。如:
When we got there, the football match had already started.
当我们赶到时，足球比赛已经开始了。
过去完成时由“主语+had+动词过去分词”构成。其肯定句，否定句和疑问句结构如下：
肯定句：主语+had+过去分词+其他.
否定句：主语+had not+过去分词+其他.
疑问句：Had+主语+过去分词+其他?
He had worked for two years by then. 到那时他已经工作两年了。
He hadn't worked for two years by then. 到那时他已经两年不工作了。
Had he worked for two years by then? 到那时他已经工作两年了吗？
三、过去完成时的基本用法
1. 过去完成时表示在过去某一时间之前已完成的动作，表示对这一过去时间造成的结果或影响。常用以下几种方式：
(1) 用by，before等构成的介词短语。 eg:
Linda had learnt 10 English songs by the end of last month.
到上个月底，琳达已经学了10首英文歌曲。
John had repaired that machine before midnight.
在半夜之前约翰已经修好了那台机器。
(2) 用when, before, after等引导的时间状语从句。如:
The train had started before we got to the station.
在我们到达车站之前，火车已经开了。
The plane had taken off when I reached the airport.
我到达机场时，飞机已经起飞了。
2. 过去完成时还可以表示过去某一时间以前发生开始的动作持续到
这一过去的时间。常与for, since引导的表示一段时间的短语或从句连用。如:
I had worked in a hospital for three years before I came here.
我来这之前，在一家医院已经工作三年了。
He told us that he had worked here since 10 years before.
初二下
a pair of一双，一对
ask for 请求
ask sb (not) to do sth叫某人干
agree with赞同
all year round一年到头，全年
all kinds of各种，各样
all the time一直
argue with与争吵
around the world在世界各地
arrive in/at到达
at least至少
at a meeting在开会
at first首先
as…as possible尽可能
as…as象一样
be able to能够
be angry with 生气
be mad at对感到气愤
be good at擅长于
be careful小心
be allowed被允许
be surprised惊讶
be supposed to被期望/被要求
be interested in对感兴趣
break the rule打破规则
by the way顺便
complain about抱怨
come along出现，发生
come true实现，达到
come in进来
cut in line插队
call sb. up打电话给
do/wash the dishes洗碗
drop litter乱扔垃圾
do well in在方面做得好
enjoy /finish doing sth喜欢/完成某事
end up结束
fall in love with爱上
fall asleep入睡
far from远离
first of all首先
fly to飞向
find out找到
…find it adj. to do sth
keep…down压低声音
keep out不让进入
look for寻找
look smart 看起来精干
look after照顾
look through浏览
let (sb) in让进
let sb do sth 让某人干
get along相处
get over克服
get annoyed生气
get bored厌烦
get an ecation受教育
get on (well) with与相处（好）
get injured受伤
give sb sth/give sth to sb给某人某物
give away赠送
go skating去溜冰
go out of从出去/来
have a fight with与打架/争吵
have a surprise party举行惊讶聚会
have a great/good time玩得愉快
have been to曾到过
hear about/of听说
hundreds of好几百
had better (not) do sth最好做
in a minute一会儿
in 100 years100年后
in good health身体健康
in front of 在前面
in the future 未来，将来
in the front of在前面
in the playground在操场
in/out of style时髦/过时
in silence默默地
in order to目的
in (Russian) style具有俄国风格
in public places在公共场合
make sb do sth使某人干
make a living (doing sth)谋生
make money赚钱
make friends with与交友
more than多于
need to do sth 需要干
not…anymore不再
not…until直到为止
not at all一点也不
on (my tenth) birthday在（我十岁）生日
on the phone在通话
on the one/other hand在一（另）方面
open up打开
put out熄灭
pick…up捡起
pass (sth) on (to sb)传递
pay for 付款
part-time job兼职工作
run out of用尽
run away逃跑
rather than胜于
right away立刻，马上
spend…on/(in) doing sth花费
seem to do sth好象干
sleep late睡懒觉
see sb do/doing sth看某人做/在做
start/begin to do/doing sth 开始干某事
adj.(special) enough够（特别
It take sb some time to do sth.花费某人时间干某事
the same as与相同
try (not) to do sth尽力（不）干
three quarters四分之三
turn on/off打开/关掉
turn up/down开大/关小
talk to/with与谈话
take care of照顾
take part in参加
take off起飞take away拿走
take place发生
take an interest in对感兴趣
take care (not) to do小心（不）做
thanks for (doing)谢谢（做）
wait in line排队等候
want to do sth/would like to do sth 想干
There will be fewer/less…
--What should I do?
--You should do…
--what were you doing when…?
--I was (doing)…when…
While he was (doing)…,a girl called the police.
If you wear jeans to the party, the teachers won’t let you in.
--How long have you been skating?
--I’ve been skating since nine o’clock/for five hours.
Would you mind (not) doing sth?
Could you please (not) do sth?
Why don’t you /not (do sth)?
How/What about sth/doingsth?
他告诉我他自从十年前就一直在这儿工作了。
③ 初中英语语法人教版（初二）
send sb.sth=send sth to sb.寄给某人某物
decide to do sth.决定做某事
forget to do sth.忘记做某事（此事还内没做）容
forget doing sh.忘记做过某事（此事已做，但忘了）
④ 初二语法英语
Lily won't visit her uncle in Beijing next month.
Will Lily visit her uncle in Beijing next month?
Yes, she will./No, she won't.
Who will visit her uncle in Beijing next month?
What will Lily do in Beijing next month?
When will Lily visit her uncle in Beijing?
We aren't going to have a class meeting this afternoon.
Are you going tp have a class meeting this afternoon?
Yes, we are./No, we aren't.
Who is going to have a class meeting this afternoon?
What are you going to do this afternoon?
