⑴ 在不同的國家裡如何指路英語閱讀翻譯
How to show others the directions in different countries
⑵ 一篇關於能源的英語閱讀理解，文中提到日本、義大利等國家
把開頭一句網路一下就可以了
⑶ 求自考英語閱讀1 第4篇文章american social relations的翻譯
American Social Relations
Gladys G.Doty Janet Ross
American society is much more informal than that of many other countries and, in some ways, is characterized by less social distinction. The American mixture of pride in achievement and sense of 「』m just as good as anybody else.」 along with lack of importance placed on personal dignity, is difficult for a foreigner to understand. Americans in general do not like to be considered inferior, and they grumble loudly about inconveniences or not getting a 「fair deal.」 Yet they do not make a point of their personal honor. As an illustration of the difference between Europen and American reflection in this respect, John Whyte in American Words and Ways gives the following account.
A…[European] professor [visiting in American] was once sent a bil for hospital services which he had never enjoyed. The bill was accompanied by a strong letter demanding payment. It was obvious that a mistake in names had been made, but the professor, thoroughly aroused by this reflection on his character and financial integrity, wrote a vigorous letter of reply ( which an American might also have done.) But in this letter of reply he demanded that the creditor write him a formal letter of apology… for this reflection on his honor. Since no publicity could possibly have been given to the mistake, for mistake it was, most Americans in that sitution, after getting the matter off their chest ( or without doing that ) would have let the matter rest.
An example of the same thing may be that although Americans like to talk about their accomplishments, it is their custom to show certain modesty in reply to compliments. When someone praises an American upon his achievement or upon his personal appearance, which, incidentally, is a very polite thing to do in America, the American turns it aside. If someone should say, 「Congratulations upon being elected president of the club,」 an American is expected to reply, 「Well, I hope I can do a good job,」 or something of the sort. Or if someone says, 「That』s a pretty blue necktie you are wearing,」 an American is likely to say, 「I』m glad you like it,」 or 「Thank you. My wife gave it to me for my birthday.」 The response to a compliment seldom conveys the idea, 「I, too, think I』m pretty good.」
Likewise, there are fewer social conventions that show social differences in America. Students do not rise when a teacher enters the room. One does not always address a person by his title, such as 「Professor」 or 「Doctor」 (「Doctor」 is always used, however, for a doctor fo medicine). The respectful 「sir」 is not always used in the northern and western parts of the country.
Clothing in America, as in every place in the world, to a certain degree reflects a person』s social position and income, or, at least among the young, his attitudes toward society or toward himself. Yet no person is restricted to a certain uniform or manner of dress because of his occupations or class in society. A bank president may wear overalls to paint his house and is not ashamed of either the job or the clothing, and a common laborer may wear a rented tuxedo at his daughter』s wedding.
Yet in spite of all the informality, America is not completely without customs that show consciousness of social distinction. For example, one is likely to use somewhat more formal language when talking to superiors. While the informal 「Hello」 is an acceptable greeting from employee to employer, the employee is more apt to say, 「Hello, Mr. Ferguson,」 whereas the emplyer may reply, 「Hello, Jim.」 Southerners make a point of saying 「Yes,sir,」 or 「Yes,ma』am,」 or 「No,sir,」 or 「No, ma』am,」 when talking to an older person or a person in position of authority. Although this is a good form all over the United States, 「Yes, Mr. Weston.」 or 「No, Mrs. Baker」 is somewhat more common in a similar situation in the North or West.
Certain other forms of politeness are observed on social occasions. Though people wear hats less now than in the past, women still occasionally wear hats in church and at public social functions ( except those that are in the evening ).
In American there are still customs by which a man may show respect for a woman. He opens the door for her and lets her precede him through it. He walks on the side of the walk nearest the street. He takes her arm when crossing a street or descending a stairway. A younger person also shows respect for an older one in much the same fashion, by helping the older person in things requiring physical exertion or involving possible accident.
American surface informality often confuses the foreigner because he interprets it to mean no formality at all. He does not understand the point at which informality stops. A teacher, though friendly, pleasant, and informal in class, expects students to study hard, and he grades each student』s work critically and carefully. He also expects to be treated with respect. Although students are free to ask questions about statements made by the teacher, and may say that they disagree with what he says, they are not expected to contradict him. Similarly, in boy-girl relationships a foreign student should not mistake the easy relationship and flattery that are part of the dating pattern in the United States, nor presume that it means more than it does.
