『壹』 有關艾滋病的英語文章（最好是如何預防艾滋，英漢對照）
HIV cannot survive outside of the body for long. In addition, not all body fluids carry the virus, including tears, sweat, and saliva. Therefore the virus is not transmitted by touching or other casual contact that occurs in day-to-day social experiences like hugging, kissing, shaking hands, or sharing food or beverages. The virus is not transmitted if there is no sexual contact and no exchange of blood. HIV also is not transmitted in households, even when uninfected persons share toilets, showers, and kitchens with infected indivials.
Almost all sexual transmission of HIV occurs by unprotected vaginal or anal sex; transmission of HIV by oral sex is very rare. A few cases of HIV transmission probably have occurred from an uninfected person performing fellatio (oral-penile sex) on an HIV-infected partner, but transmission from an infected oral partner to an uninfected penile partner, or by cunnilingus (oral contact with female genitals) is even more rare, if it occurs at all. Condoms or other barriers are considered optional for HIV prevention, and should be considered by persons who want to assure maximum protection.
中文我懶得打了，你採納，追加些分吧，我再給你。。累得很
『貳』 關於艾滋病的一些英文文章 簡短點 大概2到3分鍾即可
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a set of symptoms and infections resulting from the damage to the human immune system caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).[1] This condition progressively reces the effectiveness of the immune system and leaves indivials susceptible to opportunistic infections and tumors. HIV is transmitted through direct contact of a mucous membrane or the bloodstream with a bodily fluid containing HIV, such as blood, semen, vaginal fluid, preseminal fluid, and breast milk.[2][3] This transmission can involve anal, vaginal or oral sex, blood transfusion, contaminated hypodermic needles, exchange between mother and baby ring pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding, or other exposure to one of the above bodily fluids.
AIDS is now a pandemic.[4] In 2007, an estimated 33.2 million people lived with the disease worldwide, and it killed an estimated 2.1 million people, including 330,000 children.[5] Over three-quarters of these deaths occurred in sub-Saharan Africa,[5] retarding economic growth and destroying human capital.[6] Most researchers believe that HIV originated in sub-Saharan Africa ring the twentieth century.[7] AIDS was first recognized by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in 1981 and its cause, HIV, identified by American and French scientists in the early 1980s.[8]
Although treatments for AIDS and HIV can slow the course of the disease, there is currently no vaccine or cure. Antiretroviral treatment reces both the mortality and the morbidity of HIV infection, but these drugs are expensive and routine access to antiretroviral medication is not available in all countries.[9] Due to the difficulty in treating HIV infection, preventing infection is a key aim in controlling the AIDS epidemic, with health organizations promoting safe sex and needle-exchange programmes in attempts to slow the spread of the virus.
The symptoms of AIDS are primarily the result of conditions that do not normally develop in indivials with healthy immune systems. Most of these conditions are infections caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites that are normally controlled by the elements of the immune system that HIV damages. Opportunistic infections are common in people with AIDS.[10] HIV affects nearly every organ system. People with AIDS also have an increased risk of developing various cancers such as Kaposi's sarcoma, cervical cancer and cancers of the immune system known as lymphomas. Additionally, people with AIDS often have systemic symptoms of infection like fevers, sweats (particularly at night), swollen glands, chills, weakness, and weight loss.[11][12] The specific opportunistic infections that AIDS patients develop depend in part on the prevalence of these infections in the geographic area in which the patient lives.