When are you going to have a class meeting?
is leaving; am going swimming
is going to be
comes; finishes; rains; doesn't help; is
⑤ 初二英语语法
一 般 现 在 时
.概念：经常、反复发生的动作或行为及现在的某种状况。
动词用原形(单三人称动词加s / es)
(问句和否定句借用助词do / does)
一 般 过 去 时
概念：过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态；过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为。
动词用过去式
(问句和否定句借用助词did)
现 在 进 行 时
概念：表示现阶段或说话时正在进行的动作及行为。
am +动词-ing
is +动词-ing
are +动词-ing
过 去 进 行 时
概念：表示过去某段时间或某一时刻正在发生或进行的行为或动作。
was +动词-ing
were +动词-ing
一 般 将 来 时
概念：以过去某个时间为标准，在此以前发生的动作或行为，或在过去某动作之前完成的行为，即“过去的过去”。
(1)will + 动词原形
(2)am +going to+动词原形
Is +going to+动词原形
are +going to+动词原形
过 去 将 来 时
概念：立足于过去某一时刻，从过去看将来，常用于宾语从句中。
(1)would + 动词原形
(2)was +going to+动词原形
were +going to+动词原形
现 在 完 成 时
概念：过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，或从过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态。
have +过去分词
has +过去分词
过 去 完 成 时
概念：以过去某个时间为标准，在此以前发生的动作或行为，或在过去某动作之前完成的行为，即“过去的过去”。
had +过去分词
下面的更具体，还附有练习题，可以联系一下，更好的理解（不过本来有表格的，但是格式不允许，要不你看看【参考资料】那里的网址吧！O(∩_∩)O）
英语时态一表通
时态是英语学习中一个至关重要的内容，同学们在实际应用中，往往对时态问题倍感棘手，下面我们就初中英语八种时态以列表的形式做一归纳比较。
概念 时间状语 基本结构 一般疑问句 否定形式
一般现在时 经常、反复发生的动作或行为及现在的某种状况。 often, usually, always, sometimes, every day(week, month),once a week, on Mondays, etc. 1.be动词
2.行为动词 1.把动词be放于句首。
2.用助动词do提问，如主语为第三人称单数，则用does，同时还原为动词原形。 1.am/is/are+not
2.此时态的谓语动词若为行为动词，则在其前加don’t；若主语为第三人称单数，则用doesn’t，同时还原行为动词。
现在进行时 表示现阶段或说话时正在进行的动作或状态。 now, at this time, these days, etc. am/ is/ are +doing 把be动词放在句首。 am/ is/ are +not +doing
一般过去时 过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态； 过去 习惯性、经常性的动作、行为。 ago, yesterday, last week(month, year…), in 2000, just now, one day, long long ago, etc. 1. was/
were
2.行为动词过去式 1.把was或 were放于句首。
2.用助动词did提问，同时还原为动词原形。 1.was/were+ not
2. 在行为动词前加do在其前加didn’t，同时还原行为动词。
过去进行时 表示过去某段时间或某一时刻正在发生或进行的动作或行为。 at this time yesterday或以when引导的谓语动词是一般过去时的时间状语等。 was/ were+ doing 把was或were放在句首。 was/ were+ not+ doing
现在完成时 过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的一向或结果，或从过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态。 have/ has +done already, yet, just, ever, never, before, recently，in the past few years, 等，及由for或since引导的时间状语。 把have或has放在句首。 have/ has +not+ done
一般将来时 表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态及打算、计划或准备做某事。 tomorrow，tomorrow morning/afternoon, the day after tomorrow ，next Sunday/week/year/month， soon, in a few days minutes, etc 1.be going to +do2.will ／shall＋do 1.be放在句首。2.will/shall提到句首。 1.be going to＋not+ do
2.will ／shall＋not+ do
过去完成时 表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成的动作或情况。表示“过去的过去” by, before等构成的过去时间短语连用或用于when, before, until等引导的从句中。由said, asked, told, thought等引导的宾语从句中， had+ done
had放于句首。 had+ not+ done
过去将来时 表示在过去的某个时候看来将要发生的动作或者存在的状态。 The next day(morning, year), the following month (week),etc. 1.would+do
2.was/ were going to +do 1.would 提到句首。
2.was 或were放于句首。 1.would+not+
do
2.was/were +not+ going to +do
时态专练（以下试题均选自2005年中招试题）
1. -Where is Frank now?
- He _______his bike in the yard.(北京海淀区)
A. fixes up B. fixing up C. is fixing up D. fixed
2. -You’ve left the light on, Tracy.
-Oh, yes. _________ to turn it off right now. (宜昌市)
A. I’d go B. I’ve gone C. I’ll go D. I go
3.“The World Without Thieves” is a very moving film. I ____ it twice already.( 陕西省)
A. will see B. see C. saw D. have seen
4. The Oriental Pearl TV Tower ________ tens of thousands of visitors since l995.(上海市)
A) attracted B) attracts C) has attracted D) will attract
5. -Did you see the traffic accident yesterday?
-Yes. It happened when I past the museum.（苏州市）
A. walk B. am walking C. will Walk D. was walking
6. -Have you read this book?
-Yes．I____ it two weeks ago．（随州市）
A．is reading B．have read C．will read D．read
7.- What are you doing ,Jim?
-I _________a beautiful horse.（北京丰台区）
A. draw B. drew C. am drawing D. was drawing
8. They______ all their money, so they have to walk home now. （北京丰台区）
A. have spent B. spend C. spent D. are spending
9. Jim is a student and in Town High School.（武汉市）
A. studies B. studied C. had studied
10.Sandy his old friend Tom when he was crossing the street.（武汉市）
A. had met B. has met C. met
Keys: 1.C 2.C 3.D 4.C 5.D 6.D 7.C 8. A 9.A 10.C
⑥ 英语全部语法知识 初二的
1 (see 、hear 、notice 、find 、feel 、listen to 、 look at (感官动词)+ do
eg :I like watching monkeys jump
2 （比较级 and 比较级） 表示越来越怎么样
3 a piece of cake =easy 小菜一碟（容易）
4 agree with sb 赞成某人
5 all kinds of 各种各样 a kind of 一样
6 all over the world = the whole world 整个 世界
7 along with 同……一道，伴随……
eg : I will go along with you 我将和你一起去
the students planted trees along with their teachers 学生同老师们一起种树
8 As soon as 一怎么样就怎么样
9 as you can see 你是知道的
10 ask for ……求助 向…要…（直接接想要的东西） eg : ask you for my book
11 ask sb for sth 向某人什么
12 ask sb to do sth 询问某人某事 ask sb not to do 叫某人不要做某事
13 at the age of 在……岁时 eg：I am sixteen I am at the age of sixteen
14 at the beginning of …… ……的起初；……的开始
15 at the end of +地点/+时间 最后；尽头；末尾 eg : At the end of the day
16 at this time of year 在每年的这个时候
17 be /feel confident of sth /that clause +从句 感觉/对什么有信心，自信
eg : I am / feel confident of my spoken English I feel that I can pass the test
18 be + doing 表：1 现在进行时 2 将来时
19 be able to (+ v 原) = can (+ v 原） 能够…… eg : She is able to sing She can sing
20 be able to do sth 能够干什么 eg :she is able to sing
21 be afraid to do (of sth ) 恐惧，害怕…… eg : I'm afraed to go out at night I'm afraid of dog
22 be allowed to do 被允许做什么
eg: I'm allowed to watch TV 我被允许看电视 I should be allowed to watch TV 我应该被允许看电视
23 be angry with sb 生某人的气 eg : Don't be angry with me
24 be angry with(at) sb for doing sth 为什么而生某人的气
25 be as…原级…as 和什么一样 eg : She is as tall as me 她和我一样高
26 be ashamed to
27 be away from 远离
28 be away from 从……离开
29 be bad for 对什么有害 eg : Reading books in the sun is bad for your eyes 在太阳下看书对你的眼睛不好
30 be born 出生于
31 be busy doing sth 忙于做什么事 be busy with sth 忙于……
32 be careful 当心；小心
33 be different from…… 和什么不一样
34 be famous for 以……著名
35 be friendly to sb 对某人友好
36 be from = come from 来自
eg ：He is from Bejing He comes from Bejing Is he from Bejing ? Does he come from Bejing ?
