㈠ 誰有全國中學生英語能力競賽(NEPCS)智力測試題及其答案
全國中學生英語能力競賽上面那個智力題,不叫智力測試題,很簡單,需要什麼答案
㈡ 全國中學生英語能力競賽題型
2008年全國中學生英語能力競賽(NEPCS)初賽高三年級組試題參考答案聽力部分(共三大題,計30分)I.nbsp;Responsesnbsp;(句子應答)nbsp;1—5nbsp;CBABDnbsp;II.nbsp;Dialoguesnbsp;(對話理解)A)nbsp;6—10nbsp;CADBDB)nbsp;11—15nbsp;ACBDDnbsp;C)nbsp;16—20nbsp;BCAEDIII.nbsp;Passagesnbsp;(短文理解)A)nbsp;21—25nbsp;DCABCB)nbsp;26.nbsp;50nbsp;nbsp;27.nbsp;afternoonnbsp;nbsp;28.nbsp;onenbsp;/nbsp;1nbsp;weeknbsp;/nbsp;sevennbsp;daysnbsp;nbsp;29.nbsp;dancenbsp;musicnbsp;nbsp;30.nbsp;website筆試部分(共七大題,計120分)I.nbsp;Multiple-choicenbsp;(選擇填空)31—35nbsp;ADBCBnbsp;nbsp;36—40nbsp;BACDDnbsp;nbsp;41—45nbsp;DCDBAII.nbsp;Readingnbsp;comprehensionnbsp;(閱讀理解)A)nbsp;46—50nbsp;DBAACnbsp;nbsp;B)nbsp;51.nbsp;Becausenbsp;thenbsp;materialsnbsp;arenbsp;notnbsp;verynbsp;strong.52.nbsp;Theynbsp;getnbsp;anbsp;betternbsp;price,nbsp;morenbsp;regularnbsp;worknbsp;andnbsp;quickernbsp;payment.53.nbsp;Fromnbsp;plantnbsp;andnbsp;vegetablenbsp;extracts.54.nbsp;Itnbsp;recesnbsp;thenbsp;usenbsp;ofnbsp;plasticnbsp;carriernbsp;bags.55.nbsp;extremenbsp;nbsp;56.nbsp;annualnbsp;nbsp;57.nbsp;1996nbsp;/nbsp;thenbsp;secondnbsp;yearnbsp;nbsp;58.nbsp;Brazilnbsp;nbsp;59.nbsp;Xnbsp;Trialsnbsp;60.nbsp;Juniornbsp;Xnbsp;Games61.nbsp;soundnbsp;wavesnbsp;nbsp;62.nbsp;(only)nbsp;solidsnbsp;nbsp;63.nbsp;6—13nbsp;km/sec64.nbsp;大多數地震發生在地表上層25英里以內當一側斷層相對另一側斷層迅速位移的時候。65.nbsp;每年,能夠被人感知的地震達數千次;地震強度達到能夠被儀器探測的地震次數超過一百萬次。III.nbsp;Clozenbsp;(完形填空)nbsp;66.nbsp;rainynbsp;nbsp;67.nbsp;unusualnbsp;nbsp;68.nbsp;whonbsp;nbsp;69.nbsp;collectingnbsp;/nbsp;collectionnbsp;70.nbsp;thrownbsp;nbsp;71.nbsp;althoughnbsp;72.nbsp;valuablenbsp;nbsp;73.nbsp;enoughnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;74.nbsp;upnbsp;nbsp;75.nbsp;Musicalnbsp;/nbsp;Manynbsp;76.nbsp;thannbsp;nbsp;77.nbsp;surprisenbsp;78.nbsp;thoughnbsp;79.nbsp;asnbsp;80.nbsp;drinkingIV.nbsp;Translationnbsp;(翻譯)nbsp;81.nbsp;Thenbsp;Smithsnbsp;haven』tnbsp;hadnbsp;theirnbsp;livingnbsp;roomnbsp;paintednbsp;fornbsp;twonbsp;years.82.nbsp;Notnbsp;untilnbsp;Inbsp;gotnbsp;homenbsp;didnbsp;Inbsp;noticenbsp;thatnbsp;Inbsp;hadnbsp;/nbsp;hadnbsp;takennbsp;thenbsp;wrongnbsp;umbrella.83.nbsp;Mr.nbsp;Jackson,nbsp;whosenbsp;daughternbsp;isnbsp;goingnbsp;tonbsp;representnbsp;thenbsp;countrynbsp;innbsp;thenbsp;swimmingnbsp;competition,nbsp;isnbsp;verynbsp;proud.84.nbsp;Therenbsp;mustnbsp;benbsp;equalitynbsp;ofnbsp;rightsnbsp;fornbsp;allnbsp;students,nbsp;regardlessnbsp;ofnbsp;age.85.nbsp;Thenbsp;risknbsp;ofnbsp;infectionnbsp;hasn』tnbsp;decreased—onnbsp;thenbsp;contrary,nbsp;itnbsp;hasnbsp;increased.V.nbsp;Errornbsp;correctionnbsp;(短文改錯)I』mnbsp;reallynbsp;fednbsp;∧nbsp;withnbsp;telephonenbsp;selling.nbsp;Mostnbsp;ofnbsp;thesenbsp;callsnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;86.nbsp;upseemnbsp;tonbsp;benbsp;innbsp;thenbsp;earlynbsp;evening,nbsp;justnbsp;atnbsp;whennbsp;I』mnbsp;tryingnbsp;tonbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;87.nbsp;atnbsp;cooknbsp;∧nbsp;meal,nbsp;ornbsp;takenbsp;anbsp;relaxingnbsp;bath,nbsp;ornbsp;whennbsp;I』mnbsp;gettingnbsp;readynbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;88.nbsp;afornbsp;annbsp;eveningnbsp;out.nbsp;Inbsp;nevernbsp;wantednbsp;thenbsp;p 查看更多答案>>
㈢ 最近的全國中學生英語能力競賽試題(初一)急!!!!!!
2010年全國中學生英語能力競賽初一年級初賽試題
筆試部分
ⅠMultiple-choice
1.下列字母中含有相同母音音素的一項是
A d h k B j t z C c g p D o q u
2.下列句中標點符號及書寫均正確的是
A Mary says to me: 「glad to see you again.」
B I want to work hard on English; and Chinese.
C《Harry Potter》is a very interesting book.
D Does Jenny come home from school by bike?
3.Sonia puts _____ clock and _____ art book on her desk.
A a; an Ban; the C /; the D a;a
4.—Excuse me. Is this ______ dictionary?
--No. That one is ________.
A I; you B my; yours C me; you D my; my
5.Uncle Tom lives _____ a farm ______ the country.
A in; at B near; on C over; of D on; in
6.May can』t go swimming this Sunday. She has _______ her mother at home.
A looking for B to look after C looking up D to look like
7.There is _______ milk in the glass. You may drink it.
A many B a few C a little D little
8.--________ is the tall girl in a black jacket?
--It』s Simon』s new classmate.
9.Which of the following signs means 「You can』t take photos here.」
A B C D
10.The maths problem is __________. I can work it out _________.
A difficult hard B fun; funny C easy; easily D interesting; interested
11.The old man wants six _____ of _______ for his fruit shop.
A boxes banana B box; bananas C boxes; bananas D box banana
12.______ talk with others in class. It』s not polite.
A Don』t be B Don』t C Be not D No
13.Tina, with her friend Cathy, often _____ to the park on her bike.
