『壹』 求《高職高專教育英語課程教學基本要求》 詞彙表,急用
在不同網站上多發個
『貳』 初中英語詞彙
coughed
recorded
twice
abroad
twelfth
tasty
inventor
winner
unknown
probably
『叄』 全國普通高中英語教學大綱詞彙表
A
abound
abundance
acceptable
acceptance
accession
accessory
accountable
accounting
accustomed
actuality
acupuncture
addicted
addictive
addition
adherence
adjacent
adjective
adjoin
administrative
adolescent
adore
advancement
advantage
advent
adventure
adventurous
adverb
advisory
aerial
aerospace
aesthetics
affiliate
affirm
affirmative
affix
afflict
afford
affordable
afterwards
aggravate
aggregate
airway
aisle
alienate
allergic
aloft
amass
amazing
ambiguity
amusement
amusing
analytical
analyze/-yse
animate
annoyance
antibiotic
appetite
applaud
applicable
applicant
applied
appraise
appreciation
approximately
arena
armo(u)r
arrangement
arrogance
artwork
ascribe
aspire
assassinate
astronomer
atlas
atmospheric
attendant
attributable
authoritative
auto(mobile)
automate
automatic
automation
autonomous
avail
availability
avert
awesome
B
bacon
badge
baffle
bakery
balcony
bankruptcy
basically
batch
belongings
beneficiary
billboard
billionaire
binder
biochemistry
biomedical
birthright
bishop
bizarre
blink
blog
bloodshed
blossom
blouse
blush
booklet
bookmark
bored
botany
bowl
boyhood
brace
bracket
breakage
breakdown
brew
brewery
bribe
bribery
bridge
briefcase
briefing
brink
brisk
broadband
broaden
broken
broom
browser
brunch
brush
brutality
burdensome
bureaucrat
burial
bypass
bystander
C
calculation
calling
camp
cane
cannon
canteen
capacity
carefree
caring
cart
casino
catastrophe
cavity
CDROM
cellar
cellular
censorship
center/-tre
cereal
certainly
certainty
certification
certify
chalk
chamber
champagne
chaotic
chap
charitable
checkpoint
childish
childlike
cholesterol
chopsticks
Christian
chronicle
chunk
civic
clan
clarification
clarity
clasp
classification
clearance
clearing
clinical
clockwise
coastal
Coca-Cola
cohesion
coincidence
collaboration
collision
colonial
colony
commander
commence
compartment
compassionate
competent
competitive
complementary
complicated
complication
composite
comprehend
computerize
conceited
conception
concerning
condemnation
condolence
condom
confederation
configuration
confirmation
conformity
confrontation
Confucian
Confucianism
confusion
congratulation
conqueror
conquest
conscientious
consecutive
consequent
considering
consistency
conspicuous
constrict
construction
consultancy
consultative
contend
contented
contention
contestant
continuance
continuity
contradict
contribution
contrive
convene
converse
convertible
convey
cooperative
cop
cordless
cornerstone
correlation
correspondence
corresponding
corrode
corruption
cough
countdown
counterclockwise
courageous
courtroom
courtyard
cowboy
coworker
cozy/cosy
crackdown
creation
creator
cripple
crossing
crossroad
crowning
crumble
crust
cube
cucumber
culminate
cultivation
cultural
cumulative
curfew
customary
cute
cylinder
D
damn
daring
darling
dart
daylight
debris
deceit
deception
decoration
decree
dect
dection
dective
default
defection
defective
defense/-ence
defensive
defiance
deficient
definitive
degrade
delicacy
demanding
dependence
deplore
deport
derail
desirability\
desirous
destined
destiny
detach
deterioration
development
deviate
dietary
digestive
diploma
disable
disadvantage
disappointed
disappointing
disarm
disastrous
disciplined
disclosure
discount
discreet
discrepancy
discrete
discussion
disgraceful
disgusting
disillusion
disorder
dispatch/dispatch