37 be full of 装满……的 be filled with 充满 eg: the glass is full of water the glass is filled with water
38 be glad+to+do/从句
39 be going to + v(原） 将来时
40 be good at(+doing) = do well in 在某方面善长, 善于……
41 be good for 对什么有好处 eg : Reading aloud is good for your English
42 be happy to do 很高兴做某事
43 be helpful to sb 对某人有好处
eg : Reading aloud is helpful to you 大声朗读对你有好处
Exercising is helpful to your bady 锻炼对你的身体有好处
44 be in good health 身体健康
45 be in trouble 处于困难中 eg : She is in trouble They are in tronble
46 be interested in 对某方面感兴趣
47 be late for = come late to 迟到 eg: Be late for class 上课迟到
48 be like 像…… eg : I'm like my mother
49 be mad at 生某人的气
50 be made from 由……制成(制成以后看不见原材料)
51 be made of 由……制成(制成以后还看得见原材料)
52 be not sure 表不确定
53 be on a visit to 参观
54 be popular with sb 受某人欢迎
55 be quiet 安静
56 be short for 表**的缩写 eg: 陶 is short for 陶俊杰
57 be sick in bed 生病在床
58 be sorry to do sth be sorry for sb eg : I am sorry for you
59 be sorry to hear that
60 be sorry to trouble sb eg : I am sorry to trouble you
61 be strict in doing sth 严于做某事 eg : He's strict in obeying noles
62 be strict with sb 对某人要求严格 eg: Some students are not strict with them selves 这些学生对自己不严格
63 be strict with sb in sth 某方面对某人严格
64 be supposed to do 被要求干什么
65 be sure 表确定
66 be sure of doing sth 对做某事有信心 eg: He is sure of winning I am sure of learning English well
67 be sure of sth 对做某事有信心 eg: I'm sure of my head (my teacher ) 我相信我的大脑（老师）
68 be sure that sth 对做某事有信心 eg: I'm suer that he can pass the test 我相信他能通过考试
69 be sure to do sth 一定会做某事
eg: We are sure to pass the test 我们一定会通过这次考试 We are sure to learn English well 我们一定能学好英语
70 be terrified of + 名/动doing 害怕……
71 be terrified to do sth 害怕做某事
72 be the same as … 和什么一样
73 be used to doing sth 习惯做某事
eg: My father is used to getting up early 我爸爸习惯早起 He is used to sleeping in class 他习惯上课睡觉
He is used to working hard He is used to hard work 他习惯努力工作
74 be worth doing 值得做什么
75 be(feel) afraid to do sth 害怕做某事 be afraid of sth 害怕某物 be afraid that 丛句
76 because+句子 because of +短语
eg : He was late because he had a headache He was late because of his headache
77 begin to do = start to do 开始做某事 start…with…=begin…with… 以什么开始什么
eg : Let's begin the game with the song I begin to go home
78 between…and… 两者之间
79 borrow sth from sb 向……借…… lend sth to sb ( lend sb sth 借给……什么东西 )
eg : I borrowed a pen from him he lent a pen to me ( he lent me a pen )
80 both = the same(as) = not different(from) 表相同
81 bother 打扰 bother sb to do sth
eg : I'm sorry to bother you ,but can you tell me to way to the station
我十分道歉打扰你，但是你能告诉我怎么去车站
the problem has been bothering me for weeks 这个问题困扰了我几个周了
He's bothering me to lend him money
82 by the end of 到……为止
83 call sb sth eg : We call him old wang
84 care 关心 eg : Don't you care about this country's future ?你为什么不关心国家的未来
85 catch up with sb 赶上某人
86 chat with sb 和某人闲谈 take sb to + 地点 带某人去某地
87 come in 进来
88 come over to 过来
89 come up with 提出 eg: Can you come up with a good idea 你能想出一个好办法吗？
90 communicate with sb 和某人交流
91 consider + doing 考虑做什么 eg : Why not consider going to lu zhou 为什么不考虑去泸州？
92 dance to 随着……跳舞 eg : She likes dancing to the music 她喜欢随着音乐跳舞
93 decide to do sth 决定做某事
94 do a survey of 做某方面的调查
95 do better in 在……方面做得更好
96 do wrong 做错
97 Don't forget to do sth 不要忘了做某事
98 Don't mind +doing /从句 /名词 不要介意……
99 each +名（单）每一个…… eg : Each student has many books 每一个学生都有一些书
100 end up +doing
101 enjoy +doing 喜欢
102 escape from 从……逃跑
eg: The prisoners have escaped from the prison 犯人从监狱里逃跑出来
Some gas is escaping from the pipe 有一些气体从管子里冒出
103 expect to do sth 期待做某事
104 fall down 摔下来 fall off 从哪摔下来
105 fall in love with sb /sth 爱上什么
106 far from 离某地远 eg : The school is far from my home
107 find +it +adj +to do 发现做某事怎么样
108 find sb/sth +adj 发现什么怎么样？ eg : I find the book interesting
109 finish 完成+doing（名词）
110 fit to sb = be fit for sb 适合某人