Also, because an American is perhaps more likely to admit and laugh at his own mistakes than one who stands more on his dignity, a foreigner sometimes does not know how to handle the American』s apparent modesty. The American is quite ready to admit certain weaknesses, such as 「I never was good at mathematics.」 「I』m a rotten tennis player.」 or 「I』m the world』s worst bridge player.」 However, the stranger must not be too quick to agree with him. American think it is all right, even sporting, to admit a defect in themselves, but they feel that it is almost an insult to have someone else agree. A part of American idea of good aportmanship is the point of being generous to a loser. This attitude is carried over into matters that have nothing to do with competition. If a man talks about his weak points, the listener says something in the way of encouragement,or point to other qualities in which the speaker excels. An American student reports that when he was in a foreign country he was completely stunned when he said to a native, 「I don』t speak your language very well.」 and the native replied, 「I should say you don』t.」 In a similar situation an American would have commented, 「Well, you have only been here two months.」 or 「But you』re making progress.」
Although Americans are quite informal, it is best for a foreigner, in case of doubt, to be too formal rather than not formal enough. Consideration for others is the basis of all courtesy.
美國的社會比其他國家的社會更加非正式，在某些方面，美國社會的特徵就是較少的社會差別。美國式的混合物－個人的成就感、不比別人差的優越感以及對個人尊嚴缺乏重要性，這些對一個外國人來說是很難理解的。通常來講美國人不喜歡被別人看成低人一等的，他們也會為自己遭受的不便而抱怨，還會為自己沒有得到公平的待遇而抱怨。然而，他們也不是很重視自己的榮譽。在這一方面，為了更好展示歐洲人和美國人的不同反映，John Whyte 在《美國語言和方式》這本書里給了我們如下的描述。
有位歐洲的教授曾在美國訪問，他有次收到一份在醫院接受治療的賬單，實際上他並沒有接受過任何治療。隨附賬單還有一封措施很強烈的信件。很明顯這是因為把姓名弄錯了，但是這位教授由於對信中對自己人格以及金錢方面的廉潔而提出的質疑感到不舒服，他也寫了一份措辭很激烈的回信。（美國人也會這樣去做）。但是在這份回信中，這位歐洲教授要求他的債權人寫一份正式的道歉信，就因為對他人格的指責。由於這樣的錯誤並沒有被公眾知悉，即使這樣的錯誤已經發生了，但大多數美國人在這種形勢下，只是將其宣洩一番，甚至有的人根本就不用宣洩，就讓這件事情過去了。
同樣的事情我再給你舉一個例子，盡管美國人比較喜歡討論自己的成就，但是他們有個習俗，那就是如果你得到某種贊美時，你的回答要展示某種謙虛。當有人在贊美一個美國人諸如他的成就或外貌的時候，這些話題在美國被認為是很有禮貌的事情，他也不會太在意。如果有人對一個美國人說：「祝賀你當選俱樂部主席」，他會回答「我希望把工作做好」或者諸如詞類的話語。當有人說：「你打的領結很漂亮」，而美國人會說「我很高興你喜歡它」或者「謝謝你，這是我妻子送給我的生日禮物」。所有對這種贊美的回答從來都不會傳達這樣的含義即「我也認為我挺不錯的」 同樣的，在美國也很少有那種社會習俗來表現這種社會差異。當老師進教室的時候，學生是不起立的。也不經常在一個人的名字前面加一些頭銜，比如教授或博士。（DOCTOR 如果從醫葯學方面來稱呼也是可以的）。表示尊敬含義的SIR在美國北部和西部也是很少使用的。