dispense
disregard
distil(l)
distinctive
distracted
distribution
diversion
DNA
dodge
dogged
dogma
dome
dominance
domination
donation
download
downside
drainage
drastic
drawback
dread
dreamy
driveway
driving-licence/se
dropout
dryer
stbin
sty
dwarf
dweller
E
easy-going
ecological
economist
eggplant
elapse
elasticity
electoral
electrical
electrician
electron
elicit
eloquent
emancipate
emigrant
emotional
emulate
enclosure
encouragement
endorse
endow
enrance
enforcement
engagement
enlist
enroll(l)
enrollment
ensue
entrust
envious
epoch
eradicate
erode
erroneous
escort
establishment
esthetic
Euro
evade
exceedingly
excel
excellence
execution
exemplify
exempt
exert
exhaustion
expectancy
expectation
expend
explanatory
exposition
expressway
extravagant
F
fabulous
facet
facial
fairy
falsehood
farther
fascinate
fascist
fatality
fatty
feasibility
feat
fifth
filling
finally
finite
firewall
firewood
fist
fitting
fixture
flank
flap
flavor(u)r
flip
fluctuate
flush
flutter
foil
folklore
foremost
forerunner
foresight
forestry
foretell
formality
formidable
formulate
forthcoming
foul
fountain
fracture
fragrance
fragrant
franc
freeway
fright
fringe
functional
fusion
G
gadget
garbage
gender
generosity
geology
geometry
gigantic
giggle
giraffe
given
globalize
gloomy
glossary
gorge
gracious
granted
gray/grey
greed
grid
grieve
grill
grim
grocery
groove
grope
guitarist
gunfire
H
hacker
haircut
hairy
handicraft
handmade
handset
harassment
harden
hardy
harmful
harmonious
hawk
hazardous
headmistress
head-teacher
healthcare
heave
hedge
henceforth
her
heroism
hesitant
hey
hi
hibernate
hierarchical
high-speed
him
hinge
HIV
hive
hoist
holly
homosexual
honeymoon
honorary
hose
hotdog
hotly
hourly
housework
howl
huddle
hum
humane
humanism
humanist
humankind
humidity
I
iceberg
ideological
ignorance
illegal
immediately
immunize
impair
impart
impede
imperialism
imperialist
impetus
implicit
impractical
imprison
impromptu
inadequate
inborn
incompatible
incompetence
incomplete
incomprehensive
inconsistency
incur
indefinite
indicative
indignation
indoor
inctive
instrialize/-ise
infectious
inference
infinity
inflict
infringe
ingenious
inlet
innumerable
inquiry/enquiry
insider
instantaneous
institutional
instrumental
insurgency
insurgent
intact
integral
integrity
intelligible
intent
interactive
intercourse
interference
interim
intermediary
intermittent
interrogation
intersection
intimidate
into
intolerance
intolerant
intricate
intrinsic
invaluable
investigator
invisible
irrational
irrespective
irrigation
isolation
italic
J
jealousy
jelly
jerk
jetlag
judg(e)ment
juicy
junk
justification
juvenile
K
killer
kilowatt
kindness
kite
knowledgeable
L
lad
landmark
landmine
laptop
laughable
lawsuit
layoff
learning
left-handed
leftist
legalization
legislative
legislator
lengthy
lesbian
liaison
lieutenant
lightweight
likelihood
linear
linen
linguistic
lipstick
literal
living-room
locality
locust
lofty
logo
luncheon
M
mainstream
malicious
malpractice
managerial
man-made
mansion
marginal
married
martyr
masculine
masterful
mastermind
maternity
mathematical
maximize
meadow
measurable
mechanics
media
mediate
mediator
medicare
methodology
midst
Midwest
midwife
migrant
militant
minibus
minimal
mint
misfortune
misguide
mislead
mist
mister
mo(u)ld
modem
moderator
modernize/-ise
momentary
moon-cake
motherhood
motorbike
mountainous
moustache
multicultural
multilateral
multinational
murmur
muscular
N
namely
nationalism
necessitate