111 forget to do 没有做而忘了 forget doing 做了而又忘了 eg: Don't forget to go home I forget closing door
112 from…to… 从某某到某某 eg: From me for her
113 get /have sth down 做完，被（别人）做……
eg: I have my hair cut 我理了发(头发被剪了）
Tom got his bad tooth pulled out 汤母把他的坏牙拔掉了（被牙医拔掉了）
114 get a part-time job = find a part-time job
115 get along well with sb = get on well with sb 与某人相处得好
116 get along with sb = get on with sb 与某人相处
117 get ready for = be ready for 为什么而准备 eg : I get ready for math I am ready for math
118 get sb in to trouble 给某人麻烦
119 get sb to do sth
120 get…from… 从某处得到某物
121 give a talk 做报告 eg: He is give a tall
122 give sth to sb give sb sth 给某人某物
123 go fish 钓鱼 go swimming 游泳
124 go on to do 去做下一件事 go on doing 继续做这件事
125 go out away from go out of
126 go to school 上学（用于专业的） go to the school 去学校（不一定是上学）
127 good way to 好方法
128 hate to do 讨厌没做过的事 hate doing 讨厌做过的事
129 have a party for sb 举办谁的晚会
130 have a talk 听报告 谈一谈
131 have been doing 现在完成进行时 eg : You have been talking You have been sleeping since
132 have been to …( 地方）……去过某过地方 have gone to …（地方） 去了某地还没回来
133 have fun +doing 玩得高兴
134 have sth to do 有什么事要做
eg: I have a lot of homework to do 我有很多家庭作业要做
I have nothing to do 我没什么事情做
135 have to do sth 必须做某事
136 have trouble (problem) (in) doing sth 做什么事情有麻烦
137 have…time +doing
138 have…(时间)…off 放……假 eg: I have month off 我请一个月得假
139 hear sb +do/doing 听见某人做某事/正在做某事
140 help a lot 很大用处
141 help sb with sth \one's sth 帮助某人某事（某方面） help sb (to) do sth 帮助某人做某事
142 hope to do sth 希望做某事
143 How about(+doing) = What about(+doing)
144 how do you like = what do you think of 你对什么的看法
145 if : 是否＝wether
eg: I don't know if (wether) I should go to the party 我不知道我是否应该去参加晚会
He don't know if (wether) we will arrive on time tomorrow morning 他不知道我们明天早上是否能准时到达
146 if :如果，假如（全部接一般时态）＋条件语态从句
eg: I'll go to LuZhou if it does't rain 假如明天不下雨，我就去泸州
If they change the plan they will let me know 假如他们要改变计划，他们会让我知道的
I'll go to England ,if I have enough money next year 如果我明年由足够的钱，我就要去英国
147 in one's opinion = sb think 某人认为
148 in some ways 在某些方面
149 in the end = finally(adv) 最后
150 in the north of… 什么在什么的北方 （north 北 sowth 南 west 西 east 东 ）
由动词开头构成的短语、词组很多。复习时应分类处理：
一、动词+介词
1．look at…看…， look like … 看上去像……， look after …照料…
2．listen to…听……
3．welcome to…欢迎到……
4．say hello to …向……问好
5．speak to…对……说话
此类短语相当于及物动词，其后必须带宾语，但宾语无论是名词还是代词，都要放在介词之后。
二、动词+副词
“动词+副词”所构成的短语义分为两类：
A．动词（vt.）+副词
1．put on 穿上 2．take off脱下 3．write down记下
此类短语可以带宾语，宾语若是名词，放在副词前后皆可；宾语若是人称代词，只能放在副词的前面。
B．动词（vi）+副词。
1．come on赶快 2．get up起床 3．go home回家
4．come in进来 5．sit down坐下 6．stand up起立
此类短语属于不及物动词，不可以带宾语。
三、其它类动词词组
1.close the door 2.1ook the same 3.go to work/class
4.be ill 5.have a look/seat 6.have supper
7.1ook young 8.go shopping 9.watch TV/games
10. play games
[介词短语聚焦]
“介词+名词/代词”所构成的短语称为介词短语。现将Unitsl-16常用的介词短语按用法进行归类。
1．in+语言/颜色/衣帽等，表示使用某种语言或穿着……。
2．in + Row/ Team/ Class/ Grade等，表示“在……排/队/班级/年级”等。
3．in the morning/ afternoon/ evening/ 表示“在上午/下午/傍晚”等一段时间。
4．in the desk/ pencil-box/bedroom 等表示“在书桌/铅笔盒/卧室里”。
5．in the tree表示“在树上 (非树本身所有)”；on the tree表示“在树上(为树本身所有)”。
6．in the wall表示“在墙上（凹陷进去）”；on the wall表示“在墙上（指墙的表面）”。
7．at work（在工作）/at school（上学）/at home（在家）应注意此类短语中无the。
8．at + 时刻表示钟点。
9．like this/that表示方式，意为“像……这/那样”。
10．of短语表示所属关系。
11．behind/ beside/ near/ under+ 名词等，表示方位、处所。
12．from与to多表示方向，前者意为“从……”，后者意为“到……”。
另外，以下这些短语也必须掌握。如：on ty, after breakfast, at night, at the door, in the middle, in the sky, on one’s bike等。
[重点句型大回放]
1．I think…意为“我认为……”，是对某人或某事的看法或态度的一种句型。其否定式常用I don’t think…，
2．give sth. to sb./ give sb. sth. 意为“把……给……”，动词give之后可接双宾语，可用这两种句型；若指物的宾语是人称代词时，则只能用give it/ them to sb.
3．take sb./ sth. to…意为“把……(送)带到……”，后常接地点，也可接人。
4．One…, the other…/One is…and one is…意为“一个是……；另一个是……”，必须是两者中。
5．Let sb. do sth. 意为“让某人做某事”，人后应用不带to的动词不定式，其否定式为Don’t let sb，do sth.，或Let sb. not do sth. 另外，Let’s 与Let us的含义不完全相同，前者包括听者在内，后者不包括听者在内，
6．help sb. (to) do sth./help sb. with sth.意为“帮助某人做某事”，前者用不定式作宾补，后者用介词短语作宾补，二者可以互换.