A goes B go C going D to go
14.—Would you like a cup of tea?
--______I』d like a glass of water, please.
A That』s right. B Bad news C Yes, please D No, thanks.
15.—Thank you for asking me to your party.--_________.
A Sorry about that B You』re welcome C The same to you D You』re clever.
ⅡReading comprehension
A
The winter holiday is coming. Linda』s good friend, Judy, wants to visit Linda』s hometown, so she asks Linda about the weather there. Look at the following chart.
Sunday 25℃
Monday 28℃
Tuesday 21℃
Wednesday 20℃
Thursday 18℃
Friday 20℃
Saturday 15℃
sunny cloudy cloudy &sunny rainy
10℃↓:could 11℃--19℃:cool 20℃--25℃:warm 25℃↑:hot
Complete the sentences according to the passage. Fill in each blank with no more than two words.
1.Judy wants to go to _________________ this winter holiday.
2.Wednesday is cloudy with the temperature of ________.
3.The sixth day of the week is a _______ and rainy day.
4.________ is the coolest day in this week.
5.From the chart, we can see there are three ________.
B
Sara drinks too much coffee. She drinks three cups after she gets up. She drinks two at work in the morning and another cup at lunch. She drinks two cups every afternoon.
At night, Sara can』t sleep. Sometimes her eyes are open all night. Sara feels tired in the morning. She has a bad headache.
Sara calls Dr. Brown and says, 「Doctor, I can』t sleep at night. I think that I need some sleeping pills.」
「How many cups of coffee do you drink every day?」 the doctor asks.
「Eight,」 Sara answers.
「I don』t think you need sleeping pills,」 says the doctor. 「You need to stop drinking so much coffee.」
Now Sara drinks one cup of coffee in the morning. She drinks water the rest of the day. Sara feels better now. She can sleep very well.
Answer the following questions according to the passage.
1.What』s Sara』s favorite drink?
2.Why does Sara call Dr. Brown for help?
3.What does the doctor tell her to do?
Translate the underline sentences into Chinese.
4. Sometimes her eyes are open all night.
5. She drinks water the rest of the day.
ⅢCloze
A) Read the passage below, and fill in the blanks according to the contest with the suitable form of 10 words or phrases out of the 12 given.
be only love say a lot of few they body these all or speak
Pandas are beautiful animals and people love __________. They look funny and _________. They have white ________, black legs, black ears and round, black eyes.
The pandas』 name _______ sometimes 「panda bear」, but is it a bear? __________ bears have short legs, big feet and round ears. Their noses are black, too. 「Panda have ________ things, but they are different kind of animal.」 George Schaller __________. Why? Because they don』t eat meat, fish ______ fruit. Brown, black and white bears can eat those foods, but pandas can _______ eat one kind of plant.
There aren』t _______ pandas in the world now. We should do something to take care of them.
B)Read the passage below, and fill in the blanks with suitable words, using one word for each black.
Peter』s family has a restaurant. People like eating meals ______ .His parents work hard every day. Some days a week, _______ school and weekends, Peter goes to the restaurant. He does his homework ______ the back room.
Sometimes, the restaurant is full _____ people. Peter』s mother and father need his help. He cleans the tables and brings the water ________ customers. Peter also helps in the kitchen. He really likes that.
ⅣSentence pattern transformation.
Transform the sentences as required.
1.We always go to a basketball match on Sundays.(改寫為一般疑問句)
2.She often calls her parents in the evening.(改寫為否定句)
3.Laura has only one history book.(對劃線部分提問)
4.I have a present to give you. It』s beautiful.(合並為一句話)
5.Mr. Smith uses English to write the letter.(改寫為同義句)
ⅤTranslation
Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.
1.我的父母對他人很友好。(friendly)
2.我認為一個好朋友能讓我開心。(make)
3.今天下午去釣魚怎麼樣?(what about)
4.Millie的哥哥擅長烹飪。(be good at)
5.你的電腦和Cindy的一樣。(the same as)
ⅥDialogue completion
Beneath the dialogue there are seven choices in the box. Choose five of them that best complete the dialogue.
Lisa: Could you give me a hand, please?
Paul:_____________
Lisa: Could you run over to the store? We need a few things.
Paul: Of course. _____________
Lisa: Well, can you go to buy a kilo of chicken?
Paul: OK. ___________
Lisa: Let me see. We』re out of milk.
Paul: How much?
Lisa:____________
Paul: Ok. So that』s a kilo of chicken and two bottles of milk.
Lisa: ____________
Paul: My pleasure.
A. That』s right. Thanks.
B. Is that everything?
C. Two bottles would be enough.
D. What do you need?
E How much do we need?
F How many would you like me to get?
G. Sure. What is it?
ⅦIQ
Answer the following questions.
1.—I have a new task but it』s really child』s play. There』s nothing to it.
--What』s the task.
--They ask me to count the books in the room.
Guess the meaning of 「child』s play」 here. (You may answer it in English or Chinese.)
2.Sunshine School takes 130 children on a school trip. Each mini-bus can hole 20 children. How many mini-buses do they need at least?
3.There are five words below. Two of them are different from the others. Please find them.
colour red green black bright
The two words are ________ and ________.
4.What comes once in a year, twice in a week and never in a day?
5.There is one letter in the crosswords. Please fill the crosswords with the four words.
t
date, fire, half, hard
Keys
ⅠMultiple-choice
CDABC BCABC CBADB
ⅡReading comprehension
A
1.Linda』s hometown
2.20℃
3.Friday
4.Saturday
5.sunny days
B
1. Coffee.
2. Because she can』t sleep.
3.She needs to stop drinking so much coffee.
4.有時她整晚都睡不著。
5.在一天中的剩餘時間里她都喝水。
ⅢCloze
1.them; lovely; bodies; is; All; these; said; or; only; a lot of
2.there; both; in; of; to
ⅣSentence pattern transformation.
1.Do you always go to a basketball match on Sundays?
2.She doesn』t often call her parents in the evening.
3.How many history books does Laura have?
4.I have a beautiful present for you.
5.Mr Smith writes the letter in English.
ⅤTranslation
1.My parents are very friendly to others.
2.I think a good friend can make me happy.
3.What about going fishing this afternoon?
4.Millie』s brother is good at cooking.
5.Your computer is the same as Cindy』s.
ⅥDialogue completion
GDBCA
ⅦIQ
1.A very easy task
2.Seven
3.E
4.
h a l f
a i
r r
d a t e
㈣ 全國中學生英語能力競賽題初三組試題
I. 選擇填空
A) 下列各組詞中劃線部分有幾種讀音 , 請選出正確答案 .
A. 一種讀音 B. 兩種讀音 C. 三種讀音 D. 四種讀音
1.s a me p a rent a nybody gl a d
2.gr ea t r ea lly br ea d m ea t
3.bec au se f o reign o range p o cket
4.pick ed pl ea sed want ed play ed
5.yest er day Sat ur day work er doct or
6.com es lik es bus es photo s
7.w a ter w a tch w or k w ar m
8.u n cle au n t Chi n a wa n t
9.t ou ch b ou ght ab ou t thr ou gh
10. O ctober p o lite l o se b o th
B) 從 A.B.C.D. 四個選項中 , 選出可以填入空的處的最佳答案 .
11.Fred sat in the front row __________ the speaker clearly.
A.hearing B.to hear C.listening to D.listen to
12.Lin Tao is always ready to help others.He『s really __________ living Lei Feng.