neglectful
negligible
negotiable
negotiate
Negro
neutralize
nickel
nickname
night-club
nil
ninth
noble
nominee
nonetheless
nonprofit
noodle
normalize
notable
notation
noteworthy
notwithstanding
noun
novelty
numerical
nylon
O
o』
obedience
obedient
obese
obesity
obscene
obsession
occupational
odds
odo(u)r
offset
oily
olive
omission
onset
opinionated
opposition
oppress
optic
optimism
oracle
oriental
orientation
ouch
ounce
oust
outdate
outflow
outgoing
outpost
outreach
oval
overhear
overpass
oversee
oversight
overstate
overturn
overwhelm
owl
oxide
P
pamphlet
paperback
paperwork
parameter
parental
parliamentary
partition
passersby
pastime
pastry
pathetic
patriot
patriotism
pea
peculiarity
penlum
penguin
penny
periodical
perpetual
persecution
persistent
persuasive
pervasive
petrochemical
phoenix
physiological
pianist
pilgrim
pillar
pink
pint
piracy
pizza
plague
planetary
plateau
plausible
plaza
plea
pleased
plight
plural
poetic
pollutant
polytechnic
ponder
populate
porch
postcode
poster
postman
practicable
precedent
precision
preclude
prediction
predominant
premature
preoccupy
preposition
preside
presidential
prestige
presumption
pretext
preview
printing
privileged
problematic
profitable
pronoun
prospective
prosperity
protection
provocative
proximity
psychiatrist
publicize
pumpkin
punctuality
punctuate
purity
Q
quake
qualitative
quantify
quantitative
quart
queer
R
radiant
radium
railroad
rap
realization
realism
rebellion
rebound
receptionist
reclaim
recount
rectify
recur
recyclable
rendant
refinery
refrigerator/fridge
rehearse
reign
rein
related
relish
reluctance
remainder
reminiscence
remnant
renewable
renowned
repertoire
repression
repressive
rescuer
resemblance
reshuffle
reside
residence
resignation
respectable
respondent
responsive
restrain
restraint
restructure
retort
retrieval
retrospective
reunification
reunion
reunite
reversible
revert
reviewer
rid
rightist
rights
right-wing
rim
ripe
risky
rivalry
robust
rooster
rug
rupture
S
sabotage
safeguard
sailing
sandstorm
sandwich
sarcasm
SARS
satisfied
saving
saying
scar
scarcity
schooling
scrutiny
seagull
seashell
seaweed
sector
secular
segregate
segregation
selfish
sensational
sensual
serial
shaky
shaver
shiny
shorts
short-wave
shrewd
shutter
sieve
signpost
simplification
simultaneous
sip
situate
sizable
skyline
slot
smelly
snapshot
sneak
sneaker
snowball
snowman
sober
socialize
sociologist
softball
soft-drink
solemn
solitary
southeast
southwest
sovereign
spaceship
spacious
specialization
speculate
speculative
spinal
spokesperson
sportsman
sprinkle
stabilize/-ise
stack
stainless
stalk
standby
standoff
startle
sticky
stipulate
stitch
stockholder
stomachache
stoop
strap
streak
stricken
stride
stripe
stump
subdivide
subscribe
subscriber
subsistence
substantive
suddenly
suffice
suitcase
sulfur/sulphur
sunglasses
sunset
superintendent
superiority
superman
supersonic
supervisor
supplementary
surgical
susceptible
sustainable
swap
symmetrical
synthesis
T
taboo
tack
tactful
takeoff
tan
tanker
tasty
taxfree
teamwork
tease
teenager
telecom
telecommunications
temperament
temporal
tentative
terminate
termination
terrain
thanksgiving
theirs
them
thereafter
thermos
these
thigh
third
thirteen
those
thoughtful
tickle
tire
tourism
tract
tractor
trainer
trait
transcend
transcontinental
transcribe
transient
tribunal
tribute
trillion
triple
trivial
t-shirt
tub
tuberculosis
tug
turbulence
turnout
turnover
twelfth
twentieth
U
ulcer