7．What about…？/How about…？意为“……怎么样？”是用来询问或征求对方的观点、意见、看法等。about为介词，其后须接名词、代词或V-ing等形式。
8．It’s time to do…/ It’s time for sth. 意为“该做……的时间了”，其中to后须接原形动词，for后可接名词或V-ing形式。
9．like to do sth./like doing sth.意为“喜欢做某事”，前一种句型侧重具体的一次性的动作；后一种句型侧重习惯性的动作，
10．ask sb.(not) to do sth. 意为“让某人(不要)做某事”，其中ask sb.后应接动词不定式，
11．show sb. sth. / show sth. to do. 意为“把某物给某人看”，该句型的用法同前面第2点。
12．introce sb. to sb. 意为“把某人介绍给另一人”；introce to sb.则是“向某人作介绍”。
001. a bottle/glass/cup… of 一瓶/茶杯/玻璃杯
002. a few 一些
003. a kind of 一种；一类
004. a little 一点；少量
005. a lot of…(lots of…) 许多的
006. a moment later 片刻之后
007. a number of 若干的；许多的
008. a pair of 一双；一副
009. a piece of 一块（张；片；只）
010. all day(long) 整天；一天到晚
011. all kinds of 各种各样
012. all one’s life 一生；终生
013. all over 到处；结束
014. all over the world 全世界
015. all right 行了；好吧；（病）好了
016. all the same 仍然
017. all the time ①一直；始终②老是（美国英语）
018. arrive at/in 到达某地
019. as…as… 一样
020. as…as one can(=as…as possible) 尽量
021. as soon as 一就
022. at breakfast 早餐时
023. at first 起先；开始的时候
024. at home 在家
025. at last 最后；终于
026. at night 在夜里
027. at noon 在正午
028. at once 立刻；马上
029. at school 在学校上课
030. at the back of 在……的后面
031. at the head of 在……的前面
032. at the moment 此刻
033. at the same time 同时
034. at this time of (the) year 在（一年中）这个时节里
035. at times 时常；有时
036. at work 在工作
037. be able to do sth. (= can+V.) 能够
038. be angry with sb. 生某人的起 be angry at/about sth. 生某事的气
039. be born 出生
040. be different from… 和……不同
041. be full of 充满着……
042. be good at 善于 be bad at拙于
043. be good for 对……有益的 be bad for 对……有害的
044. be in hospital 生病；住院 be in the hospital 在医院
045. be late for 迟到
046. be like 像
047. be made of (be made from) ……制的；用…….制成的
048. be/get ready 准备好
049. be sure 肯定；确定
050. break down ①（机械）损坏②拆散（某物）
051. by+交通工具 搭乘某交通工具
052. by the way 顺便一提
053. by then 到那时
054. catch (a) cold; have a cold 感冒
055. change one’s mind 改变想法（注意）
056. come back 回来
057. come down 下来
058. come from ①出生于②来自于
059. come in 进入；进来come out 出来
060. come over 过来；顺便来访
061. come around （走）过来（绕行而来）
062. day after day 日复一日地；天天
063. do(es) +V.ing 做某事
064. do sport 运动；参加（体育）运动
065. does well ①做得很好②成功③成绩很好
066. each other 互相
067. eat up 吃完
068. either…or… 不是……就是
069. enjoy oneself 过得愉快
070. fall behind 落后；跟不上
071. fall off ①跌落；掉下②（质或量）下降
072. far away 遥远
073. feel like doing sth. 想要做某事
074. feel tired 感到疲劳
075. find out 查明；发现；了解
076. from now on 从今以后；今后
077. from … to … 从……到……
078. get back ①返回②取回
079. get down ①下来；落下②记下来
080. get dressed 穿衣服
081. get home 大家
082. get into ①进入②搭乘（出租车）③陷入（坏的情况）
083. get off ①下车②起飞
084. get on ①上车②生活
085. get on (with…)= get along (with…) ①生活②与（某人）相处③（活动）有进展
086. get out of ①从......出来②从出租车(轿车)下来
087. get ready to do sth. 准备做某事
088. get up ①起床②起立
089. get warm (long) 变暖和(长)
090. give a call 给……打电话
091. give back 归还;送回
092. go back 回去
093. go for a walk 散步
094. go home 回家
095. go on 继续
096. go shopping 去购物
097. go to bed 睡觉(并未入睡)
098. go to school 上学
099. go to sleep 入睡；睡着
100. go to the cinema 看电影
101. grow up 成年；长大成人
102. half an hour 半小时
103. have a drink of 喝一点……
104. have good time 玩得很高兴；过得愉快
105. have a look (at) 看一看
106. have a match 比赛have a test 测验
107. have a meeting 开会
108. have a rest 休息
109. have a swim 游泳
110. have a talk 谈话
111. have a walk 散步
112. have a wash 洗（手，脸等）
113. have breakfast 吃早饭
114. have lessons/classes 上课
115. have lunch 吃午饭
116. have sport 进行体育活动
117. have supper 吃晚饭
118. have to 不得不；必须
119. hear from+sb. 收到某人的来信
120. hear of 听说
121. help sb. with sth 在某事上帮某人help sb. (to) do sth. 帮助某人做某事
122. hold a meeting (= have a meeting) 举行会议
123. hold on ①等一等（别挂电话）②坚持；持续
124. hour after hour 一小时又一小时地；持续地
125. how long ①（时间）多长；多长②（长度）多长
126. how many/much 多少/多少（钱）
127. how often 多久；多常
128. how old 几岁；多大（年纪）
129. hundreds of 数百
130. hurry of 匆匆离去；赶快去
131. hurry up 赶快
132. in a minute 一会儿；立刻
133. in bed 躺在床上
134. in English 用英语（说）
135. in front 在前方（面）；在正对面
136. in front of 在......前面
137. in time 正好；及时
⑦ 初中八年级英语所有语法
现在完成时
1.构成
现在完成时是由助动词 have(has)+动词的过去分词构成。助动词说明该谓语是属于现在时范围。它和主语的人称、数要保持一致。过去分词是主要的谓语动词，说明句子的意义。
2.用法
（1）表示动作发生在过去某个不确定的时间，但对现在留下了某种影响和结果。常被just, already, yet 等副词修饰。常与非延续性动词连用。 如：
-Have you had lunch yet? -Yes, I have. I've just had it. 你（已经）吃午饭了吗？ 我刚刚吃过。（现在我不饿了）
（2）表示从过去某一时刻开始一直持续到现在的动作或状态。这个动作可能刚停止，可能仍然在进行。常用延续性动词，常带有for和since（自从）等表示一段时间的状语。
如：He has taught here since 1981. 他自1981年就在这儿教书。（可能还要继续教）
I haven't seen her for four years. 我有四年没见到她了。
(3）表示说话前发生过一次或多次的动作，现在成为一种经验，一般译为汉语“过”，常带有twice, ever, never, three times等时间状语。
如： I have been to Beijing twice. 我去过北京二次。
3．结构
1）陈述句结构：主语＋have( has)（not）+过去分词＋其它。have not=haven’t has not= hasn’t.