A.a B.an C.the D./
13.So you didn』t do your homework, __________?
A.do you B.weren『t you C.did you D.didn』t you
14.Thomas Edison was really __________.
A.man of men B.the man of men C.a man of the men D.a man of men
15.It is nice that you have someone __________ you off
A.seeing B.saw C.see D.to see.
16.The weather in the south is warmer than __________ .
A.the north B.that in the north C.in the north D.it in the north
17.Please stop to listen to Mary __________.
A.sing B.to sing C.sings D.sang
18.Pass __________ __________ ballpen,please.
A.his,his B.my,mine C.your,your D.her,her
19.It takes __________ time to go to Beijing by plane than by train.
A.more B.longer C.fewer D.less
20.They are all at __________ after work.Please come to their __________ in the evening.
A.family,home B.home.family C.family,house D.home,house
21.There are many __________ flowers in her garden.
A.little yellow beautiful B.beautiful little yellow
C.little beautiful yellow D.yellow little beautiful
22.He __________ in the exam.His father was very angry.
A.make a dog B.made a ck C.made a cat D.made a chick
23.Mr Wang told his son __________ football on the road.
A.not play B.to not play C.never to play D.doesn『t play
24.Dear Mum and Dad,… __________ Erich.
A.Love B.You C.Yours D.Yours daughter
25.It was Fred __________ played a trick on the others.
A.that B.whose C.what D.who』s
26.That『s a __________ film.Children mustn』t see.
A.red B.black C.yellow D.blue
27.__________ rainy night.he went away from his home town.
A.In B.One C.At D.On
28.Both __________ watches were broken.
A.Jim and Tom『s B.Jim』s and Tom『s C.Jim』s and Tom D.Jim and Tom
29.Where there is a will,there is a __________ .
A.road B.street C.way D.hope
30.There are three __________ in the word "mirror"
A.r『s B.rs C.r』 D.rs『
31.Sorry,I __________ my pen at home this morning.
A.forgot B.left C.putted D.lose
32.Excuse me, __________ where』s the nearest station,please?
A.but B.and C.so D.or
33."It『s my birthday today." " __________."
A.Your birthday is happy B.Good
C.Congratulation D.Many happy returns
34."Don』t forget to bring your son here next time,please," " __________."
A.No,I don『t B.No,I won』t C.No,I can D.Yes,I do
35.Which bus are you __________ ?No.1 or No.2?
A.waiting B.getting down C.taking D.by
36.__________ it rains or not doesn『t matter very much.
A.Why B.If C.What D.Whether
37.__________ my watch,it is already past ten o』clock.
A.By B.On C.In D.With
38.That ball hit the boy __________ .
A.on the nose B.on his nose C.in his nose D.in the nose
39.Miss Gao is very popular __________ her students.
A.to B.in C.for D.with
40.You must tell your parents __________ you did yesterday.
A.to what B.about what C.about that D.on what
41.It『s no good __________ here.
A.to wait B.wait C.waiting D.waited
42.Jim always sends me some book,magazines,newspapers __________ .
A.and so B.or what so C.and what not D.and what so
43.It』s two years __________ I met him in Beijing.
A.that B.since C.when D.which
44.She is __________ as you
A.as taller B.as a tall girl C.as the tall D.as tall a girl
45."Let『s take a walk before we start to study."
"Oh,I think it』s __________ for walking,"
A.much too hot B.too much hot C.too much heat D.very much hot
46.It『s easy __________ to get on with him.
A.of us B.about us C.for us D.with us
47.He __________ that right now.
A.doesn』t need do B.need doing C.needs do D.needn『t do
48.John』s mother asked him to wash his hair,__________.
A.and so he did B.so did he C.so did she D.and so it is
49.You must go to see a doctor,You『re __________ ill.
A.very bad B.badly C.worse D.worst
50.A saying says,"__________ a day keeps doctor away."
A.A banana B.An orange C.An egg D.An apple
C) 選擇正確英文解釋 , 替換下列句子的劃線部分 .
51.He knows English,He knows French, too .
A.as good B.as best C.as well D.as better
52.He was not a little tired after a long way.
A.not a bit B.very C.quite a few D.not at all
53.Try to read as many books on it as you can lay your hands on .
A.get B.buy C.touch D.lend
54.If Jim can help us,we should finish the work in no time
A.in a minute B.very soon C.without any time D.for a moment
55.The colour TV set is going for a song ,You can buy it.
A.can give you a song B.can sing songs for you
C.sells cheap D.is very nice to buy
56.John asked me to go to the cinema with him.I told him that I had other fish to fry .
A.Had something more important to do B.had some fish to fry
C.wasn』t felling well D.had no money to buy tickets
57.You should read at least two books every month.
A.fewer than B.not fewer than C.only D.not more than
58.He is just a bit under the weather ,but he may go with us tomorrow.
A.is afraid of the bad weather B.has some other things to do
C.doesn『t like the weather D.is not feeling very well
59.I played basketball with my friends the other day .
A.a few days ago B.the day before yesterday.
C.some other day later D.the next day
60.He is anything but a good teacher.
A.nothing but B.not at all C.really D.something but
II.單詞拼寫(共10小題,計分10分)
根據英文解釋,完成下列單詞的拼寫。每個單詞的第一個字母已給出。
61.h__________(the feeling of wanting to eat)
62.e__________(to get pleasure from)
63.d__________(the opposite of easy)
64.S__________(the last day of the week)
65.p__________(something given to someone)
66.t__________(the past form of teach)
67.w__________(the state of the wind,rain,sunshine,etc.)
68.s__________(a place where buses or trains stop)
69.h__________(a time when you do not work or go to school)
70.m__________(things we drink or eat when we are ill)
III.完形填空(共20小題,計分20分)
I studied very hard when I was at school,___71___a lot of my friends did ___72 ___work.Some did just ___73___ to pass exams.Others didn』t do quite enough.Fred was one of them.He spent more time drinking in the Student『s Union ___74___ working in the library.
Once at the end of the term,we had to take an important test in &127;maths. The test ___75___ a hundred questions.Beside each question.we had to write"True" ___76___"False".While I was studying in my room the night before the test,&127;Fred was watching TV.fred usually worried ___77___ the night before ___78___ test.But ___79 ___ that night he looked perfectly calm( 相當平靜 ).Then he told me ___80___ his plan.
"It』s very simple,"he said,"There are a hundred questions and I have to get fifty right ___81___the test.I『ll take a coin( 硬幣 )into the examination room. I ___82___ the maths book for months.So I』m sure I『ll just toss( 拋擲 )the coin. That way,I』m sure I『ll get ___83___ the questions right.
The next day,&127;Fred came happily into the examination room.He sat ___84___ a coin for half an hour as he marked down his answers.___85___ he left.half an hour ___86___ the rest of us.
The next day,he saw the maths teacher at the school gate.
"Oh,&127;good,&127;"he said,"Have you got the result of the test ready?What mark did I get?"
The teacher looked at him and smiled,"Ah,___87___ you,Fred,just a minute."
Then he reached into his pocket and took out a coin.He threw it __88___, caught it in his hand and look at it."I』m ___89___ sorry.Fred,"he said,"You ___90___.