unbutton
uncertain
unconditional
underdeveloped
underestimate
underlie
underlying
underscore
underway
undoubtedly
untiful
uneasy
unfold
unilateral
unlawful
unload
unsettle
upcoming
upfront
upside
us
useless
usher
utilization
utopia
V
vacancy
vaccinate
vaccine
vain
validate
van
vanilla
vent
venue
verb
verge
versatile
viewpoint
violet
violinist
virtuous
visionary
vocabulary
void
volt
W
waken
warfare
wasteful
wasteland
watchdog
watermelon
wayside
webcast
website
weightlifting
well-being
well-known
well-off
whatsoever
whenever
whereby
wherever
whichever
white-collar
wholeness
wholesale
whom
whose
width
withhold
wording
workman
workmate
workplace
worse
worst
would
wreckage
wrench
Y
Yankee
yearly
yoga
yoghurt
youth
yummy
Z
zigzag
zinc
zoologicalA
abound
abundance
acceptable
acceptance
accession
accessory
accountable
accounting
accustomed
actuality
acupuncture
addicted
addictive
addition
adherence
adjacent
adjective
adjoin
administrative
adolescent
adore
advancement
advantage
advent
adventure
adventurous
adverb
advisory
aerial
aerospace
aesthetics
affiliate
affirm
affirmative
affix
afflict
afford
affordable
afterwards
aggravate
aggregate
airway
aisle
alienate
allergic
aloft
amass
amazing
ambiguity
amusement
amusing
analytical
analyze/-yse
animate
annoyance
antibiotic
appetite
applaud
applicable
applicant
applied
appraise
appreciation
approximately
arena
armo(u)r
arrangement
arrogance
artwork
ascribe
aspire
assassinate
astronomer
atlas
atmospheric
attendant
attributable
authoritative
auto(mobile)
automate
automatic
automation
autonomous
avail
availability
avert
awesome
B
bacon
badge
baffle
bakery
balcony
bankruptcy
basically
batch
belongings
beneficiary
billboard
billionaire
binder
biochemistry
biomedical
birthright
bishop
bizarre
blink
blog
bloodshed
blossom
blouse
blush
booklet
bookmark
bored
botany
bowl
boyhood
brace
bracket
breakage
breakdown
brew
brewery
bribe
bribery
bridge
briefcase
briefing
brink
brisk
broadband
broaden
broken
broom
browser
brunch
brush
brutality
burdensome
bureaucrat
burial
bypass
bystander
C
calculation
calling
camp
cane
cannon
canteen
capacity
carefree
caring
cart
casino
catastrophe
cavity
CDROM
cellar
cellular
censorship
center/-tre
cereal
certainly
certainty
certification
certify
chalk
chamber
champagne
chaotic
chap
charitable
checkpoint
childish
childlike
cholesterol
chopsticks
Christian
chronicle
chunk
civic
clan
clarification
clarity
clasp
classification
clearance
clearing
clinical
clockwise
coastal
Coca-Cola
cohesion
coincidence
collaboration
collision
colonial
colony
commander
commence
compartment
compassionate
competent
competitive
complementary
complicated
complication
composite
comprehend
computerize
conceited
conception
concerning
condemnation
condolence
condom
confederation
configuration
confirmation
conformity
confrontation
Confucian
Confucianism
confusion
congratulation
conqueror
conquest
conscientious
consecutive
consequent
considering
consistency
conspicuous
constrict
construction
consultancy
consultative
contend
contented
contention
contestant
continuance
continuity
contradict
contribution
contrive
convene
converse
convertible
convey
cooperative
cop
cordless
cornerstone
correlation
correspondence
corresponding
corrode
corruption
cough
countdown
counterclockwise
courageous
courtroom
courtyard
cowboy
coworker
cozy/cosy
crackdown
creation
creator
cripple
crossing
crossroad
crowning
crumble
crust
cube
cucumber
culminate
cultivation