2) 一般疑问句结构：Have( Has )＋主语＋过去分词＋其它？
3) 特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词＋have(has) +主语+ 过去分词＋其它？
e.g. He has already finished his homework.
He hasn’t finished his homework yet.
Has he finished his homework yet? --Yes, he has. / No, he hasn’t. / No, not yet.
4.现在完成时的时间状语
1）现在完成时属于现在时范围，故不能和过去的时间状语连用。如: yesterday, last Sunday, in1990, three years ago等。但是，在强调动作产生的后果和影响时，可以和一些表示不确定的时间状语连用。
a. 用副词already和yet。already一般用于肯定句中，yet一般用于否定句和 疑问句中。如：We have already finished our homework.我们已完成作业了。
They haven't finished their homework yet.他们还没有完成作业。
b. 用ever 和never。多用于否定或疑问句中，表示“曾经”或“从未“等。 如：-Have you ever been to the Great Wall?你曾经去过长城吗？
-I have never been to the Great Wall.我从未去过长城。 c. 用表示到说话为止的过去时间状语，如just（刚刚）, before（以前）, up to now（直到现在）/ until now, in the past (few years/ three days 等), so far (迄今为止) recently 等。 例如：I have seen her before, but I can not remember where. 我以前见过她，但记不起在哪里见过。
He has been there three times the last few days. 近几年他去过那里三次了。 d.用包括“现在”在内的时间状语，如：today, this morning (month ,year, term等.例如：-Have you met him today? - No, I haven't. 今天你见过他吗？我没有。
How many times have you been there this year? 今年你去过那里多少次？
2） 现在完成时可以和带有since或for等表示“一段时间”的状语连用,表示动作或状态从某一时刻开始，一直持续到现在。如：I haven't seen him for two years. 但是，像come, arrive, buy等终止性动词不能与表示“一段时间”的状语连用。要用，必须改为“be（在）”等延续性动词来表述。现归纳总结一下由非延续性动词到延续性动词的转换：
arrive → be here begin (start) → be on die →be dead come back → be back leave → be away fall ill (sick, asleep) → be ill (sick, asleep) go out →be out finish →be over put on →wear 或be on get up →be up join →be in / be a member of… open → be open close →be closed go to school→ be a student borrow →keep buy →have catch(a cold)→ have(a cold) get to know →know begin to study → study come to work→ work
如：He has been a soldier for three years.他参军三年了。或He has been in the army for there years. 不可以说He has joined the army for there years.
His father has been dead for two years.他父亲去世二年了。（不可以说has died）
The film has been on for ten minutes.电影已开始十分钟了。（不可以说has begun）
We have studied English for three years. （不可以说have begun） 我们（开始）学英语已三年了。
5. 现在完成时和一般过去时的区别
现在完成时和一般过去时都表示在过去完成的动作。但现在完成时强调的是这一动作与现在的关系。如对现在产生的结果或影响等，而一般过去时只表示动作在过去某一时刻发生，不表示和现在的关系。试比较：
I have lost my new book. 我把新书丢了。（现在还未找到）
I lost my new book yesterday. 我昨天把新书丢了。（昨天丢的，现在找到与否没说明）
6.几点注意事项 （1）have been(to)与have gone( to)的区别：have been(to) 表示“去过某地（现在已经回来了）”，可用于各人称；have gone(to) 表示“去某地了（说话时某人不在当地）”，常用于第 三人称，前者可与once ,never, several times等连用，后者则不能。如：They have been to Beijing twice.他们去过北京两次。 He has gone to Beijing . 他去北京了。 （2）“It is或has been + 一段时间+ since引导的时间状语从句”表示“某人干某事已经多长时间了”。since从句的谓语要用非延续性动词 若动词延续，则译成相反的意思。如：It is two years since his father died. =His father has been dead for two years.他父亲去世已有三年了。 It is two years since his father lived here. 他爸爸不住这儿已有三年了。 （3）终止性动词现在完成时的否定式，已变成一种可以延续的状态，因此可以和表示一段时间的状语连用。如：I haven't left here since 1997.自从1997年以来，我一直没有离开过这儿。 （4）.提问for短语或since状语用how long。
(5).完成时的否定形式与比较级连用表达最高级含义。如：
I have never seen a better film.我从未看过一部更好的电影。（这部最好）
注：否定式与比较级连用表示最高级含义不一定用于完成时态。如：
--- What about going fishing? --- I can’t agree more.(我再同意不过了哦)
.语法—直接引语变间接引语（多数情况下变为宾语 从句）
(1). 直接引语如果是陈述句，变为间接引语时，用连词that 引导（口语中可以省略引导词）宾语从句。把下列句子变为间接引语或直接引语：
a. “I’ll visit my aunt tomorrow.” Lily said. ____________________________.
b. Our teacher often say to us,” It’s important to finish your homework.”
_______________________________________________________
c. They said they would meet at 9:00 p.m. that night.
“_______________________________________.”they said.
d. Lana said that she wasn’t mad at Marcia anymore.
Lana said’”_______________________________.”
(2). 直接引语如果是一般疑问句，变为间接引语时，变为由连词if 或whether引导的宾语从句。把下列句子变为间接引语或直接引语：
a. “Will you have a surprise party for me?” he asked me.
_______________________________________________
b. She asked Tom,” Can you help me?” ___________________________ c. He asked me if I knew who killed the cat.
He asked ，”__________________________________?”
(3). 直接引语如果是特殊疑问句，变为间接引语时，疑问词不变，宾语从句用陈述语序。把下列句子变为间接引语或直接引语：
a. The teacher asked,” Why are all the windows open?”
______________________________________________.
b. “When will you find out the time?” she asked me.
______________________________________________.
c. “What’s the matter with you, Alice?” he asked.
_____________________________________
d. They asked me where my friends were.
____________________________________________
(4).直接引语如果是肯定型祈使句，变为间接引语时，谓语变为tell sb. to do 或ask sb. to do 等句式。把下列句子变为间接引语或直接引语：
a. “Make sure the door is closed，” she said to her little son.
____________________________________________________.
b. “Tell me the news, please.” Li Hui said to me.
____________________________________________________.
c. He asked me to take care of his pet dog.
“_______________________________，” he said to me.