71.A.when B.as C.but D.so
72.A.few B.least C.hardly D.little
73.A.little B.enough C.many D.a few
74.A.and B.than C.when D.as
75.A.had B.is C.of D.have
76.A.and B.but C.with D.or
77.A.a lot of B.lots of C.lot D.a lot
78.A.a B.an C.the D.x
79.A.at B.in C.on D.of
80.A.with B.of C.for D.at
81.A.passed B.passing C.to pass D.passes
82.A.don『t study B.won』t study C.didn『t study D.have』t studied
83.A.all B.half C.whole D.every
84.A.and toss B.tossing C.to toss D.tossed
85.A.So B.As C.Then D.When
86.A.before B.later C.ago D.after
87.A.its B.it『s C.that』s D.this is
88.A.to Fred B.onto the ground C.into the air D.to his hand
89.A.true B.truly C.truly D.real
90.A.will fail B.failed C.fail D.had failed
IV.閱讀理解(共20小題,計分40)
Newspapers are very important in our daily life.Many people begin their day by reading the paper.In this way they learn what is going on in the world.Sometimes,however,they didn『t have the time to read the news carefully and must be pleased with a quick look at the front page.At other times they may be in such a hurry that they have time only to have a quick look at the headlines( 標題 ).
There are newspapers to please every reader.In big cities there are many types with several different editions every day.In some towns there are fewer newspapers and perhaps only one edition each day.In some places the paper is printed( 印刷 ) weekly.
Most papers have several editions,especially on Sundays when the edition is larger than usual.There are besides the front page with the most important news,&127;the sports news,&127;the amusement( 娛樂 )page,a business page and so on.
91.People read newspaper to _______.
A.learn about the most important news B.be pleased
C.learn about whatever they want D.get some information ( 信息 )
92.Reading the headlines,people can know _______.
A.what the passages are about B.what is going on
C.about the most important news D.about sports
93.In big cities newspapers are usually printed _______ .
A.daily B.weekly C.monthly D.yearly
94.Most papers have _______ on Sundays than usual.
A.more types B.more pages C.less types D.less pages
95.If you want to see a film,you』d better read _______ in a newspaper.
A.&127;the business page B.&127;the front page
C.the sports page D.the amusement page
B.
Denis was a thief.He wrote a letter to another thief Pat.But the police got the letter,It reads:BNLD ZS LHCMHFGS ZMC GZUD SGD SGHQSX ONTMCR VHSG XNT.
What『s it about?How can you read it?The policemen were quick.They studied the letter carefully and soon found out what they want.Now let』s suppose you were a policeman,Can you read Denis『 letter?
Maybe you need some help:When Denis wanted a letter,he wrote down the letter before it in the alphabet ( 字母表 ).
Now can you read Denis』s letter?What must Pat do?When?And what did Denis want?
96.The letter before B and C are A and B.The letter before A and B are _______ A.C and B B.Z and A C.A and Z D.Z and B
97.In the letter Denis asked Pat to go at _______.
A.noon B.midnight C.five o『clock D.eight o』clock
98."The policemen were quick."This sentence means the policemen _______.
A.read the letter soon after they got it B.could run very fast
C.were very bright D.were very careful
99.Suppose Pat asked Denis to"meet at the railway,"What would he write?_______ A.LDDW XS WKH UDLDZDB VSZSHNM B.LDDS CV VJG TCKNYCA VCVKQPY
C.LDEU BU UIF QZHKVZX TUVUJPO D.LDDS ZS SGD QZHKVZX RSZSHNM
100.Which of the four is the best title( 題目 )? _______.
A.A Strange Letter B.A Clever Thief
C.The Clever Policemen D.How to Read a Letter
C
Beijing
Aug.21st
Dear Dad.
I『m writing to you from Beijing.You don』t know how happy I am to be here.
Mother and I arrived here on the night of the 10th.Auntie met us at the station.The next morning,we got up early.It was Sunday and Uncle took us out for a ride on the bus.Everything was so beautiful.I was so excited,so was Mother.
That afternoon Auntie took us to Beihai Park.First we climbed the hill, then we went boating on the lake.&127;While we were there,we met some overseas Chinese.They come back to visit every year.They are proud of( 以 … 為驕傲 ) China because it is becoming stronger and more beautiful every day.
I haven『t seen the Summer Palace yet,but Uncle has promised( 允諾 )to take me there and to the zoo this coming Sunday.Yesterday Uncle took me to see his factory.
A week has passed.I』ve seen and heard a lot of enteresting things.I『ve written down most in my diary.I』ll tell you more next time.
It『s time for bed,so I』ll close here,Hope to hear from you soon.
love
Hua
101.Where did Hua write the letter?In _______ .
A.Beihai Park B.the Summer Palace C.Beijing D.Shanghai
102.&127;How many days have Hua and her mother stayed there to the time she wrote the letter? _______ .
A.A week B.Eight days C.Ten days D.Eleven days
103.What day did Hua see her uncle『s factory? _______.
A.Monday B.Tuesday C.Sunday D.Saturday
104.Which day will Uncle take her to the zoo and the Summer Palace? _______.
A.Aug.22nd B.Aug.23rd C.Aug.24th D.Aug.25th
105.Which sentence is true? _______.
A.Hua comes from the USA B.Hua comes from England
C.Hua』s parents are in China now D.Hua may be a overseas Chinese
D
First Frenchman:I once heard someone shout,"Look out,"I put my head out of a window and a bucketful( 滿桶的 )of water fell on me.It seems that"Look out" may mean "don『t look out."
Second Frenchman:I once on a ship and heard the captain shout,"All hands on deck,"I put my hands on the deck and someone walked on them.
Third Frenchman:&127;I once visited an English friend early in &127;the &127;morning and the maid( 女僕 )who came to the door and said,"He』s not up yet.Come back in half and hour,"When I went again for him,she said,"He『s not down yet."
I said,"If he』s not up and he『s not down,where is he?"
She said,"He』s still in bed.When I say 『He』s not up『I mean he has &127;not yet got up,so he has not yet come downstairs,"
106."Look out"here means" _______"
A.put your head out of the window and look B.Take care
C.I』m going to pour( 倒 )the water D.Help me
107."All hands on deck"means" _______ "
A.Put both your right hand and left hand on deck
B.Give your hands to me
C.Shake your hands( 握手 )with me
D.All the sailors( 海員 )gather( 結合 )on deck
108.When the maid said,"He『s not up yet".she meant that _______ .
A.he has not grown up yet B.he has not yet got up
C.he has not woken up yet D.he has not yet come upstairs
109.When the third Frenchman went back,the English friend _______ .
A.was washing his face B.was having his breakfast
C.was still in an upstair room D.was reading a newspaper
110.Which do you think is the best title( 標題 )for this article?
A.Three Frenchmen and their English Friends B.The English Language
C.Three French Stories D.What a Language!
V. 短文改錯 ( 共 20 小題 . 計分 20)
此題要求你對一段文章改錯。先對每一行作出判斷是對是錯 . 如果是對的在該行右邊橫線上畫一個
(√) ;
如果有錯誤(每行不會多於一個錯誤 , ) , 則按情況改正如下:
此行多一詞 ; 把多餘的詞用斜線 ( \ ) 劃掉 , 在該行右邊橫線上寫出該詞 , 並也用斜線劃掉 .