Pulmonary infections
X-ray of Pneumocystis jirovecii caused pneumonia. There is increased white (opacity) in the lower lungs on both sides, characteristic of Pneumocystis pneumonia
Pneumocystis pneumonia (originally known as Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, and still abbreviated as PCP, which now stands for Pneumocystis pneumonia) is relatively rare in healthy, immunocompetent people, but common among HIV-infected indivials. It is caused by Pneumocystis jirovecii. Before the advent of effective diagnosis, treatment and routine prophylaxis in Western countries, it was a common immediate cause of death. In developing countries, it is still one of the first indications of AIDS in untested indivials, although it does not generally occur unless the CD4 count is less than 200 cells per µL of blood.[13]
Tuberculosis (TB) is unique among infections associated with HIV because it is transmissible to immunocompetent people via the respiratory route, is easily treatable once identified, may occur in early-stage HIV disease, and is preventable with drug therapy. However, multidrug resistance is a potentially serious problem. Even though its incidence has declined because of the use of directly observed therapy and other improved practices in Western countries, this is not the case in developing countries where HIV is most prevalent. In early-stage HIV infection (CD4 count >300 cells per µL), TB typically presents as a pulmonary disease. In advanced HIV infection, TB often presents atypically with extrapulmonary (systemic) disease a common feature. Symptoms are usually constitutional and are not localized to one particular site, often affecting bone marrow, bone, urinary and gastrointestinal tracts, liver, regional lymph nodes, and the central nervous system.[14]
Gastrointestinal infections
Esophagitis is an inflammation of the lining of the lower end of the esophagus (gullet or swallowing tube leading to the stomach). In HIV infected indivials, this is normally e to fungal (candidiasis) or viral (herpes simplex-1 or cytomegalovirus) infections. In rare cases, it could be e to mycobacteria.[15]
Unexplained chronic diarrhea in HIV infection is e to many possible causes, including common bacterial (Salmonella, Shigella, Listeria or Campylobacter) and parasitic infections; and uncommon opportunistic infections such as cryptosporidiosis, microsporidiosis, Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) and viruses,[16] astrovirus, adenovirus, rotavirus and cytomegalovirus, (the latter as a course of colitis). In some cases, diarrhea may be a side effect of several drugs used to treat HIV, or it may simply accompany HIV infection, particularly ring primary HIV infection. It may also be a side effect of antibiotics used to treat bacterial causes of diarrhea (common for Clostridium difficile). In the later stages of HIV infection, diarrhea is thought to be a reflection of changes in the way the intestinal tract absorbs nutrients, and may be an important component of HIV-related wasting.[17]
Neurological and psychiatric involvement
HIV infection may lead to a variety of neuropsychiatric sequelae, either by infection of the now susceptible nervous system by organisms, or as a direct consequence of the illness itself.
Toxoplasmosis is a disease caused by the single-celled parasite called Toxoplasma gondii; it usually infects the brain, causing toxoplasma encephalitis, but it can also infect and cause disease in the eyes and lungs.[18] Cryptococcal meningitis is an infection of the meninx (the membrane covering the brain and spinal cord) by the fungus Cryptococcus neoformans. It can cause fevers, headache, fatigue, nausea, and vomiting. Patients may also develop seizures and confusion; left untreated, it can be lethal.
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a demyelinating disease, in which the graal destruction of the myelin sheath covering the axons of nerve cells impairs the transmission of nerve impulses. It is caused by a virus called JC virus which occurs in 70% of the population in latent form, causing disease only when the immune system has been severely weakened, as is the case for AIDS patients. It progresses rapidly, usually causing death within months of diagnosis.[19]
AIDS dementia complex (ADC) is a metabolic encephalopathy inced by HIV infection and fueled by immune activation of HIV infected brain macrophages and microglia. These cells are proctively infected by HIV and secrete neurotoxins of both host and viral origin.[20] Specific neurological impairments are manifested by cognitive, behavioral, and motor abnormalities that occur after years of HIV infection and are associated with low CD4+ T cell levels and high plasma viral loads. Prevalence is 10–% in Western countries[21] but only 1–2% of HIV infections in India.[22][23] This difference is possibly e to the HIV subtype in India. AIDS related mania is sometimes seen in patients with advanced HIV illness; it presents with more irritability and cognitive impairment and less euphoria than a manic episode associated with true bipolar disorder. Unlike the latter condition, it may have a more chronic course. This syndrome is less often seen with the advent of multi-drug therapy.