(5).直接引语如果是否定型祈使句，变为间接引语时，谓语变为tell sb.not to do 或ask sb. not to do等。把下列句子变为间接引语或直接引语：a. “Don’t smoke in the room,” he said to me.
________________________________________________.
b. “Don’t shout at the old man,” I said to him.________________________
c. Our teacher told us not to talk in class.
“____________________________, “ our teacher said to us.
d. My mother told me ___ others when they are in trouble.
A. not to laugh at B. don’t laugh at C. not laugh at D. never laugh at
2. if 条件句 在一般将来时的句子里（指主句），时间状语从句、条件状语从句等的谓语动词用一般现在时代替将来时。当主句含有情态动词或主句为祈使句时，从句也用一般现在时。如：You must pay for it if you lose it.
附加疑问句
附加疑问句由“陈述句 + 附加疑问句”两部分构成。一般有两种形式：前肯后否或前否后肯。对附加疑问部分应注意以下几点： 1）主语只能用人称代词；2）附加疑问句的not必须与（be /助/情）缩写；3）附加疑问句的时态必须与陈述部分的时态一致。
Tom is a worker, isn’t Tom? (改错) _______ You can swim, can not you? ( 改错) ______
特别注意以下几种反意疑问句
1.陈述部分含否定意味的词如few,little,never,nothing,nobody,no,hardly,none,seldom等时，附加疑问句应使用肯定形式；但如果陈述句部分含有un-, in-, im-, dis-等否定前缀构成的派生词时，该陈述句部分仍做肯定处理，疑问部分用否定形式。
He hardly speaks English, does he? They are unhappy, aren’t they?
2. this/that作主语时，无论是否指人，疑问部分用it；these/those用they。
This is your brother, isn’t it? Those are books,_______________?
3.陈述部分的主语如果是one, 疑问部分主语用one或he。One can’t be always young, can one/ he?
4.陈述部分的主语是everything, something, nothing, anything时，附加疑问句的主语应用it；陈述部分的主语是everybody, somebody, nobody, everyone, no one时，附加疑问句的主语应用they或he。
Everything is ready, ___________? Everyone is here, ____________?
5.陈述部分是祈使句时，附加疑问句一般用：will you? 但注意：
Let’s…（包括听者在内）, 附加疑问句一般用shall we? Let us/him/me …（不包括听者在内）， 附加疑问句一般用will you? Let’s go for a walk, shall we? Let him come in, will you?
6.陈述部分是there be结构时，应用be there?结构来完成。 There’s little water, _________？
7..陈述部分含that引导的宾语从句时，疑问部分通常与主句一致。但当主句陈述部分是”I / We think (believe, suppose) +宾语从句”时，附加问句应与从句一致。I’m sure + 宾语从句也是如此
1).She said I did it, _________? 2)We don’t think you are right，________?
3) I’m sure you’ll help me, ____________?
8.如果陈述部分是I am… , 附加疑问部分为aren’t I? I am older than you, __________?
9.陈述部分含had better, would like时， 疑问部分分别用hadn’t…?和wouldn’t…? You’d better go out , _______________? You’d like to go there, ____________________?
10.陈述部分是感叹句，附加问句的人称代词应与主语一致，疑问部分用否定形式。 What a kind girl, isn’t she? What a fine day, ___________?
11.the+形容词表示一类人，其附加疑问句主语用复数代词。 The poor had no right to speak at that time, did they?
12. 由neither…nor，either… or ， not only…but also ， both…and ， not…but，…or…， …and…等连接的并列主语，附加疑问部分用复数。
Neither you nor I am wrong, are we? Both Jack and Tom went there, didn’t they?
13.当陈述部分含有have to时，附加疑问部分的助动词应根据have 的变化，分别用don’t， doesn’t， didn’t。 He has to take your advice, doesn’t he?
14.当陈述部分的主语是从句、不定式、动名词或词组时，附加疑问部分的主语通常用it。 What he said at the meeting is very important, isn’t it? Swimming in rivers is a good sport, _____________?
15.当陈述部分含有wish时，附加疑问部分的助动词用may。I wish to use your computer, may I?
16. 当陈述部分的谓语是“used to+动词原形（过去常常干某事）”时，疑问部分用“didn’t+主语”或“usedn’t +主语”。 He used to live in London, didn’t he? / usedn’t he?
⑧ 语法英语初二的
一 般 现 在 时
.概念：经常、反复发生的动作或行为及现在的某种状况。
动词用原形(单三人称动词加s / es)
(问句和否定句借用助词do / does)
一 般 过 去 时
概念：过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态；过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为。
动词用过去式
(问句和否定句借用助词did)
现 在 进 行 时
概念：表示现阶段或说话时正在进行的动作及行为。
am +动词-ing
is +动词-ing
are +动词-ing
过 去 进 行 时
概念：表示过去某段时间或某一时刻正在发生或进行的行为或动作。
was +动词-ing
were +动词-ing
一 般 将 来 时
概念：以过去某个时间为标准，在此以前发生的动作或行为，或在过去某动作之前完成的行为，即“过去的过去”。
(1)will + 动词原形
(2)am +going to+动词原形
Is +going to+动词原形
are +going to+动词原形
过 去 将 来 时
概念：立足于过去某一时刻，从过去看将来，常用于宾语从句中。
(1)would + 动词原形
(2)was +going to+动词原形
were +going to+动词原形
现 在 完 成 时
概念：过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，或从过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态。
have +过去分词
has +过去分词
过 去 完 成 时
概念：以过去某个时间为标准，在此以前发生的动作或行为，或在过去某动作之前完成的行为，即“过去的过去”。
had +过去分词
下面的更具体，还附有练习题，可以联系一下，更好的理解（不过本来有表格的，但是格式不允许，要不你看看【参考资料】那里的网址吧！O(∩_∩)O）
英语时态一表通
时态是英语学习中一个至关重要的内容，同学们在实际应用中，往往对时态问题倍感棘手，下面我们就初中英语八种时态以列表的形式做一归纳比较。
概念 时间状语 基本结构 一般疑问句 否定形式
一般现在时 经常、反复发生的动作或行为及现在的某种状况。 often, usually, always, sometimes, every day(week, month),once a week, on Mondays, etc. 1.be动词
2.行为动词 1.把动词be放于句首。
2.用助动词do提问，如主语为第三人称单数，则用does，同时还原为动词原形。 1.am/is/are+not
2.此时态的谓语动词若为行为动词，则在其前加don’t；若主语为第三人称单数，则用doesn’t，同时还原行为动词。
现在进行时 表示现阶段或说话时正在进行的动作或状态。 now, at this time, these days, etc. am/ is/ are +doing 把be动词放在句首。 am/ is/ are +not +doing
一般过去时 过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态； 过去 习惯性、经常性的动作、行为。 ago, yesterday, last week(month, year…), in 2000, just now, one day, long long ago, etc. 1. was/
were
2.行为动词过去式 1.把was或 were放于句首。
2.用助动词did提问，同时还原为动词原形。 1.was/were+ not
2. 在行为动词前加do在其前加didn’t，同时还原行为动词。