此行缺一詞;在缺處加一個漏字元號(∧),在該行右邊橫線上寫出該加的詞。
此行錯一詞;在錯的詞下劃一橫線,在該行右邊橫線上寫出改正後的詞。
Radio and television are the very popular in the 111.__________
world today.Million of people watch TV,but 112.__________
perhaps many people like listening to the radio. 113.__________
The TV,of course,more useful than the radio. 114.__________
On TV,you can see and listen what』s happening in the world. 115.__________
However,radio is not disappearing( 消逝 ).There is 116.__________
still with us.And the number of listeners is 117.__________
becoming more in many countries. 118.__________
One reason( 原因 ) for this is an invention( 發明 ) 119.__________
of the transistor( 晶體管 ).A transistor radio 120.__________
is sometimes very small.It『s easy to carry it. 121.__________
You can put it in your pocket and listen to 122.__________
it on the bus and on the bike when you go 123.__________
to work.Beside,radio broadcasts are 124.__________
better to blind people( 盲人 ) to use. 125.__________
Many old people didn』t have good eyesight( 視力 ). 126.__________
They can『t watch TV,and they can listen 127.__________
to music or news by the radio. 128.__________
What』s more,a radio is more cheaper than 129.__________
a TV set.It costs( 花費 ) you fewer money. 130.__________
㈤ 全國中學生英語能力競賽試題初一
http://www.ecp.com.cn/
網站上有很多關於英語能力競賽的問題,其實,建議你了解題型後版。抓緊時間做做閱讀權。
㈥ 2011全國中學生英語能力競賽(NEPCS)的初賽已通過,我是黑龍江的,我想了解黑龍江決賽有附加口語測試
沒有吧,我也是黑龍江的,也參加了,口語好像是另外一個比賽,口語比賽我也參加了,它的決賽在12月10日
㈦ 全國中學生英語能力競賽(NEPCS)初三年級組初賽試題
我建議你買本書哦,我就在用這專個
書屬 http://school.ecp.com.cn/goods.php?id=35
磁帶 http://school.ecp.com.cn/goods.php?id=36
㈧ 求以前的全國中學生英語能力競賽高二口語試題
地理會考總復習資料
第一單元 宇宙中的地球
一:地球運動的基本形式:公轉和自轉
繞轉中心 太陽 地軸
方向 自西向東(北天極上空看逆時針) 自西向東(北極上空看逆時針,南極上空相反)
周期 恆星年(365天6時9分10秒) 恆星日(23時56分4秒)
角速度 平均1º/日 近日點(1月初)快遠日點(7月初)快 各地相等,每小時15º(兩極除外)
線速度 平均30千米/小時 從赤道向兩極遞減,赤道1670KM\小時,兩極為0.
地球自轉和公轉的關系:
(1)黃赤交角:赤道平面和黃道平面的交角。目前是23º26』
(2)太陽直射點在南北回歸線之間的移動
二:地球自轉的地理意義
(1)晝夜更替(2)地方時 (3)沿地表水平運動的物體發生偏移,北半球右偏,南半球左偏.
三:地球公轉的地理意義
(1)晝夜長短和正午太陽高度的變化
①晝夜長短的變化
北半球:夏半年,晝長夜短,越向北晝越長 ①太陽直射點在那個半球,
北極圈以北出現極晝現象 那個半球晝長,②赤道全年
冬半年,晝短夜長,越向北晝越短 晝夜平分,③春秋分日全球
北極圈以北出現極夜現象 晝夜平分
南半球:與北半球相反
②正午太陽高度的變化
春秋分日:由赤道向南北方向降低 由太陽直射點向南北
隨緯度的變化 夏至日:由23º26』N向南北降低 方向降低
冬至日:由23º26』S向南北降低
23º26』N以北在夏至日達到最大值 離直射點越近高度
隨季節的變化 23º26』S以南在冬至日達到最大值 越大
南北回歸線之間每年有兩次直射
四:光照圖的判讀
(1)判斷南北極,通常用於俯視圖,判斷依據為:從地球北極點看地球的自轉為逆時針,從南極看為順時針;或看經度,東經度遞增的方向即為地球自轉的方向.
(2)判斷節氣,日期及太陽直射點的緯度 晨昏圈過極點(或與一條經線重合),太陽直射點是赤道,是春秋分日;晨昏線與極圈相切,若北極圈有極晝現象為北半球的夏至日,太陽直射點為北緯23º26』,若北極圈有極夜現象為北半球的冬至日,太陽直射點為南緯23º26』
(3)確定地方時 在光照圖中,太陽直射點所在的經線為正午12點,晨昏線所包圍的白晝部分的中間經線為12點,晨線與赤道交點經線的地方時為6點,昏線與赤道交點經線為18點,依據每隔15º,時間相差1小時,每1º相差4分鍾,先計算兩地的經度差(同側相減,異側相加),再轉換成時間,依據東加西減的原則,計算出地方時
(4)判斷晝夜長短 求某地的晝(夜)長,也就是求該地在緯線圈上晝(夜)弧的長度,這個長度也可由晝(夜)弧所跨的經度數來推算
(5)判斷正午太陽高度角 先求所求地區與太陽直射點的緯度差,若所求地和太陽直射點在同一半球,取兩地緯度之差,若所求地和太陽直射點不在同一半球,取兩地緯度之和,再用90º-兩地緯度差即為所求地的正午太陽高度
五:晨昏線與經線和緯線
(1)根據晨昏線與緯線相交判斷問題
①晨昏線通過南北極可判斷這一天為3月21日或9月23日前後
②晨昏線與南北極相切,北極圈內為晝,可判斷這一天為6月22日前後,北半球為夏至日,北半球為夏季,南半球為冬季
③晨昏線與南北極相切,北極圈內為夜,可判斷這一天為12月22日前後,北半球為冬至日,北半球為冬季,南半球為夏季
(2)根據晨昏線與經線相交關系判斷晝長和夜長
推算某地晝長或者夜長,求晝長時,在晝半球范圍內算出該地所在地的緯線圈從晨線與緯線圈交點到昏線與緯線圈交點,所跨的經度除以15即該地晝長,如果圖上只畫了晝半球的一半,要注意,圖中白晝所跨經度差的2倍,除以15才是該地的晝長
七:區時,地方時的計算
第一步:先求兩地的經度差.
第二步:再求時間差,以每一度經度相差4分鍾來算.
第三步:然後判斷兩地的東西方向,求東用加,求西用減.若求出的時間大於24小時,則減24,日期加1天,若時間為負值,則加24小時,日期減去1天.
第二單元 大氣
一:大氣的組成和垂直分層
1)低層大氣的組成:干潔空氣(氮—生物體的基本成分、氧—生物維持生命活動的基本物質、二氧化碳—光合作用的基本原料、臭氧—吸收太陽紫外線「地球生命的保護傘」)、水汽和固體雜質(成雲致雨的必要條件)
2):大氣的垂直分層
高度 溫度 大氣運動 對人類活動的影響
高層大氣 2000-3000千米 電離層反射無線電波
平流層 50-55千米 隨高度的增加而上升 平流運動 臭氧吸收紫外線升溫;有利於高空飛行
對流層 低緯:17-18千米,中緯:10-12千米,高緯:8-9千米 隨高度增加而遞減 對流運動 天氣現象復雜多變,與人類關系最密切
二:大氣熱力作用
(1)對太陽輻射的削弱作用
吸收作用:具有選擇性,水汽和二氧化碳吸收紅外線,臭氧吸收紫外線,對於可見光部分吸收比較少
反射作用:無選擇性,雲層越厚,反射作用越強,在夏季多雲的白天,氣溫不是很高
散射作用:具有選擇性,對於波長較短的籃紫光易被散射,所以晴朗的天空呈蔚藍色
(2)對地面的保溫效應
①大氣吸收地面的長波輻射,截留熱量而增溫,由於大氣對於太陽短波輻射的吸收能力比較差,但是對於地面長波輻射吸收作用強,所以地面輻射大部分都是被大氣吸收
②大氣逆輻射是大氣輻射的一種,方向朝向地面,對地面熱量進行補償,起保溫作用
二:大氣的熱力狀況
大氣的熱力作用
1)熱力環流:由於地面冷熱不均而形成的空氣環流,是大氣運動的一種最簡單的形式。
從圖中可以看出,近地面等壓線向低壓方向(向下)彎曲,高空等壓線向高壓方向(向上)凸起
2)大氣的水平運動—--風
影響因素:等壓線越密集的地方,則風力越大
在單一水平氣壓梯度力作用下:風向垂直等壓線,指向低壓
風向 在水平氣壓梯度力和地轉偏向力作用下:風向與等壓線平行
在三個力作用下:風向與等壓線成一夾角,始終由高壓指向低壓方向.