Tumors and malignancies
Kaposi's sarcoma
Patients with HIV infection have substantially increased incidence of several cancers. This is primarily e to co-infection with an oncogenic DNA virus, especially Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), and human papillomavirus (HPV).[24][25]
Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is the most common tumor in HIV-infected patients. The appearance of this tumor in young homosexual men in 1981 was one of the first signals of the AIDS epidemic. Caused by a gammaherpes virus called Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpes virus (KSHV), it often appears as purplish noles on the skin, but can affect other organs, especially the mouth, gastrointestinal tract, and lungs.
High-grade B cell lymphomas such as Burkitt's lymphoma, Burkitt's-like lymphoma, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), and primary central nervous system lymphoma present more often in HIV-infected patients. These particular cancers often foreshadow a poor prognosis. In some cases these lymphomas are AIDS-defining. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) or KSHV cause many of these lymphomas.
Cervical cancer in HIV-infected women is considered AIDS-defining. It is caused by human papillomavirus (HPV).[26]
In addition to the AIDS-defining tumors listed above, HIV-infected patients are at increased risk of certain other tumors, such as Hodgkin's disease and anal and rectal carcinomas. However, the incidence of many common tumors, such as breast cancer or colon cancer, does not increase in HIV-infected patients. In areas where HAART is extensively used to treat AIDS, the incidence of many AIDS-related malignancies has decreased, but at the same time malignant cancers overall have become the most common cause of death of HIV-infected patients.[27]
Other opportunistic infections
AIDS patients often develop opportunistic infections that present with non-specific symptoms, especially low-grade fevers and weight loss. These include infection with Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare and cytomegalovirus (CMV). CMV can cause colitis, as described above, and CMV retinitis can cause blindness. Penicilliosis e to Penicillium marneffei is now the third most common opportunistic infection (after extrapulmonary tuberculosis and cryptococcosis) in HIV-positive indivials within the endemic area of Southeast Asia.[28]
『叄』 求一篇關於艾滋病的英語作文
艾滋病初期症狀會出現發燒、頭暈、無力、咽痛、關節疼痛、皮疹、全身淺表淋巴結腫大等類似"感冒"的症狀，有些人還可發生腹瀉。這種症狀通常持續1-2周後就會消失，此後病人便轉入無症狀的潛伏期。
『肆』 高中英語作文！！！急！關於艾滋病！
First aid is emergency care for a victim of sudden illness or injury until more skillful medical treatment is available．It may save a life or improve certain vital signs including pulse，，a clear airway(氣道)，and breathing．In minor emergencies，first aid may prevent a victim's condition from turning worse and provide relief from pain．First aid must be administered as quickly as possible．In the case of the critically injured，a few minutes can make the difference between complete recovery and loss of life．First-aid measures depend upon a victim's needs and the provider's level of knowledge and skill．Knowing what not to do in an emergency is as important as knowing what to do．Improperly moving a person with a neck injury，for example，can lead to permanent spinal(脊柱的)injury and paralysis(癱瘓)．Despite the variety of injuries possible, several principles of first aid apply to all emergencies．
The first step is to call for professional medical help．The victim，if conscious，should be reassured that medical aid has been requested，and asked for permission to provide any first aid．Next，assess the scene，asking other people or the injured person's family or friends about details of the injury or illness，any care that may have already been given，and preexisting conditions such as diabetes(糖尿病)or heart trouble．The victim should be checked for a medical bracelet(手鐲)or card that describes special medical conditions．Unless the accident scene becomes unsafe or the victim may suffer further injury，do not move the victim．
First aid requires rapid assessment of victims to determine whether life-threatening conditions exist．One method for evaluating a victim's condition is known by the acronym(首字母縮寫詞)ABC，which stands for：A-Airway：is it open and clear? B-Breathing：is the person breathing? Look，listen，and feel for breathing．C-Circulation：is there a pulse? Is the person bleeding externally? Check skin color and temperature for additional indications of circulation problems．
『伍』 求一篇英語作文關於艾滋病
你可以先用中國寫一遍，把把中文翻譯成英文就可以了，抄寫別人就沒有什麼意義了，這是一個鍛煉自己的機會
『陸』 求一篇介紹艾滋病的英語作文 高中演講用
英文演講：奧巴馬演講 公布抗擊艾滋病戰略 THE PRESIDENT: Hello, everybody! Hello! (Applause.) Hello. Hello, hello, hello. Hello. Well, good evening, everybody. This is a pretty feisty（活躍的，吵鬧的） group here. (Laughter.)