在美國正如在世界上其他地方一樣，從某種意義上，人的穿著會反映其社會地位和收入，或者至少在年輕人當中可以反映這個社會或者自己的態度。但是由於自已的職業或社會地位，沒有任何一個只局限穿一種特定的制服或選擇某種特定的穿衣方式。一個銀行的行長在粉刷自己房子的時候會穿工裝服，而且不會因這種工作和穿衣的方式而感到羞愧。而一個普通勞動者在自己女兒的婚禮上也會租穿一件無尾燕尾服。
盡管有諸如此類非正式的東西，但是美國也並不是完全沒有習俗來展現這種社會差別意識。例如，但一個人跟他的上司說話的時候，他會用更加正式的語言。盡管非正式語言HELLO可以用於雇員和僱主之間，但對於一個雇員來說，他更傾向於使用HELLO,MR FERGUSON，而上司回答時可以直接回答HELLO JIM。當跟一個年長者或者權位更高的人說話時，美國南方人主張說YES SIR 或YES MA』AM 或NO, SIR或NO, MA』MA。盡管這樣的稱謂在全美國被認為是一種很好的稱謂形式，但是在美國北部或西部，人們還更傾向於稱YES,MR WESTON或NO,MRS BAKER。某種表示禮貌的形式可以在社交場合會看到的。盡管現在的人不像過去那麼經常帶帽子，但是女性在教堂或一些公眾慶祝宴會時會帶上帽子的（當然這些場合如果發生在晚上就不用了）
在美國仍然還有些習俗，男士們通過這些習慣來表現對女士的尊敬。他會給女士開門，而且讓女士先進入。男士也會走在更靠近街道的人行道。當穿過一條階段或下樓梯時，男士會扶著女士。一個年輕人同樣也會表示對年長者的尊敬，他們通過幫助他們做一些費體力的活或一些引發事故的活。
美國人這種表面上的非正式性會讓一個外國人迷惑，因為他認為美國人的這種非正式性意味著沒有正式性而言。但是他並不知道美國人的這種非正式性會在哪裡變成了正式性，比如一個老師在課堂上看起來友好、和善，在課堂上也表現的非正式，但老師要求學生努力學習，並且在批改作業時是很嚴格和仔細的。而且這位老師也同樣希望學生能尊敬他。盡管學生對老師的陳述自由提出問題，而且也可以表達對老師觀點的不同意，但是這些學生也不能駁斥老師的觀點。同樣，在男孩和女孩交往的過程中，一個外國學生也不要對美國人在約會里表現的親近關系或奉承的話語而誤會，不要認為他們還有更深層次的含義。同樣，因為比那些經常想保持自己尊嚴的人來說，美國人非常有可能承認和嘲笑他自己的錯誤、缺點。但是有時外國人不知道怎麼處理美國人這種表面的謙虛。美國人很容易承認自己的某些弱點，諸如「我的數學不好」，「我的網球打的很爛」或者說「我的橋牌打的也是出奇的差」，但是，這個時候對於一個陌生人不能隨聲附和。美國人認為，承認自己的一些弱點沒有什麼，即使是運動項目不行，但是如果別人對他們謙虛的話語表示同意，他們認為這是對他們若大的侮辱。美國競技精神的一部分就是對失敗者要賦予同情和慷慨。這種態度從體育競技中被帶入到跟體育競技一點關系都沒有的事情當中了。如果一個人談及自己的弱點時，聽者一般都會以鼓勵來回應或指出失敗者在其他領域是很擅長的。一個美國的學生講到，有次他去國外時，當他對當地人說：「我說你們的語言說的不好」，而對方回應到「我也這么認為」，他被當地人的回答驚呆了。當然，在同樣的情勢下，一個美國人將會回應到「你來這里才剛兩個月而已」 或者說「但是你取得進步了」。
盡管美國人好像十分不正式，但對於一個外國人，尤其在不知道情況下，你最好盡可能正式的對待。總是考慮別人是所以禮儀的基礎。
⑷ 這是我們做的一篇英語閱讀，老師說它出自外國的一篇小說，有沒有人知道這是哪本小說，作者是誰
出自福爾摩斯探案集，作者是英國的柯南道爾~
⑸ 一篇英語閱讀女主是諾貝爾獎獲得者，一戰之前是美國最著名的女性
是找題？還是問答案？找題貌似真的有點費勁，閱讀題真的是想有多少有多少，要是有原題找答案就簡單多了
⑹ 英語閱讀理解 關於教育體制,家庭作業,在全世界,有英國,中國,印度
《家庭作業》（1989），顯示阿巴斯的電影是"充滿問題的電影"。"問題與回答"的格式獲得了近乎禮拜儀式般的崇高地位，而在他的故事片中，有關地點的問題就像在基耶洛夫斯基的《紅色》中有關時間的問題那樣典型而且無處不在。
《家庭作業》誕生在世界各地「新浪潮"電影都已退潮的年代。他重又賦予電影以思考和向社會的質疑重新兩種功能。「提出問題"，「但不給出答案」。如今很多導演都在以這個方式思考和拍攝，而《家庭作業》無疑是這個潮流的推波助瀾者。
一種教育是如何把一群滿眸明亮的黑眼睛孩子摧毀成腐朽的成年人的？
一百分的枷鎖——和我小時候經歷的一樣，老師總把考不了一百分說成一種人生的失敗；
懲罰和獎勵的桎梏——唯一一個敢藏起父親皮帶的孩子坦言以後自己也會打孩子，但在說起自己父親是"胖先生「時面露頑皮；懲罰的皮肉之苦，獎勵卻是簡單的三塊糕點；有更多的孩子只知道懲罰是什麼，而不知道啥是獎勵；