三:全球性的大氣環流
1)三圈環流
①在地表形成了七個氣壓帶和六個風帶,氣壓帶風帶隨太陽直射點的南北移動而南北移動,對於北半球來說,夏季向北移,位置偏北;冬季向南移,位置偏南
②海陸分布對大氣環流的影響:
(3)季風環流
地區 東亞 南亞,東南亞
氣候類型 溫帶季風氣候 亞熱帶季風氣候 熱帶季風氣候
成因 海陸熱力性質差異 海陸熱力性質差異,氣壓帶和風帶的季節移動
風向 冬季 西北風(亞洲大陸) 東北風(亞洲大陸)
夏季 東南風(太平洋) 西南風(印度洋)
四:常見的天氣系統
1)鋒面系統—冷鋒和暖鋒
冷鋒 暖鋒
概念 冷氣團主動向暖氣團移動 暖氣團主動向冷氣團移動
天氣特徵 過境前 單一氣團控制,天氣晴朗 單一氣團控制,低溫晴朗
過境時 陰天、雨雪、刮風、降溫 連續性降水
過境後 氣壓升高,氣溫下降,天氣晴朗 氣溫上升,氣壓下降,天氣轉好
降水的分布 降水一般出現在鋒後 降水一般出現在鋒前
大氣舉例 北方夏季暴雨,冬春季大風,寒潮,沙塵暴
2)低壓、高壓系統—氣旋和反氣旋(以北半球為例)
氣旋 反氣旋
氣壓 低氣壓(中心低,四周高) 高氣壓(中心高,四周低)
水平運動 四周向中心輻合(北逆南順) 中心向四周輻散(北順南逆)
垂直運動 上升 下沉
天氣 多陰雨天氣 多晴朗、乾燥天氣
舉例 台風 長江流域的伏旱,北方「秋高氣爽」天氣
五;氣候的形成和變化
1)氣候的形成因子(太陽輻射、地面狀況、大氣環流、人類活動)
①不同氣候類型的氣溫特點
l 氣溫的分布,一般是低緯溫度高,高緯溫度低;山上的氣溫比山下低;暖流經過地區的氣溫比寒流經過地區高
l 同一緯度地帶內,由於下墊面不同,不同地點的氣溫狀況不同,其中影響比較的大是海洋和陸地
l 大陸性氣候與海洋性氣候的比較(北半球)
氣候類型 氣溫日較差 氣溫年較差 最高氣溫月 最低氣溫月
大陸性 大 大 7月 1月
海洋性 小 小 8月 2月
②不同氣候類型的降水狀況
l 赤道地區氣流以輻合上升為主,全年雨量充沛
l 南北回歸線至南北緯30º之間,在副熱帶高壓和信風帶控制下,常年乾旱
l 大陸的西岸有兩種情況,以亞歐為例,地中海地區(亞熱帶),夏季處於副熱帶高壓中心的邊緣,氣流下沉,乾燥少雨,冬季由於副熱帶高壓向南移,此地受西風帶的控制,多氣旋活動,濕潤多雨。歐洲地區(溫帶),終年盛行西風,各月降水量較多,而且比較均勻
l 大陸的東岸,以亞歐大陸為例,處於季風環流的控制下,冬季受來自大陸的冷干氣流的影響,降水不多,夏季受來自海洋的暖濕氣流的影響,降水較多
l 大陸的內部,以亞歐大陸為例,終年受大陸氣團的控制,降水比較少
l 兩極地區以輻合下沉氣流為主,全年降水少
2)氣候的類型(課本47頁)
3)主要10種氣候類型的判斷(課本48頁)
步驟 依據 因素變化 結論
判斷南北半球 最高(或最低)氣溫月份 6.7.8三個月氣溫最高 北半球
12.1.2三個月氣溫最高 南半球
判斷所屬溫度帶 最冷月均溫 最冷月均溫>15℃ 熱帶氣候
最冷月氣溫在0℃~15℃ 亞熱帶氣候或者溫帶海洋性氣候
最冷月氣溫在-15℃~0℃ 溫帶氣候
最熱月<>5℃ 寒帶氣候
確定具體的氣候類型 降水量的年內分配情況 年雨型 熱帶 熱帶雨林氣候>2000mm
溫帶 溫帶海洋性氣候700~1000mm
夏雨型 熱帶 熱帶草原氣候(750~1000mm)熱帶季風氣候1500~2000mm)
亞熱帶 亞熱帶季風氣候
溫帶 溫帶大陸型氣候
冬雨型 亞熱帶 地中海氣候
少雨型 熱帶 熱帶沙漠氣候
寒帶 極地氣候
六;大氣環境保護
(1)全球變暖
原因:二氧化碳的增多而使氣溫升高
二氧化碳增多的原因:①大量燃燒礦物燃料,②毀林
危害:①海平面上升,淹沒陸地
②改變各地降水狀況和干濕狀況,導致世界各國經濟結構的變化
保護措施:①提高能源的利用技術和能源利用效益,採用新能源
②努力加強國際合作
(2)臭氧層的破壞與保護
原因:除了自然原因以外,主要是人類使用製冷設備排放的氟氯烴
危害:①危害人體健康,②對生態環境和農林牧漁業造成破壞
保護措施:減少並逐步禁止氟氯烴等消耗臭氧物質的排放,加強國際合作
(3)酸雨
概念:人們一般把PH值小於5.6的雨水稱為酸雨
成因:燃燒礦物排放的大量二氧化硫和氮氧化物等酸性氣體
危害:河湖水酸化,土壤酸化,危害森林和農作物生長,腐蝕建築和文物古跡等
防治措施:防治酸雨最根本的措施是減少人為硫氧化合物和氮氧化合物的排放,我國已經採取了發展潔凈煤技術、清潔燃燒技術等措施來控制酸雨
第三單元 陸地和海洋
一:地殼物質的組成與循環
(1)組成岩石的礦物
元素:由多到少是氧、硅、鋁、鐵
結合
礦物:主要的造岩礦物有石英、雲母、長石方、解石
積聚 岩漿岩(花崗岩,玄武岩)
岩石 沉積岩:具有層理結構,常含有化石,包括(石灰岩,頁岩,砂岩,礫岩)
變質岩:大理岩,板岩
(2)地殼物質的循環
從岩漿到形成各種岩石,又到新的岩漿的產生,這一過程就是地殼物質循環
二:地殼變動與地表形態
1)地質作用:按能量來源不同,分為內力作用和外力作用
內力作用:地震、火山爆發、地殼運動、變質作用
外力作用:風化、侵蝕、搬運、沉積,泥石流、滑坡、山崩
2)地殼運動的基本形式及其對地貌的影響
地殼運動 對地表形態的影響 兩者的關系
水平運動 形成褶皺山系,如裂谷和海洋,東非大裂谷,大西洋的形成 以水平運動為主,垂直運動為輔
垂直運動 引起地表高低不平和海陸變遷
3)板塊構造學說的基本論點
(1) 全球岩石圈共分為六大板塊
(2) 板塊處於不斷運動之中,板塊內部比較穩定,板塊交界地帶地殼活躍多火山,地震等
(3) 板塊張裂地帶常形成裂谷或海洋,如東非大裂谷,大西洋,在板塊相撞擠壓地帶,常形成山脈,當大洋與大陸板塊相撞時,形成海溝、島弧、海岸山脈,當大陸與大陸板塊相撞時形成巨大的褶皺山脈