AUDIENCE MEMBER: We love you, President!
THE PRESIDENT: Love you back. Thank you. (Applause.) Thank you. Well, it is a privilege（特權，優待） to speak with all of you. Welcome to the White House.
Let me begin by welcoming the Cabinet Secretaries who are here. I know I saw at least one of them, Kathleen Sebelius, our outstanding Secretary of Health and Human Services. (Applause.) I want to thank all the members of Congress who are present and all the distinguished guests（貴賓） that are here -- that includes all of you.
In particular, I want to recognize Ambassador Eric Goosby, our Global AIDS Coordinator. (Applause.) Eric』s leadership of the President』s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief is doing so much to save so many lives around the world. He will be leading our delegation to the International AIDS Conference in Vienna next week. And so I』m grateful for his outstanding service. (Applause.)
And I want to also thank the Presidential Advisory Council on HIV/AIDS. (Applause.) Thank you -- and the Federal HIV Interagency Working Group for all the work that they are doing. So thank you very much. (Applause.)
Now, it』s been nearly 30 years since a CDC publication called Morbidity（發病率，病態） and Mortality Weekly Report first documented five cases of an illness that would come to be known as HIV/AIDS. In the beginning, of course, it was known as the 「gay disease」 –- a disease surrounded by fear and misunderstanding; a disease we were too slow to confront and too slow to turn back. In the decades since -– as epidemics have emerged in countries throughout Africa and around the globe -– we』ve grown better equipped, as indivials and as nations, to fight this disease.
From activists, researchers, community leaders who』ve waged a battle against AIDS for so long, including many of you here in this room, we have learned what we can do to stop the spread of the disease. We』ve learned what we can do to extend the lives of people living with it. And we』ve been reminded of our obligations to one another -– obligations that, like the virus itself, transcend（勝過，超越） barriers of race or station or sexual orientation or faith or nationality.
So the question is not whether we know what to do, but whether we will do it. (Applause.) Whether we will fulfill those obligations; whether we will marshal（整理，引領） our resources and the political will to confront a tragedy that is preventable.
All of us are here because we are committed to that cause. We』re here because we believe that while HIV transmission rates in this country are not as high as they once were, every new case is one case too many. We』re here because we believe in an America where those living with HIV/AIDS are not viewed with suspicion, but treated with respect; where they』re provided the medications and health care they need; where they can live out their lives as fully as their health allows.
And we』re here because of the extraordinary men and women whose stories compel（強迫，迫使） us to stop this scourge（鞭，災禍） . I』m going to call out a few people here -- people like Benjamin Banks, who right now is completing a master』s degree in public health, planning a family with his wife, and deciding whether to run another half-marathon. Ben has also been HIV-positive for 29 years -– a virus he contracted ring cancer surgery as a child. So inspiring others to fight the disease has become his mission.
We』re here because of people like Craig Washington, who after seeing what was happening in his community -– friends passing away; life stories sanitized（消毒，使清潔） , as he put it, at funerals; homophobi（對同性戀的恐懼） , all the discrimination that surrounded the disease –- Craig got tested, disclosed his status, with the support of his partner and his family, and took up the movement for prevention and awareness in which he is a leader today.