作業和動畫片——詫異的是，這些小孩居然統一口徑說自己更喜歡作業！
尷尬的成年人——對孩子在作業中的問題幾乎回答不出；
神經質的孩童——在關閉幽暗的環境中就極度恐懼，敏感不安的孩子，哭泣著大喊著朋友的名字；他不知道恐懼何來，恐懼卻根植他心中；
上帝的問答——阿巴斯的問題，和暴露在攝影機前的孩子，他們緊張的把做不完作業歸咎於家裡的弟弟或者來的客人；他們還沒有學會懺悔，他們只是小心翼翼地揣測著這些成年人問題中的精神含義，他們謹小慎微地躲避所有一切有可能的，突如其來的傷害；
宗教儀式——孩子在操場的體操是神的儀式，他們大聲贊美祖先和神的名字，罵海珊，唱聖歌，他們不懂其中的意義，卻深深浸淫其中；他們是多動症的，混亂的，吵鬧的——在失聲的一分鍾里，他們和世界上所有其他的孩子一樣；
玩樂的上學——上學路上的孩子腳步輕快成群結隊，對攝影機有不完的好奇；
聖歌的結束——片尾，停止哭泣的孩子唱起聖歌，歌頌神的極樂領地。
⑺ 英語閱讀短文D（有排序,根據文章內容填入文中的）這樣的題怎麼才能准確的做啊,介紹點方法
此類問題屬於閱讀中的難點,如果一邊看一邊做,第一遍只能填上一兩個內或根本填不上,而且填上容的答案也有可能是錯誤的,從而造成下面思維的混亂,可能會錯不止一個.最好的辦法是先讀一遍原文,把文章大體內容濾清,再看一遍選項,有的可以直接填上,要注意空的位置,如果在段首和段尾可能是對整段的概述或承上啟下,要仔細讀選項,有的選項意思相似但存在細微的差別,不要緊張,細讀每一個單詞,有的選項中可能含有像not,hardly之類的否定詞千萬不要看錯,有的選項看似與原文沒太大關系,實際上是一種比喻比如說前文講的是英語的聽說讀寫,後面有兩個選項,一個是英語的讀和寫都很重要,一個是學英語就是輸入和輸出.這個問題看似選第一個,實際上是選第二個,輸入和輸出就相當於聽說讀寫的一種比喻（先學再用）,最難的是句子在中間,要反復讀上下文的意思,注意：片面的表述絕大部分是錯誤的.
還有不會的可以問我
⑻ 英語閱讀短文2016國家大事件
我找了幾篇：
第一篇：
What do you think of Mao Zedong's famous saying that women hold up half the sky Why is it more difficult for womento move up in societyWhat are their problems Do you think society still discriminates against women Give facts to support your conclusion.
In your view, how could we achieve the goal that men and women become true equals
What do you think of Mao Zedong's famous saying that women hold up half the sky Why is it more difficult for womento move up in societyWhat are their problems Do you think society still discriminates against women Give facts to support your conclusion.
In your view, how could we achieve the goal that men and women become true equals
What do you think of Mao Zedong's famous saying that women hold up half the sky Why is it more difficult for womento move up in societyWhat are their problems Do you think society still discriminates against women Give facts to support your conclusion.
In your view, how could we achieve the goal that men and women become true equals What do you think of Mao Zedong's famous saying that women hold up half the sky Why is it more difficult for womento move up in societyWhat are their problems Do you think society still discriminates against women Give facts to support your conclusion.