cultural
cumulative
curfew
customary
cute
cylinder
D
damn
daring
darling
dart
daylight
debris
deceit
deception
decoration
decree
dect
dection
dective
default
defection
defective
defense/-ence
defensive
defiance
deficient
definitive
degrade
delicacy
demanding
dependence
deplore
deport
derail
desirability\
desirous
destined
destiny
detach
deterioration
development
deviate
dietary
digestive
diploma
disable
disadvantage
disappointed
disappointing
disarm
disastrous
disciplined
disclosure
discount
discreet
discrepancy
discrete
discussion
disgraceful
disgusting
disillusion
disorder
dispatch/dispatch
dispense
disregard
distil(l)
distinctive
distracted
distribution
diversion
DNA
dodge
dogged
dogma
dome
dominance
domination
donation
download
downside
drainage
drastic
drawback
dread
dreamy
driveway
driving-licence/se
dropout
dryer
stbin
sty
dwarf
dweller
E
easy-going
ecological
economist
eggplant
elapse
elasticity
electoral
electrical
electrician
electron
elicit
eloquent
emancipate
emigrant
emotional
emulate
enclosure
encouragement
endorse
endow
enrance
enforcement
engagement
enlist
enroll(l)
enrollment
ensue
entrust
envious
epoch
eradicate
erode
erroneous
escort
establishment
esthetic
Euro
evade
exceedingly
excel
excellence
execution
exemplify
exempt
exert
exhaustion
expectancy
expectation
expend
explanatory
exposition
expressway
extravagant
F
fabulous
facet
facial
fairy
falsehood
farther
fascinate
fascist
fatality
fatty
feasibility
feat
fifth
filling
finally
finite
firewall
firewood
fist
fitting
fixture
flank
flap
flavor(u)r
flip
fluctuate
flush
flutter
foil
folklore
foremost
forerunner
foresight
forestry
foretell
formality
formidable
formulate
forthcoming
foul
fountain
fracture
fragrance
fragrant
franc
freeway
fright
fringe
functional
fusion
G
gadget
garbage
gender
generosity
geology
geometry
gigantic
giggle
giraffe
given
globalize
gloomy
glossary
gorge
gracious
granted
gray/grey
greed
grid
grieve
grill
grim
grocery
groove
grope
guitarist
gunfire
H
O
『肆』 09中等職業學校英語教學大綱詞彙表的中文對照
只找到高考詞彙表內http://blog.163.com/quan_jianhua@126/blog/static/319474772009296339619/
『伍』 教育科學出版社的整個小學英語單詞詞彙表
到這里下載 http://en.12999.com/page/07-08-21/13007.html http://www.pep.com.cn/f-ge/index.htm 點擊教學大綱 詞彙表 普通高中英語新課程標准(實驗)詞彙表_完整版 http://www.listen2english.com/download/kebiao_complete_edition.rar 另有mp3版: http://www.listen2english.com/download/kebiao_voc_voice_edition.rar 你試試下列網站~ http://www.hrexam.com/wordlist1.htm http://www.wainsoft.com/bbs/index.asp?boardid=13&action=&topicmode=0&page=2 初中英語詞彙表 http://www.psjyshy.pudong-e.sh.cn/english_web/cihui1.asp 高中英語詞彙表 http://www.dbjy.cn/jytgz/ShowArticle.asp?ArticleID=981 沒有中文解釋的到金山詞霸在線查一下就可以了 http://push.cb.kingsoft.com/index.htm 人民教育出版社的 http://www.pep.com.cn/ge/jszx/pg/bxy/tbchyf/ 這個是你們上課的電子書 就是所有的單詞,要一頁一頁去翻 不過,還是很全的
『陸』 如何快速有效教學英語單詞 詳細
從充分利用音樂這一載體,到如何正確拼寫英語單詞,記憶單詞的有效方法及如何防止遺忘,都做了詳細說明。 關鍵詞:單詞 配樂 拼寫 識記 在英語教學中,單詞教學是很重要的一環,大部分同學對記單詞感到頭痛,如何有效解決這一難題,從而使學生輕松掌握英語這一交際工具呢?我認為做到以下幾點很關鍵: 一、配樂單詞教學 眾所周知,學習一首歌的歌詞要比記住一整頁的詞彙容易得多。如學習英文字母歌比單純背字母表效果要好得多。據喬治·羅扎諾夫博士報道;「用音樂進行單詞教學,一個學生一天能記住1000-1200 個單詞。」因此,我認為把英語單詞放到合適的樂曲中去教,是很有必要的, 因為樂曲是通向記憶系統的高速公路。影響學習效果最重要的因素是狀態,學習之門必須打開, 否則,真正的學習無法發生。要想學習好,首先要開啟這扇門,最好選擇一些優美的樂曲來播放, 從而使學生輕易地進入理想的學習狀態。當然,這需要教師先把要學的新單詞配上圖片,並選擇節奏合適的音樂或學生熟悉的樂曲。授課時,教師有意識地和著音樂節拍,將詞彙戲劇性地表現出來,充分利用音樂這一載體,使學生在輕松的環境中學到新單詞,學習之門很容易地被開啟了。 如:讓學生記形容詞和副詞的比較級、最高級的不規則變化時,我們可以配上「Happy birthday to you」的曲子(樂譜見第143 頁)。 [圖片] 實踐證明,這樣可以使學生在愉快的氣氛中,不知不覺地記牢這些形容詞和副詞的比較級、最高級不規則變化後的形式。 