We』re here because of people like Linda Scruggs. (Applause.) Linda learned she was HIV-positive about two decades ago when she went in for prenatal care. Then and there, she decided to turn her life around, and she left a life of substance abuse behind, she became an advocate for women, she empowered them to break free from what she calls the bondage（奴役，束縛） of secrecy. She inspired her son, who was born healthy, to become an AIDS activist himself.
We』re here because of Linda and Craig and Ben, and because of over 1 million Americans living with HIV/AIDS and the nearly 600,000 Americans who』ve lost their lives to the disease. It』s on their behalf -– and on the behalf of all Americans -– that we began a national dialogue about combating AIDS at the beginning of this administration.
In recent months, we』ve held 14 community discussions. We』ve spoken with over 4,200 people. We』ve received over 1,000 recommendations on the White House website, devising an approach not from the top down but from the bottom up.
And today, we』re releasing our National HIV/AIDS Strategy, which is the proct -- (applause) -- which is the proct of these conversations, and conversations with HIV-positive Americans and health care providers, with business leaders, with faith leaders, and the best policy and scientific minds in our country.
Now, I know that this strategy comes at a difficult time for Americans living with HIV/AIDS, because we』ve got cash-strapped states who are being forced to cut back on essentials, including assistance for AIDS drugs. I know the need is great. And that』s why we』ve increased federal assistance each year that I』ve been in office, providing an emergency supplement this year to help people get the drugs they need, even as we pursue a national strategy that focuses on three central goals.
First goal: prevention. We can』t afford to rely on any single prevention method alone, so our strategy promotes a comprehensive approach to recing the number of new HIV infections -– from expanded testing so people can learn their status, to ecation so people can curb risky behaviors, to drugs that can prevent a mother from transmitting a virus to her child.
To support our new direction, we』re investing $30 million in new money, and I』ve committed to working with Congress to make sure these investments continue in the future.
『柒』 英語作文對aids的理解,措施
AIDS, stands for Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, is a deadly disease. It malfunctions the human body's defence system, making the infected person extremely vulnerable to diseases, and eventually cause death.
AIDS can be spread in many ways, but the main medium is through having unprotected intercourse with an infected person. Apart from that, AIDS can spread from mother to new born baby, or sharing of needles, shaving blades, or any means of blood contact.
Once infected, it may take years for the person to notice, and in these years, the infected person may not know and can infect many more, who in turn go and infect others, just like an exponential growth.
『捌』 求助艾滋病英文介紹(要有中文翻譯)
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is an AIDS virus,that the human immunodeficiency virus (human immunodeficiencyvirus.called HIV) dormant in the human body and the human immune function and occurrence of a variety of human tumors and incurable infection,finally led to the deaths of a serious infection diseases.AIDS is the generic AIDS medicine, "acquired immune deficiency syndrome," Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome first word acronym.Expression of the name of the concept of AIDS, AIDS, we can learn from the three clearly defined :Acquired : etiology is acquired at birth rather than have the access.Said : defects in the immune pathogenesis.The damage was mainly caused by the body's immune system and cause the immune system to rece the protective function loss.Immune deficiency is a common feature : a.. B. increased susceptibility to infection. Prone to cancer;c. The clinical and pathological features diversity.SARS : at the clinical symptoms, as a result of defects in various immune system against opportunistic infections,Tumors arising from the complex syndrome.AIDS is a retrovirus infection caused by the body's immune defense system diseases.In a normal human body, the immune system plays a good body of the "defensive",various pathogens to resist the attack.But one HIV-infected, a good body defense system will be destroyed, defense dysfunction.Then microbial pathogens and thus able to drive straight into the opportunity Hematogenous wounds and broken.In addition, the number of abnormal body cells, such as cancer cells, also flew rapid growth, large population,develop into all types of cancer.In other words, the immune system of AIDS patients is mainly expressed serious injury, the body resistance decreasedSome serious infections and even inced a rare carcinoid tumor.AIDS originated in Africa, young people are also in Haiti in 1979 and distributed by the immigrants into the United States.June 5, 1981, the United States Centers for Disease Control in Atlanta.first in the "Morbidity and Mortality Weekly," a brief introction to the five cases they found that the history of AIDS patients.1982 will be officially named the disease "AIDS."Soon after, the rapid spread of AIDS in the continent.In June 1985, in Shanghai by a young American male tourists from Argentina AIDS patient cured invalid.died in the country, this is the first case of AIDS in China.AIDS has been in China since 1985 and nearly 10,000 people enter the AIDS virus carriers.According to speculation in the next few years : AIDS trend is downward trend in the developed countries is,while for developing countries was a sharp upward trend.Known as "contemporary plague" and "super cancer" AIDS has caused the World Health Organization (WHO) and national governments attach great importance to it,The inputs of both staff and financial resources to be top priority, China has been included in Category B diseases.health surveillance of infectious diseases and one territory.