4)地質構造與構造地貌
(1)地質構造的概念:由於地殼運動引起地殼變形變位
(2)常見的地質構造及構造地貌
褶皺 岩層形態 未侵蝕的地表形態 侵蝕後的地表形態 與人類生產關系
背斜 一般是岩層向上拱起 成為山嶺 不少背斜頂部受張力,常被侵蝕成谷地 儲油構造
向斜 一般是岩層向下彎曲 成為谷地 不少向斜受擠壓不易被侵蝕成為山嶺 儲存地下水
斷層 沿斷裂面兩側岩塊錯位 東非大裂谷、華山北坡大斷崖;上升岩塊:華山、廬山、泰山,下降岩塊:渭河平原、汾河谷地、鄱陽湖。 工程建設遇斷層加固或避開
5)外力作用與地貌
侵蝕 搬運 堆積
流水作用 沖刷地表,如黃土高原千溝萬壑的地貌,流水使谷地加深加寬 搬運侵蝕後的產物,如流沙流速降低,泥沙逐漸沉積 流沙堆積形成山前沖積扇,河流中下游沖積平原、河口三角洲
風力作用 風蝕溝谷、風蝕窪地 形成戈壁、荒漠 風沙堆積形成沙丘、沙壟、沙漠邊緣黃土堆積,如黃土高原
三;海水的溫度和鹽度
(1)海水的溫度
海水溫度分布規律 水平方向 同一海區 夏季水溫高,冬季水溫低
不同緯度海區 緯度較低處水溫較高,緯度較高處水溫較低
緯度相當海區 暖流經過的海區水溫較高,寒流經過海區水溫較低
垂直分布 水溫由表面向深層遞減,在1000米以下垂直溫差較小
(3)海水的鹽度
①概念:單位質量海水中所含鹽類物質的質量。世界大洋平均鹽度為3.5%
②分布規律:從兩個副熱帶海區分別向兩側的低緯和高緯海區遞減。紅海最高(4.1%),波羅的海最低(不超過1%)
③影響因素
影響因素 影 響
降水量與蒸發量 降水量>蒸發量,鹽度較低;降水量<蒸發量,鹽度較高
入海徑流 有大量江河淡水注入的海區,鹽度偏低
洋流 同緯度海區,寒流經過的海區,鹽度偏低,暖流經過的海區,鹽度偏高
四;海水的運動
(1)海水運動的主要形式:波浪(風浪、海嘯);潮汐;洋流
(2)洋流的形成與分布
風海流:南北赤道暖流,西風漂流,北印度洋季風洋流
按照成因分 密度流:直布羅陀海峽兩側海水流動,紅海與印度洋的曼德海峽
分布 補償流:秘魯寒流
寒流:從高緯流向低緯的洋流,水溫比流經海區溫度低
暖流:從低緯流向高緯的洋流,水溫比流經海區溫度高
北半球:順時針環流
分布規律 南半球:逆時針環流
北半球中高緯度海區:逆時針環流
北印度洋的洋流:夏季順時針,冬季逆時針
(3)洋流對地理環境的影響
暖流:增溫增濕,如同一緯度地區,暖流經過的海區鹽度和溫度比較高,西歐地區的溫帶海洋性氣候就直接得益於北大西洋暖流有關,如果沒有北大
氣候 西洋暖流,英國和挪威的海港將有半年以上的冰封期,俄羅斯的摩爾曼斯克海港終年不凍與北大西洋暖流有關
寒流:降溫減濕,如同一緯度地區,寒流經過的海區鹽度和溫度比較低,
沿岸寒流對澳大利亞西海岸、秘魯太平洋沿岸的荒漠環境的形成,起了一定的作用
寒暖流交匯處漁場的形成:日本的北海道漁場、加拿大的紐芬蘭漁場、英
海洋生物 國的北海漁場
上升流的影響:秘魯漁場的形成、東南大西洋漁場
海洋環境污染:加快凈化的速度,有利於污染物的擴散,但是別的海域也可能受到污染,所以也擴大了污染的范圍
航海事業:順風順流,例如,北半球的冬季,從波斯灣到紅海的油輪經過阿拉伯海時是順風順流,從大西洋到地中海經過直布羅陀海峽時是順風順流
五:陸地水和水循環
(1)陸地水體類型:目前人類大量利用的淡水資源(河流水,淡水湖泊水,淺層地下水)
地表水:江河水、湖泊水、冰川
地下水:潛水、承壓水
靜態水資源:冰川、內陸湖泊、深層地下水
動態水資源:地表水、淺層地下水
目前,冰川是地球上淡水主體,分布於兩極與高山地區,直接利用少;地下水是淡水第二主體,但主要為深層地下水,開發難度較大;動態水是人們開發利用的重點,其中以河流水最為重要。
(2)陸地水的相互關系
水源補給類型 補給時間 補給特點 我國分布地區
雨水 夏秋季節 水量變化大 東部和南部
冰川融水 主要在夏季 補給有時間性,水量穩定 西北地區
湖泊水 全年 有調節性,水量穩定 東部
地下水 全年 水量穩定,與河流有互補關系 普遍
(3)水循環
能量來源:太陽能和重力能
類型:海陸間大循環(蒸發(包括植物的蒸騰),水汽輸送,下滲,地表和地下徑流四個環節,陸地循環,海洋循環
六:生物
(1) 生物的分布和環境
光照:喜光植物和喜陰植物
熱量:從赤道向兩極,熱量減少
從山麓到山頂,熱量減少
水分:從沿海到內陸,水分減少,形成了不同的植被帶
(2)對環境的指示作用:駱駝刺表示乾旱的沙漠地區,蓮表示水濕環境,矮牽牛能夠指示大氣中二氧化硫的污染
(3)生物在地理環境中的作用
①光合作用(太陽能轉換成生物能,無機物轉換成有機物),②生物循環促使化學元素的遷移,聯系有機界和無機界,③改變原始大氣的成分,④改變水的化學成分,⑤參與沉積岩的形成,加速岩石的風化,促使土壤的形成,⑥綠色植物的環境效益(吸煙除塵,過濾空氣,減輕污染,降低噪音,美化環境)
七:土壤
(1)土壤的概念:是指陸地表面具有一定肥力,能夠生長植物的疏鬆表層
(2)土壤的本質屬性:具有肥力,能夠生長植物
(3)土壤的組成:礦物質(土壤中礦物養分的來源),有機質(其含量的高低是土壤肥力高低的一個重要指標),水分和空氣(彼此消長,影響熱量)
(4)土壤的形成
形成過程: 岩石風化過程 低等植物著生過程 高等植物著生過程 土壤
生物對母質的改造作用:有機質的積累過程和養分元素的富集過程,所以生物在土壤的形成過程起著主導作用
八;地理環境的整體性和差異性
(1)整體性:地理環境各要素不是孤立的,而是一個整體,例如我國西北內陸地區由於距海遠,海洋暖濕氣流難以到達,形成了乾旱的大陸性氣候,由於氣候乾旱,降水少,所以地表水少,多為內流河,由於氣候乾燥,流水作用微弱,但風化作用強,形成了大片戈壁和沙漠,氣候變化會導致植被稀少;整體性還表現在某一個要素發生變化會導致整個環境狀態的改變,例如,氣候變暖,導致兩極冰川融化,海平面上升,最終會淹沒城市河低地