然後,教師放慢速度,用自然的語調再朗讀一遍所學單詞,讓學生准確模仿讀音,最後再讓學生和著音樂進行操練,來鞏固所學單詞。在音樂中,學生潛意識地進行記憶,進而把知識儲存下來。事實證明,這種方法比單純地機械領讀、跟讀單詞效果要好得多。 二、單詞拼寫的教學 單詞教學除了要求學生能正確地讀出來之外,還要求學生能正確地拼寫所學單詞,那麼怎樣才能快速無誤地把這些單詞拼寫出來呢? 首先,對於一些簡單的符合拼讀規則的詞,可以用其讀音來幫助學生正確地拼寫出單詞, 如:重讀開音節詞:Mike,bike,fine,go,so,those;重讀閉音節詞:sit,in,is,get,bed,desk 等。 其次,對於較長而又不符合拼讀規則的詞,最好是通過書寫來教學。這是因為由小腦操縱的肌肉記憶是最有效的記憶形式之一,要求學生做到:「一看、二遮蓋、三寫、四檢查」。具體操作如下: 1. 看:讓學生先仔細地看一個新詞,記住他們所看到的。 2. 蓋:看後蓋上那個新詞,使他們看不到。 3. 寫:讓學生憑記憶寫那個新詞。 4.查:最後由教師或學生自己檢查。 如果該詞沒有被正確地拼寫出,不要改正它,再重復以上步驟,經多次實踐證明,這種訓練方法可以使學生較牢固地記住新單詞,並准確無誤地拼寫出來。 三、單詞識記的方法 在單詞教學中除了藉助構詞法來記單詞外,還要給學生介紹一些記憶單詞的方法。 (一)詞中詞記憶法 例:start(開始)——star(星) wind(風)—— win(獲勝) forget(忘記)——for(為了)——get(得到) (二) 記憶單位記憶法 記憶單位記憶法即以某一個最簡單的詞或某一個字母組合作為記憶單位,然後用聯想記憶法進行強化記憶,把一個個「個體詞彙」構成可以縱橫聯想的「立體詞彙」,從而使詞彙有效持久地保存在自己的腦海中,運用這種記憶法,可以使學生在短時間內記住大量詞彙。 例:-ace-eep face(臉)deep(深) place(地點) sleep(睡) space(空間) keep(保留) (三)詞義對比記憶法 1.同義詞記憶法:即把相同或相近意義的詞彙歸納到一起強化記憶。 例:advice 建議;勸告 autumn 秋季 suggest 建議;暗示fall 秋季;落下 2.反義詞記憶法:即把相反或相對意義的詞彙歸納到一起強化記憶。 例:agree 同意 long 長的 disagree 不同意short 短的 (四)勞逸結合記單詞 另外,還要注意學習過程中及時休息。我們知道,一段演講的開頭部分、結尾部分和精彩部分最容易讓人記住,所以,在單詞的教學中,我們要用一定的間歇用來休息,這樣就會有多次的開頭、結尾和精彩部分,使學生記住的單詞也就愈多。 四、及時復習,防止遺忘 根據艾濱浩斯的遺忘曲線得知,遺忘的規律是先快後慢。科學實驗表明:英語單詞在記住後若不及時復習,隔一天可保留90%,隔三天可保留60%,隔4-7 天則忘掉60-70%,隔三周僅有模糊印象。因此,我們記住一些單詞後,還要不斷地鞏固,具體做法是:讓學生把一些新單詞製成音、形、義、圖相結合的卡片,在學習新單詞後當天睡前復習一次,第二天早晨復習一次, 一周之後,一個月之後或考試之前再分別進行一次復習鞏固,以和遺忘作斗爭。要知道,最佳復習時間是在「即將遺忘而還未遺忘時」復習,效果最好。 總之,記單詞的過程也是和遺忘作斗爭的過程,我們只有有效地克服遺忘,才可以牢記所學單詞。當然,好的方法還有很多,如在「用中記單詞、歸類識記單詞、奇思妙想記單詞」。但光有好的方法,不下功夫也不行,同學們必須端正學習態度,做好和困難作斗爭的心理准備,只有這樣才能打好詞彙戰役,牢固掌握所學單詞,有效防止學生因記不住單詞而造成兩極分化, 真正把語言知識變成言語能力。
『柒』 詞族的直接英語詞彙教學和詞族循環記憶法
眾所周知,詞彙教學既是大學英語教學中最重要的一個環節,也是最困難的一個環節。威爾金斯竭力主張,詞彙在語言教學中應占重要地位。「沒有語法,人們能說的話很少;沒有詞彙,人們一句話也說不出。」這是他的名言。以往英語詞彙教學基本都是在綜合英語課中伴隨語言點的教學進行的。本文提出直接英語詞彙教學,即把英語詞彙作為單獨的語言知識來實施教學,以詞彙學和記憶學為基礎,暫時擺脫語境直接習得英語詞彙,以達到擴大詞彙量的目的。 要更好地了解一個人,最好能知道他的家世,要更好地了解一個詞,最好能知道這個詞的詞源。學習語文,無論是母語或外語,不一定要對詞源學進行深入的研究;但是,多留意字和詞的來源和歷史,對語文學習肯定是很有幫助的。
適當的詞源知識,可以幫助我們警惕和避免某些常見的語文錯誤。例如我們知道「步」是左右兩腳一前一後的象形,便不會把它的下半部分寫成「少」;知道「初」原義是「裁衣之始」,所以從「刀」從「衣」,便不會把它寫成「示」旁;......同樣,許多人把consensus(時下流行譯為「共識」)誤拼為concensus(不少英國人也犯這錯誤),是不懂得這個詞和解作同意的consent同源,而跟census無關。和consent同義且同源的assent,自然也不能跟解作攀登的ascent混淆。又如privilege(特權),常被誤拼作previlege,是由於不了解它其實和private(私有的)同源,而並非帶有表示「先」或「前」的前綴pre-。
詞源知識也可以幫助我們理解詞語的含義,尤其當我們學習像英文這樣一種拼音文字的時候。中文裡的詞語是由有意義的單字組成的,像「自治」,「語言學」,「皮下注射」,「無政府主義」,「二百周年紀念」等詞語,一般都可望文生義,盡管理解不一定十分准確,至少可以猜個大概。而英文里的對應詞語autonomy, philology, anarchism和 bicentenary, 表面上似乎不能分解為簡單元素的組合,如果首次遇上,很難猜透它們的含義。其實,許多較長的英文單詞,都是由兩個或多個「構詞元素」組成的;單詞數量龐大,而且新詞不斷涌現,沒有人敢說在日常的閱讀中不會遇上陌生的詞語。但是,構詞元素的數量卻有限;如果掌握了常用的構詞元素(例如出現在上面詞彙里的auto-, philo-, -logy, hypo-, -derm, an-, -arch, bi-, cent-等),新詞的含義往往不難想而得之,只有需要十分准確的解釋時才用翻查詞典,這很有利於提高閱讀能力和興趣。
對於來自神話故事,文學作品或歷史事件的詞語,要透徹理解它,正確運用它,也必須弄清它的典故。
留意詞源,又可以幫助我們記憶詞彙。我們學習中文字,不會把筆劃看作隨意堆疊的線條,而會運用部首,義符,聲符等概念,說明這個字是怎樣造成的,從而幫助記憶。學習英文時,遇到字母較多的生詞,研究一下它是怎樣構成的,也會使它變得容易記。商務印書館出版的《英華大詞典》(修訂第二版)收錄的最長的單詞是(硅酸鹽沉著病,肺塵病),長四十五個字母,不想一個方法是很難記得牢的,英國的醫學界為什麼要給這個病取個這樣啰嗦的名字,當然有其道理:silico, volcano, coni, osis這些元素,各自有其含義,合起來正好准確地表達了這個病的特徵。弄通了各個元素的意義,記起來便容易得多了。
此外,研究詞源,可以幫助我們理解語文學習中碰到的一些異常現象。英文讀音有許多令人費解的例子,如island, debt, receipt, indict等,都不按明顯的讀音規則念。我們固然可以不問為什麼,把英文讀音看作就是不可理喻的,然而這對學習並沒有好處。相反,當我們從這些詞的產生和演變過程中發現它們為什麼「與眾不同」的時候,我們的學習不但增加了趣味,而且學習的效果會更好。(曾鈺成1992:1-) 文化是人類在歷史長河中所創造的物質文明和精神文明的總和。然而語言和文化的關系又是那麼的密不可分:語言根植於文化,語言體現文化,語言同時也影響文化。詞彙是語言的最基本的組成部分,一個詞彙有時就一顆晶瑩剔透的露珠,有時象一顆可以分割的彩色的鵝卵石,蘊含並折射出該語言背後的五顏六色的文化背景。直接詞彙教學應該突出詞彙與文化的關系,並且通過學習一些富有文化內涵的詞彙,學習一些英語語言中最主要的文化背景知識,定會為我們的英語學習和跨文化交際帶來意想不到的方便和益處!