In your view, how could we achieve the goal that men and women become true equals
第二篇：
Nowadays this sentences has been accepted by alot of people, because women indeed have played an important roal in the society,but there are still many difficulities that cause them to move not so quickily such as mens think, and some other aspects, Take child for example, who will bring up a child, for a man I don'tthink that man will accept to do that.they are not so careful as woman,tThough womens' right has been increased greatly , but there are still some unequality in some areas , for example, some poor place in china, women receive less deucation than man, and in some rich city, women receive less salary than man!
what should we do tu change this siution!
I think we should first change that think in our mind first. we should admire the women, we should love them.and we should be equal to them!
第三篇：
介紹春節的：
Spring Festival
Spring festival is the most important festival in China. It is on January 1st according to the Chinese lunar calendar. It's China's New year's Day, so usually a month before the festival,people begin to buy food ,clothes and decorations for houses.
On New Year's Eve ,each family will get together eating, talking and watching TV for almost the whole night. The children are the happiest of all because they can get presents from their parents or grand-parents.
On Lunar New Year's Day, pepole will eat mplings. When they meet their neighbours or friends, they'll say;"Happy New Year!''The New Year celebrating activitise will last about half a month.
看看能不能用的上。。。
⑼ 介紹名人一生的英文文章閱讀（五十個英語單詞）
Original name: Mary can Sklodowska (Polish: Marii Skłodowskiej może)
Marie Curie (Marie Curie), (1867.11.7-1934.7.4) was born in Poland, because Poland was occupied, into the French nationality. French physicist, chemist. World-renowned scientists, researchers, the phenomenon of radioactivity was found two kinds of natural radioactive elements radium and polonium, was known as the "mother of radium," life twice awarded the Nobel Prize (first awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics, and the second was awarded the Nobel Chemistry Award). Of radium in the process, she and her husband spent 3 years and 9 months of tons of slag from the extracted 0.1 g of radium. As a distinguished scientist, Marie Curie scientists do not have a general impact on society. Especially since a successful pioneer of women, so her example inspired many people. Many people heard of her childhood stories, but mostly get a simplified and incomplete impression. Madame Curie's understanding of the world on a large extent by the second female biography, published in 1937, "Madame Curie" by the impact. Beautified book Madame Curie's life, her life's ups and downs faced by all plain to deal with. She can also tell the location of radium per gram of the world! This is her most outstanding place!
我介紹居里夫人
⑽ 英語閱讀德國人工作38小時
天氣驟然變冷， 讓人有點措手不及。 今天早晨起床時， 我已經明顯感覺到冬天真的到來了。 於是， 我拿出了一件外套穿上， 再去上班。
上班的路上， 看到大家都裹著厚厚的大衣， 行色匆匆。 走到地鐵時， 已經是8：40分了。 如同往常一樣， 地鐵里人潮洶涌。 而我每天坐的羅寶線， 人更是多得讓人目瞪口呆。 好不容易擠進地鐵， 有一種想窒息的感覺， 因為裡面擠得大家都好像背靠背一樣。 大部分人都是上班一族， 我也不例外。 掛包的帶子不小心又斷了， 書包里的雅思輔導書散落一地。 那一刻我感到特別困窘， 因為人太多了， 我居然連腰也彎不下來。 幸好旁邊一位女士讓出位置， 而且幫我把書撿起來。 當我連聲道謝時， 她問我： 「你要考雅思出國嗎？ 是深大的學生？」 我搖搖頭笑著說： 「 我曾經是深大的學生， 但現在不是了。 我現在不是要考雅思， 我是雅思老師。」 她聽了感到有點吃驚， 同時旁邊的人都向我投來好奇的目光， 讓我感到有點不好意思。
列車終於到了崗廈站。 出站時仍然是一片人潮， 想站上扶梯也要等好一陣子。 走出地鐵口時， 看到大家都匆匆忙忙地趕著上班， 我突然感慨良多。 原來， 深圳速度， 只會越來越快。 大家都在為生計而奔波， 忙得不亦樂乎。 哪怕工作有很大壓力， 我們也會迎頭而上。 很多人， 包括我在內， 都經常抱怨工作忙或者壓力大， 可是仔細想想， 很多時候， 我們的壓力是自己給自己的， 忙碌也是自己給自己的。 好比拿我自身作例子。 其實如果我想工作輕松點並不是一件難事， 也不會說缺錢花。 可是我就是想賺多點錢， 於是只要培訓中心有課安排給我， 我就毫不猶豫地去上。 上完課後如果有人私下想請我教雅思而且報酬可觀的， 我也會安排時間去做。 於是， 我經常忙得吃飯也要狼吞虎咽， 而且時不時還要在肯德基或者麥當勞吃午餐或者晚餐。 另外， 時不時又有什麼校園招聘宣講會或者筆試面試， 我還要找時間去參加。 反正從國慶到現在， 我好像沒有放過什麼假了， 連周末也是在忙碌中度過的。 今天晚上在地鐵上， 我算了一下自己一個月的公交費， 平均每天要差不多15塊錢， 一個月要用450塊錢， 還真的嚇一跳。