(2)地域差異
分異規律 形成基礎 影響因素 分布規律 主要分布地區
從赤道向兩極 熱量 太陽輻射 沿緯線延伸,經度更替 低緯度地區和北半球的高緯度地區
從沿海向內陸 水分 海陸分布 沿經度延伸,緯線更替 中緯度地區
山地的垂直分異 熱量,水分 海拔高度 從山麓到山頂有規律的變化 海拔較高的山地
第四單元 自然資源和自然環境
一:氣候資源的特點
(1)特點:普遍存在性,數值特徵,變率大
(2)開發利用
氣候資源與農業:一地的氣候資源往往決定了該地的農業類型和種植制度
氣候 日照與街道方位:街道與子午線成30~60度的夾角
開發 資源與 盛行一種主導風向:工業布局在下風向
利用 建築 風向與 盛行季風區:工業布局在垂直於季風區風向的郊外
城市規劃 已知最小風頻:工業布局在最小風頻的上風向
氣候資源與交通:公路和鐵路的建設(應特別注意沿線的暴雨及其激發的泥石流、大風等出現的強度和頻率,以及凍土、積雪的深度);機場的選址(宜選擇低雲、霧和暴雨出現頻率較少、風速較小的地方,還應與城市保持較遠的距離)。
二;海洋資源
(1)海洋漁業的形成和分布:
、 在淺海大陸架海域,陽光集中,光合作用強,入海河流帶
漁場的 來了豐富的營養物質
形成條件 在溫帶海域,季節變化顯著,冬季底層海水和表層海水交換時,帶來了豐富的營養鹽類
在暖流和寒流的交匯處,餌料比較豐富
世界主 世界主要漁場:課本100圖4.4
漁場的 世界四大漁場:紐芬蘭,北海道,北海,秘魯漁場
分布 我國和日本是世界海洋漁獲量最多的國家
(2)海洋油氣生產過程:資源勘探(利用地震波探測)、油氣開采(海上鑽井平台)、油氣運輸(管道運輸,船舶運輸)
(3)海洋空間的利用
(4)海洋運輸和港口建設:港口作用:海洋運輸船舶停泊、中轉、裝卸貨物得場所。
腹地:為港口提供服務的區域
(5)海洋環境的主要問題
海洋污染:絕大部分來源於陸地上的生產活動,工業生產的廢
海洋環境 棄物是主要海洋污染物,集中在大型港口和工業城市附近
保護 海洋生態破壞:人類活動(海岸工程,圍海造陸)以及自然條件的變化(全球變暖,海平面上升)
主要來源:沿海工業生產和海運航線上的船舶
石油污染 石油污染 污染區域:集中在沿海水域和海上航道沿線
及其防治 治理重點:石油泄漏
石油污染的防治:分散、沉降、吸收、圍欄、放任、燃燒
三:陸地資源
(1)陸地資源的類型和特點: 類型:(表4.4)
特點:有限性;利用潛力的無限性;分布規律性;整體性。
(2)陸地資源與人類活動的關系:陸地資源是人類進行生產活動的對象;陸地自然資源是人類生產活動得以進行和發展的動力
四:氣象災害
(1)台風
形成:台風是形成於熱帶或副熱帶海區,強烈發展的熱帶氣旋
主要災害:強風,特大暴雨,風暴潮
主要影響地區:亞洲東部,亞洲南部,北美洲東海岸,其中西北太平洋是全球台風發生次數最多,強度最大的海區
發生季節:夏秋季節
監測和防禦:主要是利用氣象衛星監測,到近海後,還可以用雷達監測
(2)暴雨洪澇
形成條件:源源不斷的水汽供應;強烈的上升運動;形成降水的天氣系統持續時間長
主要影響地區:亞洲最多
防禦措施:利用氣象衛星,提高暴雨預報的准確率;工程措施(修築堤壩,整治河道,修建水庫,修建分洪區)和非工程措施防禦(洪泛區的土地管理,建立洪水預報警報系統,擬定居民的應急撤離計劃,實施防洪保險)
(3)乾旱
(4)寒潮
原因:由強冷空氣迅速入侵造成得大范圍得劇烈降溫,並伴隨有大風,雨雪,凍害等現象,寒潮是我國冬半年主要的氣象災害,尤以秋季和春季的寒潮對農作物危害最大。
五:地質災害
(1)地震
分布:環太平洋地震帶和地中海-喜馬拉雅山地震帶
能量大小:用震級表示,震級每增加一級,能量約增加30倍,3級以下為微震,5級以上為破壞性地震
要素:震中,震源,震中距,震級,烈度。
(2)火山噴發
火山構造:火山錐,火山口,火山通道
類型:死火山,活火山,休眠火山
(3)滑坡和泥石流
(4)地質災害得關聯性
①地質災害在成因上得關聯性:一個地域內得地質災害可能有若干種,他們在成因上關聯的,例如,我國的川、滇、黔接壤地帶,形成了地震、滑坡和泥石流為主的災害
②由一種原發性的主災誘發其他災害,例如地震可能誘發火災、海嘯、滑坡、泥石流、瘟疫蔓延等
③人類活動及其對自然環境施加的影響可能誘發地質災害,例如,人為的破壞地表植被,造成了泥石流;人為大規模的工程活動,造成滑坡等災害。
(4) 防禦措施:加強地質災害的科學研究,加強地質災害的管理,實施一些防禦措施,開展防災、減災的宣傳教育,提高公眾的環保意識和減災意識。
第五單元 人類的生產活動與地理環境
1:農業
①農業生產的特點:地域性、季節性和周期性。
②農業的投入:自然條件:光照、熱量、水分、土壤
社會經濟條件:勞動力;生產資料、科技
③農業的分類: 按生產對象分類:種植業和畜牧業
按投入的多少分類:粗放農業和密集農業
按產品的用途分類:自給農業和商品農業
④農業區位因素:氣候、水源、地形、土壤、市場、交通、政策等
⑤農業發展與區位的關系:
區位因素 農業發展
氣候 熱量、光照、降水對農業區位的影響極大。光熱條件與農作物的分布、復種制度和產量關系最為密切。
水源 年降水量少於250毫米的乾旱地區,灌溉水源是決定性因素。
地形 不同的地形區(坡度、高度),適宜發展不同類型的農業。平原地區地勢平坦,土層深厚,適宜發展耕作業,山地適宜發展畜牧業和種植業
土壤 不同的土壤種類,適宜生長不同的作物。如東南丘陵地區分布廣泛酸性土壤,適合種植茶樹
市場需求 市場的需求量最終決定了農業生產的類型和規模。