(四)念念有詞——詞彙理據性(象似性)知識的教學詞彙無論從詞源、構詞、詞義還是詞彙與文化的關繫上都不是任意的,有著這樣或那樣的理據性。近年來國內外關於語言符號象似性的研究正在深入進行,其研究成果越來越多地表明詞彙(包括句法、篇章等)具有明顯的理據性。在直接詞彙教學中可直接借鑒象似性研究的成果來更加有效地組織實施直接詞彙教學。近年來國內外有關語言符號象音性、象形性、象義性(張士河,2001:p190)以及英語詞彙象似性關系等方面的文章,都可借鑒用來指導直接英語詞彙教學。國內外正在興起的詞彙語義學和音義學等也將為直接詞彙教學提供一些有力的指導依據。
詞彙的意義(詞彙作為語言符號的所指)是語言作為認知和交際工具的本質內容,因此研究詞彙的意義理據以及衍生意義理據是必要的,同時也將會使學生們更加科學更加方便地掌握詞彙的意義。奧斯汀(J. Austin)在他的論文「詞的意義」(The Meaning of a Word,1961)中提出:一個詞的各種意義構成一個范疇,各意義之間不是具有相同的特徵,而是以某種方式發生聯系。如「healthy body」,「healthy exercise」,「healthy complexion」。「healthy」在不同的搭配中含義是不同的,但各意義之間又具有聯系。「healthy body」中的「healthy」的含義為中心含義,奧斯汀稱其為核心含義(primary nuclear sense),其他含義:使健康的(making sb. healthy in 「healthy exercise」)、來自健康身體的(as a result of a healthy body in 「healthy complexion」)與中心含義具有因果關系(Austin認為是局部代替整體的關系)。這樣,「healthy」具有中心含義,又有擴展含義(extended senses),而這些含義之間不是任意的,而是構成一個相關的范疇,是自然的,無意識的,心裡真實的。(趙艷芳,2001:21-22) 奧斯汀還研究了萊考夫後來稱為「隱喻」的現象(他當時稱為「analogy」),如the foot of a mountain, the foot of a list,認為這種概念結構是將人們對人體的認知投射到其他事物的認知的結果。奧斯汀還注意到一個詞的意義范疇中的各種意義之間的連鎖現象(chaining),即詞義的連鎖變化:A→B→C→D…,盡管A、D之間的聯系可能已不可辨認,詞義A、B,B、C,C、D之間具有某種聯系。A被稱為核心含義,B、C、D被稱為連鎖的擴展意義。Austin的觀點雖然當時未形成勢力,但他的主要貢獻是將語言納入了哲學和認知的研究領域,說明了「語言歸根到底是認知的一個方面」(Lakoff,1987,p.21)。(ditto, 22)
『捌』 4級英語詞彙表
去買一本,四級詞的書吧
這些是四級常用短語
常用短語
1. a series of 一系列,一連串
2. above all 首先,尤其是
3. after all 畢竟,究竟
4. ahead of 在...之前
5. ahead of time 提前
6. all at once 突然,同時
7. all but 幾乎;除了...都
8. all of a sudden 突然
9. all over 遍及
10. all over again 再一次,重新
11. all the time 一直,始終
12. all the same 仍然,照樣的
13. as regards 關於,至於
14. anything but 根本不
15. as a matter of fact 實際上
16. apart from 除...外(有/無)
17. as a rule 通常,照例
18. as a result(of) 因此,由於
19. as far as ...be concerned 就...而言
20. as far as 遠至,到...程度
21. as for 至於,關於
22. as follows 如下
23. as if 好像,彷彿
24. as good as 和...幾乎一樣
25. as usual 像平常一樣,照例
26. as to 至於,關於
27. all right 令人滿意的;可以
28. as well 同樣,也,還
29. as well as 除...外(也),即...又
30. aside from 除...外(還有)
31. at a loss 茫然,不知所措
32. at a time 一次,每次
33. at all 絲毫(不),一點也不
34. at all costs 不惜一切代價
35. at all events 不管怎樣,無論如何
36. at all times 隨時,總是
37. at any rate 無論如何,至少
38. at best 充其量,至多
39. at first 最初,起先
40. at first sight 乍一看,初看起來
41. at hand 在手邊,在附近
42. at heart 內心裡,本質上
43. at home 在家,在國內
44. at intervals 不時,每隔...
45. at large 大多數,未被捕獲的
46. at least 至少
47. at last 終於
48. at length 最終,終於
49. at most 至多,不超過
50. at no time 從不,決不
51. by accident 偶然
52. at one time 曾經,一度;同時
53. at present 目前,現在
54. at sb's disposal 任...處理
55. at the cost of 以...為代價
56. at the mercy of 任憑...擺布
57. at the moment 此刻,目前
58. at this rate 照此速度
59. at times 有時,間或
60. back and forth 來回地,反復地
61. back of 在...後面
62. before long 不久以後
63. beside point 離題的,不相乾的
64. beyond question 毫無疑問
65. by air 通過航空途徑
66. by all means 盡一切辦法,務必
67. by and by 不久,遲早
68. by chance 偶然,碰巧
69. by far 最,...得多
70. by hand 用手,用體力
71. by itself 自動地,獨自地
72. by means of 用,依靠
73. by mistake 錯誤地,無意地
74. by no means 決不,並沒有
75. by oneself 單獨地,獨自地
76. by reason of 由於
77. by the way 順便說說
78. by virtue of 藉助,由於
79. by way of 經由,通過...方法
80. e to 由於,因為
81. each other 互相
82. even if/though 即使,雖然
83. ever so 非常,極其
84. every now and then 時而,偶爾
85. every other 每隔一個的
86. except for 除了...外
87. face to face 面對面地
88. far from 遠非,遠離
89. for ever 永遠
90. for good 永久地
91. for the better 好轉
92. for the moment 暫時,目前
93. for the present 暫時,目前
94. for the sake of 為了,為了...的利益
95. for the time being 暫時,眼下
96. from time to time 有時,不時
97. hand in hand 手拉手 ,密切關聯
98. head on 迎面地,正面的
99. heart and soul 全心全意地
100. how about ...怎麼樣
101. in a hurry 匆忙,急於
102. in case of 假如,防備
103. in a moment 立刻,一會兒
104. in a sense 從某種意義上說
105. in a way 在某種程度上
106. in a word 簡言之,總之
107. in accordance with 與...一致,按照
108. in addition 另外,加之