明天是周六， 可是我仍然有一天的課。 有時想想還真的挺累的。 不過看到學生很用功的學習， 我也感到很安慰。 有時我真的挺同情他們的， 一天到晚都在備考雅思， 連我這個老師都受不了， 他們卻可以一如既往地學習。 想到這里， 我就由衷地佩服他們！ 可能他們以前沒有好好努力學習外語， 所以現在要付出巨大的艱辛。 但是， 他們現在 「迷途知返」， 正在為了理想而不懈奮斗。 他們此刻的毅力真的讓我深受鼓舞！ 特別是此刻我正在找工作的途中遇到不少挫折， 但當我在課上看到他們專注的表情時， 我就會精神煥發， 覺得生活一片光明， 因為我和他們一樣， 都在為了自己的理想而前進著。
明天， 又將會是嶄新的一天。
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Chinese factories choke on complex cocktail
By Jamil Anderlini，Rahul Jacob in Beijing，in Hong Kong
At the Winfire cigarette lighter factory in the eastern Chinese city of Wenzhou， Hannah Sun， the foreign trade manager， does not need economic data to know that manufacturing in China is struggling.
Earlier this year， a big overseas client stopped new orders at the company because of global uncertainties， forcing the factory to sack about 40 of its 100-strong workforce.
「The situation is even worse for shoe manufacturers，」 Ms Sun says. 「This is normally a very busy time for them but this year lots of shoe factories have just stopped proction altogether and many migrant workers have been fired and returned home.」
Millions of factories like Ms Sun『s are being squeezed on all sides by rising costs， labour shortages， shrinking margins and a collapse in new orders from overseas. Many small manufacturers face going out of business thanks to government policies and immutable demographic and economic forces that make low-end proction in China increasingly untenable.
China『s official purchasing managers』 index for November shows this trend playing out across the country as the manufacturing sector， which officially makes up about 50 per cent of gross domestic proct， contracted for the first time in almost three years. The index， released on Thursday， fell to 49.0 in November， down from 51.4 in October， dropping below the 50 reading that separates expansion from contraction. Readings for new orders and new export orders point to worse to come， with factories already laying off workers， buying fewer raw materials and cutting proction.
「China『s PMI tells a simple story： an across-the-board， deepening slowdown in the country』s manufacturing sector，」 said Stephen Green， head of research for greater China at Standard Chartered.
The first and most obvious reason for the slump in manufacturing is the decline in global demand， particularly from embattled economies in Europe. David Liu， president of Luca Angelo Leather Proct in the southern instrial town of Dongguan， says his company『s exports to Europe have dropped by up to 40 per cent in the last two months and， although orders from the domestic market have held up， his costs are rising.
「Suppliers ask for payments without delay and that adds to our finance costs，」 Mr Liu said. 「Banks are strictly controlling loans to [small and medium-sized enterprises] and many of my friends are considering cutting proction.」
Mr Liu『s comments highlight the longer-term challenges facing manufacturers of low-tech procts in China』s coastal manufacturing belt， which until recently was better known as the workshop of the world. Falling orders come as many companies face higher prices for raw materials， restricted access to credit and greater environmental compliance and labour costs. For years， Beijing has promoted policies aimed at moving manufacturing up the value chain and actively discouraged the state-owned banking system from lending to small， low-tech procers such as Winfire. But with a huge portion of Chinese manufacturing still in low-end instries such as textiles， rising costs and inadequate access to credit mean many procers are being slowly strangled rather than climbing the technology ladder.