翻譯：艾滋病（AIDS）是一種由艾滋病病毒，即人體免疫缺陷病毒（human immunodeficiencyvirus，簡稱HIV）侵入人體後破壞人體免疫功能，使人體發生多種不可治癒的感染和腫瘤，最後導致被感染者死亡的一種嚴重傳染病。AIDS是艾滋病的醫學全稱「獲得性免疫缺陷綜合症」Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome的英文字頭縮寫詞。這個命名表達了艾滋病的完整概念，從中我們可以了解到艾滋病的三個明確定義：獲得性：表示在病因方面是後天獲得而不是先天具有的。
免疫缺陷：表示在發病機理方面，主要是造成人體免疫系統的損傷而導致免疫系統的防護功能減低、喪失。
免疫缺陷病的共同特點是：a.對感染的易感性明顯增加；b.易發生惡性腫瘤；c.臨床及病理表現多樣化。
綜合症：表示在臨床症狀方面，由於免疫缺陷導致的各個系統的機會性感染、腫瘤而出現的復雜症狀群。
艾滋病是一種由逆轉錄病毒引起的人體免疫防禦系統方面的疫病。人體處於正常狀態時，體內免疫系統對機體起著良好的「防禦」作用，抵抗各種病原體的襲擊。一但受艾滋病病毒感染之後，人體的這種良好防禦系統便會受到破壞，防禦功能減退，因而這時病原體及微生物得以乘機經血行及破損傷口長驅直入。此外，身體中一些不正常的細胞，例如癌細胞，也同樣乘機迅速生長、大量繁殖起來，發展成各類癌瘤。也就是說，艾滋病病人主要表現為免疫系統受到嚴重損傷，機體抵抗力下降，以至誘發嚴重感染和一些少見的癌瘤。
艾滋病發源於非洲，1979年在海地青年中也有散發，後由移民帶入美國。1981年6月5日，美國亞特蘭大市疾病控制中心，首次在《發病率與死亡率周刊》上簡要的介紹了他們發現的五例艾滋病病人的病史。1982年正式將此病命名為「艾滋病」。以後不久，艾滋病迅速蔓延到了各大洲。1985年6月，由上海入境的一名美籍阿根廷青年男性遊客因艾滋病住院，治癒無效，死於我國境內，這是出現在我國的首例艾滋病。艾滋病自1985年進入我國至今已有近萬人為艾滋病病毒攜帶者。據有關部門推測，在今後幾年內艾滋病發展趨勢是：發達中國家是呈下降趨勢，而發展中國家則呈急劇上升趨勢。
被稱為「當代瘟疫」和「超級癌症」的艾滋病已引起世界衛生組織（WHO）及各國政府的高度重視，無論是人員和經費的投入均放在首位，我國已將其列入乙類法定傳染病，並為國境衛生監測傳染病之一。
『玖』 幫忙用英語介紹艾滋病
aids