109. in addition to 除...之外(還)
110. in advance 預先,事先
111. in all 總共,合計
112. in any case 無論如何
113. in any event 無論如何
114. in brief 簡單地說
115. in charge of 負責,總管
116. in common 共用的,共有的
117. in consequence(of) 因此;由於
118. in debt 欠債,欠情
119. in detail 詳細地
120. in difficulty 處境困難
121. in effect 實際上,事實上
122. in general 一般來說,大體上
123. in favour of 支持,贊成
124. in front of 面對,在...前
125. in half 成兩半
126. in hand 在進行中,待辦理
127. in honour of 為慶祝,為紀念
128. in itself 本質上,就其本身而言
129. in line with 與...一致
130. in memory of 紀念
131. in no case 決不
132. in no time 立即,馬上
133. in no way 決不
134. in order 按順序,按次序
135. in other words 換句話說
136. in part 部分地
137. in particular 特別,尤其
138. in person 親自,本人
139. in place 在合適的位置
140. in place of 代替,取代,交換
141. in practice 在實踐中,實際上
142. in proportion to 與...成比例
143. in public 公開地,當眾
144. in quantity 大量
145. in question 正在談論的
146. in regard to 關於,至於
147. in relation to 關於,涉及
148. in return 作為報答/回報/交換
149. in return for 作為對...報答
150. in short 簡言之,總之
151. in sight 被見到;在望
152. in spite of 盡管
153. in step 齊步,合拍
154. in step with 與...一致/協調
155. in tears 流著淚,在哭著
156. in the course of 在...期間/過程中
157. in the distance 在遠處
158. in the end 最後,終於
159. in the event of 如果...發生,萬一
160. in the face of 即使;在...面前
161. in the first place 首先
162. in the future 在未來
163. in the least 絲毫,一點
164. in (the)light of 鑒於,由於
165. in the way 擋道
166. in the world 究竟,到底
167. in time 及時
168. in touch 聯系,接觸
169. in turn 依次,輪流;轉而
170. in vain 徒勞,白費力
171. instead of 代替,而不是
172. just now 眼下;剛才
173. little by little 逐漸地
174. lots of 許多
175. many a 許多
176. more or less 或多或少,有點
177. next door 隔壁的,在隔壁
178. no doubt 無疑地
179. no less than 不少於...;不亞於...
180. no longer 不再
181. no more 不再
182. no more than 至多,同...一樣不
183. none other than 不是別的,正是
184. on one's guard 警惕,提防
185. nothing but 只有,只不過
186. now and then 時而,偶爾
187. off and on 斷斷續續,間歇地
188. off ty 下班
189. on a large/small scale 大/小規模地
190. on account of 由於
191. on(an/the) average 平均,通常
192. on behalf of 代表
193. on board 在船(車/飛機)上
194. on business 因公
195. on condition that 如果
196. on ty 上班,值班
197. on earth 究竟,到底
198. on fire 起火著火
199. on foot 步行,
200. on guard 站崗,值班
201. on hand 在場,在手邊
202. on occasion(s) 有時,間或
203. on one's own 獨立,獨自
204. on purpose 故意地
205. on sale 出售,廉價出售
206. on schele 按時間表,准時
207. on second thoughts 經重新考慮
208. on the contrary 正相反
209. on the grounds of 根據,以...為由
210. on (the) one hand 一方面
211. on the other hand 另一方面
212. on the point of 即將...的時刻
213. on the road 在旅途中
214. on the side 作為兼職/副 業
215. on the spot 在場;馬上
216. on the whole 總的來說,大體上
217. on time 准時
218. once again 再一次
219. once(and)for all 一勞永逸地
220. once in a while 偶爾
221. once more 再一次
222. once upon a time 從前
223. one another 相互
224. or else 否則,要不然
225. or so 大約,左右
226. other than 非;除了
227. out of 從...中;由於;缺乏
228. out of breath 喘不過氣來
229. out of control 失去控制
230. out of date 過時的
231. out of doors 在戶外
232. out of order 出故障的
233. out of place 不適當的
234. out of practice 久不練習,荒疏
235. out of sight 看不見,在視野外
236. out of the question 毫無可能的
237. out of touch 不聯系,不接觸
238. over and over(again) 一再地,再三地
239. prior to 在...之前
240. quite a few 相當多,不少
241. rather than 不是...(而是)
242. regardless of 不顧,不惜
243. right away 立即,馬上
244. side by side 肩並肩,一起
245. so far 迄今為止
246. sooner or later 遲早,早晚
247. step by step 逐步地
248. such as 例如,諸如
249. thanks to 由於,多虧
250. that is (to say) 就是說,即
251. to the point 切中要害,切題
252. under control 處於控制之下
253. under the circumstances 這種情況下
254. up to date切合目前情況的
255. up to 多達;直到;勝任;取決於
256. what if如果...將怎麼樣
257. what about 怎麼樣
258. with respect to關於,至於
259. with regard to 關於,至於
260. without question毫無疑問
261. with the exception of 除...之外
262. word for word 逐字的