过去进行时 表示过去某段时间或某一时刻正在发生或进行的动作或行为。 at this time yesterday或以when引导的谓语动词是一般过去时的时间状语等。 was/ were+ doing 把was或were放在句首。 was/ were+ not+ doing
现在完成时 过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的一向或结果，或从过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态。 have/ has +done already, yet, just, ever, never, before, recently，in the past few years, 等，及由for或since引导的时间状语。 把have或has放在句首。 have/ has +not+ done
一般将来时 表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态及打算、计划或准备做某事。 tomorrow，tomorrow morning/afternoon, the day after tomorrow ，next Sunday/week/year/month， soon, in a few days minutes, etc 1.be going to +do2.will ／shall＋do 1.be放在句首。2.will/shall提到句首。 1.be going to＋not+ do
2.will ／shall＋not+ do
过去完成时 表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成的动作或情况。表示“过去的过去” by, before等构成的过去时间短语连用或用于when, before, until等引导的从句中。由said, asked, told, thought等引导的宾语从句中， had+ done
had放于句首。 had+ not+ done
过去将来时 表示在过去的某个时候看来将要发生的动作或者存在的状态。 The next day(morning, year), the following month (week),etc. 1.would+do
2.was/ were going to +do 1.would 提到句首。
2.was 或were放于句首。 1.would+not+
do
2.was/were +not+ going to +do
时态专练（以下试题均选自2005年中招试题）
1. -Where is Frank now?
- He _______his bike in the yard.(北京海淀区)
A. fixes up B. fixing up C. is fixing up D. fixed
2. -You’ve left the light on, Tracy.
-Oh, yes. _________ to turn it off right now. (宜昌市)
A. I’d go B. I’ve gone C. I’ll go D. I go
3.“The World Without Thieves” is a very moving film. I ____ it twice already.( 陕西省)
A. will see B. see C. saw D. have seen
4. The Oriental Pearl TV Tower ________ tens of thousands of visitors since l995.(上海市)
A) attracted B) attracts C) has attracted D) will attract
5. -Did you see the traffic accident yesterday?
-Yes. It happened when I past the museum.（苏州市）
A. walk B. am walking C. will Walk D. was walking
6. -Have you read this book?
-Yes．I____ it two weeks ago．（随州市）
A．is reading B．have read C．will read D．read
7.- What are you doing ,Jim?
-I _________a beautiful horse.（北京丰台区）
A. draw B. drew C. am drawing D. was drawing
8. They______ all their money, so they have to walk home now. （北京丰台区）
A. have spent B. spend C. spent D. are spending
9. Jim is a student and in Town High School.（武汉市）
A. studies B. studied C. had studied
10.Sandy his old friend Tom when he was crossing the street.（武汉市）
A. had met B. has met C. met
Keys: 1.C 2.C 3.D 4.C 5.D 6.D 7.C 8. A 9.A 10.C
⑨ 初二英语语法重点是什么
. 初二语法重点： 人称代词
主格： I we you she he it they
宾格： me us you her him it them
形容词性物主代词：my our your her his its their
名词性物主代词： mine ours yours hers his its theirs
2.形容词和副词的比较级
(1) 一般在形容词或副词后+er
older taller longer stronger, etc
(2) 多音节词前+more
more interesting, etc.
(3) 双写最后一个字母，再+er
bigger fatter, etc.
(4) 把y变i，再+er
heavier, earlier
(5) 不规则变化：
well-better, much/many-more, etc.
3.可数词的复数形式
Most nouns + s a book –books
Nouns ending in a consonant +y - y+ ies a story—stories
Nouns ending in s, sh, ch or x + es a glass—glasses a watch-watches
Nouns ending in o +s or +es a piano—pianos a mango—mangoes
Nouns ending in f or fe - f or fe +ves a knife –knives a shelf-shelves
4.不可数名词(单复数形式不变)
bread, rice, water ,juice etc.
5. 缩略形式
I’m = I am you’re = you are she’s = she is he’s = he is
it’s = it is who’s =who is can’t =can not isn’t=is not etc
6. a/an
a book, a peach
an egg an hour
7. Preposition:
on, in ,in front of, between, next to, near, beside, at, behind.
表示时间： at six o’clock, at Christmas, at breakfast
on Monday on 15th July On National Day
in the evening in December in winter
8. 基数词和序数词
one – first two-second twenty-twentieth
9. Some /any
I have some toys in my bedroom.
Do you have any brothers or sisters?
10. be 动词
(1) Basic form: am/are/is
(2) 肯定和否定句 I am(not) from London.
My eyes are(not) small.
My hair is(not) long.
（3）一般疑问句： Am I a Chniese? Yes, you are. No, you aren’t.
Are they American? Yes, they are. No, they aren’t.
Is the cat fat? Yes, it is. No, it isn’t.
11. there be 结构
肯定句： There is a …
There are …
一般疑问句:Is there …? Yes, there is./ No, there isn’t.
Are there…? Yes, there are. /No, there aren’t.
否定句： There isn’t …. There aren’t….
12. 祈使句
Sit down please
Don’t sit down, please.
13. 现在进行时.通常用“now”.
形式： be + verb +ing
eg: I am(not) doing my homework.
You/We/They are(not) reading.
He/She/It is(not) eating.
动词 —ing 的形式
Most verbs +ing walk—walking
Verbs ending in e -e + ing come—coming
Short verbs ending in a vowel + a consonant run –running swim—swimming
14 一般现在时。通常用 “usually, often, every day, sometimes”。
形式：
肯定句：
I go to school on foot every day.
She goes to school on foot every day
初二下学期要接触到得语法点：1.过去进行时；
2.using adjectives;
3.直接引语改间接引语；
4.using although and though;
5.object clauses with that after know, think, believe, etc.
6.if 的从句